School and College Edition. 

MANUAL 

OF THE 

BOTANY 

OF THE 

NORTHERN UNITED STATES, 

INCLUDING 

VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI; 
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 

jFourtJ Sebfseti ISMtfou, 

WITH 

GARDEN BOTANY, &c. 
By ASA GRAY, 

FISHER PROPESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 

WITH FOURTEEN PLATES. 
ILLUSTRATING THE GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. 



NEW YORK: 
IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN & CO., 

CHICAGO : S. C. GRIGGS & CO. 

1866. 



I9U 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, In the year 1862, by 

IYISON, PHINNEY & COMPANY. 

Il the Clerk'd Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District 

of New York. 






JOHN TORREY, LL. D., 

CORRESP. MEMBER OP THE LIXN^AN SOCIETY, ETC., 

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, 

IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

OP THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND THE COUNSEL 
WHICH HAS AIDED 

THE AUTHOR 

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS BOTANICAL PURSUIT*. 



Cambridge January 1 1848. 






* 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

Advertisement ...... vi 

Preface ........ vii 

List of Abbreviations used in the Work . . xiii 

Directions to the Unpractised Student . . xv 

Analytical Key to the Natural Orders, etc. . xvii 

Garden Botany ....... xxix 

Addenda to the Botany of the Northern United States xc 

FLORA. — Phjenogamous or Flowering Plants . . 1 

Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . . 1 

Angiospermous, Polypetalous . • .2 

Monopetalous . . . 163 

Apetalous . * . .359 

Gymnospermous Plants . . . 420 

Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants . .426 

Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . 607 

Index ........ 705 

Explanation of the Plates . . • . 731 



ADVERTISEMENT 

TO THE REVISED EDITION, 1863. 

The additions and alterations of the Revised Edition of this work, now 
issued, are mainly the following. 

1. The addition of an entirely new part, entitled Garden Botany, 
an Introduction to a Knowledge of the Common Cultivated 
Plants : see pp. xxix. - lxxxix. By this, the common exotics, no less 
than the wild plants, are made available for botanical classes, which will 
be a great convenience in many cases. Most of these cultivated plants 
are everywhere common, and generally at hand for botanical illustration ; 
and it is desirable that they should be scientifically known and rightly 
named. And there is no great difficulty in studying them, if double flow- 
ers, and those which are otherwise in a monstrous or unnatural condition, 
be avoided, at least by beginners. It is obviously absurd and highly in- 
convenient to mix in the cultivated with the wild plants in such a work as 
this. But a separate account of the common exotics, annexed and sub- 
sidiary to the Botany of the Northern United States, especially in the School 
Edition, will doubtless be popular and useful. Directions for the use of 
the Garden Botany will be found on p. xvii. and p. xxix. 

2. The Analytical Key, p. xvii., upon which the pupil so greatly 
depends, has been altogether revised, much simplified, adapted to the 
Garden Botany as well as to the Botany of the Northern States, and printed 
in a larger type. 

3. Numerous corrections in particulars have been made throughout the 
body of the work, whenever the required alterations could well be effected 
upon the stereotype plates. Many others, suggested by acute and obliging 
correspondents, or by my own observation, are necessarily deferred until 
the work can be recomposed. 

4. The plants which have been newly detected within our limits, and 
one or two which were before accidentally omitted, are enumerated and 
characterized in the Addenda, p. xc. 

5. Eight plates have been added, crowded with figures, illustrating all 
the genera (66 in number) of Grasses. They are wholly original, having 
been drawn from nature and engraved by Mr. Sprague. They will be of 
great assistance in the study of this large, difficult, and important family. 

The flattering success which the Manual has met with stimulates the 
author's endeavors towards its continued improvement; — in regard to 
which he still solicits aid from his correspondents. 

Harvard University, Cambridge, March 10, 1863. 



PREFACE. 



This work is designed as a compendious Flora of the .Northern portion 
of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the 
use of students and of practical botanists. 

The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its 
plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the 
work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly 
owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended 
southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the 
Mississippi River. 

This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical 
line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm- 
temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically 
Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of 
Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it 
includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants 
peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders 
in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United 
States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces 
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants 
of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep 
peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume. 

The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants 
which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another 
place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which 
each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner : 
1 . When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south- 
ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if 
within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun- 
daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species 



Viii PREFACE. 

in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus 
Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar- 
ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near 
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast"; M. acuminata, 
"W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward"; &c. While in 
species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as, Nuphar 
Kalmiana, p. 23, " New England, New York, and northward"; Cardamine 
pratensis, p. 33, " Vermont to Wisconsin, northward," &c. And so of 
Western plants; e. g. Isopyrum btiernatum, p. 11, M Ohio, Kentucky, and 
westward " ; Psoralea argophylla, p. 94, " Wisconsin and westward " ; 
Amorpha canescens, p. 95, " Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward." 
2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be 
diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When 
the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special 
habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38 ; Sullivantia 
Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally 
demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate 
and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for 
which there is no room in a manual like this. 

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range of 
those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or 
beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of 
our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those 
species which are indigenous to both. 

Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu- 
merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our 
flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be- 
ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus 
acris, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face 
letter (e. g. It. repens). Moreover, the country from which they were 
introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni- 
zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, 
I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the 
thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species 
which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating 
themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec- 
ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or 
which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in 
manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob- 
ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank witk 
the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants cultivated with 
out or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europt 
are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. from 



PREFACE. iX 

Eu.)": those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the 
phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c. 

Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are 
distinguished in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap- 
parent distinctness : — 1 . Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to 
be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold 
sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi- 
tals; e.g. Nasturtium palustre, var. hispidum, p. 30; Vitis cordifolia, 
var. riparia, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the 
most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many 
most excellent botanists ; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter, 
on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting 
forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those 
of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaricatus 9 
p. 7 ; Actsea spicata, var. rubra, and var. alba, p. 14) ; and they usu- 
ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph. 

Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates, 
fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six 
Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The 
eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv- 
erworts are furnished by my generous friend, Mr. Sullivant, the author 
of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the 
Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by Mr. 
Isaac Sprague. 

Mr. Sullivant has included in this edition all the species of Musci 
and Hepaticce known to him as natives of any part of the United States east 
of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew ; not only 
laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology, 
but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two 
beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been 
afforded in a book of this kind. J 



* The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at 
the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant's pencil. Seven of 
them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have 
before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim- 
per, Bischoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and 
the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which was always made. 

t The reference u Muse. Bor.-Amer.," appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an 
almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepaticce east of the Mississippi, the 
types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by 
Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter. 

The materials from which these sets have been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux's own 
very extensive collections, the result of his numerous journsys made during the last six or 
seven years, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. To these have 
been added Mr. Sullivant's ample accumulations, embracing the collections of the lamented 



X PREFACE. 

Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially 
of the labors and investigations of Prof. Tuckerman upon our Lichenes, 
of the Rev. Dr. Curtis upon our Fungi, and of Prof. Harvey upon 
our Algoz, as well as of Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux upon our 
Mosses, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the 
student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com- 
prising the Phamogamous or Flowering Plants. 

I have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and 
the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more 
extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially 
intended for beginners (First Lessons in Botany), and which may, when 
desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use 
the author's Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these, 
all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus- 
trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned 
botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by 
discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting 
the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice 
of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is 
distinguished. 

Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of 
synonymes ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to 
the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, — while 
the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to 
more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding 
them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, I 
have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author's names, 
and some few customary ones of States, &c), to give greater fulness to the 
characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I 
conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva- 
tion of the generic names. 

The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds, 
in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement, beginning with the 
highest class and ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and 
far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those 
orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve- 



Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fendler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas. The 
title of the work is " Musci Boreali-Americani, sive Specimina Exsiccata Muscorum in Ameri- 
ca Rebuspublicis Fcederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiis W. S. Sullivant et L. Lesquereux, 
1856." Mr. Sullivant's connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal 
responsibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec- 
tion ever made of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprises 
nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at $ 20 for each set, and will doubtless 
be eagerly sought after by Bryological students. 



PREFACE. XI 

lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of 
separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those 
orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and 
separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most 
combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (pcrigy7ious 
and epigynous) ; then follow those with the petals combined into a mono- 
petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of 
a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The 
class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit- 
ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most 
combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined, 
and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem 
in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nai> 
ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be 
available to the ordinary student. 

I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let 
them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu- 
ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical 
Artificial Key to the Natural Orders* (p. xvii.), I enable the student very 
readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is 
entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of 
easy observation, and. is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional 
instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the 
attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him 
unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci- 
mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis- 
tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and 
printed in italics in the first sentence of the description. 

Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I 
have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com- 
prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters, 
and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c, as the 
case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex- 
tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals), 
subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (-*-, ++, &c.) ; and whenever 
there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of 
the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanicd), 
so that they may at once catch the student's eye. 

To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c, 1 



* No Linnsean Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key 
to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility over 
a well-devised Analytical Key; which the learner will find equally certain, and much mow 
satisfactory in its results. 



XN PREFACE. 

Lave not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed Loudon's 
mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by the 
grave (*), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark ('). In respect 
to this, my friend, Mr. Folsom, has obligingly rendered most important 
assistance throughout the pages of this volume. 

The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone has 
debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu- 
merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con- 
tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata- 
logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the 
comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my 
excellent friend and correspondent, M. Godet of Neuchatel, author of 
the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that 
district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon 
many of our own identical or related species. 

As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to 
the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have 
again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, John Carey, 
Esq., now cf London, for various emendations in the genus Car ex, formerly 
elaborated by him for this work ; and Dr. Engelmann of St. Louis, for 
full notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser- 
vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cv&- 
cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismece, The renewed and 
still more extensive contributions of Mr. Sullivant have already been 
referred to, — contributions which introduce a new era in the study of 
American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per- 
sonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science 
in this country. 

I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish 
information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, 
so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition. 

Harvard University, Cambridge, 
June BOth, 1856. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 



I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS 



Adans. = 


Adanson. 


Hartm. = 


Hartmann. 


Ait. 


Aiton. 


Hedw. 


Hedwig. 


Andr. 


Andrews. 


Hoffm. 


Hoffmann. 


Am. 


Arnott. 


Hook. 


Hooker. 


Aubl. 


Aublet. 


Hoolc.f. (Jilius 


) J. D. Hooker. 


Bart. 


Barton. 


Hornsch. 


Hornschucb 


Bartl. 


Bartling. 


Huds. 


Hudson. 


Beauv. 


Palisot de Beauvois. 


Hub. 


Hubener. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Jacq. 


Jacquin. 


Bernh. 


Bernhardi. 


Juss. 


JUSSIEU. 


Bieb. 


Bieberstein. 


L. or Linn. 


Linnaeus. 


Bigel. 


Bigelow. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


Br. Sr Sch. 


Bruch and (W.P.) Schimper 


: Lam. 


Lamarck. 


Brid. 


Bridel. 


Lamb. 


Lambert. 


Brongn. 


Brongniart. 


Ledeb. 


Ledebour. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


L'Her. 


L'Heritier. 


Cav. 


Cavanilles. 


Lehm. 


Lehmann. 


Cham. 


Chamisso. 


Lesqx. 


Lesquereux. 


Chav. 


Chavannes. 


Lestib. 


Lestibudois. 


DC. 


De Candolle. 


Lindenb. 


Lindenberg. 


A. DC. 


Alphonse De Candolle. 


Lindl. 


Lindley. 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


Mich. 


Micheli. , 


Dew. 


Dewey. 


Michx, 


Michaux (the elder). 


Dill. 


Dillenius. 


Michx. f. 


F. A. Michaux (the 


Dumort. 


Dumortier. 


Mill. 


Miller. [younger). 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Mitch. 


Mitchell. 


Ell. 


Elliott. 


Mont. 


Montagne. 


Endl. 


Endlicher. 


Muhl. 


Muhlenberg. 


Engelm. 


Engelmann. 


Mull. 


C. Muller. 


Gazrtn. 


Gaertner. 


. Nees. 


Nees von Esenbeck. 


G.L.frN. 


Gottsche,Lindenberg, & Nees. Nutt. 


Nuttall. 


Gmel. 


Gmelin. 


Pav. 


Pavon. 


Good. 


Goodenongh. 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


Grev. 


Greville. 


Pluk. 


Plukenet. 


Griseb. 


Grisebach. 


Plum. 


Plumier. 


Gronov. 


Gronovius. 
b 


Poir. 


Poiret. 



XIV 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



R. Br. = 


Robert Brown. 


Steud. = 


Steudel. 


n& 


Rafinesque. 


Sulliv. 


Sullivant. 


Rich. 


Richard. 


Tayl. 


J. Taylor. 


Richards. 


Richardson. 


Tojt. 


Torrey. 


Rcem. 


Roemer. 


Torr. 3c Gr. 


Torrey and Gray. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Town. 


Toumefort. 


Schimp. 


W. P. Schimper. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Schk. 


Schkuhr. 


7 uckerm 


Tuckerman. 


Schlecht. 


Schleclitendal. 


VxilL 


Vaillant. 


Schrad. 


Schrader. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Vill. 


Villars. 


Schult. 


Schultes. 


Wahl. 


Wahlenberg. 


Schw. or Schwein, 


, Schweinitz. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Schiccegr. 


Schwaegrichen. 


Web. 


Weber. 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Willd. 


Willdenow. 


Soland. 


Solander. 


Wils. 


Wilson. 


Spreng. 


Sprengel. 


Wulf. 


Wulfen. 



II. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 



(T) An annual plant. 
(2) A biennial plant. 
H. A perennial plant. 
? A mark of doubt. 

! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 
1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min- 
utes; Q for inches; of seconds ("); for lines, — the (English) line being the 
twelfth part of an inch. 

The dash - between two figures, as 5-10, means from 5 to 10, &c. 



DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. 



The Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments 
of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author's First 
Lessons in Botany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea- 
tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The 
former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner's use. 
To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise- 
ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic- 
tionary of Botanical Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that 
in the Lessons on Botany. 

To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of 
ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants, 
we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common 
Spiderwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our 
country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long. 

With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti- 
ficial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant 
belongs to the great series of Phamogamous or Flowering Plants. To which of 
its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare 
the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc- 
tions — of Class I. given on p. xviii., and of Class II. on p. xxviii.b Without the 
seeds, which may not be ripe, — and if they were it might require more skill 
than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly 
ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the 
other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the 
stem ; is it formed on the exogenous or endogenous plan ? A slice across it 
plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnifying-glass, 
that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody 
tissue between these two : but the woody part of the stem is here represented by 
separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the 
form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, — just as in a stalk 
of Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing 
no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The 
simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement 
of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six 
(twice 3) stamens ; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to 
have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II. Monocotyledonous or 
Endogenous Plants. 

We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily 
done by following the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first 



Xvi DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. 

division is into three groups, marked A. B. and C. Oar plant, having dis- 
tinct floral envelopes and neither spadix nor glumes, must belong to B., the 
PetaloiJeous Division. This is subdivided into three sections, designated by 
stars. The parts of the flower being all separate from each other, our plant 
evidently falls under the third section, with three stars, viz : " * * • Perianth 
wholly free from the ovary (inferior):' Next, as its perianth consists of three 
green sepals and three colored petals, it belongs to the subdivision -*- -»-. 
Under this there are four alternatives, based on differences in the pistil. 
The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first ; the many or several seeds in 
each cell exclude the second ; the one-celled ovary, <fec, exclude the fourth ; 
while the third, having a single pistil with a 2-3-celled ovary, and only one 
or two ovules or seeds in each cell, agrees with our plant ; which we are thus 
brought to conclude must belong to the order Commelynacece. The number, 
485, affixed to this name, refers to the page in the body of the work where 
this order is characterized. 

After comparing the plant with the ordinal character, especially with that por- 
tion of it in italic type, and noting the agreement, let the student proceed to de- 
termine the Genus. We have only two genera in this order, viz. : 1. Commelyna, 
which has irregular flowers, petals unlike and on long claws, and the stamens 
of two sorts, only three of them bearing perfect anthers, — all of which is very 
different from the plant we arc studying; and 2. Tradescantia (p. 486), with the 
characters of which our plant will be found perfectly to accord. 

Let the student then proceed to ascertain the Species, of which three are de- 
scribed under this genus. Of the two sections, marked with stars ( * ), our 
plant belongs to the first, having a sessile umbel. And of its two species, a 
comparison with the characters of each fixes our plant as belonging to the first, 
viz. T. Virginica. 

The abbreviated name or letter after the name of the genus and that of the 
species, denotes the founder of the genus or the species ; — in this instance Lin- 
naeus, whose name is indicated by the abbreviation L. 

Whenever an order comprises several genera, a synopsis of them is given, like 
that of Ranunculacece, p. 2, by the aid of which the student will readily deter- 
mine the genus of the plant under examination. The number prefixed to the 
name of the genus, in the synopsis, is that under which it stands, farther on, in 
the full account. The genera in the synopsis are often ranked under their proper 
Tribes, or Suborders, &c. ; and the student will first determine the Tribe, or 
other great group to which the plant he is examining belongs, and then the 
Genus under that tribe, &c. 

Sometimes a genus embraces two or more strongly marked sections, or Sub- 
genera, which are designated by the mark § followed by a name. For example, 
Cimicifuga, p. 14, has two subgenera, § 1. Macrotys, and § 2. Cimicifuga proper, 
each with its own characters ; and the genus Rhus, p. 76, has three subgenera, 
viz. § 1. Sumac, § 2. Toxicodendron, and § 3. Lohadium, These names, how- 
ever, do not make a part of the appellation of a plant, which is called by its 
generic and its specific name only ; as, Cimicifuga racemosa, the Black Snake- 
root ; Rhus glabra, the Smooth Sumac, &c. 



ANALYTICAL KEY 

TO THE NATUKAL ORDERS, Ac. OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS 
WORK, BOTH INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC. 

This Artificial Analytical Key is a contrivance to lead the pupil, with a plant 
in his hand to him unknown, by a succession of easy steps, up to the name of 
the natural order to which the plant under examination belongs. 

The name at the end of the line, to which the student is brought, is that of the 
natural order sought, for example : Magnoltace^:. 

The numbers prefixed to the name indicate the page upon which the order is 
described or treated of, for example: 15 (31) Magnoliaceje. 

The numbers without parentheses refer to the body of the volume, the indige- 
nous Botany of the Northern States. Those within parentheses refer to the 
Garden Botany ', which is paged in continuation of the Key. 

If the plant under examination should be a wild one, the first or unenclosed 
number is alone to be regarded, and the pupil will turn to that page in the body 
of the volume. But if an exotic, or a plant here known only in cultivation, the 
pupil, after reading over the description of the order in the body of the work, as 
before, (for this description of course is not repeated,) will turn to the page in 
the Garden Botany indicated by the number enclosed in parentheses. If the only 
reference is to the Botany of the Northern States, follow that ; for many plants 
in cultivation are also among our wild plants. 

Although this Key is a purely artificial contrivance, it is a very necessary 
one to beginners ; who, however, will very soon get to know the Classes, Sub- 
classes, &c. at sight, and, after considerable practice, will by degrees be able to 
recognize at a glance all the commonest natural orders in almost any examples 
of them they take in hand. The Key is based on the easiest and most obvious 
botanical characteristics that can be made to answer the purpose ; yet it will 
bring out, one by one, the principal points, especially in the structure of the 
flower, by which plants are classified and the natural orders distinguished. 



which contains the ovules and the seeds. 



XVlll ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Series I PILENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS, those 
producing real flowers and seeds. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer be- 
tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year 
to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the 
bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, 
or in Subclass II. often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly 
in fours or fives. . > ^ s 

Subclass I. ANGIO SPERMiE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary 

Division I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present; 
the latter of separate petals. 

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10. 
1 . Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. 
# Stamens unconnected either with the calyx or corolla, hypogynous. 
Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid 

mass on an elongated receptacle. Page 15 (31) Magnoliacejs. 

Pistils several, separately immersed in hollows of the up- 
per surface of a top-shaped receptacle. 21 Nelumbiace^:. 
Pistils more than one, wholly separate. 

Filaments scarcely any, much shorter than the anther: trees. 17 ANONACEiE. 
Filaments longer than the anther. 

Flowers dioecious : twiners with alternate leaves. 18 Menispermacejs. 
Flowers perfect : if climbers, the leaves opposite. 

Leaves not peltate : petals deciduous. . 2 (30) Ranunculacejb 

Leaves peltate : petals persistent : aquatics. . . 22 Cabombace^ 
Pistils 3 to 6 with their ovaries partly united, or one 3-6-lobed. 

Ovules and seeds borne at the centre. Nigella, (30) RANUNCULACEiE 

Ovules and seeds parietal. 41 (34) Resedace^ 

Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be several. 
Ovary 2-20-celled, or else one-celled with 2 or more parietal placentae. 
Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots, and 

Opposite : styles or its lobes or the stigmas 2-5. 48 Hypericacejb 

Alternate : style and stigma one, undivided. (38) Aurantiacejb 

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. 

Calyx caducous, of 2 or 3 sepals, or a narrow cap. 24 (32) Papaverace.® 
Calyx deciduous, of 
Four sepals : ovary one-celled. . . 40 (34) Capparidace^e. 
Five sepals, valvate in the bud ; ovary 5-celled. 69 Tiliace^e. 



ANALYTICAL KEY. XIX 

Calyx persistent after flowering. 

Ovary 8 - 18-celled : ovules many, on the partitions. 22 Nymph^eace^e. 
Ovary 5-celled : ovules many: placentae in the axis. 23 Sarraceniace^e. 
Ovary 1-celled or partly 3-celled : placentae parietal. 45 Cistace2E. 
Ovary 1-celled, compound (stigmas 3 or more) ; the 

placenta central : sepals 2, deciduous. . 63 Portulacaoe^e. 

Ovary 1-celled, simple, with one parietal placenta. 

Herb, with two peltate leaves and one large flower. 19 BERBERiDACEiE. 
Herbs, with palmately dissected or twice or thrice ter- 

nately compound leaves. ... 2 (30) Ranunculace^e. 

Shrubs or trees, with twice or thrice pinnate leaves or 

phyllodia in their place. Acacia, &c. (43) Leguminos.e. 

# # Stamens united with the base of the {hypogynous) petals. 
Calyx valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous : an- 
thers kidney -shaped, 1-celled. . . . 65 (36) Malvaceae. 
Calyx imbricated in the bud: anthers 2-celled. 70 (38) Camelliace^j. 

# * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx (perigynous). 
Stamens just twice as many as the petals, 12, 14, or 16. 
Pistils as many as the petals, separate : leaves fleshy. ( 53 ) Crassulace^s. 

Pistil only one, 1 -2.-celled, many-seeded. . 127 (50) Lythrace2E. 

Stamens more than twice as many as the 5 petals (in 

natural flowers) : leaves alternate, with stipules. 110 (45) Rosacea. 

Stamens (short) and petals both indefinitely numerous: 
leaves opposite : pistils many, enclosed in a hol- 
low receptacle. . . . . . 116 (49) Calycanthace^e. 

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary; i.e. the 
ovary inferior or partly so. 

Ovary several-celled, the cells in two sets, one above the 

other. Tree, with showy scarlet flowers. Punica. (49) Myrtace^e. 
Ovary 2 - 5-celled. 
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots under a lens. (49) Myrtace^e. 

Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots, 

With stipules, not unequal-sided : fruit fleshy. 110 (45) Rosacea. 

With stipules, strikingly unequal-sided : ovary 3-angled. (53) Begoniaceje. 
Without stipules, 

Alternate, not fleshy : stamens adhering to the bases 

of the petals. Shrubs 265 Styracace^e. 

Opposite, not fleshy: stamens not on the petals. 

Shrubs. Philadelphus. 141 (54) Saxifragace^j. 

Opposite or alternate, thickened and fleshy : petals 

numerous and narrow. . . (51 ) MESEMBRYANTHEMACEiE. 

Ovary 10-30-celled : ovules many, covering the partitions : 

petals very numerous ; aquatic. ... 22 Nympbls'ace.e. 



XX ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal. 
Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . 136 (51) Cactace^e. 
Rough-leaved plants : petals 5 or 10. . . . 135 Loasace^e. 

Ovary one-celled, half free from the 2-cleft calyx ; ovules 
on slender stalks from a central placenta rising 
from the base of the cell 63 (36) Port ulac ace m. 

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. 

Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. 18 Meni sperm ace^j. 
Pistil only one. 

Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. 19 (32) Berberidace^e. 
Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 

Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . . 270 Primulace^e. 

Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. 63 Port ulac ace m. 

Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. • • 270 (62) Plumb AGiNACEiE. 
Ovary 2 - 4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. 77 (41) Vitace^. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals involute. 78 Rhamnacejs. 

C« Stamens not more than 10, or at least not more than twice as many as the petals, 
when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them. 

1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. ovary wholly superior. 

# Ovaries 2 or more, separate. 

Stamens united with each other and with a large and 

thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . • 350 Asclepi adaceje. 
Stamens unconnected, 
Inserted on the receptacle, free from the calyx. 
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. 74 (40) Rutace^e. 

Leaves not pellucid-punctate. 

Tree, with pinnate leaves : flowers polygamous 

or dioecious. (40) Simarubacbjb. 

Low shrub with pinnate leaves and perfect J 

flowers in racemes. . Zaiithorhiza in f 2 (30) Ranunculace^:. 
Herbs with the leaves not thickened. ' 

Herbs with thickened succulent leaves. . 139 (53) Crassulaceje. 

Inserted on the calyx, 
Just twice as many as the pistils : leaves thick and 

succulent. 139 (53) Crassulacejb. 

More than twice as many as the two, or occasionally 

three, many-seeded pistils. . . .141 (54) Saxifragace-B. 
Seldom just twice the number of the few-seeded pis 
tils : leaves not succulent or thick, mostly fur- 
nished with stipules. 110 (45) Rosace jc. 



ANALYTICAL KEY. XXI 

* # Ovaries 2-5, more or less united into one below, but at the apex separate, as 

well as their styles. 

Leaves strong-scented, punctate with pellucid dots. . . (40) Rutace.® 
Leaves scentless, not pellucid-punctate. 

Herbs, without real stipules or stipels. . . 141 (54) Saxifragace^. 

Shrubs, with opposite compound (trifoliolate) leaves, 

caducous stipules and stipels. . Staphylea, 82 Sapindace^:. 

* # # Ovaries or lobes of a compound ovary 2 to 5, united by a common single style. 
Stamens distinct : ovaries or lobes commonly 3. 
Flower irregular, spurred : cress-scented plants. (40) Trop2eolace^. 

Flower regular. 74 Limnanthaceje. 

Stamens monadelphous at the base : ovary 5-lobed. 72 (38) Geraniaceje. 

# * # * Ovary only one. 

Ovary simple (of one carpel), with only one parietal pla- 
centa and a single perfectly undivided style and 
stigma. Flowers mostly irregular, the corolla 

papilionaceous, rarely regular or nearly so. . 88 (43) Leguminos^. 
Ovary one-celled, but either the styles or the stigmas more 
than one or lobed, or the placentae more than one, 
showing the pistil to be compound. 
Corolla irregular, 
Of 4 petals : stamens 6 in two sets. . . . 26 (32) Fumariaceje. 
Of 5 petals : stamens 5, their anthers united. . . 41 (35) Violace^j. 
Corolla regular or nearly so. 
Ovule solitary and hanging in the cell. . . Isatis, (33) Cruciferb. 
Ovule solitary at the base of the cell : stigmas 3. 76 (41) Anacardiace-e. 
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. 

Petals not on the calyx 53 (35) Caryophyllacejb. 

Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. 127 Ltthraceje. 
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae. 

Stamens inserted on the calyx 141 Saxifragacejb. 

Stamens 5, borne on the long stalk of the ovary : 

styles 3 : climbing plants with tendrils. 138 (52) Passiflorace^b. 
Stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
Sepals deciduous after flowering, 
Four, with 4 petals and 6 stamens. . . (34) Capparidace^b. 
Five, with regular 5 petals and 5 stamens : style 

one: shrub, with coriaceous leaves. • (35) Pittosporace^. 
Sepals persistent, 5, or rarely 3. 
Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots, 

all of them opposite and entire. . . 48 Hypericaceje. 
Leaves not pellucid-punctate, and 
Not beset with gland-bearing bristles. 



Xxii ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Sterile filaments or some appendages resem- 
bling them before each veiny petal. 48 Parnassiace^e 
No sterile filaments : style 1 or none. 45 Cistace.e. 

Beset with strong bristles tipped with a clam- 
my gland : styles divided so as to be 
twice as many as the 3 - 5 placentae. 47 Droseracejs. 

Ovary 2 - several-celled. 
Flowers irregular. 

Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous, 

Six or eight, connected with the corolla : anthers 

one-celled, opening at the top. . . . 85 Polygalace^e. 
Ten, free from the corolla : anthers 2-celled. (As- 
tragalus, &C.) 88 LEGUMINOS.E. 

Stamens 5, the anthers somewhat monadelphous or 

united over the stigma 73 (40) Balsaminace^j. 

Stamens distinct both as to the filaments and the anthers. 
Anthers opening at the apex. . Rhodora, 245 Ericace^. 

Anthers opening lengthwise. 

Calyx spurless 82 (41) Sapindace^j. 

Calyx with a spur (except Cuphea, p. 127). (40) Tropjeolace^e. 

Flowers regular or nearly so. 

Stamens (2 or 3) fewer than the 4 petals. . . . 356 (72) Oleacejs. 
Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many, 

Triadelphous : leaves opposite. .... 48 Hypericace^:. 
Distinct, usually 6 or 8, of equal length. . . 84 (41) Sapindace^e. 
Tetradynamous, i. e. 2 short and 4 long : petals 4. 28 (33) Cruciferjs. 
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. 
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. 
Herbs : flowers monoecious : styles fewer than the 

sepals, mostly 3. 385 EuPHORBiACEiE. 

Herbs : styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals. 

Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. 74 Limnanthace^;. 
Sepals and petals 5 : ovary and pod 10-celled. 70 (38) LiNACEiE. 

Sepals, petals, and cells or lobes of the ovary 5 : 

stamens 5-10 72 (38) Geraniace^j. 

Shrubs or trees. 

Leaves palmately veined and lobed: fruit two- 
winged, a double samara. . . Acer, 84 (41) Sapindace^j. 
Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. 

Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent : 

seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. . . 81 Celastraceje. 
Calyx minute : stigmas sessile : fruit a berry- 
like drupe. 263 Aquifoliace^j. 

Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. 
Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. 52 Elatinacejb 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



XX111 



Stipules between the opposite and compound 
leaves (but they are caducous). Staph ylea, 
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. 

Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube 

or cup : leaves simple, all radical. 
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf- 
lets 3, obcordate. ...... 

Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. 

Style 1, undivided. 

Styles 2 - 5, separate. . . . 52(35 

Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. 

Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. 141 
Style 1 : pod enclosed in the calyx, becoming 
1 -celled at maturity. 1 



82 SAPINDACEiE. 

262 Galacine.ze. 

71 Oxalidace^:. 

245 (61) Ericaoe^j. 
) Caryophyllace^. 

(54) Saxifragace^:. 

27 (50) LYTHRACEiE. 



2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. 

Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . 138 (52) Cucurbitace.e. 
Not tendril-bearing. 

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. 

Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled from the base. . 63 (36) Portulacace^j. 
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal few - many-seeded placentae. 

Herbs : fruit a capsule 141 Saxifragace^. 

Shrubs : fruit a berry. . . . . 136 (53) Grossulace^:. 

Ovary 2 - several-celled. 
Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. 127 Melastomace^;. 
Anthers not opening by pores. 

Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. 81 Celastraceje. 
Stamens on the calyx. 

Style 1 : petals 4, rarely 5 . . . 129 (50) Onagrace^j. 
Styles 2 or 3, or only one and 3 - 5-cleft. 141 (54) Saxifragace^b. 
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. 

Stamens 10 (instead of many) accidentally and rarely in some 111 Pome^:. 
Stamens 2, 4, or 8. 
Herbs : flowers not in an involucrate head. 
Herb : flowers in a head, surrounded by a colored 

involucre : stamens 4 

Shrubs or trees : petals narrow. 
Stamens 4 : style and stigma 1 . 
Stamens 8 : styles 2. . . . ■ . 
Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. 
Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2 : 

flowers mostly in compound umbels. 148 (54) Umbellifer2K. 

Fruit fleshy or berry-like : styles 2-5, separate, or 

united into one 159 (55) Araliacf^e 



129 ONAGRACE.E. 
161 CORNACE^!. 

161 cornace2b 
147 Hamamelace^e. 



XXJV ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Division II. MONOPETALOUS ; calyx and corolla both present ; the 
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. 

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. 

Ovary 1 -celled with one parietal placenta. (Trifolium and 

some Mimoseae may be taken for monopetalous. ) 88 (42) Leguminos^:. 
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Adlumia, &c. 26 Fumariace-e. 
Ovary 1 -celled with the ovules at the centre or base. 265 Styracace^j. 

Ovary 3 - many-celled. 

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla, distinct. 245 (61) Ericace^. 
Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. 
Filaments monadelphous : anthers 1-celled. . 65 (36) Malvaceae. 

Filaments somewhat monadelphous at the base or 5- 
adelphous : anthers 2- celled. 

Calyx free from the ovary 70 (38) Camelliace^:. 

Calyx adherent with the ovary or with its base. 265 Styracace2E. 

Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . 266 Ebenace^j. 

B. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.* 

Ovary 5-celled : corolla appendaged with scales inside. 267 Sapotace-s:. 

Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded : style 1. 270 (62) Primulace^. 
Ovary 1-celled : utricle 1-seeded : styles 5, or only one 

and 5-cleft 270 (62) Plumbaginace-SJ. 

€)• Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them^ or fewer.* 

* Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior). 

Tendril-bearing herbs : anthers often united. . 138 (52) Cucurbit ace m. 
Tendrils none. 

Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. 
Flowers capitate, the head involucrate. . . 177 (56) Composites. 
Flowers separate, irregular ; the tube of the corolla 

cleft down one side 241 (60) Lobeliaceje. 

Stamens separate, and 
I Free from the corolla or nearly so ; leaves alternate, 

without stipules : juice of the stem milky. 243 (60) CampanulacejE. 
Inserted on the corolla, 

Didynamous : ovary 1-celled, with two parietal 

and many-ovuled placentae. • . . (63) Gesneriaceje. 
Not didynamous. 

One to three, always fewer than the lobes of the 

corolla 174 (56) Valerianace^. 

* Beware here of Mirabilis ! which seems to be monopetalous, with the ovary between the 
calyx and corolla ; but it is really apetalous. See pp. lxxiv, and 360. 



i, with V 1 



ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV 

Four or five, generally as many as the lobes of the corolla. 

Flowers in an involuerate head : stipules none. 176 (56) DiPSACKfi 
Flowers if in heads not involuerate. 
Leaves whorled without stipules- 
Leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, with V- 168 (56) Rubiaceje. 

stipules. 

Leaves opposite without stipules (or some- 
times with appendages to the petioles 
imitating them). . . . 163 (55) Caprifoliaceje. 

* =* Ovary free from the calyx (superior). m 

•- Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. 

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. 

Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. 300 (67) Labiate. 

Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . 298 (66) Verbenace.e. 

Ovules numerous or as many as 2 in each cell. 

Ovary and pod 1 -celled, 

With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. 275 Lentibulacejs 

With 2 or more parietal placentae : stamens 4. 

Plants with ordinary foliage (63) Gesneriace;e. 

Plants leafless, root-parasitic. . . . 279 Orobanchace^e. 

Ovary and fruit more or less 4- 5-celled. Martvnia. ) _ . . _. 

- * _ _ A „ . . ' . ^ . : ' (278 (63) BlGNONIACE.fi. 

Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentas parietal. ) 

Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentas in the axis. 

Seeds numerous, rarely few, not on hooks, &c. 281 (64) ScROPHULARiACE.fi. 
Seeds few, borne on hook-like, or slender, or else cup- 
shaped projections of the placentae. . 296 (66) AcANTHACE.fi. 

■•— «- Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens (with anthers) 5. 

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : anthers open- 
ing by a hole at the top of each cell. . Azalea, 245 (61) Ericaceae. 
Stamens inserted on the corolla. 

Filaments or some of them woolly. Yerbascum, 281 Scrophulariace^. 

Filaments not woolly 338 (71) Solanace^e. 

♦—•—*- Corolla regular. 
++ Starnens as many as the lobes of the corolla. 

Ovaries 2, separate ; their 

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, 332 CoNVOLVULACEfi. 
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. 
Filaments distinct : pollen in ordinary grains. 349 (73) Apocynace^e. 

Filaments commonly monadelphous : anthers united 

with the stigma : pollen in masses. . 350 (72) AscLEPiADACE.fi. 
Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. 319 (69) Borraginace^e. 



XXVI ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Ovary one : pod 2-lobcd or 2-horned at the summit. Loganieae, 169 Rubiacejs. 
Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed, 

One-celled, simple : style and stigma 1, undivided. 88 (43) Leguminos^j. 
One-celled, compound : styles, stigmas, or parietal placentae 2. 
Leaves (or in Menyanthes 3 leaflets) entire. . . 341 Gentianace^. 
Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound. ^ 
Imperfectly 2-celled by two broad parietal pla- > 26 (69) Hydrophyllace^e. 

centae meeting each other. . . i 

Two- to ten-celled. 
Leafless and parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, 332 Convolvulace^b. 

Plants with ordinary green leaves. 

Style none : corolla deeply 4- 6-parted. . . 263 Aquifoliacejs. 
Style present. 

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 245 (61) Ericaceae. 

Stamens inserted on the corolla, 
Four : corolla scarious : pod 2-celled, opening 

transversely, the top falling as a lid. 268 Plantagixace^e. 
Four: ovary 2-4-celled, with one ovule in each. 299 Verbenace^j. 
Five or rarely more. 

Leaves opposite, with stipules, or a transverse 

line in their place. Gelsemium, p. 296, and 169 LoGANiEiE. 
Leaves mostly opposite, no stipules. 1 
Leaves alternate : style 3-cleft at apex. , , _ 

' L ^329 (70) POLEMONIACE2E. 

Leaves alternate and opposite : an- 

thers transversely 2-valved. J 

Leaves mostly alternate : style undivided or rarely 2-cleft. 
Ovules and seeds very numerous. 

Corolla imbricated in the bud. 281 Scrophulariace^:. 

Corolla either plaited, valvate, or twisted, 

rarely imbricated, in the bud . 338 (11) Solaxace^e. 
Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. 
Style short : fruit splitting into two or 

four seed-like nutlets. . 319 (69) Borraginace^e. 
Style long : flowers showy : fruit a 

2 - 3-valved pod. . . 332 (70) Convolvulacejs. 

++ ++ Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 
Stamens 4, didynamous. 

Ovary 2-celled ; the cells 2 -few-seeded. . . 296 (66) Acanthacejb. 
Ovary 2-4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. . . 298 (66) Verbenace^e. 

Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled. 
Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. 268 Plantaginace^e. 
Herbs (rarely shrubs) : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, 

slightly irregular, deciduous. Veronica, 281 (64) Scrophulariacejb, 
Shrubs or trees. 



ANALYTICAL KEY. XXVU 

Lobes of the corolla 4,valvate in the bud : seeds suspended. 356 (73) Oleace-e. 
Lobes of the corolla 5 or more, convolute in the bud : seeds 

erect from the base of the cells. . . . (73) Jasminace^e. 

Division III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes the calyx) wanting. 

A. Flowers not in catkins. 

* Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. 

Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), 

Six-celled : stamens 6- 12 359 Aristolochiace^e. 

Four-celled : stamens 4. .... Ludwigia, 129 Onagrace^:. 

Three-celled : flowers monoecious : stamens many. (53) Begoniace^:. 

One-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Chrysosplenium, 141 SAxiFRAGACEiE. 

Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), 

Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate, monoecious : tree. 147 Hamamelacejs. 

Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . 384 Podostemace^e. 

Ovary and pod, &c. superior, i. e. free from the calyx, 

Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks 

which fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, 139 CRASSULAOEiE. 

Three - 5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, 63 Portulacace2E. 

Three-celled and 3-valved. . . Mollugo, 53 CARTOPHTLLACEiE. 

Two-celled or 1 -celled: placentae central. 

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. 127 (50) Lythracejs. 

Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, 

Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . . Glaux, 270 Primulace^e. 

Opposite the sepals when of the same number. 

Flowers with scarious or colored bracts. . 367 Amarantace^:. 

Flowers without such bracts. ... 52 Caryophyllace.zb. 

One-celled, with one parietal placenta. . . . ) _ 
~_ . m . . > 2 Kanunculace^:. 

Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple ) 

* * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. 

•*- Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. 

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. 110 (45) Rosacea. 

Stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. . . Zanthoxylum, 74 RuTACEiE. 
Leaves not dotted. 

Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. 2 (30) Ranunculaceje. 

Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. 383 Saururacejs. 

-*- +- Pistil one, either simple or compound. 
Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 

2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . 147 HAMAMELACEiB. 



XXVU1 ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Ovary wholly inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers. 

Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-eelled. 129 Haloragejs. 
Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1 -celled. 

Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, 160 Cornace^e. 

Stigma terminal, with or without a style. 
Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. 382 Loranthace^e. 
Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. 381 Santalaceje. 
Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested 
by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. 
Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly dioecious. 380 El^agnace^;. 

Herbs : calyx colored like a corolla. 

Leaves opposite, simple 360 (74) Nyctaginacejs. 

Leaves alternate, pinnate Sanguisorba, 110, Rosacea. 

Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. 
Stipules (ochreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. 
Tree : calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. 400 PLATANACEiE. 

Herbs : calyx present and often colored. » 371 (75) Polygonace^e. 
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. 
Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so. 

Leaves whorled-dissected : style 1. . . 383 Ceratophyllace^. 
Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-celled. 384 Callitrichace.e. 
Not aquatics, herbs. 

Ovary 10-celled : berry 10-seeded. . . 361 Phytolaccace^. 
Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1 - 2-celled : juice milky. 385 (76) Euphorbiace-E. 
Ovary one-celled : juice not milky. 
Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple : 

no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . 394 Urtice^j. 

Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved. 
Stipules not scarious : leaves palmately cleft 

or palmately compound. . . 395 (76) Cannabine^e. 

Stipules scarious 54 Illecebre^:. 

Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens 

inserted high up on the tube of the calyx. 54 Scleranthe^e. 
Stipules none : but scarious bracts crowded 

around the flowers. . . . 36.7 (75) Amarantace^e. 

Stipules and scarious bracts none. 361 (74) Chenopodiace2E. 

Shrubs or trees. 

Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. 
Fruit a 3-celled pod : leaves evergreen. Buxus, (76) Euphorbiace^j. 

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara 82 Acerine2B. 

Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded samara or drupe. . 356 (73) Oleace^:. 
Ovules single in each cell of the 

Three- 9-celled ovary : leaves small and heath-like. 393 Empetracea 
Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. . . . 78 Rhamnace^e. 



ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV111* 

One - two-celled ovary : styles or stigmas 2-cleft. 394 (76) URTiCACEiE. 
One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire. 

Anthers opening longitudinally. . 380 (75) Thtmeleace^:. 

Anthers opening by uplifted valves like trap-doors. 378 Lauracejs. 

IS* Flowers (monoecious or dioecious) one or both sorts in catkins, 

# Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. 

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . 394 (76) Ueticace^e. 
Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins. 

Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. 401 (77) Jug land ace.®. 

Leaves simple : fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or 

cupule. 403 (77) Cupulifer-e. 

* ^ Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads. 

Ovary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded : seeds furnished 

with a downy tuft at one end. . . . 413 (78) Salicace^j. 

Ovary and woody pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, 148 Hamamelace2E. 
Ovary 1- 2-celled, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1 -seeded. 

Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry 382 Loranthacejs. 

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. 

Calyx regular, conspicuous, that of the fertile flowers 

succulent in fruit 394 (76) Urticace.e. 

Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. 

Style and stigma one, simple : flowers in heads. 400 Platanacejs. 

Styles or long stigmas 2. 
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the 

catkin : nutlets naked, winged or woody. 410 Betulace^s. 

Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets 
naked, globose, mostly waxy-coated or 

drupe-like. 409 Mtricace^e. 

Fertile flowers single in a membranous sac. Ostrya, ^ 
Fertile flowers 2, subtended by a one-sided and j-403 Cupulifer^e. 
lbbed leafy involucre. Carpinus, J 

Subclass LI. GYMNOSPERMiE. Pistil an open scale or altered 
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus 
entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 

Leaves simple : stems branched. .... 420 (78) Conifers. 

Leaves pinnate, rigid : stem or caudex simple : plants 

therefore resembling Palms in aspect. . . . (80) Cycadace.®. 



XXV1U D ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which 
are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis- 
tinct pith in the centre ; not forming annual layers. (A transverse slice 
of the stem therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered 
throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion- 
ally more or less reticulated) . Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the 
first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in 
threes, never in fives. 

A. Spadiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or 
sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Araceae, where, 
however, they are on a spadix) and also of glumes (husky scales). Leaves often 
with netted veins. 

Little floating aquatics, wijh no distinction of stem and foliage. 430 Lemnace^:. 
Terrestrial or aquatic, with root, stem, and leaves. * 

Immersed aquatics, with jointed stems and inconspicuous 

flowers. 431 Naiadace^e. 

Reed-like or Flag-like marsh or aquatic herbs, with linear 
and sessile nerved leaves : flowers in spikes or heads. 
Flowers monoecious : destitute of floral envelopes. . 429 Typhace<3E. 
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix : sepals 6. Acorus, i 
Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a distinct [-426 (80) Araceae. 
netted-veined blade, petioled. 

B. Petaloideous Division. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with 
floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla^ either 
herbaceous or colored and petal-like, 

* Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary (superior). 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. 

Aquatics : ovules and seeds several or numerous. 440 Hydrocharidace.e. 
Twining plants : ovules and seeds one or two in each 

cell : veinlets of the leaves reticulated. . 460 (84) Dioscoreace^. 
Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous or several. 
Stamens (bearing anthers) only one or two : flower irregular. 

Gynandrous : ovary 1 -celled with 3 parietal placentas. 442 Orchid ACEiE. 

Not gynandrous : ovary 3-celled (80) Cannace.b. 

Stamens 3. 

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . 442 Burmanxiaceje. 

Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. 457 ILemodoraceje. 

Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . . 459 (82) Iridace^. 

Stamens 6 : flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. 455 (80) Amartllidacejb. 



ANALYTICAL KEY. XXviii 

# * Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. 

Stamens 6 ; the anthers turned inwards : perianth covered 

with wool or scurf. 457 ILemodorace.e. 

Stamens 6 ; the anthers turned outwards. . . . 472 Melanthace^e. 

# =fc *= Perianth wholly free from the ovary [inferior) : 
**- Its 6 (or rarely 4) divisions similar, and colored alike. 

Perianth glumaceous, i. e. chaffy or husky : rushes. . . 479 Juncace^. 
Perianth herbaceous : somewhat rush-like marsh plants : 

anthers turned outwards. 436 Juncagine-e. 

Perianth petaloid, or at least somewhat colored and corolla-like. 
Stamens fewer than the lobes of the perianth, or unequal 

and of two sorts : aquatic plants. . . . 483 Pontederiace^j. 
Stamens as many as the divisions of the perianth and all alike. 

Style 1, undivided (in Tulip no style : stigma 3-lobed). 465 (84) Liliace^e. 
Style 1, but 3-parted or 3-lobed. Uvularieae, 472 (86) Melanthace^}. 

Styles 3, or sessile stigmas 3, separate. 
Leaves with tendril-bearing petioles : flowers dioecious. ) 
Leaves whorled : flowers perfect. . % . . . > 

Leaves not tendril-bearing nor whorled : anthers 

turned outwards 472 (86) Melanthace2B. 

-*-4- Its divisions of two kinds, viz. 3 herbaceous or membranaceous sepals and 3 col' 
ored petals ; not furfiished with glumaceous bracts. 

Pistils numerous and distinct; stamens from 6 to many. 436 Alismaceje. 

Pistil (ovary) one, 3-celled, many- several-seeded. 

Style 1. Thick or scurfy -leaved epiphytes. . . 458 BROMELiACEiE. 

Styles or sessile stigmas 3. Leaves whorled. . . 461 Trilliaceje. 
Pistil (ovary) one, 2 -3-celled ; the cells 1 -2-seeded. 485 (86) Commelynace^e. 
Pistil 1 : ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae. . . 487 Xyridace^e. 

•«--»- h— Its divisions of two kinds, or the inner (corolla) rarely wanting ; the outer 
(calyx) mostly glumaceous or chaffy ; the flowers also furnished with glumaceous 
or chaffy bracts. Rush-like herbs : flowers in dense heads. 

Pod 1 -celled, many-seeded, with 3 parietal placentae. . 487 Xyridace^e. 

Pod 2 -3-celled, 2- 3-seeded. .... 488 Eriocaulonace^e. 

C» Glumaceous Division. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except 
sometimes small scales or bi'istles, but covered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scale- 
like bracts. 

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. 490 Cyperace^s. 

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts 535 (87) Graminf,-e. 



XXV111 U ANALYTICAL KEY. 

Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS: 

those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores 
instead of seeds. 

Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. 

Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the 
foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). 

Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on 

their backs or margins 587 Filices. 

Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under 

side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal 

spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth 

at each joint of the stem 585 Equisetace^ 

Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple 

leaves or bracts. 602 Lycopodiacejs. 

Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches. 

Aquatics. 605 Hydropterides. 

Class IY. ANOPHYTES. (Mosses.) 

Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct, 
or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond). 

Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. . . 607 Musci. 
Spore-cases not opening by a lid. Leaves sometimes con- 
fluent into a frond. 682 Hepatice^ 



GARDEN BOTANY: 

AN INTKODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE 

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 



This simple Introduction to a knowledge of the plants commonly cultivated 
in this country, whether for use or ornament, is prepared as a useful accom 
paniment to the Botany of the Northern United States, and is made as 
extensive as the needful limits of such a volume will allow. It will serve the 
purpose of enabling pupils to study our ordinary exotic as well as indigenous 
plants, to ascertain their names, and to refer them to their place in the system. 

It is to be used wholly in connection with the foregoing Artificial Key, p. xv., 
which is arranged to lead the pupil, if he has an exotic or other cultivated plant 
in hand, to this Garden Botany, — if a wild plant, to its order in the proper 
Botany of the Northern United States. If the cultivated plant be one which is 
described in the main body of the work, — as may frequently be the case, — 
the analysis will conduct to a reference, " Man. p. . . /' where the plant in ques- 
tion may be found described. It is needless to repeat the description of such 
species. 

For the same reason, the character or brief description of the orders and of 
the genera already in the Botany of the Northern United States is not repeated 
in the Garden Botany ; but a reference, " Manual," or " Man./' followed by 
the page, directs the student to the place where the order or the genus, &c. is 
characterized. 

Since by far the greater part of the names of the genera, &c. of our cultivated 
plants occur in the body of the work, where they are duly accentuated to in- 
dicate their proper pronunciation, the accents are not introduced here, except 
in the case of a few words, for the most part not already in the Manual, which 
are particularly liable to be mispronounced. 

As this Garden Botany is intended to be used only for exercise in botanical 
analysis, an Index of the names of the plants contained in it, for obvious rea- 
sons, is purposely omitted. 



5. 

6. 

7. 
8. 


NIGELLA. 
TROLLIUS. 
HELLEBORUS. 
AQUILEGIA. 


9. 
10. 
11. 


DELPHINIUM. 

ACONITUM. 

P^IONIA. 



XXX » GARDEN BOTANY. 



Order RANUNCULACE^I. Crowfoot Family. 

See Manual, p. 2. — The cultivated sorts may be known by having many 
stamens inserted on the receptacle, and from 2 to many separate pistils, except 
that the annual Larkspurs have only one pistil, and in Fennel-Flower the five 
pistils are partly united into one. 

Climbers, with opposite and usually compound leaves. . . Genus 1. CLEMATIS. 
Herbs, except the Tree Paeony, not climbing. 
Pistils many in a head, one-seeded, in fruit resembling seeds. 

Calyx like a corolla, no real petals 2. ANEMONE 

Calyx and corolla present : the petals conspicuous, 

With a little scale inside on the claw 3. RANUNCULUS. 

Without any scale 4. ADONIS. 

Pistils several-seeded, in fruit becoming pods. 
Calyx like a corolla : petals small and stamen- like. 
Pistils 5, partly united, making a 5-horned pod. . 
Pistils 9 or more, separate : flower yellow, globe-like. 
Pistils 5 : flower white or greenish, open. .... 
Calyx like a corolla, regular ; the petals large spurs. • 
Calyx like a corolla, irregular. 
Upper sepal spurred behind : petals 1 to 4, small. • , 
Upper sepal helmet-shaped : petals 2, hammer-shaped. 
Calyx green or greenish : petals large 

L Clematis, Virgin's-Bower. Man. p. 3. No. 5 is sometimes cult. ; also 
C. Viticella, Vine-Bower. Flower solitary, long-peduncled, large, 
blue or purple, in summer ; styles naked. 

C. Flammula, Sweet Virgin's-Bower. Flowers panicled, white, 
sweet-scented, in late summer ; leaves pinnate ; styles plumose in fruit. 

2. Anemone eoronaria, the original of most of the showy Garden 
Anemonies, of various colors, single or double, fl. in spring. 

3. Ranunculus, Crowfoot or Buttercups. No. 14 and 15, in Man. 
p. 10, furnish the hardy Yellow Double Buttercups of our gardens, and 

It. Asiaticus furnishes the Double Ranunculuses with large flowers, 
white, red, and other colors, resembling Anemonies. 

4. Adonis. Like Ranunculus, but without any scale on the petals ; these 
are usually 6 to 12. Leaves very finely divided. 

A. vernalis, Spring Adonis. Low perennial ; flowers large, yellow. 
A. autumnalis, Pheasant's-Eye. Annual ; petals small, red, dark at 
the base, late in summer. 

5. Nigella, Fennel-Flower. Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals 
much smaller than the white or bluish sepals, and five pistils partly united 
into one pod, containing rather large, dark-colored, spicy seeds. 

N. Damascena, Fennel-Flower, Ragged-Lady. Flower overtopped 
by a leafy involucre; pod smooth and bladdery, the lining of the 5 cells 
separating from the outer part, making 5 outer empty cells. 

N. sativa, Nutmeg-Flower. Flower naked ; pod rough, less inflated. 

6. Trollius Europseus, Globe-Flower. Flower golden-yellow, globe- 
shaped (instead of wide open, as in our wild species, Man. p. 12), in early 
spring. Resembles a large and showy Buttercup. 



GARDEN BOTANY. XXXI 

7. Helleborus niger, Christmas Kose. Rare in gardens, should be 
common, being very hardy, and handsome (not dull green, like H. viridis, Man. 
p. 12) ; the large pedate leaf evergreen ; flower from the ground in earliest 
spring, lj f across ; sepals white, persistent, and turning green. 

8. Aquilegia vulgaris, Common Columbine. Spurs of the variously 
colored flower (single or double) hooked at the end ; the parent of all the 
common garden Columbines. 

9. Delphinium, Larkspur. Man. p. 12. Several are cult, for ornament. 

# Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals united in one body, and a single 

pistil : flowers blue, varying to pink or white. 

D. Consolida, Common or Field Larkspur. Flowers scattered on 
the spreading branches ; pod smooth. 

D. Ajaeis, Rocket Larkspur. Flowers crowded in a close spike or 
raceme ; spur shorter ; some marks on the base of the united petals were 
fancied to read AIAI = Ajax. 

# * Perennials, with 4 separate petals of 2 sorts, and 2 to 5 pistils : flowers 

various shades of blue, rarely white. 

+- Low, branching species : lower petals not notched. 

D. Sinense, Chinese Larkspur. Cultivated only with double flowers, 
of deep indigo-blue ; leaves bright green, rather rigid. 

D. gran&iflorum, Great-flowered L. Leaves cut into distant 
narrowly linear lobes ; flowers single or double, of various tints of blue. 

D. Gheilanthum, with lanceolate or oblong lobes to the leaves, is the 
parent of some of the choice varieties of the Great-flowered Larkspurs. 

*~ Tall and single-stemmed : lower petals notched. 

D. elatum, Bee Larkspur. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped, 
gashed and toothed lobes ; lower petals strongly bearded. Many varieties. 

10. Aeonitum Napellus, Aconite, Monkshood. An upright species, 
with 5-parted leaves many-cleft into narrow lobes ; the broad, erect helmet 
short-pointed in front, is the parent of the common sorts of Monkshood in 
the gardens. 

11. Pseonia, Peony. Perennials, with thick roots, compound and cleft 
leaves, and very large flowers : calyx leafy : petals 5 in the natural state, 
white or red. Pistils 2, 3, or more, becoming thick pods. 

P. officinalis is the Common Peony of all gardens, generally with full 
double flowers ; pods downy. 

P. albiflora, Sweet Peony, has smaller, sweet-scented, mostly white 
flowers, and smooth recurved pods. 

P. Moutan, Tree Peony, has shrubby stems, pale leaves, very large 
flowers (white, purple, or variegated), and the pistils enclosed in a curious 
urn-shaped cup (disk), which bursts as the pods grow. 



Order MAGISTOLIACE^. Magnolia Family. 

Manual, p. 15. — Besides the Magnolias described, p. 16, one from Japan and 
two of the Southern States are planted, viz. : — 

1. Magnolia purpurea, Purple M., from Japan : a shrub with petals 
about 3' long, erect, pink-purple outside, white inside, beginning to flower in 
early spring before the obovate bright green leaves appear. 



XXXli GARDEN BOTANY. 

M. grandiflora, Great Laurel Magnolia of the Southern States, 
barely hardy in the Middle States : tree with evergreen coriaceous leaves, 
oblong or obovate, shining above, rusty beneath ; flower like that of M. glauca 
on a much larger scale and more fragrant. 

M. cordata. Like M. acuminata, but leaves ovate or slightly cordate, 
darker green above ; flowers pure light yellow. 

Order BERBERIDACE^S. Barberry Family. 

Manual, p. 19. — Besides Common Barberry, described p. 19, the only- 
common cultivated plant of the order is 

1. Berberis (or Mahonia) Aquifolium, of Rocky Mountains and 
Oregon : leaves pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets spiny-toothed ; flowers in clus- 
tered racemes in early spring ; berries blue. ► 

Order PAPAVERACE-2E. Poppy Family. 

Manual, p. 24. — Besides three naturalized plants of the order, Poppies and 
Eschscholtzias are common in the gardens. 

Juice of the stem yellow or saffron-colored. 
Pod short, prickly : leaves prickly and blotched : flowers yellow, 

rarely white * Man. p. 25. ARGEMONB. 

Pod long and slender, smooth (flowers yellow, &c), 

One-celled, with 2 placentae Man. p. 25. CHELIDONIUM. 

Two-celled by a spongy partition. . . Man. p. 26. GLAUCITJM. 

Juice of the stem white : pod partly many-celled by the several 

strongly projecting placentas 1. PAPAVER. 

Juice of the stem colorless, with the odor of muriatic acid : calyx 
like a candle-extinguisher, falling off whole : peduncle inflated 
under the flower : pod slender, striate : stigmas slender. 2. ESCHSCHOLTZIA* 

1. Papaver, Poppy. Man. p. 25. Cultivated for ornament, and one of 
them lor medical use. 

P. somniferum, Opium Poppy. Annual, smooth, glaucous ; leaves 
wavy and clasping ; flowers white, purple, &c, often double ; in summer. 

P. Rhoeas, Corn Poppy. Annual, low, bristly ; leaves nearly pinnate ; 
flowers scarlet, in gardens double, colors various. 

P. orientale, Oriental Poppy. Perennial, rough-hairy ; leaves almost 
pinnate ; flowering stems tall, bearing a very large red flower, in June. 

2. Eschsclioltzia. Low annuals of California and Oregon, with finely 
divided leaves and showy 4-petalled flowers, produced all summer. 

E. Califomica. Petals orange-yellow ; receptacle flat-bordered. 
E. Douglasii. Petals pure yellow (and a white variety) ; no flat border 
to the receptacle. 

Order FUMARIACEiE. Fumitory Family. 

Manual, p.. 26. — The only cultivated plant not in the Manual, and a very- 
handsome one, is the Chinese or Tartarean 

1. Dicentra spectabilis. Large, with leafy stems, Peony-like leaves, 
and heart-shaped, pink-red flowers an inch long, in drooping one-sided 
racemes ; blooming in spring. 



1. 


CHEIRANTHUS. 


2. 


BRASSICA. 




SINAPIS. 




BARBAREA. 


3. 


ISATIS. 


10. 


ALYSSUM. 


4. 


RAPHANTJS. 


4. 


RAPHANTJS. 


5. 


HESPERIS. 


6. 


MATTHIOLA. 




NASTURTIUM. 


7. 


LUNARIA. 



GARDEN BOTANY. XXX1U 



Order CRUCIFER2E. Mustard Family. 

Manual, p. 28. — Well known by the pungent taste, flowers of 4 sepals, 4 
petals with claws, 6 tetradynamous stamens, and the kind of pod called a silique 
or silicle. The following is a simple key to the cultivated species. 

Flowers deep orange or brownish yellow, sweet-scented. • 

Flowers pure yellow. 
Pod long or longish, beak-pointed, several-seeded : seeds spherical. 
Mostly biennials : sepals erect : upper leaves sessile or clasping. 
Anauals : sepals loose or spreading : leaves cut. Man. p. 36. 

Pod slender, not beaked, several seeded : seeds flat. Man. p. 35. 
Pod flat, wing-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded, hanging, not opening. 
Pod very short, 2-c«lted, few-seeded : low plants. . . • 
Flowers pale yellow, turning white or purple : pod jointed. • 
Flowers not yellow, white, pink, or purple. 

Seeds spherical, several in- a beak-pointed thick and indehiscent pod. 
Seed3 several or many in a long and narrow pod. 
Leaves green, toothed : flowers fragrant chiefly at night. • • 
Leaves hoary, entire : flowers fragrant in the day. . • 
Seeds many or few in a shortish pod : flowers white. Man. p. 30. 
Seeds several in a broad and flat pod, having a broad and silvery 

partition : flowers purple, large 7. 

Seeds one or sometimes two in each cell of a short pod. 
Corolla irregular ; 2 exterior petals larger than the other two. 8. IBERIS. 

Corolla regular, as in all the rest of the order, white, small. 
Leaves cut or toothed : partition of the pod very narrow. . 9. LEPrDIUM* 

Leaves narrow, entire : partition oval. . .10. ALYSSUM. 

1. Cheiranthus Cheiri, Wallflower. Perennial, with narrow and 
entire pointed leaves ; cultivated everywhere for its deliciously fragrant orange 
or red-yellow flowers. 

2. Brassica. So much like Sinapis botanically, that the two should form 
only one genus. Cult, as biennials for food. 

B. oleracea, Cabbage, with roundish, thickish, strongly-veined, gla- 
brous and glaucous fleshy leaves, in cultivation forming a head the first year. 

Var. Broccoli has fleshy irregular branches bearing clusters of abortive 
flower-buds, instead of a head. 

Tar. Cauliflower has a depressed head, formed of short and fleshy flower- 
branches changed into a dense fleshy mass. 

Var. Kohlrabi has the main stem thickened below into a sort of turnip 
above-ground. 

Var. Kale is more nearly the natural wild state, leaves not forming a head. 

B. campestris, with lower leaves rough-hairy and pinnatifid, upper ones 
clasping by au auricled base, and flowers brighter yellow, is the original of the 

Var. Turnip, with depressed fleshy (napiform) white root, and (probably) 
Var. Rutabaga or Swedish Turnip, with a longer yellowish root. 
Var. Colza, or Kape-Seed, is near the wild state, with the small root 
annual ; cult, for the oil of the seeds. 

3. Isatis tilictoria, Dyer's Woad. Tall biennial, with branching racemes 
of small yellow flowers, succeeded by hanging 1-seeded pods, not opening, 
winged, like a small samara : formerly cultivated for a blue dye- 



XXXI V GARDEN BOTANY. 

4. Raphanus sativus, Radish. Lower leaves lyrate ; flowers purple and 
whitish ; pods thick, knobby, pointed, never opening, the seeds separated by 
pithy partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root. 

R. Raphanistrum, Wild Radish or Jointed Charlock, a trou 

blesome weed : see Man. p. 40. 

6. Hesperis matronalis, Rocket. A rather coarse ornamental peren- 
nial of country gardens, tall, pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
toothed ; flowers light purple, in summer, hardly fragrant except at evening. 

6. Matthi'ola, Stock, Gilliflower. Garden or house plants, with hoary 
leaves, cult, for their fresh fragrant, commonly pink or reddish, sometimes 
white, often double flowers. 

M. incana, Common Stock. Perennial, almost woody : flowers mostly 
full double. 

M. annua, Ten-week Stock. Annual : flowers commonly single, pur- 
ple or white. 

7. Lunaria, Honesty, Satin-Flower. Hardy plants, with heart-shaped 
leaves, and broad flat pods, which are raised out of the calyx on a stalk of their 
own ; their broad white partition, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves 
have fallen. 

L. biennis, Common Honesty, is occasionally met with in the country : 
root biennial ; pods broadly oval and obtuse. 

L. rediviva, the perennial kind, with lanceolate pods, is still more rare. 

8. Ib'eris, Candytuft. Well marked by the irregular corolla, the two petals 
on the lower or outer side of the flower larger than the other two : leaves nar- 
row. Low plants, cult, for ornament. 

I. Timbellata. Annual ; flowers purple, in summer ; pod deeply notched, 

I. saxatilis. Almost shrubby, fleshy-leaved ; flowers white, in spring. 

9. Lepidium sativum, Garden Peppergrass. Annual, smooth ; leaves 
much cut; pods round-oval: rarely cult, as a Cress. 

10. Alyssum saxatile, Rock Alyssum, a low, hoary-leaved species, full 
of bright yellow flowers, occasionally cultivated for ornament. 

A. maritimum, Sweet A., of the subgenus Koniga, with white flowers, 
scarcely hoary linear-lanceolate leaves, and small white sweet-scented flowers, 
blooming in long succession, is commonly culth r ated for bouquets, &c. 

Order CAPPAE-IDACE^!. Caper Family. 
Manual, p. 40. — Rather common as a garden annual is one species of 

1. Cleome. Sepals and petals 4, spreading, the latter with long claws. Sta 
mens 6. Ovary long-stalked, becoming a many-seeded narrow pod. 

C. pungens. Clammy-pubescent; leaves digitate; leaflets 5 -9 ; stipules 
spine-like ; flowers pink or purple. 

Order RESEDACEiE. Mignonette Family. 
Manual, p. 41. — A most common and favorite species in cultivation is 

1. Reseda odorata, Common Mignonette. Cult, as an annual, low 
and spreading, with many of the leaves 3-cleft, and a raceme of greenish-white 
very fragrant flowers ; anthers orange. 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



XXXV 



Order VIOLACE^I. Violet Family. 

Manual, p. 41. — Some of our Wild Violets are occasionally cultivated in 
gardens, and the following are common. 

1, Viola odorata, Sweet Violet, of Europe. Stemless perennial, spread- 
ing by creeping shoots, the round-cordate leaves and scapes all from the root- 
stock ; flowers blue, violet, and a white variety, single or double, produced 
in early spring, often again in autumn. 

V. tricolor, Pansy, Heartsease. Biennial or annual, with leafy stems, 
ovate or cordate leaves, and large pinnatitid stipules ; flowers violet, whitish, 
or yellow, or a mixture of the three, in many varieties, spring and summer. 

Order PITTOSPORACE^I. Pittosporum Family. 

Has to be included for the sake of a shrub or small tree from Japan, cultivated 
as a house plant in winter, because of its sweet-scented flowers and coriaceous 
evergreen leaves, which bear the dry air of our parlors better than most plants, viz. : 

1. Pitto'sporum Tobi^ra. Sepals, petals (with connivent claws), and sta- 
mens 5, regular. Style 1 : ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, in fruit 
forming a thick-walled pod, with several pitchy-coated seeds. Flowers white. 
Leaves obovate, retuse. 



Order CARYOPHYLLACE-33. Pink Family. 

Manual, p. 52. — The common garden species are all of the Pink Family 
proper, viz. Pinks and the like. 

Calyx-tube furnished with scaly bracts at its base : styles 2. 
Calyx-tube naked, i. e. without such bracts. 
Styles 2. 
Tube of the calyx not angled. ..... Man. p. 54. 

Tube of the calyx strongly 5-angled Man. p. 55. 

Styles 3 Man. p. 55. 



1. DIANTHUS. 



SAPONARIA. 

VACCARIA. 

SILENE. 



Styles 5, or sometimes 4 2. LYCHNIS. 

It Dianthus, Pink. Man. p. 54. The common cultivated sorts belong to 
the following species. 

* Flowers solitary and peditncled or scattered : leaves narrow, glaucous. 
D. Caryophyllus, Clove Pink, with the petals merely toothed, the 
scales under the calyx very short and broad, is the original of all the varieties 
of Carnation, Picotee, &c. 

D. Chinensis, China Pink, with the petals merely toothed, is known 
by its greener leaves, and the leaf-like scales as long as the calyx itself. 

D. plumarius, Pheasant's-Eye or Plumed Pink, has short scale 
under the calyx, the (white and pink-purple) petals deeply cut into a fringe, 
and often fringe -bearded at the top of the claw. 

* * Flowers many, crowded in a close fiat cluster. 

D. Carthusianorum, Carthusians' Pink, has narrow leaves, black- 
ish bracts (making the cluster dark-colored), and small crimson flowers. 

D. barbatus, Sweet-William or Bunch Pink, has oblong-lanceolate 
green leaves, and a very flat cluster of various-colored flowers. 

2. Lychnis. The following are common and hardy garden perennials. 

L. coronaria, Mullein-Pink or Rose-Campion, with ovate-lanceolate 
and white-tomentose leaves ; flowers pink or red. 



XXXVI GARDEN BOTANY. 

L. Chalcedonica, Scarlet Lychnis, a tall herb, rather hairy, with 
ovate-lanceolate slightly cordate and clasping green leaves, and a close flat- 
topped cluster of many flowers ; the 2-lobed petals usually bright scarlet. 

Xi. Flos-cuculi, Ragged-Robin, is somewhat clammy-pubescent; leaves 
lanceolate ; flowers patiicled ; petals rose-red, and cut into 4 narrow lobes, 
commonly double-flowered in the gardens. 

Order PORTTJLACACEiE. Purslane Family. 

Manual, p. 63. — The common garden species wholly belong to the genua 

1. Portulaca, Purslane. The Common Purslane is a weed, rather than 
a cultivated plant, although sometimes used as a pot-herb. 

P. grandiflora, Showy P., has slender and cylindrical fleshy leaves, 
with a beard in their axils, and large, brilliant red, scarlet, or purple flowers 
(or in some varieties white or yellow), with a 5-angled white eye under the yel- 
low stamens. 

P. Gilliesii is like the last (probably a mere variety of it, or else they have 
crossed freely), but has shorter leaves and no white eye to the flower. These 
two are the handsome Portulacas so common in the gardens, blossoming all 
summer, opening only in sunshine and but once. 

Order MALVACEiS. Mallow Family. 

Manual, p. 65. — Known at once by the numerous monadelphous stamens, 
with kidney-shaped anthers. 

Ovaries many and heaped together in a head. 
Involucel, like an outer calyx, 6- 9-leaved or cleft. ... 1. KITAIBELIA. 

Involucel of 3 heart-shaped leaves 2. MALOPE. 

Ovaries or cells of the compound ovary 5 or more in a circle. 
Each one-seeded : stigmas capitate, 5 - 10. . . . Man. p. 67. SID A. 

Each one-seeded: stigmas running down the branches of the style: 
fruit a circle of 9 to 30 carpels round a solid centre. 
Petals truncate at the end, wedge-shaped. . . . . . 3. CALLIRRHOE. 

Petals obcordate, or obovate with a notch at the end. 

Involucel 3-leaved. 4. MALVA. 

Involucel 3-lobed. 5. LAVATERA. 

Involucel of 6 or more lobes or leaves. .... 6. ALTHiEA. 

Each several-seeded : no involucel under the calyx. ... 7. ABUTILON. 
Each of the 5 or only 3 cells many-seeded. 
Involucel under the calyx of many narrow pieces. 

Calyx 5-cleft, not falling off. 8. HIBISCUS. 

Calyx splitting down one side, and falling off early. . . 9. ABELMOSCHUS- 

Involucel of 3 broad toothed or cut leaves : seeds bearing long wool. 10. GOSSYPIUM. 

1. Kitaibelia vitifolia is a tall, leafy, hardy perennial, with heart-shaped, 
5-lobed, toothed leaves, and white petals*. 

2. Malo x pe malaeoides is a low annual, with ovate crenate leaves, and 
long-peduncled purplish or white flowers : rare. 

3. Callirrhoe, Man. p. 66. — The following from the South and West are 
very ornamental in gardens, especially the first. Leaves palmately parted or 
cleft and cut. 

C. pedata. Erect and smooth biennial or annual, with rich mauve 
crimson flowers, no involucel, produced all summer. Texas. 



GARDEN BOTANY. XXXVU 

C. Papaver. Low perennial, with ascending stems, rather hairy ; flowers 
red-purple, very long-peduncled ; involucel none or small. 

C. involucrata. Perennial, with root like a turnip ; the hairy stems 
prostrate ; peduncle shortish ; flower red-purple ; involucre 3-leaved, large. 

4. Malva sylvestris, High Mallow, is already described, Man. p. 66. 
M. Mauritiana, Tree Mallow. Taller than the last, 4° to 6°, with 

5-lobed leaves and deep purple flowers, in autumn. 

M. moschata, Musk Mallow. Perennial, 2° high ; leaves iissected 
into linear lobes, faintly musk-scented ; flowers rose-color. 

M. crispa, Curled Mallow. Tall annual ; leaves rounded, toothed, 
much crisped around the edge, with small white flowers in their axils. 

5. Lava'tera trimestris. Three-month L. Annual, with smoothish, 
round and heart-shaped leaves, scarcely lobed, and large rose-colored or 
sometimes white flowers ; the fruit covered by a broad and flat umbrella-like 
enlargement of the receptacle. Commoner in gardens than 

L. Thuriilgiaea. Perennial, rather downy ; upper leaves 3-lobed ; 
petals deeply obcordate, rose-purple, with darker stripes ; a conical projection 
from the centre of the fruit. 

6. Althaea rosea, Hollyhock. A familiar tall biennial or annual, with 
a simple hairy stem, round and cordate angled leaves ; the large flowers (of 
various colors, single or double) forming a long spike. 

A. ficifolia, Fig-leaved Hollyhock, with deeply 7-lobed leaves, is 
a much rarer species. 

7. Abutilon. Besides the common Velvet-Leaf, Man. p. 67, there is 
A. Striatum, Striped A. Cult, in all greenhouses, shrubby, nearly 

smooth, the thin leaves with 5 taper-pointed lobes ; flowers gracefully hanging 
on long peduncles ; petals orange, with darker stripes and veins. 

8. Hibiscus, Man. p. 68. Besides No. 3 there described, the following are 
more or less cultivated for ornament. 

H. Syriacus, Tree Hibiscus, called Shrubby Alth^a. A hardy 
shrub, 8° to 14° high, with smooth wedge-ovate and 3-lobed leaves, and short- 
peduncled flowers, red-purple, white, &c, either single or double, in autumn. 

H. Rosa-Sinensis, China Rose-Mallow. Shrubby, smooth, with 
ovate pointed and somewhat toothed leaves, and bright red flowers on slender 
peduncles ; a green-house plant. 

H. COCCineus, Great Red R. A tall herb of the S. States, smooth, 
with a perennial root ; leaves deeply cleft into 5 long and narrow lobes ; 
flowers red, 8 ; to 11' broad, in autumn. 

9. Abelmoschus eSCUlentUS, Okra. An annual, with round-cordate 
more or less 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers, succeeded by narrow 
and angled pods, 4 inches long, which when green are very mucilaginous, and 
are eaten as a garden vegetable or in soups ; common at the South. 

A. Manihot, sometimes cultivated for ornament, has a large and hand- 
some sulphur-yellow flower, with a dark purple eye, and the leaves 5-parted 
into long and narrow divisions. 

10. Gossypium herbaceum, Cotton-Plant. The genus differs from 
Hibiscus in having an involucel of 3 toothed or incised green leaves, heart- 
shaped and a little united at the base, and the seeds covered with the long and 
soft wool which now makes so large a part of human clothing. The Common 
Cotton is an herb, with broad 3 -5-lobed leaves, and pale yellow corolla with 

3 



XXXV111 GARDEN BOTANY. 

a purple eye, often turning reddish ; the seeds green or brownish. Sea-Island 
Cotton is a variety with black seeds and longer wool ; the stem becoming 
woody at the bottom. Tree Cotton (G. arboreum), which it has been pro- 
posed to cultivate (but which will not answer), grows to a shrub in warm 
climates, and has narrower lobes to the leaves, the flower often reddish. 

Order CAMELLIACEJE. Camellia Family. 

Manual, p. 70. — Two Chinese and Japanese showy-flowered shrubs of this 
order are familiar, viz. the Tea-plant, which is rare in green-houses, and the 
Camellia, which is very common. They are so much alike that they ought to 
belong to the same genus. 

1. Thsea Chinensis, Tea Plant, has rather small white flowers, the pet- 
als and the stamens nearly distinct ; the anthers roundish. 

2. Camellia Japonica, Camellia, has large flowers (white, pink-red, &c, 
single or double), the base of the petals and of the stamens united together, 
and the anthers oblong. The varieties are many : the flowers, produced in 
winter, are much prized. 

Order ATJKANTIACEJE. Orange Family. 

The shrubs or trees of this order common in cultivation, in houses, &c, are 
known by their evergreen alternate leaves, which are pellucid-punctate (i. e. 
through a glass they appear as if riddled with small holes), and with a joint 
between the blade and the petiole, which last is generally leafy-winged or mar- 
gined ; the flowers white and very fragrant ; the stamens rather many in a single 
row, on an hypogynous disk. They are all of the genus Citrus, and originally 
perhaps of one species. 

1. Citrus vulgaris, Bitter Orange, with a broadly winged petiole, the 
fruit with a bitter and acid pulp. 

C. Aurantium, Sweet Orange, with a narrow wing or margin to the 
petiole, and a sweet pulp. 

C. Limonium, Lemon, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, 
oblong and acute toothed leaves, and a very acid pulp. 

C. Limetta, Lime, with wingless petiole, and roundish serrate leaves, & 
harder rind, and sweetish pulp. 

C. Mediea, Citron, with wingless petiole, oblong leaves, and a very 
thick rind to the fruit, the pulp acid. 

Order LINACEiE. Flax Family. 

Manual, p. 70. — Two or three species of Flax are cultivated in gardens for 
ornament, and one in the fields for its fibres and seeds. 

1. Linum USitatissimum, Common Flax. Annual, with narrow lan- 
ceolate leaves, blue flowers, pointed sepals, and a 10-celled pod. 

L. perenne, Perennial Flax. Sparingly cult, in gardens ; with blue 
flowers and oval blunt sepals. 

Xi. grandiflorum, with oval leaves and showy red or crimson flowers, 
produced ail summer in gardens. 

Order GERA!NTACE-ZE. Geranium Family. 

Manual, p. 72. — The common cultivated plants, especially house-plants, 
prized for their scented leaves as well as handsome blossoms, are from the Cape 



GARDEN BOTANY. XXXIX 

of Good Hope, have the flowers a little irregular, with a hollow tube extending 
from the base of one of the sepals some way down one side of the peduncle, 
some of the 10 filaments without anthers; and so, although called Geraniums, 
belong to the genus 

1. Pelargonium. There are a great many varieties and hybrids in cultiva- 
tion. Most of the common sorts come from the following botanical species ; 
but some of them are much mixed. 

* Leaves peltate, fleshy : stems trailing. 

P. peltatum, Ivy-leaved P. Smooth or smoothish, the 5-angled 5-lobed 
leaves fixed near the middle ; the flowers pink. 

# * Leaves rounded or round-cordate, crenate, toothed, or moderately lobed. 

P. ZOnale, Horse-shoe P. Shrubby, with thick and juicy branches ; 
the roundish-cordate leaves marked on the upper face with a dark semicircle ; 
flowers many in a close umbel ; petals narrow, scarlet, red, or sometimes 
white. 

P. in'quinans, Staining or Scarlet P. Resembling the foregoing, 
but velvety -pubescent and clammy, the leaves without the horse-shoe mark ; 
petals broadly obovate, intense scarlet, also with pale varieties. 

P. CUCUllatum, Cowled P. Shrubby, not juicy, softly villous ; leaves 
round-reniform and cupped ; umbels panicled ; flowers rather large, pink- 
purple. 

P. cordatum, Heart-leaved P. Like the last, or smoother, with open 
cordate-ovate leaves. 

P. angulosum, Maple-leaved P. Shrubby, harsh-hairy; the leaves 
not cordate at the base, sharply-toothed, angled, and more or less lobed; 
flowers much like the two last, pink-purple, with dark streaks. 

P. capitatum, Rose-scented P. Scarcely shrubby, spreading, softly 
hairy, with the rose-scented leaves round -cordate and moderately lobed, the 
lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many sessile flowers in a head ; 
petals short, rose-purple. 

P. odoratissimum, Nutmeg-scented P. Low, with herbaceous and 
weak branches, and soft-velvety round and crenate leaves, which are sweetly 
aromatic ; the flowers white and insignificant. 

* # * Leaves conspicuously lobed, cleft, or compound. 

P. grandiflorum, Great-flowered P. Shrubby, smooth and glau- 
cous ; leaves palmately 5 - 7-cleft ; peduncles bearing about 3 large flowers, 
with white petals, the 2 upper larger and elegantly veined, sometimes varie- 
gated with pink or rose-color. 

P. tricolor, Three-colored P. Low, rather shrubby ; the long- 
petioled small leaves silky-hoary, oblong, incised, and 3-lobed or pinnatifid ; 
peduncles bearing 2 or 3 showy flowers ; the three lower petals white, the two 
upper crimson, with a dark spot at their base. 

P. exstipulatum, Penny-Royal P. Low, rather shrubby, with t.A 
leaves small, velvety, roundish-ovate, truncate at the base, 3-lobed, also 
incised, with the scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot ; stipules obsolete ; flow- 
ers few, small, and white. 

P. quercifolium, Oak-leaved P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular; 
leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with a cordate base and wavy-toothed blunt 
lobes, often spotted, strong-scented ; flowers rather few, purplish. 

P. grave^olens. Leaves more deeply cleft into 5 or 7 obtuse lobes, mortJ 
hairy, and the scent balsamic ; peduncles many-flowered ; otherwise resem - 
bling the last. 

P. Ra'dula, Rough P. Very rough and hairy with short and rigid 
bristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted, and the divis- 



JU GARDEN BOTANY. 

ions pinnatifid, lobes linear; peduncles few-flowered; petals small, pale pur- 
ple, with darker streaks. This and the two preceding are much mixed. 

P. myrrhifolium. Stems slender, herbaceous or nearly so, hairy , 
leaves once or twice pinnatifid, with narrow linear lobes ; peduncles few- 
flowered ; petals often only 4, wiiite, the two upper obovatc and with purple 
veins, the two lower linear and much smaller. 

P. triste, Sad or Night-scented P. Stem succulent and very short 
from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy, the 
lobes unequal ; umbel many-flowered ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker 
spots, sweet-scented at night. 

Order TROPJEOLACE^I. Indian-Cress Family. 

South American twining or straggling herbs, with the pungent taste and smell 
of cresses, and showy, irregular flowers, with a spur to the calyx, — all of the 
genus 

1. Tropaeolum, commonly called Nasturtium, which is the botanical 
name of the true Cress. 

T. majus, Common Nasturtium. Low annual; leaves rounded, an- 
gled, peltate ; flowers yellow, varying towards red, the claws of three of the 
petals fringed. 

T. peregrinum, Canary-bird Flower. Annual, climbing high ; 
leaves deeply lobed and cut ; petals pale yellow, all cut-fringed. 

Order BALSAMINACEiH. Balsam Family. 

Manual, p. 73. — Many varieties are common in gardens of the familiar 

1. Impatiens Balsamina, Garden Balsam or Touch-me-not. A 

low annual, with succulent stems, crowded lanceolate leaves, and very showy 
(white, red, or purple, mostly double) flowers in their axils ; spur short. 

Order HUTAC1ZM. Rue Family. 

Manual, p. 74. — Besides Ptelea, which is sometimes planted in grounds, the 
following are cultivated, both very strong-scented plants. 

1. Ruta graveolens, Rue. A very strong-scented and acrid-bitter peren- 
nial of country gardens, almost woody at the base, with decompound coarsely 
punctate leaves, and oblong or obovate leaflets ; flowers pale yellow, cymose ; 
petals 4, concave ; stamens 8, short ; pod globular, 4-lobed. 

2. Dictamnus Praxinella, Fraxinella, is a pleasanter-scented peren- 
nial, with pinnate leaves, and a stout erect raceme of large, rather irregular 
flowers ; petals 5, either white or purple ; stamens 10 ; filaments long, de- 
clined, glandular towards the summit ; fruit of 5 compressed pods united with 
each other in the axis. 

Order SIMARUBACEiE, which we may call Rutaceae without 
dotted leaves, is represented by the cultivated 

1. Ailanthus glandulosus, Tree-of-Heayen. A shade tree of rapid 
growth, with large pinnate leaves of many pairs of leaflets, and small, polyga- 
mous or dioecious, greenish flowers. Lobes of the calyx and the petals 5. 
Stamens 10 in the staminate, 2 or 3 in some of the fertile flowers. Pistils 2 to 
5, with somewhat lateral styles. Fruit a samara, much like that of Ash. 
Staminate flowers of very unpleasant smell. 



GARDEN BOTANY. Xli 

Order ATsTACARDIACE^E. Cashew Family. 

Manual, p. 76. — One foreign species is much planted as an ornamental shrub, 

viz. : — 

1. Rhus Co'tinus, Venetian Sumach, or Smoke-tree. Smooth ; 
leaves simple and entire, obovate ; flowers greenish-yellow, in a panicle, which 
afterwards becomes a great feathery mass (looking like a cloud of smoke), by 
a growth from its branches and pedicels into long, hair-like threads. 

Order VITACEM. Vine Family. 

Manual, p. 77. — The various cultivated varieties of Grape fall by their bo- 
tanical characters under three of the American species described in the Manual, 
and under 

1. Vitis vinifera, European Grape. Leaves very soon glabrous ; flow- 
ers all perfect. 

Order SAPINDACEJE. Soapberry Family. 

Manual, p. 82. — Besides those described, there are some foreign Maples 
planted, a Buckeye or two, and a climbing annual in the gardens. 

Herb, climbing by tendrils, with alternately compound leaves and 

bladdery 3-celled pods 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. 

Trees or shrubs, with the leaves opposite and 

Palmately compound : fruit a leathery or prickly few-seeded pod. 2. 2ESCULUS. 

Simple, palmately lobed : fruit 2 samaras united at their base. 3. ACER. 

1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Heart-seed or Balloon Yine. 
A delicate annual, climbing by a pair of short tendrils on the peduncle, with 
twice-ternate leaves, and small white flowers (sepals and petals 4, irregular: 
stamens 8), succeeded by an inflated 3-celled 3-seeded pod; seeds globular, 
hard, marked with a heart-shaped spot. 

2. JEsculus Hippocastanum, Horse-Chestnut, and the common 
Buckeyes, are described in Man. p. 83. 

JE. parviflora, Small-flowered Buckeye. Shrub 3° to 6° high, 
with stalked and narrow leaflets, and a long and slender panicle of smallish 
white flowers : stamens very long ; fruit smooth. Planted for ornament, from 
the S. States. 

3. Acer, Maple. Man. p. 84. Some of the wild Maples are much planted 
for shade trees ; also 

A, Pseudo-Platanus, Sycamore M. A fine tree, from Europe, with 
large leaves having 5 strong and acuminate serrate lobes, and hanging racemes 
of greenish flowers, appearing soon after the leaves : wings of the fruit rather 
spreading. 

A. platanoides, Norway M. A handsome tree, from Europe, with 
bright-green and thin leaves, having rather small pointed lobes, and very few 
and coarse teeth ; yellowish flowers in an erect corymb, appearing with the 
leaves ; the fruit with large and divaricate wings. 

A. macrophyllum, the Large-leaved M., from Oregon and Cali- 
fornia, — a fine tree, with deeply 5-lobed leaves, 6' to 9' broad, and drooping 
racemes of yellow flowers, — is beginning to be planted. So is 

A. circinatum, Round-leaved M., from Oregon ; a tall shrub, the 
leaves round-cordate, moderately 7-9-lobed, plaited, serrate; flowers greenish, 
in a corymb ; wings of the fruit divaricate. 



llii 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



Order LEGUMINOS^J. Pulse Family. 

Manual, p. 88. — Many are cultivated for food or ornament. Some of them 
are in the Manual, and have only to be led up to by the following easy key. 

1. Flowers papilionaceous ; the standard covering the other petals in the bud, 

# Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 

Leaves digitate, of 5 to 15 leaflets ; flowers in an erect raceme. . 1. LUPINUS. 

Leares of 3 leaflets, or the uppermost sometimes simple. 
Shrubs or undershrubs, with yellow and monadelphous flowers. 
Flowers single or in pairs in the axils of small leaves along the 
rigid, upright, angled, green branches : style long and coiled. 2. SAR0THAMNU3, 

Flowers in racemes : style subulate. 3. CYTISUS. 

Shrubs or plants with a thick and woody base, with large red 

flowers, the wing-petals wanting or minute. ... 4. ERYTHRLNA. 

Herbs, not twining nor disposed to twine. 
Leaves sweet-scented ; pods short and wrinkled. Man. p. 93. MELLLOTUS. 

Leaves not sweet-scented. 
Flowers capitate : pod small, enclosed in the calyx. Man. p. 92. TRIFOLlUM. 

Flowers in a raceme or spike, or few : pods curved or coiled. 5. MEDICAGO. 

Herbs with the stems twining or disposed to twine. 
Keel with the included stamens and style coiled. ... 6. PHASEOLTJS. 

Keel incurved, but not coiled 7. DOLICHOS. 

Leaves pinnate : leaflets serrate. ....... 8. CICER. 

Leaves pinnate : leaflets entire, as in almost all the order. 
"With a tendril, or a rudiment of one, at the end of the common petiole. 

Style flattened, hairy on the upper side 9. LATHYRUS. 

Style filiform : stigma villous or hairy. .... 10. YICIA. 

Style filiform : stigma naked : pod 2-seeded. . . 11. ERVTJM. 

Without any tendril. 

Leaflets only 4, none at the end .12. ARACHIS. 

Leaflets an odd number, one of them terminal. 
Ovary and small indehiscent pod 1-seeded. Herb. . . 13. ONOBRYCH1S. 

Ovary and pod 1 - 2-seeded : petal only one. Shrubs. Man. p. 95. AMORPHA. 

Ovary and pod several-seeded. 
Flowers umbelled or capitate ; pod narrow. ... 14. CORONLLLA. 

Flowers racemed. 

Herbs : keel spurred on each side 15. INDIGOFERA. 

Shrubs or trees, with hanging or drooping racemes, 

Of few yellow flowers : pod inflated 16. COLUTEA. 

Of many white or rose-colored flowers : pod flat. Man. p. 96. ROBINIA. 
Woody twining plants with lilac or purple flowers. . . 17. WISTARIA. 

* * Stamens distinct. 

Tree, with pinnate leaves and hanging white flowers. Man. p. 107. CLADRASTISL 

Perennial herbs, with palmate leaves of only 3 leaflets. Man. p. 107. BAPTISIA. 

2. Flowers not papilionaceous : 

Appearing papilionaceous, but the standard covered by the other 

petals: tree, with simple and cordate leaves. . Man. p. 108. CERCIS. 

Not at all papilionaceous. 

Leaves simply pinnate : flowers yellow, perfect : stamens 10 or 

sometimes fewer Man. p. 108. CASSIA. 

Leaves some simply, others twice pinnate : flowers polygamous, 

greenish, in spikes : stamens 3 to 5 : a thorny tree. Man. p. 109. GLEDITSCHIA, 



GARDEN BOTANY. xliil 

Leaves unequally twice pinnate : flowers dioecious, in a raceme or 

corymb, dull white : a tree with rough bark. Man. p. 109. GYMNOCLADUS. 

Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with small leaflets, or if simple 
then vertical or edgewise (phyllodia) : flowers small but many 
in a head or spike, perfectly regular, often monopetalous. 
Stamens 4 or 5, or 8-10, distinct : flowers rose-color ; pod break- 
ing up into joints leaving a slender framework. . • .18. MIMOSA. 
Stamens 10-15, monadelphous at the base, purplish. . . 19. ALBIZZIA. 

Stamens very many, yellow or yellowish 20. ACACIA. 

1. Lupinus, Lupine. Man. p. 91. Handsome garden plants. 

L. albus is the Lupine which the ancients cultivated as pulse, an annual, 
• with obovate-oblong leaflets, hairy underneath but smooth above, and white 
flowers alternate in the raceme. 

L. pilosus is an old. garden annual Lupine, all over very villous with 
white hairs, the flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, flesh-color, rose-color, 
or light blue. 

L. luteus is the old yellow annual Lupine, the flowers in whorls in a long 
dense spike ; the leaves mostly radical. 

L. mutabilis, cultivated as an annual, from S. America, is a large and 
very smooth species, with broadish leaflets, and large pale bluish flowers with 
some yellow. 

L. Cruekshanksii is a fine variety of the last with bluer flowers. 

L. polyp hyllus, from Oregon, is the fine perennial Lupine of the gar- 
dens, with 13 to 15 lanceolate leaflets, and a very long and dense raceme of 
blue flowers ; there is also a white variety. 

2. Sarothamnus scoparius, the Common Broom of Europe, is a smooth 
shrubby plant, 3° to 5° high, with rigid green branchlets, bearing small round- 
ish leaflets (upper leaves simple), and large, yellow, scattered flowers. 

3. Cy'tisus Laburnum, Common Laburnum or Golden Chain; a 
small tree with long hanging racemes of golden-yellow showy flowers ; 
leaflets 3, oblong or oval. 

4. Erythrina Crista-galli. A green-house shrubby plant, planted out 
in summer, with large leaves of 3 leaflets, and a long raceme of very large red 
flowers : the genus is known by having the two wing petals so small that they 
are concealed in the calyx. 

5. MedicagO scutellata, Snail Medick. A low annual, spreading, 
with small yellow flowers, but rather large and singular pods, coiled up like a 
snail-shell or shaped like a bee-hive, smooth. 

M. sativa, Lucerne, Man. p. 93, is cultivated for fodder. 

6. Phaseolus, Kidnet Bean, &c. Man. p. 104. We cultivate the fol 
lowing : — 

P. COGCineus, Scarlet Runner, with bright scarlet flowers in long 
racemes (rarely varying to white), for ornament. 

P. vulgaris. Common String Bean or Pole Bean, with white flow- 
ers and straight linear pods. 

P. nanus, Dwarf or Field Bean, is a cultivated variety of the last, 
growing low and bushy, not twining. 

P. lunatus, Lima Bean, Sieva Bean, of several varieties, has rather 
small white flowers, and broad, curved, or scymitar-shaped pods, with large 
and flat seeds. 



Xliv GARDEN BOTANY. 

7. Dolichos Lablab, Egyptian or Black Bean, cultivated for orna- 
ment, rarely for its b^ans, is a smooth twiner, with showy red-purple flowers 
(also a white variety) an inch in diameter, and thick oblong pointed pods ; 
seeds black or tawny with a white scar. 

D. Sinensis, China Bean, the var. melanophthalmus, Black- 
eyed Bean, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) flowers 
at the end, the beans (which are good) white with a black circle round the 
scar, is occasionally met with. 

8. Cicer arietinum, Chick Pea, is like a Vetch, but has its obovate 
leaflets serrate, and usually one at the end of the stalk instead of a tendril ; 
flowers white, solitary ; pod turgid, containing 2 large seeds which are shaped 
somewhat like the head of a sheep, and are used as a substitute for coffee 

9. Lathyrus, Pea. Man. p. 103. This genus must include Pisum. 

L. Pisum, Field Pea. Lobes of the calyx leafy; seeds spherical ; leaf- 
lets mostly 2 pairs, broad ; corolla white, sometimes variegated with purple or 
red ; cult, for food. 

L. odoratus, Sweet Pea. Annual, pubescent, with the stems some- 
what winged ; leaflets one pair ; the long peduncles bearing 2 or 3 sweet- 
scented large flowers, white with the standard rose-color or red-purple ; culti- 
vated for ornament. 

L. latifolius, Everlasting Pea. Root perennial ; plant smooth, 
wing-stemmed, with one pair of leaflets ; peduncle bearing several pink-purple 
flowers, not fragrant, but ornamental. 

10. Vicia, Vetch. This common Vetch or Tare, described Man. p. 102, is 
a weed, but hardly cultivated here. 

V. Faba, Windsor or Horse Bean, is a Vetch which grows upright 
with hardly any tendrils, but bears one or two pairs of large leaflets, and a 
small raceme of white flowers with a dark spot ; pod short and broad ; seeds 
large, flattish, oval, with the scar at one end ; prized in England, but a poor 
bean where better will grow. 

11. Ervum Lens, Lentil. A low annual, like a small Vetch, with broad 
2-seeded pods ; rarely cultivated here for soup. 

12. A'rachis hypogaea, Peanut, also called Ground-nut, here occasion- 
ally raised, but cult, at the South for its well-known fruit, which is a thick 
reticulated pod, ripening under ground, containing one or two large eatable 
seeds. Known by its even-pinnate leaves of 4 obovate leaflets ; flowers small, 
yellow. 

13. Ono'bryehis sativa, Sanfoin, cult, for fodder, like Lucerne, in Eu- 
rope, but rarely in this country, is a perennial, with pinnate leaves, and long- 
peduncled spikes of handsome pink flowers ; pod small, indehiscent, 1 -seeded, 
prickly-toothed, and veiny. 

14. Coronilla, Coronilla. Two species cultivated for ornament, viz. : — 
C. varia, Common Coronilla. A hardy low perennial, with running 

roots, numerous oblong leaflets, and long-peduncled heads or close umbels of 
handsome rose-colored flowers. 

C. E'merus, Scorpion Senna. A hardy low shrub, with 7-9 obovate 
small leaflets and few-flowered peduncles ; petals yellow, with very long claws. 

15. Indigo'fera tinctoria, Indigo-Plant, common at the South, now 
rarely cult., is a rather hoary herb, with 9 or 1 1 oval or obovate leaflets, small 
flowers in racemes, and small deflexed pods. 



GARDEN BOTANY. xlv 

16. Colutea arborescens, Bladder Senna, is a common ha. dy shrub 
in country gardens, with pinnate leaves, oval leaflets, and a raceme of 5 or 6 
yellow flowers, succeeded by bladdery inflated pods. 

C. cruenta has obovate leaflets, saffron-colored or blotched flowers, and 
pods opening by a little slit at the top. 

17. Wistaria. Man. p. 96. The handsome wild species is occasionally cul- 
tivated for ornament ; but we more commonly meet with 

W. Sinensis, the beautiful Chinese and Japanese species : this has 
longer hanging racemes, of paler blue-purple flowers, in spring ; wing-petals 
with only one auricle ; ovary pubescent. 

18. Mimosa pudica, Common Sensitive-Plant, well known for its 
leaves closing at the touch, is a low or trailing plant, with bristly stems ; 
petiole bearing 4 partial petioles on its apex, each with many linear-oblong 
leaflets ; stamens 4 or 5, of the same number as the sepals or the petals, the 
latter united in a cup. 

19. Albizzia Julibrissin, planted at the South, a rare house-plant at the 
North, is a tree with twice-pinnate leaves, of many obliquely oblong leaflets, 
their midrib at one margin, and heads of rather large purple or rose-colored 
flowers ; the stamens being the showy part. 

20. Acacia. True Acacias are green-house plants, flowering in winter, known 
by their yellow bunches of flowers, consisting almost entirely of stamens. 

A. dealbata, with glaucous, almost hoary-white twice-pinnate leaves, 
and very small leaflets, the flowers in heads which are loosely panicled, is the 
commonest species of the kind with compound leaves. 

A. linearis, with long and linear simple leaves and pale yellow flowers 
in interrupted spikes, — and 

A. longifolia, with broader, lanceolate leaves and deep yellow flowers, — 
are the commonest of the Australian Acacias, having leaves turned edgewise, 
or phyllodia. instead of true and compound leaves. 

Order ROSACEiE. Rose Family. 

Manual, p. 110. — Important for the fruits and the ornamental flowers it fur- 
nishes. 

Pistil only 1, entirely free from the calyx, becoming a drupe or stone-fruit. 

Stone wrinkled or rough on the surface : flowers pink or rose-color. 1. AMYGDALUS. 

Stone smooth and even : flowers white 2. PRUNUS. 

Pistils 1 or 2, becoming acheuia, enclosed in the tube of the dry calyx : 

flowers perfect : herb, with pinnate leaves. Man. p. 115. SANGUISORBA 

Pistils from 2 to many, free from the calyx, which is never fleshy. 
Pistils only 2, or even 1, in the fertile fl. : stamens many in the 

sterile : flowers monoecious, spiked : petals none : leaves pinnate. 3. POTERIUM. 
Pistils about 5 (or 3 to 15) in a circle. 
Shrub, with yellow flowers, usually full double. ... 4. KERRIA. 

Shrubs or herbs, with an open calyx and usually broad (white or 

pink) petals 5. SPIRJ3A. 

Perennial herbs, with a narrow tubular calyx and narrow 

Petals Man. p. 114. GILLENIA. 

Pistils many, heaped on the receptacle, the ovaries 

Becoming dry achenia on a dry receptacle 6. POTENTILLA. 

Becoming dry achenia on an enlarged juicy receptacle. . . 7. FRAGARIA 
Becoming juicy or berry-like 8. RUBUS. 



Xlvi GARDEN BOTANY. 

Pistils many (becoming bony achenia in fruit), enclosed in the hollow 
tube or cup of the calyx, which is fleshy, and becomes thick 

and pulpy in fruit. Prickly shrubs 9. ROSA. 

Pistils 2 to 5 combined into one by their ovaries to make a compound 
ovary, which is coherent with the thick tube of the calyx 3 this 
becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit : all shrubs or trees. 
Only one ovule and one seed in each cell, the latter stony in fruit. 

One thick stone in the fruit, having 2 to 5 cells. Man. p. 123. CRATAEGUS. 

Three to five small and 1-seeded stones in the fruit. . . 10. COTONEASTEU. 

Two or few ovules and seeds in each cell. 11. PYRUS. 

Many ovules or seeds in each cell. 12. CYDONIA. 

1. Amyg'dahlS nana, Dwarf Almond. The Double-flowering va- 
riety is common in gardens (but not the single), its numerous rose-colored 
flowers appearing early in the spring, before the narrow and lanceolate leaves. 

A. Persica, the Peach, with rose-pink-colored flowers, broadly lance- 
olate leaves, and downy-coated fruit. 

Var. Issvis, the Nectarine, has the fruit smooth, like a Plum, but came 
originally from the Peach. 

2. Prunus, Plum, Cherry. Besides Nos. 1, 7, and other species in the 
Man. p. Ill, 113, the following are common in cultivation : — 

P. Armeniaca, the Apricot, with almost sessile white flowers appear- 
ing much before the leaves, which are ovate and somewhat cordate, the yel- 
lowish fruit with a velvety surface. In this respect it is like the preceding 
genus ; but the flowers, the smooth stone, &c. are as in the Plum. 

P. Domestica, the Garden Plum, of many varieties, has thornless 
branches and lanceolate-ovate leaves ; it is thought to be a long-cultivated 
production of P. instititia, the Bullace Plum, and this a variety of the Sloe, 
Man. p. 112. 

P. Cerasus, the Garden Cherry, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong- 
ovate smooth and veiny leaves, and flowers in sessile umbels, opening at the 
same time as tire leaves ; this is the original stock as well of the Oxheart 
or Duke Cherry as of the Sour Cherry, Morello, &c. 

3. Poterium Sanguisorba, Garden Burnet. A common low peren- 
nial in country gardens, with small and ovate deeply-toothed leaflets, and a 
head of greeuish or purplish flowers, the lower ones staminate, the upper ones 
pistillate. 

4. Xerria Japonica, is called Corchorus in the gardens, where it is a 
common shrub, with ovate and pointed coarsely toothed leaves, and full 
double yellow flowers. The state with single or natural flowers has lately 
been introduced from Japan. 

5. SpirSDa. Man. p. 113. Several of our wild species and the following 
exotics are cultivated for ornament. 

■* Shrubs or undershrubs. 

S. trilobata. Low shrub, with recurved branches ; leaves smooth, glau- 
cous, rounded, and cut-lobed ; flowers very many in umbel-like corymbs, 
white, showy. 

S. hyperieifolia, Italian May, or St. Peter's Wreath. Shrub, 
with long recurved branches ; leaves small, cuneate-oblong, a little crenate or 
lobed at the end ; flowers small, white, in small umbels. 

S. Douglasii, of Oregon, is coming into the gardens : it resembles S. 
tomentosa (Man. p. 114), but has longer, narrower, and blunter leaves, and 
deeper rose-purple flowers. 



GARDEN BOTANY. xlvii 

S. SOrbifolia, with pinnate leaves, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate 

sharply serrate leaflets, and a large panicle of white flowers. 
# =fc Herbs, perennial. 

S. Ulmaria, English Meadow-Sweet. Leaves pinnate with a large 
3-lobed leaflet at the end, and smaller lateral ones, also minute ones inter- 
mixed, whitish-downy underneath ; flowers yellowish-white in a compound 
cyme, sometimes double. 

S. Pilipendula, Bropwort. Root fibrous, some of them swollen 
below ; leaves mostly radical, smooth and green both sides, with very many 
small pinnatifid or cut leaflets ; flowers fewer and larger than in the last, white 
often tipped with reddish ; both single and double-flowered. 

6. Potentilla, Cinquefoil. Man. p. 118. The three following red-flow- 
ered, perennial, digitate-leaved species are rather common in gardens, where 
they are much crossed and mixed. The first is from the Mexican, the two 
others from the Himalavan Mountains. 

P. nema'tochrus. Silky or velvety ; leaflets 7 or 5 on the lower, 5 and 
3 on the upper leaves ; flowers deep red or crimson. 

P. Nepalensis. Leaflets green both sides, 5 or only 3 in the upper 
leaves ; flowers rose-red. 

P. atrosanguinea. Leaflets white-downy underneath, 3 in all the 
leaves ; flowers dark purple-crimson or brown-red. 

P. recta : a coarse, hirsute, erect, yellow-flowered species ; leaflets 5 or 
7, digitate, narrowly cuneate-oblong, coarsely toothed. 

7. Fragaria, Strawberry. Man. p. 119. The originals of the cultivated 
varieties are mainly these : — 

F. vesca yields the Alpine Strawberry, the Perpetual, &c, with 
small, very fragrant fruit. 

P. elatior of Europe, the Hautbois, a taller plant, with calyx strongly 
reflexed away from the fruit, which is deep red with a peculiar musky odor. 

P. Virginian a, the parent of the American Scarlet, and similar 
sorts ; and its crosses with the next have given origin to the Pine- apple, and 
the greater part of the large sorts now cultivated. 

P. Chilensis, with thick leaves very silky underneath, and the large 
fruit erect in ripening (instead of hanging as in the rest), is the parent of the 
Queen Victoria and Wilmot varieties, &c. 

F. Indie a has creeping leafy stems, yellow flowers, and tasteless fruit. 

8. Rubus Idseus, the Garden Raspberry/, is very much like our wild 
Red R. (Man. p. 121), but is taller, larger-leaved, the prickles hooked, and 
the fruit larger and firmer, pale red, amber-colored, &c. 

9. Rosa, Rose. Man. p. 122. Besides the Sw t eet-Brier, and the varie- 
ties of our wild Prairie Rose (already described), the common cultivated 
Roses come from the following. But many of them, especially the tender 
ones, are so mixed and altered by long cultivation, that it is difficult, if not 
impossible, for the student to refer them to their true types. 

# Styles not projecting out of the calyx-cup nor cohering. 

R. cinnamomea, Cinnamon Rose. Tall, 5° to 8° high, with brownish- 
red bark, and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and 
small pale-red cinnamon-scented (double) flowers, not showy. 

R. spinosissima, Burnet or Scotch Rose. Low, 1° or 2° high, 
exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish 
smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, single, double, and white, pink, and 
even yellow. 



Xlviii GARDEN BOTANY. 

R. sulphurea, the old Yellow Hose. Tall, with scattered straight 
prickles, glaucous or pale leaves, and sulphur-yellow (double) flowers. 

R. Eglanteria, Yellow Eglantine Rose. Like a Sweet-Brier, but 
lower, 3°- 5° high, with straight prickles ; leaves deep-green (not pale, as in 
the last); flowers deep yellow, and sometimes variegated with red, either 
single or double. 

R. Damaseena, Damask Rose. Flowers white or red, single or 
double ; the parent of many sorts, such as the Red and White Monthly, York 
and Lancaster, &c ; distinguished from the next by its greener bark and larger 
(curved) prickles, long reflexed sepals, and elongated hips. 

R. centifolia, Provence, Cabbage, and Hundred-leaved Rose, 
Flowers drooping, large, white, blush, or red, mostly full double, and the pet- 
als curved inwards ; calyx clammy ; the hips short or roundish ; prickles un- 
equal, the larger ones curved. 

Var. muscosa, the Moss-Roses of various sorts, have the clammy 
glands of the calyx grown out into a moss-like covering. 

R. Gallica, French Rose. Flowers red or crimson (sometimes white) ; 
of many varieties ; differs from the last by the rigid coriaceous leaflets, erect 
flowers, and spherical hips ; less sweet-scented, and petals more astringent. 

R. alba, White Rose. Flowers white or with a delicate blush, fragrant; 
sepals pinnate, reflexed, but conniving and remaining on the oblong hip ; 
prickles straightish ; leaflets glaucous. Many common varieties. 

R. Indica, Tea Rose. Came from China, and has furnished endless 
sorts ; the leaflets are only 3 or 5, ovate, acuminate, thickish, smooth, and 
shining. Noisette Roses are thought to have originated in a cross between 
this and the Musk Rose. 

R. semperflorens, Perpetual China or Bengal Rose. Many 
sorts, usually with red or crimson flowers, with very little fragrance ; leaflets 
as in the last, from which they probably originated, at least in part. 

R. Lawrenceana, Fairy Rose. Dwarf, very small-flowered Chinese 
Roses, often only 6 inches high, which came from the last. 

R. Banksise, Banksia Rose. A slender, tall climbing species from 
China, cult, in greenhouses, well marked by having no prickles, 3 to 5 lanceo- 
late leaflets, and very small (white or buff, violet-scented) flowers, many 
together in an umbel- like corymb. 

# ^ Styles cohering in a column which projects out of the calyx-cup. 

R. multiflora, Many-flowered Rose. A well-known climbing spe- 
cies, from Japan and China, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat rugose leaflets, 
slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, white or pale 
red, not sweet-scented. The Boursalt Rose is a more hardy, climbing, red 
Rose, said to come from the multiflora, but probably from a cross with some 
hardy European species. 

R. mosekata, Musk Rose. Rambling, but hardly climbing, with re- 
curved prickles; the leaflets lanceolate, pointed, nearly smooth ; flowers white, 
with a yellowish base to the petals, mostly simple, in umbel-like clusters, very 
fragrant, especially at evening. 

R. sempervirens, Evergreen Rose. Climbing, hardy at the South, 
with coriaceous bright-green leaves, curved prickles, and nearly solitary white 
flowers, not double. The Ayrshire Rose is a more hardy variety, the leaves 
deciduous. 

10. Cotoneaster vulgaris is a low shrub, sparingly planted, with the small 
oval leaves white-downy beneath, and small greenish-white flowers ; the fruit 
like that of Hawthorns, but including 3 or 4 little seed-like stones. 



GARDEN BOTANY. xlix 

11. PyTUS, Pear, Apple. Man. p. 124. — Besides the American Crab, we 
have in common cultivation, — 

P. communis, Pear. Leaves ovate, smooth ; flowers pure white ; fruit 
tapering down to the peduncle. 

P. Malus, Apple. Leaves ovate, obtusely toothed, mostly downy be- 
neath ; flowers tinged with pink ; fruit globular, sunk in at both ends. 

P. prunifolia, Siberian Crab. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate, smooth; fruit smaller than that of the American Crab- Apple, and yellow- 
ish ; cult, for the fruit. This is probably a mere variety of P. baccata, in 
which the lobes of the calyx fall away from the fruit. 

P. spectabilis, Chinese Flowering-Apple. Leaves oblong, finely 
serrate, smooth ; flowers large and showy, rose-red, usually semi-double ; cult, 
for ornament. 

P. aucuparia, European Rowan-tree, or Mountain-Ash. A larger 
tree than our wild Mountain-Ash, and more commonly planted, except in the 
interior of the Northern States ; leaflets 9-15, narrowly oblong, not taper- 
pointed. 

12. Cydonia vulgaris, Common Quince. Flowers solitary at the tips 
of the branches, white, appearing after the leaves ; leaves ovate and entire, 
downy as well as the leaf-like lobes of the calyx ; fruit pear-shaped, and in one 
variety apple-shaped. 

C. Japonic a, Japan Quince. Flowers on side spurs of the thorny 
branches, with short and rounded lobes to the calyx, and large scarlet petals 
(single or partly double, also a pale or white variety), appearing a little before 
the smooth oval leaves ; fruit like a small apple, not eatable. A very orna- 
mental shrub. 

Order CALYCANTHACEiE. The Calycanthuses, although here 
generally met with only as planted shrubs, are all natives of the United States, 
and are described in the Manual, p. 126. 

Order MYBTACE^S. Myrtle Family. 

Differs from the Pear Family, i. e. suborder Pomeae of Rosacea, by having 
the leaves punctate with pellucid dots (under a magnifying-glass), and generally 
opposite. But two of the three following are exceptions in the latter particular, 
and the Pomegranate in both. 

Leaves not punctate, often alternate or whorled : ovary with two 

tiers of cells, one above the other 1. PUNIC A. 

Leaves punctate, under a lens, 
Alternate, turned edgewise by a twist : stamens very long and red. 2. CALLISTEMON. 
Opposite, horizontal, in the usual way : stamens not so long, white. 3. MYKTUS. 

1. Punica Granatum, Pomegranate. Low tree, with smooth and thin 
narrowly oblong leaves; flowers solitary at the end of the branchlets, large, 
bright scarlet (often full double) ; fruit red, containing many seeds invested by 
an edible pulp. 

2. Calliste'mon lanceolatum, called Bottle-Brush, on account of 
the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below the latei 
leaves) with their very long red stamens, is a greenhouse shrub from Austra- 
lia, with the leaves turned edgewise by a twist. 

3. Myrtus communis, Myrtle. Shrub, with oblong-ovate smooth 
leaves, and small white flowers, single or double. 



1 GARDEN BOTANY. 

Order LYTHBACEJE. Loose-strife Family. 

X. Lager strcemia Indica, Crape Myrtle, a handsome greenhouse 
shrub, which stands the winter farther south, is known not to be a real Myrtle 
by its dotless leaves, and the calyx free from the ovary. Flowers showy, in 
panicles, purple ; petals 6, on long claws, crisped. 

2. Cuphea ignea (wronjrly called platycentra) is a very handsome low 
undershrub, with oval bright-green leaves, and vermilion-red flowers, with 
their dark-colored tips bordered with white. The showy part is the calyx, 
which is spurred, the petals minute or none : it flowers all winter in the green- 
house, and all summer in the garden. 

8, Ly thrum Salicaria, Man. p. 128, is not uncommon in old gardens. 

Order ONAGItACEiEI. Evening Primrose Family. 

Manual, p. 130. — Besides some of our wild Evening Primroses, the following 
are cultivated for their showy flowers. 

Shrubs (of the greenhouse, &c.) with hanging flowers, a calyx re- 
sembling a corolla (red, or white in some varieties), and blue petals 
convolute around the lower part of the 8 stamens : fruit a berry. 1. FUCHSIA. 
Herbs : fruit a 4-celled pod. 
Stamens 8 : scarlet flowers like those of Fuchsia, but with a pod 

like that of Epilobium, having hairy-tufted seeds. . . 2. ZAUSCHNBRIA. 
Stamens only 4 : calyx prolonged above the ovary into a slender 

tube : petals short-clawed and S-lobed 3. EUCHARIDIUM. 

Stamens 4 good ones, and 4 sterile with abortive anthers or none: 

petals with long claws 4. CLARKIA. 

Stamens 8 with anthers : petals with hardly any claws, entire or 

notched at the end : seeds not tufted 5. OENOTHERA. 

1. Fuchsia, Fuchsia or Ladies' Ear-drop. The cultivated kinds, now 
so common, are from the following, but much crossed and varied. They came 
from Mexico, Chili, &c. 

F. microphylla has small leaves as well as flowers, the latter globular 
in the bud, and the stamens not protruded. 

F. COCCinea is the parent of all the common Fuchsias with short flow- 
ers, the lobes of the calyx longer than its tube, and the stamens long-exserted. 

F. fulgens is the parent of the commonest long-flowered sorts (2^-3 
inches long), the short lobes of the calyx often greenish-tipped, the stumens 
little exserted. 

2. Zausch.neria Californica, a very choice ornamental perennial, from 
California, low, pubescent, with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 

3. Eueharidilim eoncinnum : a low, California annual, like a Clarkia, 
except in the particulars mentioned above ; flowers pink-purple. 

4. Clarkia pulchella, from Oregon, a handsome garden annual, with 
lanceolate leaves, large 3-lobed petals (rose-purple, and a white variety), with 
a pair of teeth on the claw, and 4 dilated stigmas. 

C. elegans, from Oregon and California, is taller, with ovate and serrate 
leaves, the rhomboid rose-purple petals not lobed. 

5. CEnothera, Evening Primrose. Nos. 1, 4, 5, of the Manual, p. 130, 
occur in gardens. 



GARDEN BOTANY. li 

CE. Missouriensis, from Missouri and Texas. Cinereous, very low ; 
leaves broadly lanceolate ; corolla yellow, 4' to 6' across; pod 4-winged ; root 
perennial. 

CE. speciosa, from Arkansas and Texas, with large white flowers fading 
to rose-color, and club-shaped pods. 

CE. acaulis, from Chili, with very large white flowers close to the ground , 
the stem short and creeping ; leaves pinnatifid. 

GS. purpurea, from Oregon and California, a low annual with purple 
flowers opening in the sunshine ; and some others of the same section (Gode- 
tia), with rose, lilac, or nearly white petals with a purple spot, are occasion- 
ally raised. 

Order CACTACEJE. Cactus Family. 

Manual, p. 136. — Hundreds of species are cultivated by amateurs; the fol- 
lowing are the most generally met with. 

Stem globular or melon-shaped : flowers immersed in a mass of wool. 1. CACTUS. 

Stem cylindrical and ribbed, or triangular : flowers mostly ephemeral. 2. CEREUS. 
Stem or branches flat, leaf-like, smooth, and not prickly, often jointed : 

flowers rose-colored, tubular, lasting day after day. ... 3. EPIPIIYLLUM. 
Stem or branches jointed, flat or flattish, bearing prickles or bristles : 

flowers not tubular, mostly yellow. . . . Man. p. 136. 4. OPUNTIA. 

1. Cactus Meloeactus, Tttrk's-Cap. Plant melon-shaped, a foot or 
more high, many-ribbed, with star-like clusters of spines on the ribs, sur- 
mounted, when about to flower, by a cylindrical woolly mass like a muff in 
which the small red flowers are partly imbedded. Brought occasionally from 
the West Indies. 

2. Ce'reus grandiflorUS, Night-blooming Cereus, with very long and 
rooting cylindrical stems, and producing a very large flower, with many narrow 
yellow sepals and broader white petals, opening at night and shrivelling before 
morning. — is only occasionally met with in conservatories. 

C. flagelliformis is more common, as a house-plant, with long and 
slender flexible stems, clothed with clusters of short and bristly prickles, bear- 
ing rather small pink-red flowers. 

C. speeiosissiniUS, with erect and only 3-4-angled stems, very large 
bright-red flowers with a tinge of violet inside, and white stamens, is one of the 
most showy of all, and is common. 

3. Epiphyllum phyllanthoides, known by the flat and leaf-like or 
winged stems, with crenate margins, from which spring the flowers ; these 
are 4' long, narrow, tubular below, rose-colored, and lasting several days. 

E. truncatum, known by its flat and jointed recurved branches, which 
are more or less toothed ; the flowers from the truncate apex of the joints, 
only 2 or 3 inches long, rose-color, with a short tube, below bearing spreading 
petaloid sepals, above very oblique ; continuing in bloom for several days. 

Order MESEMBBYANTHEMACE.33. Mesembryanthemum 

Eamily. 

Mesembryanthemums are fleshy-leaved plants, with an adherent calyx, bear- 
ing a great many petals and stamens ; the fruit dry and several-celled. 

1. Mesembryanthemum speetabile is the commonest as a house- 
plant, with long triquetrous and acute opposite leaves, rather woody stems, 
and large red flowers. 



lii GARDEN BOTANY. 

M. crystallinum, called Ice-plant, because the oval and wavy alter- 
nate leaves and the branches look as if frosted over with white transparent 
vesicles ; flowers white, small. 

Order GROSSULACEJE. Currant Family. 

Manual, p. 136. — The cultivated Currants and Gooseberries generally met 
with are, — 

1. Ribes Grossularia, Garden Gooseberry. Prickly ; leaves obtusely 
3-5-lobeJ ; flowers solitary or in pairs on short pedicels, green ; calyx cam- 
pan ulate , berry large, prickly or smooth. 

R. rubrum, Common Currant, with flat greenish flowers in hanging 
racemes, and red berries, also a white variety. See Man. p. 137. 

R. nigrum, Garden Black Currant, has black berries, like those of 
our R. floridum, but the greenish flowers are fewer in the racemes and shorter, 
and the bracts minute. 

R. aureum, Buffalo or Missouri Currant, from the Far West, with 
smooth 3-lobed leaves and a tubular calyx, is planted for its bright-yellow 
spicy-scented flowers, appearing in early spring ; berries blackish, useless. 

R. sanguineum, Red-flowered Currant, from Oregon and Cali 
fornia, has rounded and 5-lobed leaves, downy beneath, and hanging racemes 
of red or rose-colored flowers ; cultivated for ornament. 

R. speciosum, Showy Gooseberry, from California, a prickly species, 
with small and shining leaves, deep-red hanging flowers, and long-exserted 
red stamens ; when trained on a wall and protected is a beautiful species. 

Order PASSIFLORACE2E. Passion-Flower Family. 

Manual, p. 138. — Out of a number of Passion-Flowers of conservatories, the 
following are commonest, and may be planted out in summer. 

1. Passiflora CSerulea. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and 
not serrate ; crown blue of varied tints, purple at the base, shorter than the 
white corolla. 

P. edulis, Granadilla. Leaves shining-green, large, 3-lobed, the 
lobes and bracts serrate ; flower pale blue or whitish ; fruit eatable. 

Order CUCURBIT ACE.2E. Gourd Family. 

Manual, p. 138. — A few are cultivated for ornament, and others for their 
edible fruit. 

Corollt 6-parted, small : fruit soft-prickly, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Man. p. 139. ECHINOCYSTIS. 

Corolla moderately 5-lobed, bell-shaped, large, yellow. ... 1. CUCURBITA. 

Corolla of 5 almost separate large and white petals. ... 2. LAGEXAKIA. 

Corolla 5-cleft beyond the middle, buff or sulphur-color. . ; 3. CITRULLUS. 

Corolla 5-parted to the calyx, or nearly of 5 petals, yellow. . 4. CUCUMIS. 

Corolla 5-parted, white, the divisions cut into a delicate fringe. 5. TRICII08ANTTIES. 

1. Cucurbita. The common Pumpkin and the Squashes, in great variety, 
are shown by a recent investigation to belong to only two botanical species 
the fruit of each of which is immensely variable. 

C. Pepo, Pumpkin, Winter Squash, &c. Stalks and veins of the leaves 
very rough with hispid hairs, almost prickly ; leaves more or less 5-lobed ; 



GARDEN BOTANY. IiU 

stalk of the fruit woody, strongly 5 - 8-ridged with deep intervening grooves. 
The little Orange Gourd (C. ovifera) is probably the original of this. 

C. maxima, Squash, Cymling, &c. Less rough leaf-stalks, and 
rounder less lobed leaves than in the foregoing ; stalk of the fruit thick, not 
deeply grooved, but many-striate. 

2. Lagenaria vulgaris, Bottle Gourd, is well marked by its large 
white flowers on long peduncles, and its hard-rinded fruit of diverse shapes, 
used for bottles, dippers, &c. 

3. Citrullus vulgaris, Watermelon. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and 
the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or bluish ; the edible pulp 
of the fruit consists of the enlarged and juicy placentae (reddish or rarely 
white) ; a variety with hard flesh is cultivated for preserving, under the name 
of Citron. 

4. Cu^cumis. The genus includes two familiar esculents, viz. the Cucum- 
ber and the True Melon. 

C Melo, Melon, Muskmelon. Leaves round-cordate or reniform, 
the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh, 
the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery 
placentae being discarded with the seeds. The Serpent Melon, sometimes 
called Serpent-Cucumber, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, with 
a long and snake-like fruit. 

C. sativus, Cucumber. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, 
the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when 
young, smooth when ripe, eaten unripe. 

5. Trichosanthes COlubrina, Snake-Plant. Cult, for ornament in 
hot-houses, &c. ; the white flowers remarkable for having the petals cut into 
slender fringes ; the fruit imitating a snake, green mottled with whitish and 
yellowish, when ripe turning red, from 4° to 7° long. 



Order BEGONIACE.ZE. Begonia Family. 

Begonia. Many species are cultivated in hot-houses, some for their curious 
leaves, others for their pretty flowers. They are known by their leaves, which 
are always incequilateral, one side being much larger than the other, and by 
their monoecious flowers ; the staminate flowers having one large pair of 
rounded petaloid sepals, and within a pair of smaller ones or petals, and many 
stamens. The pistillate flowers have a triangular or 3-winged inferior ovary, 
and usually 5 less unequal sepals, resembling petals. 

Order CEASSUXjACEJS. Orpine Family. 

Manual, p. 140. — All the Sedums in the Manual, except No. 3, are more or 
less cultivated ; also 

1. Sedum acre, Moss Stonecrop, Wall-Pepper. Spreading on the 
ground and rooting, moss-like, with very small and thick ovate leaves and 
scattered yellow flowers ; cult, for garden edgings, &c. 

2. Sempervivum tectorum, Houseleek. Spreading by offsets, the 
leaves thick and broad, in bulb-like rosettes ; rarely flowering here; flower-stem 
a foot high ; flowers cymose, with 6 or more sepals, petals, and pistils, and 
twice as many purplish petals. 



liv GARDEN BOTANY. 

Order SAXIFRAGACE^l. Saxifrage Family. 

Manual, p. 141. — Several are cult, for ornament, especially shrubby species. 

Herbs : stamens 10 : pod 2-celled and 2-beaked, or else two pods. 1. SAXIFRAGA. 
Shrubs, with opposite leaves : calyx coherent with the ovary. 
Stamens twice as many as the petals : styles mostly 2. 

Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones much larger and neutral. 2. HYDRANGEA. 

Flowers panicled or racemed, and all alike : filaments dilated. 3. DEUTZTA. 

Stamens very numerous : filaments slender : style 3-5-cleft. 4. PHILADELPHUS. 

1. Saxifraga sarmentosa, Beefsteak Saxifrage, is an old-fashioned 
house-plant, from. Japan, with Strawberry-like runners ; the leaves round- 
cordate, toothed, rather fleshy, on shaggy petioles, the lower surface reddish, 
the upper green variegated with white ; flowers on a scape, panicled, three of 
the petals pink and spotted, two of them much larger, paler, and hanging. 

S. crassifolia is a showy hardy species, with large and thick roundish 
leaves, and an ample cluster of large rose-colored flowers on a scape, from a 
short creeping rootstock, in early spring. 

2. Hydrangea Hortensia, the Common Hydrangea of house culture, 
from Japan, is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright- 
green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly all neutral and enlarged, blue, 
purple, pink, or white. 

H. radiata, of the South, is hardy in our gardens, and differs from H. 
arborescens (Man. p. 146) in having the leaves white-downy beneath. 

H. quercifolia, also of the Southern States, has the leaves sinuate- 
lobed and pubescent underneath ; not quite so hardy. 

3. Deutzia. Fine ornamental white-flowered shrubs, from Japan, now be* 
coming common, and mostly hardy. 

D. gracilis, the least hardy, is low and smooth, with ovate-lanceolate 
pointed leaves, and bright white flowers. 

D. scabra is a tall shrub, with the leaves rough, veiny, nearly sessile, 
oblong-ovate, and the filaments not toothed on each side, as they are in both 
the others. The shrub generally cultivated under this name is 

D. crenata, with the filaments toothed, leaves ovate, crenulate, rough, 
short-petioled, flowering in summer. 

4. Philadelphus coronarius, Mock-Orange, also called Syringa. 
Shrub with erect branches, oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and smell of 
cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white flow- 
ers ; styles distinct almost to the base. A common shrub, flowering rather 
earlier and for a shorter time than 

P. inodorus, var. grandiflorus, Man. p. 146 ; varieties of which are 
often planted ; its flowers are pure white, larger but less numerous than in 
the last, and nearly scentless. 

Order TJMBELLIFER^3. Parsley Family. 

Manual, p. 148. — The plants of this family are classified mainly by the fruit. 
It will not be difficult to make out the common cultivated species, with much 
recourse to technical characters. 

Flowers yellow : fruit flat, wing-margined : leaflets coarse, incised. Man. p. 152. PASTINACA 
Flowers yellow : fruit terete, wingless : leaflets filiform, aromatic. 1. F(ENICULUM. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lv 

Flowers greenish-yellow or whitish : fruit ovate, somewhat flattened 

laterally : leaflets lobed and incised 2. PETROSELINUM. 

Flowers white : fruit prickly, in dense concave umbels. Man. p. 152. DAUCUS. 

Flowers white : fruit smooth, not winged. 

Calyx-teeth conspicuous on the globose strongly aromatic fruit. 3. CORIANDRUM. 

Calyx-teeth none. 
Leaflets filiform : fruit pleasantly aromatic. .... 4. CARUM. 
Leaflets coarse and broad, wedge-shaped, incised: plant 

heavy scented 5. APIUM. 

1. 3P03niculum VUlgare, Fennel, a tall perennial, with decompound 
leaves, very slender leaflets, and large loose umbels of small yellow flowers, 
is cultivated in country gardens for its sweet-aromatic leaves and fruits. 

2. Petroselinum sativum, Parsley, a biennial, familiar in kitchen- 
gardens, particularly the crisped-leaved or Curled Parsley. 

3. Coriandrum sativum, Coriander, a low annual, with pinnately 
dissected strong-scented leaves and small umbels of few rays, occasionally 
cultivated for its aromatic fruit, the Coriander-seed of the shops. 

4. Carum Carui, Caraway, a familiar biennial or perennial, in all country 
gardens, cultivated for its aromatic fruit. In some parts of New England it is 
beginning to run wild. 

5. Apium graveolens, Celery. A coarse and strong-scented biennial, 
of which a cultivated state has enlarged and succulent petioles of the radical 
leaves, which, after being blanched by covering with earth, become mild and 
spicy, and are largely used for winter salad. 

Order ABALIACE.3S. Ginseng Family. 

Manual, p. 159. — The only cultivated plant to be added to those already 
described is, 

1. He'dera Helix, English Ivy, a woody vine, climbing by rootlets, 
• with evergreen, ovate, angled, or lobed leaves, and short umbels of "yellowish- 
green flowers ; styles united into a single short one. 

Order CAPMFOXjIACEJE. Honeysuckle Family. 

Manual, p. 163. — The common species cultivated are the Snowberry, 
Man. p. 164, the Snow-Ball or Guelder Kose, p. 168, and:— 

1. Diervilla Japonica, called Weigela Rosea ; a low shrub, loaded in 
June with large rose colored flowers. 

2. Lonieera sempervirens, Trumpet Honeysuckle, with long and 
tubular almost regular corolla, Man. p. 164. 

L. Periclymenum, Woodbine H., with the deeply 2-lipped corolla 
purple red outside, sweet-scented ; leaves all separate. 

L. Caprifolium, Italian H. Flowers like the last, but paler outside ; 
leaves glaucous, the upper pairs connate-perfoliate. 

L. Japonica, Japan Honeysuckle. Twining, like the foregoing, but 
flowers only a pair in the axil of the leaves (which are pubescent and all 
separate), very sweet-scented at evening; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish 
outside, white inside, turning yellowish. 



lvi GARDEN BOTANY. 

L. Tartarica, Tartarian Honeysuckle. An upright much branched 
shrub, smooth, with cordate-ovate leaves ; flowers a single pair on an axillary 
peduncle, rose or pink-colored, in spring, the two berries often united by their 
bases as they grow. 

Order RUBIACE2E. Madder Family. 
Manual, p. 168. — The useful plant which gives its name to the order is 

1. Rubia tinctoria, Madder. Like a Galium, but the parts of the 
flower in fives, and the fruit a berry ; leaves in whorls of 6, rough-edged ; 
flowers greenish or yellowish : cult, for its deep, perennial, red roots, which 
furnish the well-known dye. 

Order VALERIANACEJ3. Valerian Family. 
Manual, p. 175. — Two are species common in gardens : — 

1. Valeriana officinalis, Common Valerian. Stems tall and simple ; 
leaves pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets ; flowers white or pinkish ; 
stamens 3. The strong-scented rootstock furnishes the Valerian of the 
druggist. 

2. Centranthus ruber, Red Valerian. Smooth or glaucous, with 
ovate-lanceolate entire leaves and light-red flowers (also a white variety), with 
a spur, and only one stamen ; root perennial. 

Order DIPSACEjE. Teasel Family. 

Manual, p. 176. — Besides the Fuller's Teasel, p. 177, a Scabious is com- 
mon, viz. : — 

1. Scabiosa atropurpurea, Sweet Scabious, or Mourning Bride. 

The genus differs from Dipsacus in having round heads of flowers with soft 
scales or bristles on the receptacle ; the corolla oblique, often 5-lobed, but 
only 4 stamens ; the limb of the calyx a little cup bearing 4 or 5 long and 
naked bristles or awns. Our cultivated species is an annual or biennial, with 
pinnate leaves, a long-peduncled head of dark crimson-purple flowers, with 
rose-colored and even white varieties. 

Order COMPOSITE. Composite Family. 

Manual, p. 177. — There are many weeds, but not a great many commonly 
cultivated plants of this order, considering that between an eighth or a tenth of 
all flowering plants belong to it. There are, however, a good number of rarer 
ornamental sorts, both of greenhouse and gardens, which we cannot here take 
into account. 

* Juice of the stem not milky : strap-shaped corollas , if any, not hearing stamens. 

Pappus consisting of numerous bristles or hairs, 
With also a little bristly cup surrounding its base. . . 2. CALLISTEPHUS. 

"With no outer cup, scales, or the like. 
Involucre a single row of equal scales, or with only some 

very short ones at the base 16. SENECIO. 

Involucre imbricated. 
A row of strap-shaped marginal flowers, which are 

Purple, blue, white, &c, never yellow. Man. p. 190. ASTER. 

Yellow, and very numerous and narrow. Man. p. 208. INULA. 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



lvii 



No strap-shaped flowers, but with a ray of enlarged and cleft 

tubular flowers 

Flowers all tubular and alike : scales of the involucre fleshy. 
Pappus of several, or more than 2, conspicuous chaffy scales, 
which are often awned or bristle-pointed. 
Rays none : flowers all alike, tubular, mostly blue. . • • 
Rays or marginal strap-shaped flowers conspicuous, yellow, or 
partly brown or purple. 
Involucre of separate leafy scales : leaves not punctate. 
Involucre a solid cup : strong-scented herbage glandular- 
punctate with coarse pellucid dots 

Pappus none, or a small cup, or of only 2 teeth, scales, or awns. 
Heads with rays or larger strap-shaped flowers round the mar- 
gin, or in cultivation sometimes all the corollas changed 
into such (double) flowers. 
Achenia incurved, rough, not flattened : flowers yellow. 
Achenia not incurved except in Coreopsis. 

Involucre double, of few scales, the outer different from 
the inner, each in one row or nearly : leaves opposite. 
Ray-flowers many in the cultivated varieties. 
Ray -flowers, 6 or 8, broad, neutral : achenia compressed. 
Involucre not double, but usually imbricated. 
Receptacle bearing chaffy scales among the flowers. 
Rays persistent without fading, paper-like, pistillate. 
Rays not persistent, 
Neutral : pappus of 2 deciduous chaffy scales. 
Neutral : pappus, a little cup or none. Man. p. 214. 

Pistillate, numerous, elongated 

Pistillate, few, short and broad. . • 

Receptacle naked, i. e. no chaff among the flowers. 

Receptacle conical 

Receptacle flat or convex. 

Heads without any obvious rays, 
Rose-colored or white : a quilled state of the Daisy. . . 
Orange, large, with a leafy and spiny involucre. . • 
Yellow or greenish, small, not prickly : strong-scented plants. 
Pappus a minute cup or none : heads hemispherical. 
Pappus none : heads globular, very small. • • 



18. CENTAUREA. 

19. CYNARA. 



1. AGERATUM. 

8. GAILLARDIA. 

9. TAGETES. 

10. CALENDULA. ' 



6. DAHLIA. 

7. COREOPSIS. 



4. ZINNIA. 

5. HELIANTHUS. 
RUDBECKIA. 

12. ANTHEMIS. 

13. ACHILLEA. 

3. BELLIS. 
11. CHRYSANTHEMUM 

3. BELLIS. 
17. CARTHAMUS. 

14. TANACETUM. 

15. ARTEMISIA. 



# * Juice of the stem milky : flowers all perfect and with strap-shaped corollas. 

Pappus a row of many short scales united into a cup or crown : 

flowers 20 or less, blue, ephemeral. . Man. p. 235. CICHORIUM. 

Pappus of 5 to 7 long and pointed scales : scales of the involucre 

scarious, imbricated : flowers blue. . ... 20. CATANANCHE. 

Pappus of many strongly plumose stout bristles : achenia long- 
beaked : flowers purple or purplish 21. TRAGOPOGON. 

Pappus a tuft of soft and white smooth hairs : achenia flat, with 

a long and slender beak : flowers yellow. ... 22. LACTUCA. 



1. Ageratum eonyzoides, var. Mexicanum, is a tender annual, with 

ovate and cordate pubescent and veiny opposite leaves, and loose corymbs of 
small heads of sky-blue flowers ; the most prominent part of these consists 
of the club-shaped styles. 



lvili GARDEN BOTANY. 

2. Callistephus Chinensis, China Aster. An annual, with alternate 
spatulate and toothed leaves, and solitary large heads, the involucre leafy and 
spreading : the showy rays of various colors : the choicer sorts are double- 
flowered by the change of most of the disk-flowers into rays. 

3. Bellis perennis, English Daisy. Leaves all from the root, obovate 
and spatulate ; scape 3 or 4 inches high, bearing a single head, with a yellow 
centre and white or pink rays : but the full double varieties are generally cul- 
tivated, especially the quilled form, with the corollas all changed into tubes. 

4. Zinnia. Showy garden annuals, with opposite entire and sessile leaves, 
and a large head of flowers on a thick peduncle : the broad and short rays 
parchment-like, and lasting a long while without withering. 

Z. multiflora has ovate-lanceolate leaves, and one-awned achenia ; the 
rays red, yellow, &c. Not now common. 

Z. elegans, with cordate-ovate leaves and large heads, of various-colored 
flowers, is now the common garden Zinnia. 

5. Helianthus annuus, Common or Annual Sunflower, its great 
head with a flat and brown disk, 4' to 10' in diameter. 

H. tuberosus, Jerusalem Artichoke (see Man. p. 219), with well- 
known edible tubers, has small heads with a yellow and convex disk, flower- 
ing in autumn. 

6. Dahlia variabilis, the Common Dahlia, too familiar to need de- 
scription, as usually cultivated has all the flowers changed into rays. In its 
natural state it resembles a Coreopsis on a larger scale, but with rays pistillate. 

7. Coreopsis, Man. p. 219. The perennial species Nos. 7, 8, 10^ 11, there 
described, are often in gardens : also the following more showy annuals and 
biennials, from Texas, Arkansas, &c. 

C. tinctoria. Leaves pinnate, with linear leaflets ; rays yellow with a 
brown-purple base, or nearly all brown-purple ; achenia wingless. Common 
in all gardens. 

C. Drummondi. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong or obovate; rays broad, 
golden-yellow with a black-purple spot at the base ; disk dark-colored ; ache- 
nia wingless. 

C« coronata. Leaves simple and spatulate or oblong, or some of them 
3 - 5-parted ; rays broad, golden-yellow, crowned with dark-purple or brown 
and tawny stripes or marks above the base ; disk yellow, achenia winged. 

8. Gaillardia. Head, coarsely-toothed rays, &c. much like Coreopsis, but 
leaves alternate, and the pappus consisting of 5 or more thin and awned or 
bristle-pointed scales. 

G. pulchella, from Southwestern States, is the commonest species, an 
annual or biennial, with nearly glabrous leaves, and a large and showy head 
of flowers, the rays 12 or more, reddish or brown-purple with yellow tips. 

G. aristata, from Nebraska and Oregon, has a perennial root, pale and 
pubescent leaves, and pure yellow rays. 

9. Tagetes, French Marigold. Strong-scented annuals, the herbage 
dotted with pellucid glands; flowers yellow or orange, sometimes partly 
b~rown or purple. 

T. patula. Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate; 
peduncle hollow, cylindrical. 

T. erecta. Larger in all parts and coarser than the other ; peduncle in- 
flated and club-shaped. Flowers often full-double. Called African Marigold : 
but both this and the last came from South America. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lix 

10. Calendula officinalis, Common Marigold ; a familiar low annual, 
with simple alternate leaves, a leafy involucre, yellow flowers with many rays, 
the disk-flowers sterile ; found in all country gardens. 

11. Chrysanthemum, including Pyreihrum, &c. The summer-flowering 
Chrysanthemum of country gardens is 

C. coronarium, an annual, with twice-pinnately-parted and sessile 
alternate leaves, solitary heads with a very scarious involucre, and yellow 
flowers, or the rays varying to white. 

C. Parthenium, Feverfew, perennial, with corymbed heads and 
white rays. Matricaria Parthenium, Man. p. 226. 

C. Indicum, a perennial with rather woody stems and ovate pinnatifid 
and incised leaves, is the parent of the autumn-flowering Chinese Chrysan- 
themums, of various colors. 

12. Anthemis, Man. p. 225. Chamomile heads of the shops come from 
A. nobilis, Common Chamomile, a low creeping herb, with aromatic 

scent, the leaves dissected into setaceous divisions ; heads solitary ; white rays. 

A. tinctoria, Yellow C, is an erect rather tall perennial, the leaves 
not so finely cut ; the heads larger ; rays yellow. 

13. Achillea Ptarmica (Man. p. 226), in gardens, both semi-double, and 
with all the flowers changed into white rays. 

A. Millefolium, Yarrow (Man. p. 226) ; a rose-colored variety is 
rather common in gardens. 

14. Tanacetum vulgare, Common Tansy, a familiar strong-scented 
and bitter herb ; see Man. p. 227. 

T. Balsamita, Costmary, a low perennial, with a pleasant balsamic 
scent, oblong and toothed leaves, and corymbed flower-heads. 

15. Artemisia, Man. p. 227, where Common Wormwood and the Mug- 
wort are described. Besides, the gardens have 

A. Dracuneulus, Tarragon. Perennial, green and glabrous ; stem- 
leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly entire. 

A. Abrotanum, Southernwood. Shrubby ; leaves once or twice 
pinnate, capillary, pleasant-scented. 

16. Seneeio, Man. p. 230. The following species are commonly cultivated. 

S. cruentus, from the Canaries, is the original of manifold arieties of 
the common Cineraria of the greenhouses, a perennial, with very veiny leaves, 
downy underneath, the lower ones round-cordate and angled or obscurely 
lobed, their petiole winged, at least at the base, which is auricled and clasping 
the upper leaves sessile, the base partly clasping ; heads corymbed, with nu 
merous ray-flowers, purple, crimson, blue, white, &c. 

S. populifolius resembles the last, but is less common, the stem a little 
woody ; leaves whiter beneath, with nearly naked petioles ; ray-flowers fewer, 
yellow or white. 

S. Cineraria, an old-fashioned house-plant, ash- white all over (whence 
the name Cineraria) with a woolly coating ; leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads 
corymbed, with ray flowers, yellow. 

S. COCCineus, Tassel-Flower (Emilia sagittata, DC.) : a common 
garden annual, with the stem-leaves sagittate and clasping and minutely 
toothed, the stem naked above, and bearing a corymb of a few heads of orange- 
red flowers, without any rays. 



lx GARDEN BOTANY. 

17. Carthamus tinctorius, Safflower. A coarse annual of kitchen 
gardens, with ovate-lanceolate prickly-toothed leaves, those of the large invo- 
lucre somewhat similar ; the orange-colored flowers used as a substitute for 
saffron ; whence the plant is often called Saffron. 

18. Centaurea Cyanus, Bluebottle, very common in country gardens, 
is described in Man. p. 232. 

C. Americana, from Arkansas, a showy annual, with oblong-lanceolate 
leaves, and a very large flower-head on a stout peduncle ; scales of the invo- 
lucre with pectinate appendages ; flowers pale purple, the marginal ones much 
larger and forming a ray. 

19. Cynara Scolymus is the true Artichoke, a kind of Thistle with 
large heads, the receptacle and the lower part of the ovate scales of the invo- 
lucre thick and fleshy, forming the eatable portion. Not widely cultivated iu 
this country. 

20. Catananche CSerulea. An annual, cult, for its handsome blue flow 
ers ; head solitary on a long peduncle, with a dry and scarious involucre ; 
leaves linear, villous. 

21. Tragopogon porrifolius, Salsify, Oyster-plant. A smooth and 
somewhat glaucous herb, with a biennial fusiform root, — for which the plant 
is cultivated as an esculent, — long grass-like leaves which taper from a clasp- 
ing base to a slender apex ; the peduncle enlarged at the summit under the 
large head ; involucre about 8-leaved ; corolla brownish-purple or violet. 

22. Lactuca sativa, Garden Lettuce. Cult, for the tender root-leaves 
as a salad ; these broad and rounded, often wavy or crisped, and crowded into 
a head ; leaves of the flowering stem cordate-clasping ; flowers yellow : achenia 
obovate. 

Order LOBELIACEiE. Lobelia Family. 

Manual, p. 241. — The Cardinal-Flower is often cultivated. The two follow- 
ing Lobelias, from the Cape of Good Hope, with small blue flowers, blossom all 
winter in greenhouses or all summer in gardens. 

1. Lobelia Eri v nus. Annual, glabrous, with disuse filiform stems, small 
lanceolate tipper leaves, and small bright blue corolla not much longer than 
the linear lobes of the calyx. 

L. bicolor. Perennial, slightly pubescent ; corolla larger (J inch long) 
and its tube longer than in the last, white in the throat. 

Order CAMPANTJLACEiE. Campanula Family. 

Manual, p. 243. — The following Campanulas are commonly cultivated for 
ornament, most of them both single and double-flowered, all blue and with white 
varieties. 

1. Campanula Medium, Canterbury Bells. A hairy and tall bien- 
nial, with very large and erect flowers, the tube of the calyx covered by re 
flexed appendages ; corolla oblong-campanulate and 2' or 3' long. 

C. glomerata. A hairy perennial, a foot or so high ; the stem-leaves 
oblong or lanceolate and sessile by a cordate base ; flowers sessile in small 
axillary clusters, at the summit forming a leafy head ; corolla open-campanu 
late, about an inch long. 

C Traehelium. A rough-leaved perennial ; stem-leaves ovate, short- 
petioled, very coarsely toothed ; flowers two or three together in the upper axils 



GAKDEN BOTANY. Ixi 

or at the summit of the stem, drooping, on very short peduncles ; calyx 
bristly ; corolla 1' or so long, campanulate. 

C. rapunculoides. A slender smoothish perennial, with the stem- 
leaves ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; flowers single in the axils of small 
bracts, forming a terminal raceme; corolla oblong-campanulate, about 1 ; long. 

C. persicsefolia. A smooth perennial; slender stems 1° or 2° high; 
root-leaves lance-obovate, stem-leaves lance-linear; flowers few in a terminal 
raceme ; corolla large, open-campanulate. 

C. Carpathiea. Smooth perennial, forming a large tuft on the ground ; 
slender stems branching, 6' to 10' high, leaves round-cordate or ovate, toothed, 
petioled ; peduncles terminal and axillary, slender, 1 -flowered ; corolla broadly 
campanulate, 1' long. 

C. pyramidalis. Not quite hardy, cultivated as a biennial, smooth ; 
lower leaves cordate, upper ones oblong-lanceolate ; stem producing a long 
pyramidal panicle of very many flowers ; corolla widely expanded and 
deeply 5-clcft. 

C. grandiflora, a low, hardy, very smooth perennial, with ovate-lance- 
olate coarsely serrate leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers, the large 
corolla balloon-shaped in bud, 5-lobed and widely expanded when it opens, — 
makes the genus Platycodon, its pod opening at the top instead of on the 
sides. 

Order ERICACE.SI. Heath Family. 

Manual, p. 245. — The cultivated species to be added all belong to the 
suborder Ericinece, the proper Heath Family. Many of our wild ones are 
planted as ornamental shrubs. 

Corolla withering on the receptacle instead of soon falling off, 

Deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx 1. CALLUNA. 

Only 4-toothed or 4-lobed, of various shapes 2. ERICA. 

Corolla deciduous after flowering. (Buds scaly.) 

Leaves thin and deciduous : stamens commonly 5. . 3. AZALEA. 

Leaves coriaceous, persistent : stamens usually 10. ... 4. RHODODENDRON 

1. Calluna vulgaris, Scotch Heather, is seldom cultivated except as 
a greenhouse plant, along with true Heaths. A patch has recently been dis- 
covered wild in Tewksbury, Mass. 

2. Erfca, Heath. The Heaths (a few of which are from Europe, but a 
vast number from the Cape of Good Hope) belong not to common, but only 
to choice cultivation : we cannot enumerate the many species which adorn 
conservatories. 

3. Azalea. Man. p. 257. Besides the wild species, there is one tender and 
one hardy exotic. 

A. Poiltiea. A hardy shrub, with large and clammy yellow flowers, pre- 
ceding the pubescent leaves. 

A. Indica, Chinese Azalea. A common greenhouse species, with the 
flowers (purple, red, rose, white, &c.) later than the leaves; sepals green in- 
stead of scale-like, and the stamens commonly 10. 

4. Rhododendron, Man. p. 257. Besides our wild ones, Nos. 1 and 2 : 
R. punetatum, of the Southern Alleghanies : a much-branched shrub, 

with slender and drooping branches, small leaves dotted with rusty globules, 
and fine rose-colored flowers, in June. 

4 



lxii GARDEN BOTANY. 

It. Ponticum, from Armenia, hardy, but here growing low, with smooth 
lance-obovate leaves green on both sides, and large purple flowers. 

It. arboreum is the commonest greenhouse species, with obovate-lanceo- 
late leaves, either silvery-white or reddish-brown underneath ; and the ovary 
of 8 or 10 cells ; flowers large, red, purple, or white. 

Order PLUMBAGINACE.32. Leadwort Family. 

Manual, p. 270. — One hardy and one tender greenhouse plant represent the 
order in cultivation. 

Stems leafy, branching : flowers in a loose spike ; corolla monopetalous, 

salver-shaped, with a slender tube : style one : stigmas 5. . .1. PLUMBAGO. 

Csespitose perennials, with narrow and rigid radical leaves, and naked 

scapes, bearing a head of nearly 5-petalous flowers : styles 5. 2. ARMERIA. 



Plumbago Capensis, Cape Leadwort ; has rather woody and an- 
gled stems, oblong-spatulate leaves, and handsome pale lilac-blue corollas, 

2 



the tube l£' long. 



2. Armeria vulgaris, Common Thrift. Familiar in gardens, where it 
is used for edging ; the densely tufted leaves narrow linear ; scape 3' to 6' 
high ; flowers rose-color, intermixed with scarious bracts. 

Order PKIMULACE^. Primrose Family. 

Manual, p. 270. — Several are familiar in gardens or greenhouses, cultivated 
for ornament. 

Corolla salver-shaped or narrowly funnel-shaped : leaves all radical. 1. PRIMULA. 
Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions reflexed : leaves all radical, 

From a fibrous root : scape many -flowered. . . Man. p. 272. DODECATHEON. 

From a flat corm : scape 1-flowered. 2. CYCLAMEN. 

Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate : stems leafy. 

Filaments beardless : pod not opening round the middle. . . 3. LYSIMACHTA. 

Filaments bearded : pod opening round the middle. . . 4. ANAGALLIS. 

1. Primula Sinensis, Chinese Primrose. A common house-plant, 
pubescent ; leaves 7 - 9-lobed and toothed, rounded, with a cordate base ; umbel 
many-flowered, often proliferous ; calyx conical-inflated, nearly as long as 
the tube of the large and showy pink or white corolla. Some varieties have 
double flowers. 

P. veris, Common Primrose. Leaves many in a tuft, wrinkled, pale- 
green, denticulate, oblong, with the base contracted into a short-winged 
petiole ; corolla straw-yellow, but varying in cultivation into many colors, the 
lobes notched at the end. — The Polyanthuses are cultivated varieties. The 
English Cowslip is the form with the umbel of flowers raised on a peduncle 
above the leaves, the corolla smaller and its limb concave. The true English 
Primrose is a variety with a large and flat limb to the corolla, and the com- 
mon peduncle wanting, so that the umbel is sessile, and the flowers thus appear 
as if radical among the leaves. The Oxlip is between these two. 

P. Auricula, Auricula. Leaves obovate-spatulate, sessile, thick, ana 
very smooth, pale, often mealy ; umbel raised on a scape ; corolla funnel- 
shaped, of many colors, single, double, &c. 

2. Cyclamen Europseum, Common Cyclamen, and occasionally one 
or two other species, are prized for house-culture; the broad and flat corm sends 
up thick and smooth round-cordate leaves, often purple underneath, on slender 



GARDEN BOTANY. lxiii 

stalks, and one-flowered scapes, on the apex of which the graceful flower is 
recurved, so that the reflexed divisions of the corolla turn up ; this is rose- 
colored or white with a pink base. 

3. Lysimachia, Loosestrife. Man. p. 272. Two species are com- 
monly met with in gardens : — 

L. nummularia, Moneywort. Smooth, creeping over the ground 
and rooting, with opposite small orbicular leaves, and solitary axillary light- 
yellow flowers. It flourishes in moist places, and is often grown in hanging 
pots. 

L. vulgaris, English Loosestrife. A stout perennial, more or less 
downy, with whorls of ovate-lanceolate leaves and a leafy panicle of deep- 
yellow flowers. In old gardens. 

4. Anagallis arvensis, Pimpernel. Man. p. 274. The common red 
variety is frequent in gardens ; the larger blue one is choicer. 

Order GESNERIACE^I. Gesneria Family. 

Tropical plants with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corollas, didynamous 
stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-seeded placentae, — therefore 
botanically like Orobanchaceae, Man. p. 279, but with green herbage, and not 
parasitic, — and the common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx co- 
herent at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants 
of this order are in the conservatories ; the commonest are the following, all 
perennials. 

1. Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately 
toothed leaves and 1 -flowered scape-like peduncles; the corolla deflexed or hor- 
izontal, 2 ; long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with 
a short and spreading, somewhat unequal, 5-lobed border, pale violet with a 
deeper-colored throat, in one variety altogether white. 

2. Gesneria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety, 
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ; 
corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border, 
glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. — 
There are several other species. 

3. Achime'nes longiflora. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or 
ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped 
corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2 ; or more broad, 
violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets 
from the root. 

Order BIGNONIACEJE. Bignonia Family. 
Manual, p. 277. — The following are common ornamental exotics : — 

1. Tecoma grandiflora, Great-flowered Trumpet-Creeper. Like 
our T. radicans, but less hardy, therefore less climbing, and with a larger but 
proportionally shorter orange-red corolla, its proper tube scarcely exceeding 
the calyx. 

T. Capensis. A bushy greenhouse species, with the flowers crowded, 
the red-orange corolla tubular and curved, the stamens exserted. 

T. jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, twining, very smooth, 
with the leaflets pinnate, lance-ovate, entire, bright green ; corolla white, pink- 
purple in the throat 



lxiV GARDEN BOTANY. 

Order SCROPHULARIACEJ3. Figwort Family. 

Manual, p. 281. — The following represent this order in the gardens. 

Stamens 5, rather unlike : corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Man. p. 283. VERBASCUM. 

Stamens 4 with anthers, and sometimes a fifth sterile filament. 
Corolla with a very short tube and a large deeply 2-lipped and 

5-cleft spreading limb : leaves all opposite or whorled. 1. COLLINSIA. 

Corolla with a more or less elongated tube or cup. 
Personate, i. e. 2-lipped and the throat closed with a palate. 

Spurred at the base on the lower side 2. LINARIA. 

Saccate at the base on the lower side 3. ANTIRRHINUM. 

Scarcely gibbous at the base : palate small 4. MAURANDIA 

Open at the throat. 
Herbs (climbing by the petioles and peduncles). 

Seeds wingless 4. MAURANDIA. 

Seeds winged 5. LOPHOSPERMUM. 

Not climbing : a tree with opposite and cordate leaves. • 6. PAULO WNIA. 

Not climbing, herbs or somewhat shrubby plants. 
Leaves hardly any or minute : branches slender and rush- 
like, drooping : corolla slender, tubular. • . 7. RUSSELLIA. 
Leaves opposite. 
Calyx 5-parted : a sterile filament conspicuous. . . 8. PENTSTEMON. 
Calyx 5-toothed, 5-angled : sterile filament none. • . 9. MIMULUS. 
Leaves alternate. 

Calyx 5-parted : flowers nodding : sterile filament none. 10. DIGITALIS. 
Calyx 5-toothed : sterile filament present. <> . 11. SALPIGLOSSIS 

Stamons only 2 with anthers. 
Calyx 5-parted : corolla rotate, very irregular, its divisions once 

or twice cleft or cut-lobed 12. SCHIZANTHUS. 

Calyx 4-parted : corolla 2-lobed, the larger or lower lobe inflated 

into a sort of bag or slipper 13. CALCEOLARIA. 

Calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted : corolla rotate or salver-shaped : 
the limb mostly 4-parted, one or two of the lobes smaller 
than the others 14. VERONICA. 

1. Collinsia bicolor. A showy Californian annual, with many more 
flowers than in C. vema (Man. p. 284) ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; 
upper lip of corolla white, lower purple. 

2. Linaria triornithophora. Perennial, tall, glaucous ; leaves 3 or 4 in 
a whorl, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 1 J' long, on slender peduncles, pale violet 
with purple stripes, and a long spur. For other species see Man. p. 284. 

3. Antirrhinum majus, Great Snapdragon. Perennial, erect; leaves 
linear-oblong ; raceme many-flowered ; corolla 1 j 1 to 2' long. 

4. Maurandia. Perennials, cult, as annuals ; the leaves mostly alternate, 
with long petioles and long 1 -flowered peduncles in their axils; by means of 
both the plant climbs. 

M. antirrhiniflora. Leaves hastate ; corolla 1' long, violet or white, 
with a hairy palate nearly closing the throat. 

M. semperflorens. Corolla without a palate ; otherwise like the last 
M. Barclayana. Like the last, but handsomer ; leaves broadly trian- 
gular-cordate. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lxV 

6. Lophospermum. Like Maurandia, but with a more leafy calyx and 
open corolla. Leaves triangular-cordate, toothed, and slightly lobed. 
L. SCandens. Corolla 2' long, purple, smooth, as also the leaves. 
L. erubescens. Corolla 3' long, rose-color, pubescent ; leaves downy. 

6. Paulownia imperialism Tree, from Japan, with leaves like those of 
Catalpa, but white-downy when young, appearing a little after the flowers, 
which are panicled ; calyx and panicle rusty-downy ; corolla lilac or palo 
violet, with a cylindrical tube and a large 5-lobed border. Seeds winged. 

7. Russellia juncea. Cult, in greenhouses, with slender bright-scarlet 
flowers, hanging on the rush-like drooping filiform branches. 

8. Pentstemon. Besides those in the Manual, p. 286, the following are 
commonest in the gardens, from Mexico, &c. 

P. barbatus. Wholly glabrous, pale, 2° -4° high; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate; flowers in a loose elongated panicle ; corolla long and narrow, bright 
red or scarlet ; upper lip erect, lower reflexed, and sterile filament usually 
bearded. 

P. Hartwegi. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader 
at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2' long, deep 
red or red-purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked. 

P. campaiiulatus. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate,' acuminate, sharply 
serrate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla 
ventricose above, purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. 

9. Mimulus, Monkey-flower. Man. p. 287. From W. America are, — 

M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly 
clasping ; flowers large, brick-red. 

M. luteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping ; flowers 
showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown. 

M. mosehatus, Musk-plant. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy- 
villous, smelling strong of musk ; flower small, pale yellow. 

10. Digitalis purpurea, Purple Foxglove. A very showy and hardy 
perennial, with rugose pubescent leaves, and a long raceme of large and showy 
drooping flowers, in summer, the corolla cylindrical-campanulate, 2' long, 
with the lobes hardly any, purple, or a white variety, spotted within. 

11. Salpiglossis sinuata. Cult, as an annual ; clammy-pubescent ; leaves 
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with a tapering base ; flowers large and showy, 
much like those of a Petunia; corolla 1' or 2' long, funnel-form and inflated 
above, purple, straw-color, or variegated, 4 fertile stamens. 

12. Schizanthus pinnatUS. A handsome garden annual, from Chili, 
with clammy-pubescent branches ; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately 
dissected ; corolla widely spreading, one lip small, 3-lobed, violet-colored, the 
other paler, often blotched, much larger and 5-partcd, its divisions 2-cleft, and 
their lobes generally cleft again. 

13. Calceolaria. Several species, from the Andes, are in greenhouses ; 
but the common ones are too much crossed and varied to tell the species. 

14. Veronica, Speedwell. Man. p. 289. Besides our V. Virginica, there 
are in the gardens, — 

V. spicata. Erect hardy perennial, 1° high ; with oblong-lanceolate 
crenate-toothed leaves, and racemes or spikes of delicate blue flowers ; also 
mixtures of this with two other European species. 



Ixvi GARDEN BOTANY. 

V. speeiosa, with oval or obovate leaves, and dense spikes of violet- 
blue flowers, and 

"V". salicifolia, with lanceolate leaves and huge spikes of blue flowers, 
are showy tall-shrubby species from New Zealand, cult, in conservatories. 

Order ACANTHACEiE. Acanthus Family. 

Manual, p. 296. — Many adorn the richer conservatories; but the only com- 
monly cultivated plants of the order belong to 

1. Thunbergia. Differs from the rest of the order in having a cartilagi- 
nous ring or cup, in place of a hook, supporting the seed. A pair of lar^e 
bracts cover the calyx ; tube of the corolla more or less inflated, the almost 
equally 5-parted border widely spreading : stamens 4. anthers bearded. Pod 
2-4-seeded, globular, pointed with a long flat beak. They are cultivated 
as annuals : the common sorts belong to 

T. alata. Twining, hairy ; leaves cordate-sagittate, the petiole winged ; co- 
rolla yellow, buff, or white, with a dark purple eye. 

Order VERBENACE^J. Vervain Family. 

Manual, p. 29S. — Comprises some familiar ornamental plants, such as Ver- 
benas. 

Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. 

Calyx tubular, 5-augled or plaited : corolla sarrer-shaped : herbs. . . 1. YERBEXA. 

Calyx tubular, not plaited : corolla funnel-form, or somewhat 2-lipped. 2. LIPPIA. 

Calyx very short : corolla salver-shaped or tubular-funnel-form : shrubs. 3. LANTANA. 
Flowers in cymes or cymules which are mostly panicled or spiked : corolla 

2-lipped : shrubs with paimately-com pound leaves. . . .4. TITEX. 

1. Verbena. The handsome Verbenas vrhieh adorn the gardens and houses 
mainly consist of the following botanical species and their mixtures : — 

V. Allbletia, Man. p. 299, known by the glandular appendage which 
tips the larger stamens, and the deeply cleft or pinnatifid and incised leaves : 
flowers purple, violet, and varying to white. 

V. chamsedrifoliaj the Scarlet V.. with procumbent rooting stems, 
oblong-lanceolate coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense 
red or scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster. 

V. phlogiflora, also named Tweediana. Resembles the last, but 
nearly upright : the leaves decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an 
oblong spike, and crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet. 

V. incisa. Differs f in the pinnatifld-incised leaves, the 

petioled ones with a cordate base ; flowers in flat clusters or spikes, rose-color 
or purple. 

V. teueroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised ses- 
sile leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, which are 
very sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. All but the first come from Buenos 
Ayres and that region. 

2. Lippia (or Aloysia^ citriodora is the name of the S. American 
shrub, called Lemon-scented or Sweet Verbena, from the flue fragrance 
of its leaves : these are linear-lanceolate, rou^hish with glandular dots, and 
whorled in threes or fours ; flowers small in slender spikes. 

3. Lantana. Tropical shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they 
flower freely until fron comes ; stems often rough-prickly; herbage and fioT* 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



lxvii 



ers odorous, in some pleasant, others not so. The fruit is a berry-like drape, 
commonly sky-blue. Flowers in a depressed head or cluster. 

Xj. Camara. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then to red. 

L. mixta. Flowers opening white, turning yellow, orange, and then red. 

L. nivea. Flowers white, pleasant-scented, unchanging. 

L. odorata. Not prickly, small-leaved ; flowers lilac-purple. 

4. Vitex Agnus-castus, Chaste-tree, with 5-7 lanceolate entire leaf- 
lets, white underneath, and bluish flowers with the clusters spiked, stands only 
at the South. 

V. incisa, which stands at the North (a native of N. China), has the leaf- 
lets pinnatifid or incised, and the cymules peduncled and corymbose. 



Order LABIATJE. Mint Family. 

Manual, p. 300. — Most common Labiatoe in gardens are already described in 
the Manual. They have only to be indicated by a simpler key, and a few species 
added. 

Stamens only 2 with anthers. 
Calyx 5-toothed : anther of 2 cells confluent end to end. Man. p. 309. MONARDA. 

Calyx 2-lipped : anther halved, i. e. with only one good cell, and 
that borne on one end of a long connective, the other end bear- 
ing a rudiment of the other cell or none at all. Man. p. 309. 1. SALVIA. 
Stamens 4 with anthers. 
Filaments decurved towards the lower lip or side of the corolla. 
Flowers in an interrupted raceme : calyx deflexed after flowering. 2. OCIMUM. 
Flowers in a virgate spike : calyx not deflexed : leaves hoary. . 3. LAVANDULA. 
Filaments erect or ascending towards the upper side of the flower. 

Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, small : calyx erect. Man. p. 303. MENTHA. 

Corolla 5-lobed, hardly 2-lipped : calyx nodding in fruit. . . 4. PERILLA. 
Corolla more or less strongly 2-lipped. 
tipper or inner pair of stamens longer than the other pair. 

Upper lip of corolla merely concave. . . Man. p. 311. NEPETA. 

Upper lip of corolla arched or hooded. . . Man. p. 318. PHLOMIS. 

Upper or inner pair of stamens shorter than the other pair. 
Stamens diverging or parallel and distant, 
Long-exserted : calyx 15-nerved. . . Man. p. 304. HYSSOPUS. 

Short-exserted or included : calyx 10 - 13-nerved. 

Calyx naked in the throat : leaves linear. Man. p. 307. SATUREIA. 

Calyx hairy in the throat. 
Flowers surrounded by colored bracts. Man. p. 306. 5. ORIGANUM. 

Flowers without conspicuous colored bracts. Man. p.306. 6. THYMUS. 

Stamens above incurved under the upper lip. Man. p. 308. MELISSA. 

Stamens ascending parallel) approximate under the upper lip. 

Flowers in simple spikes, one to each bract. Man. p. 313. PHYSOSTEGIA 

Flowers several in each cluster or half-whorl. 

Anthers included in the tube of the corolla. Man. p. 315. MARRUBIUM 

Anthers not included in the tube of the corolla, and 
Opening transversely by 2 unequal valves, one of them 

ciliate Man. p. 316. GALEOPSIS. 

Opening lengthwise. 
Corolla dilated at the throat : flowers not spiked, 

and the calyx-teeth not spiny. Man. p. 318. LAMIUM. 



lxviii GARDEN BOTANY. 

Corolla dilated in the throat : flowers densely spiked. 7. BETONICA. 
Corolla not dilated in the throat. 
Calyx-teeth shorter than the corolla. ... 7. BETONICA. 
Leaves not cleft or incised. Man. p. 316. 8. STACHYS. 
Leaves 3 - 5-cleft and incised. Man. p. 317. LEONURUS 
Calyx expanded into a membranaceous reticu- 
lated open cup longer than the corolla. 9. MOLUCCELLA. 

1. Salvia, Sage. Man. p. 309. The common ones in gardens are, — 

S. officinalis, Garden Sage. Woody at the base, hoary-tomentose ; 
leaves elongated-oblong, crenulate, rugose ; corolla light-blue or purplish. 
Cultivated in kitchen gardens. 

S. patens. Leaves hairy, triangular-ovate ; flowers very large and deep- 
blue, the lips widely gaping. Cultivated for ornament. 

S. splendens, the Scarlet Sage, so commonly cultivated and showy, 
with corollas, calyx, and floral leaves all bright scarlet; stem-leaves ovate, 
acuminate, glabrous. 

S. fulgens, the Mexican Red Sage, has a green calyx, leaves cordate- 
ovate and downy beneath, and deep scarlet and hairy corolla 2' long. 

S. pseudo-COCCinea has red corollas about an inch long, more or less 
pubescent, the lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the stems hairy ; 
leaves mostly cordate. 

S. COCCinea, which is wild in the Southern States, is much like the last, 
but the corollas are glabrous, and the stem as well as the lower face of the 
cordate leaves hoary-pubescent, not hairy. 

2. O'cimum Basilicum, Sweet Basil. A low kitchen-garden annual, 
with ovate-oblong fragrant leaves, and small bluish flowers ; the calyx re- 
flexed in fruit, and its upper lip enlarged. 

3. Lavandula vera, Garden Lavender. A low, undershrubby, hoary 
plant, with linear-lanceolate leaves, and long-peduncled naked and interrupted 
spikes of small bluish flowers. 

4. Perilla Nankinensis. An annual herb, prized in ornamental garden- 
ing for its lustrous dark-purple foliage ; the leaves are broadly ovate, coarsely- 
toothed and crisped ; the purplish flowers insignificant. 

5. Origanum Majorana, Sweet Marjoram. One of the sweet herbs 
of the kitchen garden, scarcely a foot high, downy and hoary, with small and 
roundish leaves, and dense clusters of small whitish flowers. Cultivated along 
with Savory, &c. 

6. Thymus vulgaris, Garden Thyme. Plant forming perennial lar^e 
tufts on the ground, with small oblong-ovate leaves, and clusters of purplish 
small flowers in the axil of the upper ones ; cultivated as a sweet herb. 

7. Betonica grandifiora, Great Betont. A handsome garden peren- 
nial, with cordate-obtuse leaves, and 2 or 3 whorls of flowers forming a naked 
spike ; the showy purple corolla 1^' long. 

B. officinalis, Wood Betony, has far smaller flowers, the cordate- 
oblong leaves coarsely eremite and mostly radical ; spike dense. 

8. Stachys coceinea, Scarlet Stachys, of Mexico, with ovate-oblong 
and cordate leaves, and bright red corollas 1' long, is becoming rather common. 

9. Moluceella laevis, Molucca Balm or Shell-flower. A glabrous 
annual, much branched, with roundish leaves ; flowers in their axils with a 
small whitish corolla in an immensely enlarged cup-shaped calyx, which has a 
remarkable appearance. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lxiX 

Order BORRAGHSTACE^J. Borrage Family. 
Manual, p. 319. — A number of species are cultivated for ornament. 

Ovary deeply 4-lobed (the style rising from the centre between the 
lobes), each in fruit forming a distinct nutlet. 
Corolla rather irregular, blue: the stamens exserted. . Man. p. 319. ECHITJM. 
Corolla regular, and 
Trumpet-shaped, no scales in the throat : smooth plants. Man. p. 323. MERTENSIA. 
Tubular, enlarged above, -with long scales closing the throat : 

rough and coarse plants. Man. p. 320. SYMPHYTUM. 

Rotate, with scales closing the throat : rough-bristly plants. » . 1. BORRAGO. 
Short salver-form or very short funnel-form , throat partly closed 
by short scales : delicate plants. 
Nutlets or lobes of the ovary attached by their base only, 

erect, smooth and even 2. MYOSOTIS. 

Nutlets or lobes of the ovary fixed to the base of the style, 

cupped when full grown 3. OMPHALODES. 

Ovary not lobed, the style or stigma borne on its summit. . . 4. HELIOTROPIUM. 

1. BorragO officinalis, Borrage. A rough, hairy annual or biennial 
of country gardens, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and rather large flowers ; 
corolla exactly rotate, 5 -parted, blue, with dark projecting anthers. 

2. Myosotis, Forget-me-not. The cultivated sorts are varieties of No. 1, 
in Manual, p. 323, and of 

M. Sylvatica, with a rather stout perennial root, bright-blue corolla, 
and 5-parted calyx, erect when in fruit, its hairs spreading and minutely hooked. 

3. Omphalodes verna, Blue Navelwort. Flowers like those of a 
Forget-me-not, but larger, produced in early spring, bright azure-blue ; leaves 
ovate, the radical ones cordate and long-petioled ; plant spreading by runners 
and creeping rootstocks. 

4. Heliotr opium Peruvianum, Sweet Peruvian Heliotrope. The 

common shrubby species of house cultivation, with vanilla-scented pale blue- 
purple flowers, and ovate-lanceolate rugose-veiny leaves. 

H. COrymbosum, cultivated with the other, has rougher leaves and 
deeper-colored and larger flowers, of much less fragrance. 

Order HYDHOPHYLLACE^. Waterleaf Family. 

The synopsis of the genera, Man. p. 326, will serve, adding the following spe- 
cies, cultivated for ornament ; also Whitlavia, — nearly all Californian annuals. 

1. Nemo'phila insignis. Flowers bright blue, 1 in diameter, very long- 
peduncled ; leaves deeply pinnatiiid. 

"N, atomaria. Flowers smaller, white, finely spotted with chocolate. 

N. maculata. Flowers white, with a large violet blotch on each lobe. 

2. Phaeelia COngesta, from Texas ; pubescent, with irregular pinnate 
leaves, the leaflets ovate or oblong, incised ; flowers in a compact cyme, small, 
blue; stamens scarcely exserted. 

P. tanacetifolia, from California, is taller, bristly-hairy ; the leaflets 
linear-oblong and pinnatifid ; flowers larger, crowded ; stamens long-exscrted. 

P. (Eutoca) viscida, from California ; clammy-pubescent, leaves ovate, 
serrate ; flowers large, deep blue, in a loose raceme ; pod many-seeded. 



1XX GARDEN BOTANY. 

3. Whitlavia graildiflora, a showy low Californian annual, with round- 
ovate coarsely-toothed leaves, and a lax raceme of tubular-bell-shaped blue 
flowers, over an inch long ; s amens exserted ; seeds numerous. 

Order POLEMONIACE^E. Polemonium Family. 

Manual, p. 329. — Furnishes many ornamental plants to the gardens, all but 
a few North American, many from California and Texas. 

Herbs, not climbing. 
Corolla salver-form with a long tube : stamens enclosed in the tube, 
inserted at unequal heights : leaves entire, sessile, all but the 

uppermost opposite. 1. PHLOX. 

Corolla of various shapes : stamens equally inserted, not declined : 

leaves often cleft or compound 2. GIL1A. 

Corolla between bell-shaped and wheel-shaped : stamens declined, 

hairy appendaged at the base : leaves pinnate. ... 3. POLEMONIUM 
Climbing by tendrils at the end of the pinnate leaves : calyx of 5 large 
and ovate foliaceous sepals : corolla campanulate : stamens 
declined : a large and fleshy 5-lobed disk around the base of the 
ovary : seeds winged. 4. COBCEA. 

1. Phlox. Man. p. 330, where the perennial species cult, in gardens are de- 
scribed. The handsome annual Phloxes recently common all come from 

P. Drummondi. Low, widely branched, glandular-pubescent ; leaves 
oblong and lanceolate, the upper cordate-clasping at base; corolla crimson, 
purple, varying to rose and white. 

2. Gilia tricolor. Californian annual, with 2 - 3-pinnately divided alternate 
leaves, linear divisions, and a few loosely panicled flowers ; corolla between 
bell-shaped and funnel-form, bluish-lilac with a purple throat and yellow tube. 

G. capitata. Annual from Oregon, twice-pinnate leaves, alternate, witb 
almost filiform divisions, and a head of light blue flowers. 

G. androsacea. Californian annual, low and slender ; leaves opposite, 
palmately 5 - 7-cleft, divisions narrowly linear; flowers capitate-clustered; 
corolla salver-shaped, with a very long tube, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. 

G. coronopifolla, Cypress Gilia. Biennial, from S. States, 3° -5° 
high, strict, very leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into filiform divisions ; flow- 
ers in a long and very narrow thyrsus ; 
light scarlet with whitish specks inside. 

3. Polemonium C86ruleum, Greek Valerian. Stem erect, leafy ; 
leaflets many, lanceolate ; corymbs many-flowered ; flowers deeper blue than 
in P. reptans, Man. p. 330. 

4. Coboea scandens, from Mexico, cult, as an annual, climbing high, 
corolla green turning dull violet, 2' or more in diameter. 

Order CONVOLVULACEJE. Convolvulus Family. 

Manual, p. 332. — Most of those there described are cultivated for ornament; 
also the following : — 

1. Quamoclit vulgaris, Cypress-Vine, Annual twiner ; leaves dell 
cate, pectinate ; corolla trumpet-shaped with a spreading border, crimson or 
scarlet. 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



Ixxl 



2. IpomOBa Learn. Like the common I. purpurea (Man. p. 333), but 
with violet- blue flowers 4' across, some of the leaves 3-lobed. 

I. Bona-nOX, of the section or genus Calonyction, the corolla salver-form, 
limb 5' across, on a tube 3' or 4' long, opening at evening, white. 

I. Batatas, Sweet Potato. Low and spreading from the fleshy root 
(for which the plant is cultivated) rarely twining; leaves angled, lobed, or 
pedate ; corolla bell-shaped, rose-purple. 

3. Convolvulus tricolor. A diffuse low annual, not twining, pubescent, 
with oblong-spatulate leaves, the showy open-funnel-form flowers opening in 
sunshine, blue, white in the throat, and yellow in the tube. 

Order SOLANACEJE. Nightshade Family. 

Manual, p. 338. — Some cult, for ornament, others for food or medicine. 
Parts of the flower in cultivated species often more than five. 



Corolla wheel-shaped : anthers connivent and sometimes connate. 
Anthers longer than their filaments, opening by a hole at the end. 1. SOLANUM. 
Anthers longer than their filaments, united by a membrane at 

their tips, opening lengthwise 

Anthers shorter than their slender filaments, opening lengthwise. 
Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, &c. ; anthers separate. 
Calyx bladdery-inflated after flowering, enclosing the red or yel- 
low berry : corolla short, and 
Five-parted: berry dry, 3-5-celled. . . . Man. p. 340. 
Five-cleft : berry juicy, red or yellow, eatable, 2-celled. . 
Calyx urn-shaped, with a spreading reticulated border, enclosing 
the pod, which opens by a lid : corolla dull-colored, veiny, 
short, open-funnel-form, rather irregular. . Man. p. 340. 
Calyx long and prismatic : corolla funnel-form : pod naked, usu- 
ally prickly, more or less 4-celled 

Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, foliaceous. 

Corolla bell-shaped, dull purple : berry black on the enlarged 

and open calyx. 

Corolla funnel-form : fruit a dry pod 

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, not prismatic, urn-shaped, nor inflated, 
Covering the pod : annuals or cultivated as annuals 5 corolla 
funnel-form or salver-form. 
Tube of the corolla filiform : stigma kidney -shaped. 
Tube of the corolla not filiform : stigma capitate. 
Under or only partly covering the berry : shrubby plants. 
Corolla short-funnel-form, 5-cleft : stamens exserted. 10. LYCIUM. 

Corolla tubular or narrow-funnel-form : stamens included. 11. CESTRUM. 



2. LYCOPERSICUM. 

3. CAPSICUM. 



NICANDRA. 
4. PHYSALIS. 



HYOSCYAMUS. 
5. DATURA. 



6. ATROPA. 

7. PETUNIA. 



8. NIEREMBERGIA. 

9. NICOTIANA. 



1. Solanum Dulcamara, Bittersweet, with ovate-cordate leaves, some 
of them lobed at base, and purple-blue flowers : described in Man. p. 339. 

S. tuberosum, Potato. Cult, from the tubers ; leaves pubescent, pin- 
nate, with several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed ; flowers 
blue or white ; berries round and green. 

S. Melonge'na, Egg-plant. Annual, with ovate downy leaves, prickly 
stems, violet-blue flowers, and an oblong fruit, violet-colored or white, 2' to 6' 
long, eatable when cooked. 

S. Pseudo-Capsicum, Jerusalem Cherry. Low, tree-like shrub, 



Ixxii GARDEN BOTANY. 

with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves, and small white flowers ; cult, in 
houses for the bright red berries, resembling cherries, ornamental in winter. 

2. Lycopersicura esculentum, Tomato. A hairy, rank-scented annual ; 
leaves interruptedly pinnate, their larger leaflets incised or pinnatifid ; flowers 
yellowish ; berry red, by cultivation large, esculent. 

3. Capsicum annuum, Cayenne or Hed Pepper. A smooth annual, 
with ovate entire leaves, small white flowers with a truncate calyx, and a dry 
berry (for which the plant is cultivated) either globose or oblong, sometimes 
very large, red or green, most pungent and acrid. 

4. Physalis Alkekengi, called Strawberry Tomato, is a cultivated 
perennial Ground Cherry : stem not much branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 
tapering into a long petiole ; corolla yellowish ; fruiting calyx turning red. 

5. Datura. Besides the common Stramonium, Man. p. 341, which has 
erect fruit, the following more showy ones are cult, for ornament. 

D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent; corolla white, limb 10-toothed, 4' broad, 
fruit nodding. 

D. meteloid.es. Pale, almost glabrous ; corolla white or purplish, limb 
5-toothed, 5' or 6 7 broad; fruit nodding. Recently introduced from New 
Mexico ; very handsome. 

D. arborea is a greenhouse shrub or tree, with hanging white flowers 6' 
or 7' long. 

6. A'tropa Belladonna, Deadly Nightshade, of Europe, a smoothish 
perennial, with ovate entire leaves, one-flowered nodding peduncles ; berry 
poisonous. 

7. Petunia nyctaginifiora, the original Petunia of the gardens, with 
clammy leaves and flowers ; the tube of the white corolla narrow and 3 or 4 
times longer than the calyx. This is much crossed with 

P. violaeea, now more common, with weaker stems and a violet or pur- 
ple corolla, its shorter and broader ventricose tube hardly twice the length of 
the calyx. 

8. Nierembergia gracilis. A low, slender, pubescent annual, with nar- 
row spatulate-linear leaves, and white corollas streaked with purple, violet in 
the throat, the almost thread-shaped tube 1' long. 

"N. filicaulis is similar, but diffuse and spreading, glabrous; tube of 
corolla shorter, limb broader, 1^' wide, lilac or white, with violet streaks and 
yellow in the throat. 

9. Nieotiana Tabacum, Common Tobacco. Clammy-pubescent, 4° to 
6° high ; leaves lance-ovate, the lower 1° or 2° long, the upper lanceolate, 
pointed, sessile, decurrent ; flowers paniculate ; corolla funnel-form, 2 f long, 
greenish, with the limb rose-colored. Cultivated in fields as far north as lat. 
42° or 43°. 

10. Lycium Vlllgare, Matrimony-Vine. A smooth shrub with long 
and lithe branches, trained against walls and buildings ; leaves small, oblan- 
ceolate or spatulate ; peduncles slender ; corolla greenish and purple, bearded 
in the throat. 

11. Cestrum nocturnum. A shrub of house-culture, with ovate-oblong 
smooth leaves, and axillary clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very 
sweet-scented at night. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lXXitt 



Order APOCYNACEiE. Dogbane Family. 

Manual, p. 349. — To the synopsis there given add the following exotics : — 

Corolla salver-form or the tube more or less funnel-form, 

Rose-colored, crowned with appendages in the throat 1. NERIUM. 

Blue, or sometimes pink or white, naked at the throat. . . . .2. VINCA. 

1. Nerium Oleander, Oleander. Shrub, of common house culture, 
with smooth and coriaceous lanceolate leaves, often in whorls, and clusters 
of large and showy rose-colored flowers, single or double. 

2. Vinca minor, Common Periwinkle. Stems prostrate, rooting more 
or less, only the short flowering ones erect ; leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong, 
shining above ; flowers blue, in spring, also a white variety. 

V. major, Great Periwinkle, is rarer and not quite hardy, with 
larger and round-ovate leaves (often variegated with white), larger flowers, 
and sterile stems not so prostrate. 

V. herbaeea is hardy; stems reclining; leaves lanceolate-oblong, not 
evergreen ; lobes of the blue corolla oblong. 

V. rosea is a tender low shrub, with oblong leaves, the showy corolla 
pink-purple, or white with a pink eye. 

Order ASCLEPIADACE-E. Milkweed Family. 

Manual, p. 350. — No common hardy plants, excepting some of our wild spe- 
cies, are found in the gardens. In house-culture the only common ones are, — 

1. Hoya earnosa, "Wax-plant ; a climbing plant, with opposite and 
oval smooth leaves of very thick and firm texture, and an umbel of wheel- 
shaped flowers, which look as if made of wax. 

2. Stapelia. Two or three species, looking like Cactuses, having fleshy 
and lumpy stems and no leaves ; flowers solitary, large, wheel-shaped, lurid, 
of strange appearance and disgusting odor. 

Order JASMINACE2E. Jessamine Family. 

Shrubs, often twiners, with compound leaves and fragrant flowers ; corolla 
salver-form, convolute in the bud, usually 5-lobed ; the stamens only 2 ; ovary 
2-celled, a single erect ovule in each cell. One or two Jessamines are common 
house-plants. 

1. Jasminum odoratissimum, Yellow Sweet Jessamine. Leaves 
alternate, with 3 or 5 leaflets ; corolla yellow, an inch long. 

J. Officinale, White Jessamine. Leaves opposite, with 7 leaflets ; 
corolla white ; teeth of the calyx slender. 

Order OLEACEiE. Olive Family. 
Manual, p. 356. — This order furnishes some familiar flowering shrubs. 

Corolla with a tube longer than its lobes and longer than the calyx, 

Salyer-form, the tube elongated : pod flattened 1. SYRINGA. 

Funnel-form, small : fruit a berry. . . . Man. p. 356. LIGUSTRUM. 

Corolla 4-parted or 4-petaled : leaves simple. 

Leaves earlier than the flowers : petals long-linear, white. . . CHIONANTIiUS. 



lxxiv GARDEN BOTANY. 

Leaves evergroen, coriaceous : lobes of white corolla narrow. . 2. OLE A. 
Leaves later than the showy yellow flowers, which appear in early 

spring, along the last year's shoots : seeds numerous ! . . 3. FORSYTHIA. 
Corolla of 2 or 4 greenish petals or none : flowers polygamous or 

dioecious : leaves pinnate 4. FRAXINUS. 

1. Syringa, Lilac. Hardy shrubs, everywhere familiar, with large and 
dense panicles of fragrant flowers, in spring. 

S. vulgaris, Common Lilac. Leaves ovate or cordate ; flowers in dense 
panicles, lilac, and a white variety. 

S. Persiea, Persian Lilac. Leaves lanceolate-oblong ; branches slen- 
der ; panicles loose ; flowers of various shades of lilac, also a white variety. 

2. Olea fragrans is a greenhouse shrub, with green and glabrous oblong 
leaves, and small panicles of small white flowers, very sweet-scented. 

3. Forsythia Viridissima, a Chinese shrub, recently introduced, perfectly 
hardy, much prized for its handsome bright-yellow flowers on the naked long 
shoots in early spring ; the leaves oblong and lanceolate, shining green. 

4. Fraxinus, Ash. Besides our own species, Man. p. 357, two European 
ones are planted, viz. : — 

F. excelsior, English Ash. Leaflets 9 to 13, bright green, lanceolate- 
oblong, almost sessile, serrate ; petals none ; key broadly linear. 

F. Omus, Flowering Ash. Leaflets 7 or 9, lanceolate ; petals 4. Not 
common. 

Order NYCTAGINACEJS. Four-o'-clock Family. 

Manual, p. 360. — Two genera are in the gardens, one of them very common. 

Flower solitary, apparently with a green cup-shaped calyx and a mono- 
petalous corolla ; but the calyx is really an involucre, which in 
other cases surrounds several flowers, and the apparent corolla is 
a colored calyx. Stamens 5 1. MTRABTLIS 

Flowers capitate, with an involucre of small bracts : calyx colored like a 

corolla, salver-form, plaited. Stamens 5. 2. ABRONIA. 

1. Mirabilis, Marvel of Peru, or Four-o'-clock:. Huge-rooted peren- 
nials, with opposite ovate or cordate leaves, and large showy flowers, opening 
towards evening. 

M. Jalapa, Common M. Flower tubular-bell-shaped, red, white, yel- 
low, &c, also variegated. 

M. longiflora, Long-flowered M. Flower with a very long and nar- 
row tube, white or pinkish, fragrant. 

2. Abronia umbellata, from California. Prostrate ; leaves oblong ; flow- 
ers rose-purple, handsome. 

Order CHENOPODIACE^3. Goosefoot Family. 

Manual, p. 361. — Two exotic esculents and one ornamental plant, viz. : — 

1. Beta vulgaris, Garden Beet. Flowers perfect, nearly as in Cheno- 
podium, but the fruit hardened or corky in the dry calyx ; leaves ovate-oblong 
wavy, smooth, often purplish ; root fleshy, biennial. 



GARDEN BOTANY. 1XXV 

2. Spinacia Oleracea, Spinach. Flowers dioecious ; calyx greenish, 
4 - 5-parted in the sterile, ventricose-tubular and 2-3-toothed in the fertile 
flowers ; styles 4, long and slender : achenium enclosed in the globular cap- 
sule-like calyx, which is often 2 -4-horned on the back ; root annual ; leaves 
sagittate or hastate and lanceolate, petioled : the best of potherbs. 

3. Boussingaultia, baselloides grows from tubers like potatoes ; these 
send up twining stems, climbing high, bearing smooth and succulent cordate- 
ovate leaves, and in autumn bear long racemes or spikes of small, white, 
sweet-scented flowers; sepals and stamens usually 6 ; style 1 : stigmas 3, thick. 

Order AMARANTACE.S. Amaranth Family. 

Manual, p. 367. — A few are cultivated ; their dry and scarious bracts, being 
brightly colored and persistent, render these plants lastingly ornamental, al- 
though the flowers themselves are insignificant. 

Utricle (little pod) many-seeded, opening transversely by a lid. . 1. CELOSIA. 

Utricle one-seeded, opening transversely by a lid : anthers 2-celled. 2. AMARANTHS. 

Utricle one-seeded : anthers 1-celled : flowers in head3. ... 3. GOMPHRENA. 

1. Celosia cristata, Cockscomb. Annual; with coarse herbage and 
dense crimson spikes, which are flattened, in the choicer sorts much dilated, 
wavy and crested, resembling cocks' combs. 

2. Amarantus hypoehondriacus and A. panicuiatus, Man. p. 368, 
are the coarser sorts of Prince's Feather in gardens. 

A. caudatus, Long-tailed A. or Prince's Feather. Annual, 3° or 
4° high ; leaves ovate or lance-oblong, often purplish ; flowers in a panicle of 
many slender drooping spikes, the terminal one very long, deep crimson ; 
bracts short. 

A. melancholieus, Love-lies Bleeding. Cult, for the purple or 
blood-red (oblong-ovate) leaves, the flower-clusters inconspicuous, being in 
the axils and much shorter than the petioles. Var. tricolor; leaves green 
or purplish, marked with red. 

3. Gomphrena globosa, Globe Amaranth. Low branching annual, 
pubescent, with oblong entire leaves, hardly petioled, and round heads of 
flowers, very compact, with firm unfading bracts, crimson, rosy, or white. 

Order POLYGOKACEJE. Buckwheat Family. 

Manual, p. 371. — Buckwheat, cult, for its grain, Polygonum orientale (also 
called Prince's Feather), for ornament, described in Man. p. 372, 375, and 

1. Itheuni Hhaponticuni, Garden Rhubarb or Pie-plant. Flowers 
panicled, with 6 white sepals and 9 stamens ; leaves round-cordate or kidney- 
shaped, mostly radical, very large, the fleshy acid petioles cooked in spring. 

Order THYMELACEiE. Mezereum Family. 

Manual, p. 380. — Cultivated for ornament are two species of the genus 

1. Daphne. Calyx salver-form or somewhat funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the sta- 
mens 8, included ; almost no filaments : berries red. 

D. Mezereum, Mezereum. A hardy shrub, 1° to 3° high, with brig-lit 
rose-colored flowers, in fascicles along the shoots of the previous year in 
earliest spring, the lanceolate leaves coming later. 



lxxvi GARDEN BOTANY. 

D. Odora, Sweet Daphne. A house shrub, with evergreen smooth 
oblong leaves, and a terminal cluster of sessile purple or whitish flowers, in 
winter, very fragrant. 

Order EUPHORBIACE^. Spurge Family. 

Manual, p. 385. — The following exotics of this order are to be noticed : — 

J.. Euphorbia, Spurge. Man. p. 385. Three showy shrubs of this genus 
are winter ornaments of most conservatories. 

E. jacquiniflora. Smooth, with slender recurved branches and broadly 
lanceolate leaves; peduncles shorter than the petioles, few-flowered; what 
appears like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red lobes of the cup or involucre 
containing stamens and a pistil. 

E. spleildeilS, of the Mauritius, with thick and horridly prickly stems, 
oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a cyme of 
several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals are 
bracts around a cup which encloses stamens and pistil. 

E. pulcherrima, or Poinsettia, of Mexico. A wide-branched shrub, 
with ovate or lanceoiate-oblong angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, those next 
the flowers (which are in globular green involucres, bearing one great gland 
at the top on one side) mostly entire and of the brightest vermilion-red. 

2. Ricinus communis, Palma-Christi, Castor-Oil Plant. Cult, 
as an annual for its magniricent foliage, also for the seeds, from which castor- 
oil is expressed ; a stately plant, with large palmately 5 -7-lobed an-d glandu- 
lar serrate leaves, and greenish monoecious flowers in a terminal panicle ; the 
staminate ones below and polyandrous ; the pistillate above, ovary bearing 3 
plumose 2-parted stigmas, and becoming a prickly-pointed 3-lobed pod. 

3. BUXUS sempervirens. Box. Cult, as a shrub, usually dwarf, and 
for borders ; leaves evergreen, oval or obovate, with small and yellowish mo- 
noecious flowers in their axils. 



Order URTICACEJE. Nettle Family. 

Manual, p. 394. — A few species are to be added, mostly trees. 

Trees, without milky or colored juice : flowers not capitate. 

Flowers polygamous : fruit a berry-like drupe. Man. p. 394. CELTIS. 

Flowers often perfect : fruit winged (a samara). Man. p. 394. 1. ULMUS. 

Trees, with milky or yellowish juice, monoecious or dioecious. 

Both kinds of flowers in spikes or catkins, usually monoecious, 

the pistillate catkin becoming berry-like in fruit. . . 2. MORUS. 

Staminate flowers in spikes : pistillate in close round heads which 

become fleshy : dioecious 3. BROUSSONET1A. 

Staminate flowers in racemes : pistillate in a large round head, 

yellow and fleshy in fruit : dioecious 4. MACLURA 

Both kinds lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle (like a 

rose-hip), which becomes pulpy in fruit : stipules convolute, 

caducous 5. FICTJS. 

Herbs, without milky juice, 

Erect, annual : leaves palmately compound. Man. p. 400. CANNABIS 

Twining : leaves palmately lobed. . . . Man. p. 400. HUMULUS. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lxXVll 

1. TJlmus montana, Wych or Scotch Elm. Resembles our Slippery 
Elm, but the buds not rusty-downy ; flowers short-pedicelied, and fruits more 
leaf-like : occasionally planted. 

XJ. campestris, English Elm. A large tree with the branches spread- 
ing at right angles from the trunk ; leaves small and smoothish ; fruit obovate, 
not ciliate, with a deep notch at the apex reaching nearly to the cell : occa- 
sionally planted as a shade-tree. 

2. Morus nigra, Black Mulberry, from W. Asia, to be added to those 
described in Man. p. 397. Leaves heart-shaped, with shallow lobes or none, 
rough ; fruit oblong, red or black, edible. 

3. Broussonetia papyrifera, Paper Mulberry. A shade-tree, from 
Japan, &c, spreading by suckers, with a tough bark ; leaves rough above, 
downy beneath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 
3 -cleft or variously lobed : flowering in spring. 

4. Madura aurantiaca, Osage Orange, Bow-wood (Bois d'arc). A 
low bushy tree, from Arkansas, &c, multiplying rapidly by the root, used for 
hedges ; branches slender, armed with slender spines ; leaves lance-ovate, 
pointed, entire, smooth and shining above, roughish beneath ; fruit (consisting 
of the coalescent pistillate flowers) when ripe of the size, shape, and color of 
an orange. Tough wood, used for bows. 

5. Ficus Carica, Fig-tree. Cult, as a shrub or small tree, a house-plant 
at the North, with stout branches full of acrid milky juice ; leaves large, 3-5- 
lobed, cordate at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath ; figs pear-shaped, 
produced singly in the axils of the leaves, seemingly without any flower, the 
flowers being minute and inside, lining the walls of the fig, which is a hollow 
flower-stalk, becoming pulpy, sweet, and luscious. 

P. elastica, the India-Rubber-tree of East Indies (not that of South 
America, which belongs to the Spurge Family) ; a handsome tree, of house 
culture, full of milky juice (India-rubber or caoutchouc); with large, coria- 
ceous, entire, elliptical or oblong, very smooth, bright green and shining leaves 
having straight transverse veins ; figs small and sessile in the axils, not eatable, 
seldom produced in cultivation. 

Order JUGLANDACEiE. Walnut Family. 

Manual, p. 401. — To the wild species already described, add 

1. Juglans regia, the true Walnut, called English Walnut, because 
we received it from the mother country, but it is a native of Asia ; a fine tree 
in the Middle States ; leaflets oval, acutish, entire, smooth or nearly so ; fruit 
round-oval, smoothish ; the nut with a nearly smooth surface, thin-shelled ; 
seldom ripening well in this country, usually imported. 

Order CUPULIFERJE. Oak Family. 

Manual, p. 403. — Several species are beginning to be introduced in orna- 
mental planting ; but only two are at all common, viz. : — 

1. Quercus Robur, English Oak. Belongs to the same section with 
our White Oak ; but leaves smaller than in that species, not glaucous beneath, 
sinuate-lobed but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over an inch long, — one 
or a few in a cluster nearly sessile in the axils in var. sessiliflora,— raised 
on a slender peduncle in var. pedunculata. 



lxxviii GARDEN BOTANY. 

2. FagUS sylvatica, European Beech, with shorter and less toothed 
leaves than ours, — a variety with copper or bronze-colored leaves is planted. 

3. Corylus Avellana, European Hazel-nut or Filbert. Shrub 6° 
to 10° high ; leaves roundish-obovate, slightly heart-shaped ; involucre smooth - 
ish, not much lacerate, not longer than the oval nut, which is larger than in 
ours. 

Order SALICACEJE. Willow Family. 
Manual, p. 413, where the cult. Willows are sufficiently described, except 

1. Salix Babylonica, Weeping-Willow ; a fine ornamental tree with 
slender hanging branches, and linear-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves ; catkins 
terminating short leafy branches of the season. Var. annularis, Ring- 
leaved or Hoop Willow , is a singular variety, with the leaves curled into 
a ring. 

2. Populus, Poplar, — Balm of-Gilead or Balsam Poplar, Man. p. 
419, is common as a planted tree, but rarely seen indigenous. 

P. dilatata, Lombardy Poplar ; formerly much planted in avenues, 
a tall stiff and slender tree with strictly erect branches ; leaves small, deltoid, 
acuminate, smooth both sides. Supposed to be a remarkable variety of P. 
nigra, the Black Poplar of Europe and Asia. 

P. alba, White Poplar or Abele. Tree with spreading branches, and 
roundish heart-shaped leaves green above but white-tomentose beneath. The 
contrast in hue makes the tree handsome in plantations ; but it becomes a 
nuisance by spreading widely from the root. 

Order CONIFER-SI. Pine Family. 

Manual, p. 420. — The exotic Coniferous trees of the choicer kinds recently 
introduced into ornamental planting are numerous, and are mostly from Califor- 
nia, Japan, and the Himalaya Mountains. But only the following are now 
at all common. The indigenous kinds are all included in the following key, 
which is so simple that any one can at once make out the genus of any common 
Coniferous tree by the most obvious marks. 

Leaves all deciduous in the autumn, and 

Dilated, fan-shaped or wedge-shaped, lobed or incised at the end, petioled. 9. 
Linear and 2-ranked, except on flowering shoots. Man. p. 424. 6. 

Needle-shaped, many in a cluster, but scattered on shoots of the season. 
Leaves persistent, evergreen, 
Many in a cluster, as in Larix, hut evergreen and rigid. . . • 
Two to five in a cluster (no scattered ones), long and needle-shaped. 
Not in clusters, linear or needle-shaped, spreading, none scale-like. 
Bearing cones, and with two winged seeds under each scale. 

Bearing a nut-like seed in a berry-like cup 

Bearing a berry -like and few-seeded fruit, without a cup. 
Not in clusters, a large part of them small and scale-like, imbricated 
and adherent to the branch, those on other shoots subulate. 
Fruit berry-like, the scales fleshy and coalescent, few-seeded. Man. p.425. 7. 
Fruit a dry cone of few scales. 
Scales overlapping, fixed by their base, 2-seeded. 
Scales not overlapping, peltate, several-seeded. 



. 9. 

, 6. 

3. 


SALISBURIA. 

TAXODIUM. 

LARIX. 


10. 
1. 


CEDRTJS. 
PINUS. 


2. 
8. 
7. 


ABIES. 
TAXUS. 
JTJNIPERUS 


. 7. 


JUNIPERUS. 


4 
5. 


THUJA. 
CUPRESSUS 



GARDEN BOTANY. lxXLX 

1. Pinus, Pine. Man. p. 421. The commoner exotic species are, — 

P. sylvestris, Scotch Pine, wrongly called Scotch Fir, the common 
Pine of N. Europe ; with leaves in twos, bluish, seldom over 2' long, a reddish 
bark on the trunk, and small cones, the scales armed with a short deciduous 
point. 

P. Larieio, especially the var. Austriaea, Austrian Pine, has dark 
green leaves like those of our P. rigida, but in twos, 3' to 5' long, and ovate- 
conical cones 2' or 3' long. 

P. Cembra, Cembran Pine, of the Alps, &c, is a handsome small 
tree, with the leaves in fives and much crowded on the branches ; the cones 
ovate, erect, their scales not thickened on the back. 

P. exeelsa, Himalayan White Pine, resembles our White Pine, but 
has longer and whiter drooping leaves, and the cones (never produced here) 
much longer. 

2. Abies, Spruce, Fir. Man. p. 422. One European Fir is occasionally, 
and a Spruce very commonly planted. 

A. pectinata, Silver Fir. A handsome tree, not perfectly hardy in 
the Northern States, resembling our Balsam Fir, but with leaves longer and 
more decidedly two-ranked on the side branches, greener above ; cones 6' to 8' 
long, with slender exserted points to the bracts. 

A. exeelsa, Norway Spruce. A fine, hardy tree, with compressed- 
dangled needle-shaped leaves, like those of our Black Spruce, but'longer, the 
growth more vigorous, and the cylindrical cones hanging at the end of the 
branches 4' to 6' long. 

3. Larix Europsea, European Larch, is the species commonly planted, 
a finer tree and of more rapid growth than the American, its leaves longer, 
and its cones larger, 1 J' long. 

4. Thuja orientalis, Oriental Arbor- Vit^e, is less hardy than ours ; 
leaves furrowed down the middle ; cones roundish, the seeds crustaceous and 
wingless, wherefore it has been separated as a genus, Biota, 

5. Cupressus sempervirens, Oriental or True Cypress. Not 
hardy at the North, in growth like our Red Cedar ; branchlets 4-sided, slen- 
der ; cone globose, 1' in diameter, resembling that of Taxodium. 

6. 7. See the Manual, pp. 424, 425, for the species of these two genera. 

8. Taxus baecata, European Yew. Like our Yew botanically, except 
that it becomes an erect tree : rarely grows well in this country. 

T. Hibernica, Irish Yew, is a marked variety, with branches stiffly 
erect, and the leaves equally spreading all round the branchlet instead of 
two-ranked. 

9. Salisburia adiantifolia, Ginkgo-Tree, of Japan, though hardy, 
rarely flowers and does not fruit here. It is of the Yew Family, but of most 
remarkable foliage, the leaves being wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, on a slender 
petiole, with parallel simply forked veins in the manner of a Fern, the end or 
margin erosely toothed or cleft. 

10. CedrilS, Cedar, i. e. True Cedar (what are popularly called Cedars in 
this country are Junipers, Cypresses, Arbor- Vitae, &c.) is botanically between 
Larch and Pine, but nearer the former, from which it mainly differs in the 
leaves being evergreen, therefore more rigid, and pungent, and the cones large, 
short, and thick, with broad and thin scales, closely packed. The type is thV 



1XXX GARDEN BOTANY. 

C. Libani, Cedar of Lebanon, with dark green foliage, horizontal 
side-branches, and terminal shoot, erect. Not hardy northward. 

C. Deodara, Deodar, of the Himalayas, is a nearly related species or 
marked variety, with pale glaucous foliage, lighter spray, and drooping lead- 
ing shoots, unfortunately little if any more hardy here. 

Order CYCADACEJE. Cycas Family. 

1. Cycas revoluta, a plant with the aspect of a Palm, and wrongly called 
Sago Palm, represents this singula** order in our conservatories, but endures the 
winter on the coast of the Southern States. The pistillate plant only is met 
with : the large obovate ovules are naked on the margins of reduced pinnate 
leaves, where they take the place of leaflets, and grow into red drupe-like 
seeds as large as hickory-nuts or larger. 



Order ARACEiE. Arum Family. 

Manual, p. 426. — The familiar cultivated representative of the order is, — 

1. Riehardia Africana, called Egyptian or ^Ethiopian Calla, but a 
native of Cape of Good Hope, largely cultivated for its ample sagittate green 
leaves and showy white one-leaved spathe, both on long radical stalks, the 
latter convolute at its base around the cylindrical spadix, which is thickly- 
covered below with minute pistils, above with yellow anthers. 

2. Colocasia antiquorum is a kind of huge Arum, raised in greenhouses, 
or planted out in moist places in summer, for its immense sagittate-ovate and 
peltate leaves, sometimes variegated in color. The flowers are uncommon 
and insignificant; the spadix enclosed in a greenish spathe, pistillate at the 
base, neutral for a small distance, then staminate, and the summit slender 
and naked. 

Order CANNACEJE. Canna or Arrowroot Family. 

Known by its irregular flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, and only one 
good stamen (free from the style), its anther one-celled. Tropical plants; two 
are cultivated for ornament. 

1. Canna Indiea, Indian Shot (so called from the round hard seeds) : 
tuberous-rooted, planted out in summer; the stems sheathed with the bases 
of the large oblong pointed leaves, the nerves of which spring from the mid- 
rib ; flowers red, or yellow towards the base ; pod rough or warty, several- 
seeded. 

2. Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a magnificent leaf-plant in con- 
servatories ; the oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long being purple underneath, the 
upper surface satiny and deep green with alternating pale stripes. 

Order AMARYLLIDACEiE. Amaryllis Family. 

Manual, p. 455. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants. 

A cup or crown on the throat of the perianth ; its 
Divisions short and broad : stamens included in the cup. . . 1. NARCISSUS. 
Divisions long aiid slender : stamens exserted from the edge of the cup. 2. PANCRATIUM 



GARDEN BOTANY. Lxxxi 

No cup or crown within or on the perianth. 
Anthers erect, not versatile or swinging free on the filament. 

Stems leafy, branching, leaves twisted : flowers irregular. • 3. ALSTRCEMERIA. 

Stems naked, simple, scape-like, 
From a tuber : flowers numerous in a spike, fragrant. . . 4. POLIANTHES. 
From a coated bulb : spathe 14eaved, 1 -few-flowered. 
The three petals notched and shorter : anthers long-pointed. 5. GALANTHUS. 
The three petals and three sepals alike r anthers blunt. 6. LEUCOIUM. 

Anthers versatile, fixed by their middle and swinging free on the 
long filament. 
Leaves herbaceous and 1 - few-flowered scape from a coated bulb. 7. AMARYLLIS. 
Leaves thick and fleshy, with hard rind : no bulb : flowers pani- 

cled or racemose, greenish 8. AGAVE. 

1. Narcissus, Narcissus. Fine ornamental plants, flowering in spring, 
or as house-plants in winter, from coated bulbs. All but the Daffodil have a 
slender tube and a short crown or cup to the sweet-scented flower. 

"N. poetictLS, Poet's N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1-flowered ; crown 
of the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellow- 
ish throat : in double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. 

"N. biflorus, Two-flowered N., or Primrose Peerless of the old 
gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the 
form of a short yellow cup. 

"N. polyanthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of Polyanthus N. ; 
flowers numerous, white, the cup also white. 

!N\ Tazetta, Polyanthus N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and 
nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes 
white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one 
half the length of the divisions. 

N. Jonquilla, Jonquil. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ; 
flowers 2 to 5, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant. 

"N. Pseudo-NareiSSUS, Daffodil. Leaves flat, and 1-flowered scape 
short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell- 
shaped cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than 
the divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens. 

2. Pancratium rotatum, Man. p. 456, the bulbs brought from the South, 
with very handsome flowers, is sometimes cultivated, and more rarely some 
exotic species. 

3. AlstrCGmeria. Lily-like plants from South America, with leafy stems 
often disposed to climb, twisted leaves, tuberous roots, and large, rather irregu- 
lar, usually party-colored or spotted flowers, cultivated in conservatories. The 
commonest arc, — 

A. Pelegrina. Flowers few or solitary at the end of the branches, open, 
rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink and spotted with purple, with some 
yellow towards the base of the inner divisions. 

A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the 6patulato 
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted. 

4. Polianthes tuberosa, Tuberose. A choice house-plant, with linear 
leaves and a many-flowered scape, rising from a bulbous tuber ; the flowers 
spiked, funnel-form, white, very sweet-scented. 

5. Galanthus nivalis, Snowdrop, the earliest harbinger of spring ; its 
bulb sending np a pair of linear leaves and a scape, bearing usually only one 



txxxil GARDEN BOTANY. 

nodding white flower, the 3 proper petals shorter than the sepals, obcordate 
and tipped with green : sometimes double-flowered. 

6. Leucoium vernum, Spring Snowflake. Like the Snowdrop on 
a larger scale, but the six pieces of the perianth all alike, ovate and entire, white, 
with a green spot outside near the apex ; anthers blunt. 

L. SBStiVum, Summer Snowflake, is commoner than the last in gar- 
dens, taller (the 2-edged scape and leaves 1° or 2° high) ; flowers several and 
smaller, in June. 

7. Amaryllis, Amaryllis. Man. p. 455. Plants with strap-shaped leaves 
and a simple scape from a coated bulb ; flowers one or more, generally red or 
pink, large and showy, lily -like, regular or considerably irregular. Many hy- 
brids are cultivated. 

A. Belladonna. Flowers several in an umbel, 4' long, between funnel- 
form and bell-shaped, with hardly any tube, rose-colored, almost regular ; sta- 
mens and style declined ; leaves appearing after the flowering season. 

A. Reginse, with 2-4 equally large deep-red flowers ; leaves two-ranked. 

A. formosissima, Jacob^ea Lilt, or St. James's Cross. Scape 
bearing one large rich crimson-red flower, which is declined, with hardly any 
tube, and as it were 2-lipped, three of its divisions upwardly recurved-spread- 
ing, the other 3 turned down, their lower portion involute around the base 
of the deflexed stamens and style. 

8. Agave. Man. p. 456. To this belongs that very striking plant of con- 
servatories, the Mexican 

A. Americana, Century-Plant, American Aloe, with very thick 
and large spiny-pointed and spinulose-margined leaves in a close cluster 
at the root : it propagates freely by offsets from the root : when it blossoms 
(which it does in its native tropics in 7 or 8 years, but in the colder northern 
countries after so many years that it has obtained the name of Century -Plant), 
it rapidly sends up a scape as thick as a man's leg, 15 to 30 feet high, bearing 
an immense panicle of yellowish-green flowers ; and the plant dies as the pods 
ripen their seeds. A variety has the leaves striped with yellowish or white. 

Order TRTDA.CEM. Iris Family. 

Manual, p. 459. — Furnishes several common orriamental plants of the gar- 
dens. 

Filaments monadelphous in a long and slender tube sheathing the 
style : stigmas 3 each 2-parted, slender : perianth widely spread- 
ing, spotted, the 3 outer divisions very large, the 3 inner divis- 
ions small. 1. TIGRIDIA. 

Filaments distinct and separate: stigmas more or less dilated. 

Perianth irregular, more or less bilabiate : flowers in a 1-sided spike. 2. GLADIOLUS. 
Perianth with the divisions unlike, the 3 outer (or sepals) recurved, 
the 3 inner alternate with them (or petals) erect : stigmas petal- 
like, arching over the stamens 3. IRIS. 

Perianth regular and the 6 divisions alike or nearly so, 
Widely spreading, spotted,, without any tube above the ovary : 

stem leafy, branching above 4. PARDANTHUS 

Less spreading, broad, with a slender tube between them and the 
ovary, which is underground ; no proper stem : leaves all 
radical, not equitant 5. CROCUS. 



GARDEN BOTANY. lxxxili 

1. Tigridia pavonia, Tiger-Flower, from Mexico : the scaly-coated 
bulb, planted out in summer, sends up a simple or branching stem 2° high, 
bearing broaiish ensiform and plaited leaves, and 1 to 3 very showy large 
flowers (5-' or 6' across) crimson-red with a yellow middle and violet-tinged 
centre, spotted with purple or crimson, opening in sunshine, but only once 
and for a few hours. 

2. Gladfolus, Gladiolus or Corn-Flag. Familiar garden plants, raised 
from solid bulbs or corms, sending up tall and simple leafy stems, terminating 
in a spike of flowers all turned to one side, very showy late in summer, the 
6-cleft perianth more or less oblique, or as it were 2-lipped ; filaments slender. 

G. communis is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather few rose- 
red (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer than the anthers. 

G. ByzantillUS is larger in all its parts, with more flowers in the spike 
and more showy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers. 

G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of the tender white 
or pale rose-colored varieties. 

G. psittacinus is a tall and robust species, its numerous large flowers 
with very broad divisions, yellow, mixed or bordered with scarlet. This is the 
parent of G. Gandavensis, now so much cultivated, and from which so many 
fine varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red and yellow, orange, and 
other colors. 

3. Iris, Iris, Flower-de-Lttce. Man. p. 459. The Crested Dwarf Iris, 
No. 4, is in some gardens. 

* A bearded crest on the base of the three outer divisions of the perianth. 

I. pumila, Dwarf Iris. Stem very short ; the violet and purple flower 
close to the ground, with obovate divisions, hardly exceeding the short sword- 
shaped leaves, in early spring. 

I. Germanica, Common Flower-de-Luce of the gardens ; stems 2° 
high, several-flowered ; flowers scentless, very large, the outer reflexed divis- 
ions deep violet, the inner erect ones about as large, obovate, lighter-colored 
and bluer ; anthers as long as the filament. 

I. sambueina, Elder-scented F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer- 
leaved ; the flower not so large and later in the summer, the outer divisions 
less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, .painted with 
deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale or dull blue ; anthers shortei 
than the filament. 

I. Plorentina, Florence or Sweet F. Less tall than the Common 
F., with broader leaves, and white or bluish faintly sweet-scented flowers. 

I. variegata, Variegated F. Stem several-flowered ; divisions of the 
perianth oblong-obovate, the inner ones yellow, the outer white or whitish with 
dark -purple veins, and usually purple toward the extremity. 

* ^ No beard or crest to the flower. 

I. graminea, Grass-leaved F. Leaves and 1 - 3-flowered stem slen 
der; flower small, with narrow divisions, violet-purple, with yellow stripes on 
the outer ones. 

I. Persica, Persian Iris. Dwarf, nearly stemless from a kind of bulb, 
from which the flower rises on a long tube, earlier than the leaves ; this is del- 
icately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divis- 
ions, the inner divisions very small and spreading. A choice house-plant. 

4. Pardanthus Chinensis, Blackberry Lily, — so called because the 
cluster of black berry-like seeds after the valves of the pod fall looks like a 
blackberry ; — a common plant in gardens, the foliage, &c. resembling an 



lxxxiv 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



Iris ; perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, the divisions all alike, buff-yellow 
or orange, with darker spots. 

5. Crocus vermis, Spring Crocus. Corm or solid bulb sending up its 
flower (yellow and of various other colors) in early spring, and soon after- 
wards producing the short leaves. To this belong all our common and hardy 
Crocuses of the gardens. 

C. sativus, Fall Crocus, with violet purple and more fragrant flowers, 
in autumn, is hardly ever seen in this country. Its orange-red stigmas are 
saffron. 

Order DIOSCOKEACEJS. Yam Family. 

Manual, p. 460. — Recently introduced into cultivation as an esculent is 

1. Dioscorea Batatas, a glabrous species from China, with cordate-3-lobed 
or cordate-hastate leaves, and long and deep farinaceous roots ; proposed as a 
substitute for the potato ; of not much account. 



Order LILXACEiE. Lily Family. 

- Furnishes some esculent and many well-known ornamental 



Manual, p. 465. • 
plants. 

Bulbous plants, the simple stem or scape rising from a bulb. 

Stem few-leaved toward the base, terminated by a large and 
showy erect flower, of bell-shaped form ; perianth 6-leaved : 
style none : stigma sessile : ovary 3-sided : bulb coated. . 1. TULIP A. 
Stem many-leaved : flowers large, 6-leaved : style elongated. 
A pearly nectariferous gland at the base of each piece of the 
perianth : a crown of green leaves above the whorl of nod- 
ding flowers : bulb coated. . . . . . 2. 

No conspicuous glands to the perianth : bulb scaly. . . 3. 

Scape leafless, from a coated bulb : flowers not very large. 
Perianth divided to the base or 6-leaved. 
Flowers corymbed ; style 3-sided. . . Man. p. 468. 

Flowers umbelled, from a spathe 4. 

Perianth 6-toothed, globular or ovoid : flowers racemed. • 5. 

Perianth 6-cleft, short funnel-form : flowers racemed. . . 6. 
Not bulbous, but with rootstocks, tubers, or fibrous roots. 
Perianth tubular at the base : stamens more or less declined and 
curved : flowers large, and 
Blue, in a many-flowered umbel : leaves linear. ... 7. 
Blue or white, in a raceme : leaves ovate or heart-shaped. . 8. 

Yellow or orange, few ; leaves linear, keeled 9. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed : flowers small, white, in a raceme. 10. 
Perianth 6-parted or 6-leaved, greenish : flowers small, axillary: 
fruit a berry : stems (from matted rootstocks) much branched : 
leaves (which are strictly speaking leaf like branchlets) spring- 
ing from the axil of a small scale. 
Stem erect : leaves bristle-shaped or thread-like, fascicled. . 11. 
Stem twining and climbing : leaves ovate, single. . . 12. 

Perianth 6-leaved, white, large, tulip-like : flowers in a large 
panicle terminating a woody stem : leaves persistent, rigid, 
spiny-pointed Mam p. 471. 



PETILIUM. 
LILIUM. 



ORNTTHOGALUM 
ALLIUM. 
MUSCARI. 
HYACINTHUS. 



AGAPANTHUS. 
FUNKIA. 
HEMEROCALLIS. 
CONVALLARIA. 



ASPARAGUS. 
MYRSIPHYLLUM 



YUCCA. 



GARDEN BOTANY/. lxXXV 

1. Tulipa Gesiieriana. Common Tulip. Leaves oblong, glaucous; 
flower of various colors, its divisions broad and very obtuse ; in spring. 

T. suaveolens, Sweet Tulip. Low, the short scape somewhat pu- 
bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flower sweet-scented, its divisions acutish, 
scarlet bordered with yellow ; often double. 

T. sylvestris, a rarer species in gardens, has lanceolate leaves, a tall 
scape-like stem, the yellow flower nodding in the bud, its divisions lance-ovate 
and acute. 

2. Petilium imperiale, Crown Imperial : a stately ornament of the 
gardens in spring, with a circle of showy reddish-orange or yellow flowers" hang- 
ing under the tuft of leaves which crowns the summit of the stem. 

f 3. Lilium, Lilt. Man. p. 470. Our splendid wild species, no. 1 and 4, 
are sometimes cultivated. 

L. candidum, Common White Lilt. Tall, with scattered lanceolate 
leaves, and several hardly nodding white flowers, of bell-shaped form. 

Xi. Japonicum, Japan White L. Flower only one, horizontal, twice 
the length of the common White Lily, and more funnel-shaped, often pur- 
plish outside towards the base ; leaves on the stem somewhat petioled. 

L. longifioruni, Long-flowered White L. Like the last, but the 
stem short, and the flower 5' or 6' long. 

Xi. speciosum, another showy species from Japan, becoming common ; 
stem 2° or 3° high ; leaves scattered, ovate or oblong, pointed ; flowers few, 
nodding, the divisions revolute, white or rose-colored, marked inside with 
purple warty projections. 

Xi. tigri*num, Tiger Bulblet-bearing L. Stem tall, woolly, bearing 
bulblets in the axils of the scattered lanceolate leaves, and at the summit a 
considerable number of large orange-red nodding flowers, the divisions re- 
curved, strongly dark-spotted inside. 

L. bulbiferum, Common Bulblet-bearing L. Not so showy as the 
last, but more common in country gardens ; stem not woolly ; flowers erect, 
more bell-shaped, reddish-orange, with brownish spots inside and rough pro- 
jections towards the base. 

4. Allium, Onion, Garlic, Leek, &c. Man. p. 469. 

A. Moly, Golden Garlic. Leaves flat, lanceolate ; scape a foot high, 
bearing an umbel of large yellow flowers ; ornamental. 

A. sativum, Garden Garlic. Bulbs clustered ; leaves nearly flat, 
lance-linear ; flowers pale purple, or bulblets in their place. 

A. Porrum, Garden Leek. Bulb single; leaves linear-oblong, keeled 
or folded ; flowers violet-purple, crowded. 

A. Sehcenoprasum, Chives, with slender terete leaves and rose- 
colored flowers : see Man. p. 470. 

A. Cepa, Onion. Both leaves and scape terete and hollow, the latter 
usually inflated in the middle, bearing a large umbel of whitish flowers, or in 
Top Onion a set of bulbs in their place. 

6. Muscari, Grape-Hyacinth. The flowers — which appear in early 
spring, in a raceme or spike on a low scape — in the common species resemble 
small blue berries. 

M. raeemosum, which is the commonest, has flaccid leaves, and the 
deep-blue flowers ovoid, densely racemed. 

M. botryoides has stirFer leaves and almost globular blue flowers. 



lxXXVi GARDEN BOTANY. 

M. moschatum has dull purplish ovate-oblong flowers, musky-scented, 
of no beauty; but a monstrous variety, later in the season, produces from the 
scape a large panicled mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue branchlets, of a 
striking and handsome appearance. 

6. Hyacinthus orientalis, Hyacinth, most familiar in cultivation ; 
the fragrant flowers, originally blue, have sported into many colors, are single, 
double, &c. 

7. Agapanthus umbellatus. A showy house-plant, from the Cape of 
Good Hope ; the tall scape bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers, the 
six divisions as long as the tube and widely spreading. 

8. Ftmkia. — The blue and white Day Lilies, so called, are very different 
from Hemerocallis, having long-petioled leaves, with an ovate or cordate blade 
and a midrib, from which most of the ribs or main nerves spring (these con- 
nected by some netted veins) ; the flowers numerous in a raceme, nodding or 
drooping ; stamens on the receptacle ; seeds winged and flat. 

F. subcordata is the species with long, white, and tubular-funnel-form 
flowers. 

F. ovata, with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly 
expanded above the narrow tube. 

9. Hemerocallis flava, Yellow Day-Lily. Less large than H.fulva 
(described in Man. p. 468) and not so common in country gardens ; flowers 
light yellow, the inner divisions acute. 

10. ConvaUaria majalis, Lily-of-the- Valley. Described in Man. p. 
467, because wild in the Alleghany Mountains ; but students ordinarily will 
meet with it only in gardens, where it everywhere abounds. 

11. Asparagus officinalis, Garden Asparagus, having run wild in a 
few places, is described in Man. p. 466. 

12. Myrsiphyllum asparagoides is a rather common, small, climbing 
plant, of house and conservatory culture, with slender angled branches, and 
small flowers like those of Asparagus ; the leaves bright green, narrowly 
ovate, acute, often obscurely heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, commonly 
curved, many-nerved, each proceeding from the axil of a little scale which 
represents the true leaf; the apparent leaves being (here and in Asparagus) 
of the nature of branchlets. 



Order MEL AN TH ACE-SI. CoLcnicuM Family. 
Manual, p. 472. — The only cultivated exotic of this group to be noticed is 

1. Colchicum autumnale, Fall Colciiicum. Flower purple, some- 
times white or variegated, of 6 similar divisions on a long and slender tube 
which rises from the corm underground, like a Crocus, in autumn, without 
green leaves, which appear the next spring. The free ovary, 3 separate styles, 
and 6 stamens, distinguish Colchicum from Crocus. 

I 
Order COMMELYNACE5I. Spiderwort Family. 

Manual, p. 485. — The common cultivated Spiderworts, &c. are natives of the 
United States, and are described in the Manual. 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



Ixxxvii 



Order GRAMIETEjE. Grass Family. 

Manual, p. 535. — The cultivated meadow Grasses are all described in the 
Manual. The following very simple key leads up to them, and also to the few 
ornamental Grasses, and the cereal grains, &c. 

Flowers of two very distinct sorts and sexes ; the staminate in a 
terminal cluster of spike-like racemes j the pistillate in 
2 or 3 great axillary spikes covered with husks, from 
the lower part of the same stem. .... 

Flowers of two kinds, one staminate, the other pistillate, on differ- 
ent plants, in a very large compound panicle, the pis- 
tillate flowers (only cultivated) beset with long white 

silky hairs 

Flowers in only one kind of inflorescence, viz. : 
In two or more one-sided spikes at the top of the culm. 
Spikelets several-flowered, densely crowded in the spike, 
Awn-pointed and very much flattened. . Man. p. 554. 

Awnless and blunt. Man. p. 554. 

Spikelets with only one perfect flower. 
Glumes nearly equal : a creeping perennial. Man. p. 554. 
Glumes very unequal, the lower minute : annual. Man p. 577. 
In many racemed or panicled spikes, awned or more or less 
pointed, . . Man. p. 580. Echinochloa, § of 
In a single terminal spike or contracted panicle looking like a 
Spikelets or flowers on all sides of the jointless axis or rhachis, 
in clusters on very short side-branches, so that it is not 
a simple spike : only one perfect flower to a spikelet. 
Awns rough, springing from the short pedicels. Man. p. 581. 
Awns short, one terminating each glume. Man. p. 541. 

Awn low down on the back of the single palea. Man. p. 540. 
Awns none : glumes winged : an abortive flower each side of 
the base of the perfect one. . . Man. p. 574. 
Spikelets borne directly on the rhachis, at the joints, alter- 
nately on opposite sides, each spikelet 
Several-flowered, edgewise : only one glume. Man. p. 569. 
Several-flowered, flatwise, with a pair of glumes. 
Two-flowered, only one spikelet at each joint of the rhachis, 
nearly as in the last, long-awned. .... 
Two - three-flowered, two or three spikelets on each joint of 
the rhachis, awned, . . Man. p. 579. 

One perfect flower only to each spikelet, long-awned. • 
In a panicle. 
Spikelets strictly 1-flowered and with only two paleae, i. e. no 
empty paleae or rudiments of a second flower. 
Paleae indurated, much flattened laterally : stamens 6. 
Paleae indurated, rolled up in a cylinder : one long awn. 
Paleae thin and delicate, smaller than the glumes. Man. p. 543. 
Spikelets \-flowered, and with a single palea or a pair of empty 
paleae between the perfect flower and the lower glume. 
Paleae of the perfect flower chartaceous or coriaceous. Man. p. 5't 
Paleae all delicate ; glumes coriaceous. .... 

Spikelets with a short rudiment, or abortive pedicel, at each side 
of the base of the chartaceous perfect flower. Man. p. 574. 



1. ZEA. 



2. GYNERIUM. 



DACTYLOCTENIUM 
ELEUSINE. 



CYNODON. 
DIGITARIA. 



PANICUM. 



SETARIA. 
PHLEUM. 
ALOPECURUS. 

PHALARIS. 



LOLIUM. 
TRITICUM. 



SECALE. 



ELYMUS. 
HORDEUM. 



ORYZA. 

STIPA. 
AGROSTIS. 



PANICUM. 
SORGHUM. 



PHALARIS. 



lxxxviii 



GARDEN BOTANY. 



Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awned palea on each, side of the 

chartaceous perfect flower and larger than it. Man. p . 574. 
Spikelets with one perfect flower and a staminate flower on 

each side of it Man. p. 571. 

Spikelets with one (or rarely 2) perfect and one staminate flower. 
Lower flower perfect and awnless ; the upper staminate and 

awned on the back Man. p 573. 

Lower flower imperfect (its pistil more or less abortire) and 

merely pointed, the next one awned on the back, the 

uppermost a rudiment. . . . Man p. 573. 

Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers. 

One of the two or three large flowers awnless, the others 

bearing a twisted awn on the back. . . • 
All the flowers alike, or an uppermost abortive one, and 
Awned from towards the base of the lower palea ; flowers 
in the spikelet only 2. ... Man. p. 571. 

Awned or bristle-pointed from just below the tip of the 
lower palea : flowers many in the spikelet. Man. p. 566. 
Awned or sharp-pointed from the tip of the lower palea, this 
Keeled or laterally compressed. . . Man. p. 557. 
Convex or rounded on the back. } 

Awnless and pointless. > Man. p. 565. 

Xarrow, rounded on the back, few-nerved. ' 
Ovate or heart-shaped, ventricose on the back, dry and 

papery when old without falling, obscurely nerved. 

Rounded on the back, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, falling away 

when old, the axis breaking into joints. Man. p. 558. 

Keeled on the back, scarious-margined. Man. p. 561. 



AXTHOXANTHUM. 
HIEROCHLOA. 

HOLCUS. 

ARRHEXATHERUM, 

9. AVENA. 

AIR A. 
BROMUS. 

DACTYLIS. 
FESTUCA. 

10. BRIZA. 



GLYCERIA. 
POA. 



1. Zea Mays, Maize, Indian Corn. Culm solid (not hollow as in most 
Grasses), terminated by the clustered racemes of staminate flowers (the tassel), 
in 2-flowered spikelets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed 
spike borne on a short axillary branch; 2 flowers within each pair of glumes, 
but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long style, 
the silk. 

2. Gynerium argenteum, Pampas Grass. A reed-like grass, from 
S. America, planted out for ornament, with a large tuft of rigid linear and 
tapering recurved-spreading leayes, several feet in length, the flowering stem 
6 to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle of "(pistil- 
late) flowers. 

3. Triticum, Wheat. Produces the troublesome Couch Grass, described 
in Man. p. 569, and the most valuable cereal or bread plant, viz. 

T. vulgare, Common Wheat. Annual {Spi'i?ig Wheat), or more com 
monly by autumn-sowing raised as a sort of biennial (Winter Wheat) ; spike 
dense, somewhat four-sided; the spikelets imbricated, turgid, 4 - 5-flowered ; 
lower palea either awned or merely mucronate : many varieties. 

4. Secale cereale, Rye. Similar to Wheat in structure, but taller and 
earlier, with bluish glaucous foliage, the spikelets decidedly two-ranked, only 
two-flowered, always long awned ; grain oblong, brown, hairy at the summit. 

5. Hordeum, Barley. Differs from Wheat and Rye in having three 
spikelets side by side on each joint of the rhachis (although the lateral ones 
are sometimes small and sterile), perfecting only one flower : annual. 



GARDEN BOi ANY. lxxxix 

H. vulgare, Common Barley. All three spikelets producing a fer- 
tile awned flower and a subulate rudiment, the spike therefore six-rowed or 
four-rowed. 

H. distichum, Two-rowed Barley. Lateral spikelets at each joint 
sterile and awnless, the middle one alone fertile and awned. 

6. Oryza sativa, Rice. Annual, rough-leaved; spikelets in an open pani- 
cle, one-flowered, very much flattened contrary to the short glumes and hard 
and rough paleas, which are conduplicate ; the latter firmly enclosing the 
grain, the lower one awned or awnless. Cult, southward. 

7. Stipa pennata, Feather Grass, of Europe, is occasionally raised in 
gardens for ornament, the awn of the flower being several inches long and 
beautifully plumose, instead of naked, as in the wild species, Man. p. 549. 

7. Sorghum vulgare, Sorgho, Dourra, Guinea Corn, &c. Stem 
solid, tall; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate; flowers in an ample terminal 
panicle, short-awned or awnless. Broom Corn is a variety of this species, 
with long branches to the large and open panicle, which is made into brooms. 
Sugar Sorghum is a form of the same with sweeter stems, a northern sub- 
stitute for Sugar-Cane. Guinea Corn, or Dourra, the original cereal grain 
of tropical Africa, has the panicle densely contracted and the grain larger. 

9. Avena sativa, Common Oat. Annual, with a loose panicle of very 
large and drooping two-flowered spikelets ; paleae enclosing the grain, that of 
one flower with a long and twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. 

10. Briza maxima, Great Quaking-Grass. Annual, resembles B. media 
of Man. p. 565, but the spikelets are larger, over half an inch long, and very 
turgid : occasionally cultivated in gardens for ornament. 



ADDENDA 

TO THE 

BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. 

MARCH, 1863. 



Page 5. 

l a . Anemone Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' to 6' high from a small 
tuber, hairy above, simple, one-flowered, bearing a 3-parted sessile involucre at 
or below the middle ; its divisions wedge-shaped and 3-cleft ; root-leaves 3-parted 
or divided with the divisions incised, or again 3-cleft and incised ; sepals 1 1 - 20, 
linear-oblong, purplish ; head of fruit oblong. — N. and W. Illinois ( 0. Everett, 
J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, E. Hall, T. J, Hale, &c.) and southward. May. 

P. 38. 

Alyssttm calycinum, L. (For the genus, see Gard. Bot. p. xxiii. Like 
y esicaria, but the pod flat.) A low annual, hoary, with linear-spatulate leaves, and 
racemes of small flowers ; petals pale yellow turning white ; pod orbicular. — 
Amherst, Mass., Prof. Tuckerman; in grass-lands. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. Lepidium Draba, L. Perennial; stems 1° high, leafy to the top ; leaves 
oval or oblong, mostly entire, pale, very minutely hoary, the upper partly 
clasping ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, turgid, wingless ; style promi- 
nent. — Shore of Long Island, N. Y., at Astoria, &c, D. C. Eaton. (Adv 
from Eu.) 

P. 39. 

Thlaspi aryexse, L. (Pennycress.) (Genus much like Capsella, but the 
pod winged and the cotyledons accumbent.) Annual, smooth; leaves oblong, 
toothed, the upper ones sagittate-lanceolate and clasping ; pods half an inch 
broad including the wings, orbicular-obcordate. — Mackinaw, Michigan, Nuttall, 
H. Mann, and common in Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) 

P. 57. 

Lychnis yespertixa, Sibth. Resembles Silene noctiflora, p. 56, but has 5 
styles, therefore belonging to Lychnis, and is usually dioecious ; a coarse, hairy 
biennial, more or less viscid, loosely branched above ; leaves oblong or ovate- 
lanceolate ; flowers opening in the evening ; petals white or pinkish, 2-cleft, 
crowned ; fertile calyx ovoid in fruit, with long lance-linear teeth. — Waste 
places, &e. Elmira, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tat- 
nail. (Adv. from Eu.) 



ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OP THE NORTHERN STATES. xci 

P. 59. 

2 a . Stellaria hamifusa, Rottbcell. A low, glabrous, perennial species, 
spreading on the ground, with the leaves oblong (2" -3" long), fleshy, sessile ; 
petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; stamens 10. — N. Maine, on the upper 
part of St. John's River (G. L. Goodale), and northward. (Eu.) 

P. 73. 

3*. Geranium columbinum, L. Somewhat hairy, decumbent ; leaves 5-7- 
parted and the divisions once or twice 3-cleft into linear lobes ; peduncles and 
pedicels long and slender; sepals awn-pointed, about as long as the entire or 
barely notched purple petals; seeds strongly reticulated. — Lancaster, &c.,Penn., 
Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 

P. 94. 
6. Psoralea esculenta, Pursh. (Pomme Blanche, or Pomme de 

Prairie.) Hirsute with rough hairs; stem 3' to 12' high from a farinaceous 
tuberous root ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong ; peduncles elongated ; spike short and 
dense ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, about equalling the blue corolla. — On the 
Wisconsin River {Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c.) and northwestward. June. 

P. 97. 

Glycyrhiza lepidota, Nutt (Wild Liquorice.) (The genus may 
be known from Astragalus, which it considerably resembles in foliage and in 
flower, by the pods usually beset with prickles, few-seeded, and one-celled.) 
Roots long, perennial, sweet; stem 2° -3° high; leaflets 7 to 9 pairs and an 
odd one, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when 
young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled in the axils of 
the leaves, short ; flowers whitish ; pods oblong, scarcely dehiscent, beset all over 
with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale. 
— Vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on the sands of the shore, probably drifted 
from the northwest, but perfectly established, G. W. Clinton. 

P. 97. 

2 a . Astragalus Plattensis, Nutt. Villous ; stems decumbent or as- 
cending, 6'- 18' long; stipules conspicuous, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceo- 
late and pointed; leaflets 10-17 pairs, oblong, often glabrous above; flowers 
crowded in a short spike or oblong head ; calyx villous ; corolla cream-color or 
yellowish, often tinged with purple ; fruit oblong, somewhat incurved, nearly an 
inch long, fleshy and thick-walled (but less so than in no. 1 and 2), villous with 
white hairs. (A. Tennesseensis, Gray in Chapm. S. Fl.) — Illinois, on the gravelly 
banks of Illinois River or on sand-ridges (Vasey, Stosson, Bebb)> and southward 
and westward. May. 

P. 98. 

4 a . A. alpimis, L. Stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high ; leaflets 13 -25 ; corolla 5" 
or 6" long, violet-purple or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; teeth of the 
calyx nearly the length of the tube; pods black-hairy, narrowly oblong, with the 
dorsal suture decidedly introflexed and projecting internally, mi . <•; on n n.inik 



XCU ADDENDA TO THE 

longer than the calyx ; otherwise much like A. Robbinsii. (A. secundus, Micks* 
A. Labradoricus, DC. Phaca astragalina, DC.) — Willoughby Mountain, Ver- 
mont, Rev. J. Blake; a form with rather elongated racemes of smallish 
flowers. Coast of Maine, Dr. Scammon, &c. On the Aroostook and St. John's 
Rivers, Maine, G. L. Goodale, and northward. June, July. — In the former 
edition specimens of this were confused with A. Robbinsii, which has smaller 
white flowers, a broad and flatter pod, with very slight dorsal introflexion, and 
is nearer the European Phaca australis, L. (Eu.) 

OxytropiS L<amberti, Pursh. (Genus next to Astragalus, known by 
the mucronate tip or beak to the keel of the corolla, to which the generic name 
refers. The seed-bearing suture of the pod is intro flexed.) Flowers blue, purple, 
or sometimes white ; pod 2-celled or nearly so by the introflexion of the seed- 
bearing suture, the dorsal suture not at all projecting inwards (as it does in 0. 
campestris, DC). The common forms of this species, which abound on our 
northwestern plains, may reach our borders. A form with thinner pods, fewer 
flowers, and loose dark hairs on the calyx, long ago found near Quebec, has re- 
cently been detected on the St. John's River in Maine, by G. L. Goodale. It is 
one of the forms which connect 0. Lamberti with 0. Uralensis. 

P. 108. 

2\ Cassia obtusifolia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, 
obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; 
pods slender, 6' long, curved ; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois 
(Dr. Vasey), and southward. 

P. 116. 

l a . Geimi urbanum, L. Petals yellow; otherwise nearly as in G. 
album. — E. Fairfield, Ohio, S. B. McMillan. — I have seen only incomplete 
specimens ; the petals very small. 

P. 120. 

3. Fragaria Indica, L., or Duchesnea fragarioides, Smith, — which 
differs from the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised 
leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and an insipid fruit, — has 
established itself in copses around Philadelphia (Charles E. Smith), and in the 
Southern States. (Adv. from Ind., &c.) 

P. 128. 

3. Animamiia Nuttallii. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terres- 
trial, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and 
closely sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the 
base ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad tri- 
angular lobes, the appendages at the sinuses obsolete or wanting ; petals none ; 
style very short ; ovary 2-celled. (Peplis diandra, Niitt., but stamens usually 4. 
Hypobrichia Nuttallii, M. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Hah), 
Illinois {Buckley, Vasey, Hall, Sec), and southward. June -Aug. — When in 
water, stems 1 ° - 3° long, very leafy. 



BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XC111 

P. 130. 

6. Epilobium HiRStrTUM, L. — a branching, soft-villous species, of our sec- 
ond division, only the flowers are large, the rose-purple petals J' long — is estab- 
lished as a wild plant at New Bedford, Mass., T. A. Greene. (Adv. from Eu.) 

P. 132. 

10. €Cbaq£1icf£1 Serrillata, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the 
base ; leaves lance-linear, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or 
toothed ; flowers axillary ; tube of the calyx funnel-form, shorter than the ovary, 
with 4 strong nerves which are continued as keels to the lobes ; petals yellow, 
obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer than the stamens ; anthers oblong ; stigma 
discoid, merely crenulate ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, 
Wisconsin (Lesquereux), and westward. 

2. Jsissisea repens, L. Glabrous or nearly so; stem creeping, or 
floating and rooting; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers 
large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly obcordate petals 5 ; pod cylin- 
drical, with a tapering base. lj. — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 

P. 136. 

2. Optmtia MiSSOliriensiS, DC. Prostrate, with narrow and obo- 
vate tuberculate joints ; the axils bristly and all armed with 5 to 10 slender 
radiating prickles, some of them stronger ; flowers yellow ; berry prickly. — 
Borders of Wisconsin and westward. 

P. 143- 

9. Saxifa'aga stellaris, L. var. comosa, Willd. Leaves wedge- 
shaped, more or less toothed ; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted 
panicle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, 
the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx ; petals unequal, lanceolate, white, 
with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a distinct claw. — 
Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. 

10. S. IcucaraffaeEHifdlaa, Lapey rouse, Michx. Leaves oblong, 
wedge-shaped or spatulate, coarsely toothed or incised, tapering into a petiole ; 
scape a span to a foot and a half high, bearing one or more leaves or leafy 
bracts, and a loose and spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; calyx free and 
reflexed ; petals unequal, with claws, white, the three larger ones cordate-lanceo- 
late and with a pair of yellow spots, the two smaller ones lanceolate with a 
tapering base and no spots. — Salt-Pond Mountain, Virginia ( Wm. M. Canby), 
and southward in the Alleghanies. 

P. 156. To Discopleura capillacea add : — 

Var. 1 costata. Larger ; rays of the umbel and divisions of the involucre 
numerous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois, Vasey. 

Melosciadium nodifldmm, Koch. A remarkable aquatic form 
of this European species, or perhaps an allied new species, was discovered in 
brooks on the Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Prof. Traill Green. For 
lack of mature fruit the determination is still uncertain. 



XC1V ADDENDA TO THE 

P. 169, after line 13 from bottom, add to the Synopsis : — 

9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla (white) and single style very short. Pod ovoid, many-seeded, 

loculicidal. Leaves slightly connected at the base, very narrow. 

10. GELSEMIUM. Corolla yellow : style slender : stigmas 2, each 2-parted. Pod flat, 

several- seeded. Seeds winged. Leaves ovate or lanceolate : stipules obsolete. See p. 296. 

P. 174. 9. POLYPBEMUM,L. Polypremum. 

Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious- 
margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded 
in the throat ; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short : anthers 
globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat- 
tened, notched at the apex, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A smooth, 
diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, 
connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line ,• the small 
flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla 
inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from 7ro\v7Tp€fjLvos, many-stemmed.) 

1. P. pi'ocumbens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia and 
southward. June - Sept. 

P. 196. 

30 a . Aster amethysts nus, Nutt. Differs from A. oblongifolius in its 
more upright growth, more hirsute and cinereous pubescence (that of the stem 
widely spreading), which is not at all glandular or viscid, more racemose heads 
of smaller size, the scales of the involucre erect or less spreading, the rays of a 
light clear blue. — E. Massachusetts, Dr. Robbins, W. Boott ; and meadows near 
Amherst, Prof. Tuckerman. Athens, Illinois, Mr. E. Hall. 

P. 200. 

3. HoltOIl&a diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance- 
linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; heads panicled, very 
small ; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies near 
Centralia, Illinois, Vasey. Common south westward. 

P. 205. 

27*. Solidago Hadsila, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate 
leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre 
oblong, rigid ; rays 3 - 6 : otherwise much as in S. nemoralis, of which it is prob- 
ably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, W. Illinois and south westward. 

P. 227. 

3 a . Artemisia dracMisculoides, Pursh. — a perennial species, com- 
mon west of the Mississippi, with leaves linear and entire, or the lower 3-cleft, 
cinereous or nearly glabrous, and small panicled heads — has been found in S. 
W. Illinois by Dr. Vasey. 

7\ A. frigida, L., of the third section (p. 228), — alow species, slightly 
woody at the base, white all over with a soft silky wool, the leaves pinnately 
parted, their divisions 3 - 5-cleft and linear, — was found at the Falls of St. An- 
thony by L. Lesquereux and T. J. Hale. It is common thence northwestward. 



BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV 

P. 231. 

5. Senecio paliistris, Hook. Root biennial ; stem stout, £°-3° high, 
woolly when young, glabrous with age ; leaves laciniate or irregularly cut- 
toothed, the upper with a cordate-clasping base ; heads many in a corymb, with 
20 or more short rays, the pappus becoming very long. — N. W. Wisconsin ( T. 
J. Hale) and northward. (Eu.) 

6. S. lobatus, Pers. (Butter-weed.) Annual, glabrous, or loosely 
woolly at first ; leaves rather fleshy, lyrate or pinnately divided ; the divisions 
crenate or cut-lobed, variable; heads many in a corymb, small; rays about 12. 

— Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. 

P. 237. 

Lygodesmia juncea, Don. Flowers nearly as in Nabalus (only 5 in 
the head), purple or rose-colored, the heads erect and solitary ; pappus copious, 
soft and whitish; stems branched, rush-like, 1° high, striate, with few lanceolate 
or subulate rigid leaves. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and common 
northward. 

P. 250. 

Calluna vulgaris, Salisb., the Heather of Europe, was recently dis- 
covered by Mr. Jackson Dawson well established in Tewksbury, Massachu- 
setts, in low grounds, whether indigenous or in some way introduced is still in 
question. 

P. 268. 

2 a . Plantago sparsiiidra, Michx. Belongs to § 1, except that the 
seeds are only one in each cell and somewhat boat-shaped ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong, acute, entire or denticulate, 3 - 5-nerved, tapering into a margined pe- 
tiole, hairy or smooth; scape long and slender (6' -18' high) ; spike filiform, 
sparsely flowered ; bracts ovate ; lobes of the corolla acute ; pod oblong, 2-seeded. 

— Mound City, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. 

P. 273. 

6 a . Lysimachia nummularia, L., described in Garden Botany, p. lxiii., — a 
creeping species, with round leaves and solitary flowers from their axils, — has 
escaped from the gardens and run wild in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

P. 293. 

8 a . Oerardia grandifldra, Benth. Intermediate in appearance and 
in the size of the corolla between no. 6 and no. 9, minutely downy ; stem 3° - 4° 
high, much branched ; leaves mostly pinnatifid and cut. (Dasystoma Drum- 
mondi, Benth.) — Oak-openings, &c, Wisconsin, Lapham, Illinois, Vasey, and 
southward. 

P. 318. 

3. Lamium Album, L , a perennial species, with rather large white flowers, 
and petioled coarsely crenate leaves, is found in waste grounds around Boston 
by D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) 



XCVl ADDENDA TO THE 

P. 326. 

Hydrolea quad rival vis, Walt. The genus differs from most 
Hydrophyllaceae in having the ovary and pod 2-celled or nearly so, by the pla- 
centa? united in the axis, and the numerous seeds : the species is a pubescent 
perennial ; the stem ascending from a creeping base, with a slender spine in the 
axil of most of the broadly lanceolate leaves ; flowers axillary ; corolla blue. — 
In water or wet places. S. Illinois ( Vasey) and southward. 

P. 330. 

2. Polemonium caeruHeum, L. Stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaflets 
9-21, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers numerous, blue; stamens and 
style mostly exserted ; pod rather many-seeded. — Borders of a marsh, 3 miles 
east of Charlottesville, Schoharie County, New York, Dr. E. C. Howe. July - 
Aug. Otherwise found in this country only high north, and in the Rocky 
Mountains and westward, but common in gardens. (Eu.) 

P. 352. 

2 a . Asclepias Meadii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale ; stem simple 
(1° high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3' long) ; leaves all 
opposite, sessile, oblong, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped, ob- 
tuse, mucronate, the plane (not wavy) margins and the numerous rather slender 
pedicels downy when young ; divisions of the greenish-white corolla oblong-ovate 
(4 ,f long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the slightly stipitate crown fleshy 
below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the thickish incurved horn, fur- 
nished with a small sharp tooth at the inner margin on each side towards the 
summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves about 4 pairs, lj'-2j / long. 
Fruit not seen ; so that it is uncertain whether the species should stand next to 
A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia. 

P. 354. 

1\ Acerates monocephala, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (6' -12' 
high), rather stout, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2-' long and 
J' wide) ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled, very many-flowered ; divis- 
ions of the greenish corolla oblong (2j" long), more than twice the length of the 
calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown sessile at the 
base of the tube of filaments, strongly concave, oblong, erect, with the obtuse 
apex somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies of Wisconsin, Lap- 
ham, Mr. Cornell. July. — Intermediate in several respects between A. viridiflora 
and A longifolia; having the sessile crown of the former, and flowers not larger 
than those of the latter. Hoods more cucullate than those of A. viridiflora ; the 
two small appendages within each (and the still smaller pairs of appendages 
alternate with the hoods) more conspicuous than in the last-named species; 
otherwise very similar. Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped. — A. 
longifolia is well distinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much 
shorter than the anthers, and by the thick and short pollen-masses. — Should 
Dr. Engelmann's surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear 
the name of A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. 



BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCVii 

2*. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Almost glabrous ; stems short, about a 
foot high; leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, V-2' wide ; umbels 
several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (1' in diameter), green, with 
a short purplish crown ; pods oblong-ovate, often bearing some soft spinous pro- 
jections. — Prairies, Illinois (Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June. 
P. 362. 

Corispermum liyssopifdlitam, L. An annual, smooth or some- 
what hairy, branching herb, with slender striate branches, narrowly linear thick- 
ish leaves, the upper ones small and short, ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined, 
and forming the bracts of the slender spikes, a solitary and perfect flower sessile 
under each one ; fruit round-oval, convex on the back, wing-margined, resem- 
bling a small bug, whence the name of the genus. — Sandy shore of Lake Mich- 
igan, near Chicago, Dr. Scammon, and of Lake Erie, at Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. 
(Adv. from the Northwest.) 

P. 378. 

11. Riimex Eiig-elmaiini, Ledeb. (R. hastulatus, Baldw., not of 
Campd.), — a dioecious species, with narrow and hastate leaves, or the lowermost 
cordate, distinguished from no. 10 by its very simple panicle, and the valves of 
the fruit enlarging and samara-like, — occurs in S. W. borders of Illinois, thence 
southward and westward. 

Brunnichia cirrlidsa, Banks, a Southern plant of this family, climb- 
ing by tendrils, and with the fruiting calyx and its pedicel winged on one side, 
is said by Dr. Bruendel to occur in S. Illinois. I have seen no specimen. 

P. 435. 

8*. PotamogetOll ClisptlS, L. Leaves lance-oblong or oblong-linear, 
wavy-crisped, obtuse, sessile, serrate, 3-nerved ; stems much branched ; spikes 
long-peduncled, few-flowered. — Streams, "Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnall, 
&c. Lehigh River, Pennsylvania, T. Meehan, and at Lancaster, Prof. Porter. 
Abundant where it occurs ; probably indigenous ; flowering in May and June, 
earlier than the others. (The remarks on p. 436 to be erased.) (Eu.) 
P. 439. 

Sagiftaria calycina, Engelm. Pedicels of the two kinds of flowers 
of equal length, the fruit-bearing ones recurved ; flowers polygamous, the sterile 
ones with a few rudimentary pistils and numerous stamens, their filaments 
smoothish, and about the length of the broadly ovate anthers, the fertile ones 
with 7 to 12 stamens ; style longer than the ovary and erect, but horizontal on 
the lunate or obovate narrowly-winged achenium ; sepals orbicular, strictly ap- 
pressed to the head of fruit. — Kennebunk, Maine, Mr. Swan, growing under 
water, with no blade to the leaves, the petioles stout, subulate. Hackensack 
marshes, New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; mostly with a small and halberd-shaped 
emersed blade to the leaves. Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnall; the blade 
rudimentary, or oblong and entire, or halberd-form or sagittate, short, obtuse. 
Athens, Illinois, E, Hall, with well-developed sagittate acute leaves. Probably 
not uncommon. 



XCV1U ADDENDA TO THE 

P. 448. 

Spiranthes graininea, Lindl. ? has been detected in New York and 
New Jersey by C. F. Austin, and some other species or forms are apparently con- 
fused with S. cernua. They must be studied hereafter with fresh materials, and 
identified with Lindley's various species. 
P. 459. 

2 a . Iris Cliprea, Pursh. Stem tall and slender ; leaves linear-sword- 
shaped (V wide) ; flowers copper-colored, or dull yellow tinged with blue, the 
tube longer than the ovary. — Cairo, S. Illinois, growing with I. versicolor, Dr. 
Vasey. Common in the Southern States. 

P. 460. 

PardXnthus Chixexsis, Ker, described in Garden Botany, p. lxxxii., 
Ixxxiii., has escaped from gardens in some places, and is established along road- 
sides in Delaware, Win. M. Canby. 

P. 461, 465, 472. 

The anthers are so attached to the filament as to be really extrorse in Medeola 
(as ascertained by Prof. H. G. Clark), and in Lilium (as shown by Dr. Chap- 
man), Hemerocallis, &c. Other distinctions having also given way, it becomes 
apparent that Smilaceas and Melanthaceaa will hereafter be merged in the great 
order Liliacese. 

P. 488. 

4. XyriS torta, Smith. Scape terete and one-edged, slender, 9' -20 ; 
high, from a bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves becoming 
spirally twisted ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the mid- 
dle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the S. 
States ; in dry sand. 

P. 497. 

10. Eleocliaris compressa, Sulliv. This is common in Illinois and 
westward, in a taller form, with elongated and many-flowered spikes (J 1 — j' 
long) : the style is 2-cleft, the acheniumwhen well formed is smooth, or nearly so, 
with a rather large tubercle ; the hypogynous bristles generally present, shorter 
than or surpassing the achenium, and retrorsely barbed. The species should 
stand after no. 6. 

P. 498, 500. 

l a . Scirpus paucifldrilS, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, 3' -9' high; 
the sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, chestnut-colored ; glumes nearly 2-ranked, 
blunt, the lower and larger ones not equalling the uppermost ; bristles 3-6, re- 
trorsely barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular 
achenium. — Watertown, near Lake Ontario, New York, Dr. Crawe (mistaken 
for S. planifolius) ; Point de Tour, Lake Michigan (State coll.) ; Ringwood, N. 
Illinois, on the borders of a pond, Dr. G. Vasey. Also in the Rocky Mountains. 
This and Eleocharis no. 7, with other species, serve to combine Eleocharis 
with Scirpus. (Eu.) 



BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XC1X 

8 a . §• (Isolepis) Hallii, n. sp. Like S. debilis in general appearance, 
but stems more slender (5'- 12' high), sometimes 1-leaved above the middle; 
spikes 1 -5, ovate-fusiform, becoming cylindrical (4" or 5" long, hardly 1 J" 
thick), some of them occasionally short-stalked ; scales ovate, the greenish cen- 
tre strongly keeled, sharp-pointed ; stamens 2 ; bristles none ; achenium strongly 
rugose transversely, plano-convex or (especially in Texan specimens, coll. C. 
Wright) triangular. — Along ponds, Mason Co., Illinois, with S. debilis, E. 
Hall, and near St. Louis, Dr. Engelmann, and southwestward. Varies, like 
no. 8, with a 2-cleft or 3-cleft style. I refer it to Scirpus, as the Scirpeous genera 
will probably have to be reduced. 

P. 519. 

32\ Carex Norvegica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled; 
spikes 2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate 
flowers at their base, or the terminal one all staminate ; perigynia oval or ob- 
long, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the obtuse 
scale. — Salt Marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.) 

P. 519. 

53 a . €!• rariildra, Smith. Resembles C. lirnosa (of which it was formerly 
thought to be a variety), but smaller, 4' -9' high; the leaves flatter and rather 
broader ; pistillate spikes with only 5-10 flowers, which are usually less crowded ; 
perigynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the 
broadly-ovate blackish scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine ( G. L. Goodale), and 
northward. (Eu.) 

P. 530. 

106 a . C« palutidsa. Good. More slender, spikes smaller and leaves 
narrower than in no. 107 ; perigynia ovate, very strongly nerved, smooth, with 
a 2-toothed orifice, about the length of the lanceolate awned scale. — Border of a 
salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., near Savin Hill, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu. ?) 
P. 534. 

130 a . C« Olneyi, Boott. Near C. bullata, but with stouter stems, broader 
leaves, and more numerous (4 - 6, usually 5) spikes, the fertile ones longer and 
narrower (so as to appear more like those of C. vesicaria), more approximate, 
the perigynia smaller, and with a shorter beak. — In swamps, Rhode Island, 
Olney. 

P. 541. 

Crypsis schcexoides, Lam. (See Plate I.) A dwarf grass, with decumbent 
branched culms, short and rather rigid pointed leaves, and somewhat inflated 
sheaths hairy at the throat, the uppermost partly enclosing the condensed spike- 
like panicle; the structure of the spikelets nearly as in Vilfa. (C. Virginica, 
Nutt.) — Streets of Philadelphia and vicinity. (Adv. from Eu.) 

P. 542. 

2 a . Villa CUSpidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more 
slender than in no. 2 ; panicle exsertcd, very simple and narrow ; spikelets 



C ADDENDA TO THE 

smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palea cuspidate. — Borders of 
Maine (on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodale), and northwestward. 

P. 547. 

l a . Calamagro§ti§ ILaiigscloriHi, Trim Resembles no. 1, but the 

spikelets are larger, the oblong-lanceolate taper-pointed glumes 2j" to 3" long, 
and more strigose-scabrous ; the awn stouter. This and C. Canadensis are the 
only species in this country which have the panicle loose and open after flowering. 
— White Mountains of New Hampshire ( IV. Boott) and northward. (Eu.) 

l b . C. Strlcta, Trim Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, its branches 
erect or apprcssed after flowering; glumes l^"-2" long, ovate-oblong, not 
acuminate ;. hairs scarcely or little shorter than the flower, and as long as those 
of the rudiment ; awn straight, from the middle of the thin palea or lower, and 
barely exceeding it; leaves narrow, soon involute. — Ledges at Willoughby 
Lake, Vermont ( W. Boott), and northward. (Eu). 

3. C Nllttalliana, Steud. This name must take the place of C. coarc- 
tata, Torr., as there is an older one of the latter name in South America. 

3 a . C. Porteri, Gray, Proceed. Amer. Acad. 6, p. 79. Panicle long and 
narrow, with the branches appressed ; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2j" 
long ; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching 
about to the middle of the flower behind the upper palea, but very short or none 
at the base of the firm-membraceous lower palea, which bears near its base a 
twisted awn of its own length ; stem 2° -4° high ; leaves flat, bearing a woolly- 
bearded ring at the junction with the sheath. — Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and 
vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Pennsylvania, Prof. T. C. Porter. 

P. 556. 

Grapliephorum melicoides, Beauv., is to replace Dupontia Coo- 
ley i. See Gray in Ann. Bot. Soc Canad., and Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 190. 

P. 565. 

l a . Festuca Mttjkus, L. Panicle narrow and simple, one-sided (2' to 6' 
long), strict; spikelets about 5-flowered; lower glume setaceous; flowers awl- 
shaped, rough, long-awned, the awn longer than the palea; leaves as in no. 2. 
Annual, 6'- 12' high. — Pine-barrens of New Jersey, and Delaware Co., Penn. 
( IF. M. Canby), and southward. (Nat from Eu.) 

P. 569. 

1. Tritictim repens, L. : add var. junceum, Benth. (T. junceum, L.) 
A marked maritime variety, glaucous, rigid, awnless ; the glumes obtuse ; the 
leaves involute and sharp-pointed. — Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Prof. Tuckerman. 
(Nat. from Eu. ? ) 

P. 572. 

2. I>aillllOiaia sericea, Nutt. Larger than no. 1 ; culms not tufted ,• 
leaves broader ; glumes three quarters of an inch long ; lower palea densely vil- 
lous with long silky-white hairs. — Pine-barrens of New Jersey, near Philadel- 
phia ( C. E. Smith), and southward. 



BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. CI 

P. 573. 

Air a (rather than Avena) caryophyllea, L., — resembling A. praecox, but 
taller, and with a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at length silvery scarious 
spikelets, — was detected in abandoned fields reverting to forest, near Newcastle, 
Delaware, by Win. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) 

P. 576. 

l a . Paspalum Walterianum, Schult. Spikes few (3-7), the 
lowest scarcely emerging from the sheath, the membranaceous rhachis blunt 
and not projecting; spikelets glabrous. — Delaware (E. Tatnall, Wm.M. Canby) 
and southward, in very wet places. 

P. 586. 

5 a . Eqtiisetum paliistre, L. Stems 6' - 18' high/much more slender 
than those of no. 5, and with numerous branches, roughish, with only 5-9 broad 
and deep grooves separated by prominent narrow ridges ; sheaths with as many 
elongated lance-subulate teeth, pale. — In wet places, Buffalo, New York (G. 
W> Clinton), and northward. (Eu.) 

P. 592. 

3. Cheilanthes lanuginosa, Nutt. in herb. Hook. Stalks slender, 
at first hairy, black or brown, shining; fronds (3' -8' high) delicate, lanceolate 
in outline, woolly with soft whitish hairs, becoming smoother above, 3-pinnate ; 
pinnae ovate, the lower ones distant ; pinnules crenately pinnatificl, or mostly 
divided into minute roundish segments, the herbaceous margin recurved, forming 
an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook, &c. C. gracilis, Metten.) — 
In dense tufts on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin ( T. J. Hale), Iowa, and west- 
ward. — Ultimate pinnules exceedingly small and crowded. 

P. 606. 3. m AKSIUG A, I*. 

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send- 
ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined 
leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one or more 
globular but somewhat excentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit are 2- 
celled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 
lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo- 
rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob- 
long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. 

1. M. quadrifdlia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; spo- 
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, 
pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float- 
ing on the surface, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen. The 
only known habitat in America ! (Eu.) 

2. HE. vestita, Hook and Grev., with hairy leaflets and villous short-stalked 
or sessile sporocarps, will doubtless be found in the western part of Wisconsin. 



BOTANY 



OF THE 



NORTHERN UNITED STATES. 



SERIES I. 

PHiENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- 
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an 
embryo. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EX6GE. 
NOUS PLANTS. 

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood form- 
ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the 
stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition 
of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net- 
ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, 
or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts 
usually in fivea or fours. 

Subclass I. ANGIO SPERMS. 

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and 
forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 
l 



2 KANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

Division I. POLYP^TALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co- 
rolla ; the petals not united with each other.* 

Order 1. RANUNCtTLACE^E. (Crowfoot Family.) 

Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apeta- 
lous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals, 
numerous stamens, and. many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and 
unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3- 
15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few: anthers short. Fruits 
either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded. 
Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules 
none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large 
family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) 

Synopsis of the Genera. 

Tribe I. CLEMATIDE^J. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. 
Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or 
hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines : leaves all opposite. 

1. ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens. 

2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. 

Tribe n. ANEMONEJ1. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small 
and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- 
posite or whorled, forming an involucre. 

* Seed suspended. 
8. PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens. 
4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re- 
mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves. 
6. IIEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves, 
and resembling a calyx. 

6. THALICTRUM. Achenia 4 - 10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like. 

* # Seed erect. 

7. TRAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none. 

Tribe III. RANUNCUIiEiE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often 
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary. 

8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Aohenia in a head. Seed erect. 

9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended. 

Tribe IV. KELLEBORIXE.E. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely 
persistent, petal-hke. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or 
2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — Leaves 
all alternate. 

* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 

10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 

11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney -shaped. 

* In many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous order! 
are destitute of petals , as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyrum, and other plants of the Crow 
foot Family. 



KANUHCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 

12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base Pods 8-16, 

sessile. Leaves divided. 

13. COPTIS. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid- 

uous. Leaves divided. 
U. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 6, 
persistent, turning green with age. 

15. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5. 

# # Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded. 

16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long 

spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 

17. ACON1TUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals. 

* * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. 

18. ZANTHORHIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in droop- 

ing compound racemes, polygamous. 

Tribe V. CIMICIFUGEJE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals 
small and flat, or none. Pistils 1 - several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry. 
Leaves all alternate. 

19. HYDRASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- 

seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 

SO. ACTiEA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. 
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound. Petals manifest. 

21. CLMICIFUQA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1 -8, in fruit forming dry several- 
seeded pods. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound. 

1. ATBAOENE, L. Atragene. 

Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud. 
Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens. 
Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long 
plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks ; stems a little 
woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1 -flowered. (A 
name of obscure derivation, given to a climbing plant by Theophrastus.) 

1. A. Americana, Sims. (American Atragene.) Leaflets stalked, 
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. ( Clem- 
atis verticillaris, DC.) — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to 
Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May. — Prom 
each of the opposite buds in spring arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked 
leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across. 

2. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower. 

Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals 
none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked, 
hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing 
by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KXrjfxaris, a name of Di- 
oscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe brarches.) 

# Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery : anthers linear, 
■«- Stem erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside. 

1. C. OCliroleuca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile, 
silky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above ; tails of the fruit verv plu* 



4 KANUNCTJLACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

mose. — Copses near Brooklyn, New York ; Pennsylvania and Virginia ■ rare. 
May. — A foot high. Calyx yellowish within. 
*-+- Stems climbing : leaves pinnate : calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent. 

2. C. Viorna, L. (Leather-flower.) Calyx ovate and at length 
bell-shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped 
with short recurved points ; the long tails of the fruit vei~y plumose ; leaflets 3-7, 
ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2- 3-lobed or entire; uppermost 
leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May -Aug. 

3. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish 
tepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform 
and barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, 
much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois, on the Mississippi, 
and southward. June. 

4. C. cylilldrica, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of 
the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin 
margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate 
to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. 
May -Aug. 

* * Flowers in panicled clusters : sepals thin : anthers oblong. 

5. C. Virginiana, L. (Common Virgin's-Bower.) Smooth ; leaves 
bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped 
at the base.; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &c, common; climbing 
over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous 
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dioecious ; 
the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit. 

3. PULiSATIIiliA, Tourn. Pasque-flower. 

Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens. 
Achenia with long featheiy tails. Otherwise as Anemone ; from which the 
genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name 
was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.) 

.. 1. P. Xuttal liana. Villous with long silky hairs ; flower erect, devel- 
oped before the leaves ; which are temately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part- 
ed, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft 
mto narrowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of the involucre like those of the 
leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup ; sepals 5-7, purplish, spread- 
ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, frc. not of L. A. Nuttalliana, 
DC. A. Ludoviciana, NutL) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. 
April. — A span high. Sepals l'-lj' long. Tails of the fruit 2' long. More 
like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe. 

4. AftEUiONE, L. Anemone. Wind-flower. 

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed 
suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to- 



RANUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 

gether, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. 
(Name from avc^ios, the windy because the flower was thought to open only when 
the wind blows.) See Addend. 

* Pistils many, croioded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit: 
sepals downy or silky underneath. 

1. A. parvifldra, Michx. (Small Anemone.) Somewhat pubescent ; 
stem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions 
wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval, 
whitish; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant 
2' -12' high. 

2. A. multifida, DC. (Many-cleft Anemone.) Silky-hairy; prin- 
cipal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun- 
cles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or 
thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes 
greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western 
Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. — Plant 
6' -12' high : sepals J' long. 

3. A. cylindrical, Gray. (Long-fruited Anemone.) Slender, 
clothed with silky hairs ; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun- 
cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- 
stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 
one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish- white ; 
head of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May. — Plant l°-2° high. Pedun- 
cles 7'- 12' long, all appealing together from the same involucre, and naked 
throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4. 

4. A. Virginiana, L. (Tall Anemone.) Hairy; principal involucre 
3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the 
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute, 
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods 
and meadows; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high; the upright pe- 
duncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf- 
less; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which 
are 2-leaved at the middle; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar 
peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer. 

# if? Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent. 

5. A, Pennsylvanica, L. (Pennsylvanian Alnemone.) Hairy , 
involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked 
peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre 
at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3- 
cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5 - 7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white ; 
head of fruit spherical ; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy. — W. New England 
to Ohio and Wisconsin. June -Aug. — Plant rather hahy, 6' high when it be- 
gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked 
peduncle, through the summer ; flowers 1 J' broad, handsome. 

i * 



6 RANUSCULACEuE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

6. A. nemordsa, L. (Wind-flower. Wood Anemone.) Low, 
srnoothish ; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of 
the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions 
often (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted ; radical leaf single ; sepals 4-7, oval, white, 
sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a 
hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal 
species; the spreading flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 

5. HEPATICA, Dill. Livek-leaf. Hepatica. 

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a 
calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a 
seetion). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent 
through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers 
single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the 
shape of the leaves.) 

1. H. triloba, Chaix. (Round-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 
ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; 
common ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, 
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or 
rounded. (Eu.) 

2. H. acutiloba, DC. (Sharp-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 
ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or 
acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pala 
purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1. 

6. THALiCTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. 

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped 
by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend- 
ed. — Perennials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the 
leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva- 
tion obscure.) 

* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone : root tuberous- 
thickened and clustered: flowers perfect : fruits sessile, grooved. 

1. T. anemonoides, Michx. (Rue-Anemone.) Low; root-leaves 
twice or thrice 3-divided ; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo- 
lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone 
thalictroides, L., Bigel.) — Woods: common. April, May. — A pretty plant, 
more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves 
at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole, 
so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 5-10, 
half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink. 
Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma. 
# # Slem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound: root fibrous: flowers dioecious or 



RANUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.; 7 

polygamous: sepals 4-5, falling away early : fruits setsile, tipped with long stig- 
mas, ribbed-angled. 

2. T. dioicum, L. (Early Meadow-Rue.) Leaves all with general 
petioles; leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in compound panicles, green- 
ish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides ; common northward. April, May. — A foot 
or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish anthers on 
capillary filaments. 

3. T. ConiUti, L. (Meadow-Rue.) Stem-leaves without general peti- 
oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound 
large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem 
3°-9° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish and glandular, or downy beneath. Fila- 
ments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. 

7. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. False Bugbane. 

Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia 
numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and inflated. Seed 
erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym- 
bose («rhite) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 

1. T. palmala, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.) 
"Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar- 
ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5-9-lobed; the 
lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high. 

§. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache- 
nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals 
or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, 
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more 
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little 
frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where 

those animals abound.) 

* * 

§ 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pore or naked pit at the base, white, 
the claw yellow: achenia turgid, transversely wrinkled: aquatic perennials, with 
the immersed foliage dissected into capillai~y lobes. 

1. R. aqmitilis, L., var. clivaric&tus. (White Water-Crow- 
foot.) Floating ; leaves all immersed and similar, compound^/ dissected into 
many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori- 
zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than 
the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatus, 
Sibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams : common. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow in all our species). 

# Achenia smooth. 

+~ Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves Jiliformly dissected. 

2. R. Purshii, Richards. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Stem 
floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divis 



8 KANUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersetl loaves kidney-shaped 
or round and variously lobed or cleft ; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx , 
carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight beak. (R. multifidus, Pursh, 
Bigel. R. lacustris, Beck.) — Stagnant water ; most common northward. May - 
July. — Stems 2° -4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as 
large as in the common Buttercup. 

«•- ■»- Terrestrial : perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes 

annual. 
++ Leaves all undivided : plants glabrous, 

3. R. alismaefolius, Geyer, Benth. (Water-Plantain Spear- 
wort.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints; leaves 
lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined 
petiole with a membranaceous dilated and half-sheathing base ; petals 5-7, 
much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; caipels flattened, pointed with a long 
and straight subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Elammula & 
R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places ; common northward. 
June -Aug. Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Plower 5" -6", in Ore- 
gon and California 7" -9", broad. Carpels much larger than in the next. 

4. R. Flammula, L. (Spearwort.) Stem reclining or ascending, 
rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en- 
tire or nearly so, mostly petioled ; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, 
bright yellow; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually curved blunt 
point, forming a small globular head. — Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ; 
thence northward. June -Aug. Corolla 4" -6" broad. (Eu.) 

Var. reptans. (Creeping Spearwort.) Much smaller and slenderer ; 
the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, L. R. fill 
formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and 
Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4' - 6' long. (Eu.) 

5. R. pusillllS, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round- 
ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem- 
leaves similar; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, 
scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the calyx, yellowish ; 
stamens few (5-10) ; carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet 
places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July. — 
Stems 5'- 12' high. 

6. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (Sea-side Crowfoot.) Stem sending 
off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; leaves 
all roundish, mostly heart-shaped at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed, rather fleshy, 
on long petioles ; flower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1 -7-flowered ; petals 5-8, bright 
yellow ; carpels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-beaked, striate-veined on the 
6ides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York, to 
Illinois and westward. June-Aug. — Scapes o'-Q' high. 

*+ *-♦• Root-leaves undivided, often cleft, but not to the base. 

7. R. rltoillboicleus, Goldie. Dwarf hairy; root-leaves roundish, or 
rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem- leaves similar 
or 3-5-lobed; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; carpels 



RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 

orbicular with a minute beaky in a spherical head ' petals large, exceeding the calyx 
(Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, April, 
May. — Stems 3'-6' high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower 
deep yellow, as large as in No. 12. 

8. R. abortivus, L. (Small-flowered Crowfoot.) Glabrous and 
very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, 
the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 
3-5-parted or divided, subsessile; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- 
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved 
beak ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides and along brooks, 
common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6 f -2° high, at length branched above, 
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion. 

Var. micraiithllS* Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, 
some of them 3-parted or 3-divided; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more 
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa- 
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward. 

9. R. sceleratus, L. (Cursed Crowfoot.) Smooth and glabrous ; 
root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut 
and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near- 
ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; 
petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — "Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. 
June -Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid 
and blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) 

10. R. recorvatUS, Poir. (Hooked Crowfoot.) Hirsute; leaves 
of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad- 
ly wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob- 
ular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked 
styles; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. 
— Stem l°-2°"high. 

++«•■+ ++ Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia fat. 
a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx. 

11. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. (Bristly Crowfoot.) Hirsute with 
rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, 
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels 
pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June - Aug. — A 
coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. 

b. Head of carpels globular : petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx. 

12. R. fascidllaris, Muhl. (Early Crowfoot.) Low, pubescent 
with close-pressed silky hairs; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical 
leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses- 
sile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or 
linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread- 
ing calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather 
curved beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yel 
low flower 1' broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than tho 
scale, often 6 or 7. 



10 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

13. R. lepcns, L. (Creeping Crowfoot.) Low, hairy or nearly 
glabrous ; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners ; leaves 3-divid- 
ed ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped 
or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed ; 
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, 
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c., 
May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by 
upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large 
as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.) 

14. R. bulb6sus, L. (Bulbous Crowfoot, Buttercups.) Hairy, 
stem erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions ses- 
sile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun- 
cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the 
reflexed calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pas- 
tures ; very abundant only in E. New England ; seldom found in the interior. 
May - July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 
7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 

15. R. acris, L. (Tall Crowfoot, Buttercups.) Hairy; stem 
erect ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg- 
ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed; 
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields. 
June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but 
not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their 
very acrid juice, which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when 
these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* ^ Achenia beset with rough points or small prickles : annuals. 

16. R. muricatus, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni- 
form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; 
petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly 
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia 
and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 

17. R. parvifl6rus, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse; lower leaves round- 
ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not 
longer than the calyx ; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- 
gined. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 

9. MYOSURUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. 

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- 
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20. 
Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender 
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from pus, a mouse, and olpd, a tail) , 
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root- 
leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 

1. HI. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and 
Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.) 



RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 

10. ISOPfBUM, L. (Enemion, Kaf.) 

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American 
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods 
ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately 
compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, 
white. (Name from taos, equal, and nvpos, wheat; of no obvious application.) 

1. I* biteriiatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com. 
monly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. lj. — Moist shady pla- 
ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here 
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum 
anemonoides. 

11. GiLTHA) L. Marsh Marigold. 

Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. 
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with 
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from 
Kaka6o$, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.) 

1. C palu§tri§, L. (Marsh Marigold.) Stem hollow, furrowed; 
leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals about 6, 
broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north- 
ward. April, May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, 
when coming into flower, under the name of Cowslips ; but the Cowslip is a 
totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear 
with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.) 

12. TBOLLIVS, L. Globe-flower. 

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity 
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- 
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun- 
culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from 
the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 

1. T. lux us, Salisb. (Spreading Globe-flower.) Sepals 5-6, 
spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — 
Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Elowers 
twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name 
is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the 
blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow. 

13. COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread. 

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at 
fLe apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, 
membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials, 
with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name 
from ko7Ttg>, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 



12 EANUNCULACEuE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

1. C trifdlia, Salisb. (Three-leaved Goldthread.) Leaflets 3, 
obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape I -flowered. — 
Bogs, abundant northward; extending south to Maryland along the mountains. 
May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter iibrcs. Leaves evergreen, shining. 
Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.) 

14. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. 

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- 
lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — 
Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and 
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Xame from iXelu, to injure, and 
popd, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.) 

1. IT. yiridis, L. (Green Hellebore.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate , 
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Adv. 
rroni Eu. ) 

15. AQl'ILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine. 

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short 
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than 
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- 
nials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large 
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some 
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.) 

1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Spurs inflated, sud- 
denly contracted towards the tip, nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer 
than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -June. — Flowers 2' long, 
scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be- 
comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the 

A. vulgaris, L., the common Garden Columbine, from the Old World, 
which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 

16. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. 

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at tne 
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs 
which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short claws: 
rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in 
fruit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name 
from Delplun, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un- 
like the classical figures of the dolphin.) 

1. I>. exaltatuill, Ait. (Tall Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3-5- 
cleft ; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3- cleft at the apex, acute ; 
racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; spur straight; pods 3, erect, lj. — 
Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Low- 
er leaves 4 f - 5 ' broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy. 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13 

2. D. tricorne, Michx. (Dwakf Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 5-part- 
ed, their divisions unequally 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few- 
flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging, lj. — W. 
Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem 
simple, 6' -12'' high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. 

3. !>. aziireiiui, Michx. (Azure Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3-5- 
parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly linear ; raceme 
strict ; spin* ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 3-5, erect. 1J. — Wiscon- 
sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high, slender, often 
softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish. 

4. I>. Consolida, L. (Field Larkspur.) Leaves dissected into nar- 
row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose ; pedicels shorter than the 
bracts; petals all combined into one body; pod one, glabrous. © — Penn. (Mer- 
oersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped from grain-fields : and sparingly along 
road-sides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.) 

17. AUOrVITUM, Tourn. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. 

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet- 
shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very 
minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies 
raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev- 
eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately 
cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an- 
cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.) 

1. A, nncisiafiim, L. (Wild Monkshood.) Glabrous; stem slen- 
der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-lobed, petioled ; the 
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical, 
compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Eich shady soil along streams, 
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June - Aug. 

2. A. reclinatum, Gray. (Trailing Wolfsbane.) Glabrous-, 
stems trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3 -1 -cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu- 
lar in outline ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2 - 3-lobed ; flowers white, 
m very loose panicles; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight 
beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Aileghanies. 
Aug. — Lower leaves 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 

1§. ZANTIIORHIZA, Marshall. Shrub Yellow-root. 

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the. 
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10. 
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the 
short style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant; the bark 
and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, 
in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves, 
from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compoimded of £av66s, yellow 
and pi£a, root.) 



14 RANUNCULACEjE. (crowfoot family.) 

1. Z. apiifdlia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of 
Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr. Douglass. Stems 
clustered, 1° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also 
of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. 

19. HYDRASTIS, L. Orange-root. Yellow puccoon. 

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils 
12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head 
of crimson 1 -2-secded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in 
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow root-stock, a single radical leaf, 
and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by 
a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vd<op, water, and dpda), 
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 

1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and 
southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly 
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' - 9' wide. 

20. ACTJfcA, L. Baneberry. Cohosh. 

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4- 1Q, small, flat, 
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. 
Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. 
Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with 
ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and 
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from 
{zktt}, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) 

1. A, spicata, L. (A. Americana, Pursh. A. brachypetala, DC.) 
Called Herb Christopher in Em-ope. 

Var. rubra, Michx. (Red Baneberry.) Petals about half the length 
of the stamens ; pedicels slender ; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. rubra, Willd., 
Blgel, $c. Rich woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and northward. 
April, May. Plant 2° high. (Eu.) 

Var. tllba, Michx. (White Baxeberry or Cohosh.) Petals rather 
longer and narrower ; pedicels thickened both in flower and fruit ; berries milk* 
white, short-oval or globular. (A. alba, Bigel. A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rich 
woods, more common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky. May. — 
Plant 2° -3° high. Pedicels in fruit often almost as thick as the main peduncle. 
Berries sometimes tinged with red or purple, very rarely deep red (Dr. Knies- 
kern) ; while in some districts white berries occur abundantly on slender pedi- 
cels (Mr. Oakes, Prof. Chadbourne) ; also in Siberia. Nor does the length of the 
petals afford marked distinctions. So that all probably belong to one species. 

21. COIICIFUGA, L. Bugbane. 

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather 
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as 



MAGNOLIACE.E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15 

in Actsea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 
2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 
gated wand-like racemes. -(Name from cimex, a bug, and fug o, to drive away; 
the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) 

§ 1. MACR6TYS, Raf. — Pistil I, sometimes 2-3: seeds smcvth, fattened and 
packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actaea : stigma broad and flat. 

1. C. racemdsa, Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Racemes very long; 
pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south- 
ward. July. — Plant 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes 
in fruit becoming l°-2° long. 

$2. CIMICIEUGA, 1,. — Pistils 3-8: seeds fattened laterally, covered with 
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-shaped: 
stigma minute. 

2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bugbane.) Racemes slen- 
der, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 
seeded. — Mountains of S. Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle- 
ghanies. Aug. — Plant 2° -4° high, more slender than No. 1. 



Ad6nis autumnalis, L., the Pheasant's Eye of Europe, has been found 
growing spontaneously m Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es- 
caped from gardens. 

Nigella Damascena, L., the Fennel-flower, which offers a remark- 
able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as 
to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 

P^onia, the P^ony, of which P. officinalis is familiar in gardens, forms 
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy 
disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 

Order 2. MAGNOLIACEJE. (Magnolia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly- 
petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored 
alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepals 
and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep- 
tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering 
the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a 
sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu- 
men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with 
minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark 
aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and 
Liriodendron. 

1. MAGNOLIA, L. Magnolia. 

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short fdaments, and long anthers 
opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a 
mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red frui\ •, each car- 



16 MAGNOLIACEJE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 

pel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang 
by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat 
bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules, 
each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and ap- 
plied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named 
after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.) 
=fc Leaves all scattered along the branches : buds silky. 

1. !?!• glauca, L. (Small or Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bat.) 
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath ; petals white, rounded-obovate ; cone 
of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York south- 
ward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far west as Cumberland Co. June- 
Aug. — Shrub 4° - 20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are ever 
green, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. Flower very fragrant, 2' -3' broad. 

2. M. acuminata, L. (Cucumber-tree.) Leaves oblong, pointed, 
green and a little pubescent beneath ; petals glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 
oblong; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New York, Penn., 
Ohio, and southward. May, June. — Tree 60-90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5'- 
10' long. Flower 3' broad. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling 
a small cucumber, whence the common name. 

3. I?I. macrophylla, Miehx. (Great-leaved Magnolia.) L J eaves 

obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; petals 
white, with a purple spot inside at the base, ovate ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Rock- 
castle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky. Occasionally planted farther 
north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2j°-3° long. Flower 
8' -10' broad when outspread. 

* * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella -I ike 
circle : buds glabrous. 

4. M. Unil>re!Ia, Lam. (Umbrella-tree.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong. (M. tripetala, L.) 
— York and Lancaster counties, Penn. (Prof. Porter,) to Virginia and Kentucky 
along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves l°-3° long. Flowers 
white, 'T'-S' broad. Fruit rose-color, 4 / -5 / long, ovoid-oblong. 

5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (£ar-leaved Umbrella-tree.) Leaves ol> 
long-obovate or spaiulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate, 
with narrow claws. (M. auriculata, Lam.) — Virginia and Kentucky along the 
Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° -50° high. Leaves 8 f - 
12' long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding. 
M. cordata, Michx., the Yellow Cucumber-tree, of Georgia, and 
M. graxdifl6ra, L., the Great Laurel Magnolia, of the Southern 
States (a noble tree, remarkable for its dcliciously fragrant flowers, and thick 
evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-colored be- 
neath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy 
as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos- 
soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size in New 
England, where M. macrophylla is precarious. 



ANONACEiE. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 17 

2. LIRIODilXDBON, L. Tulip-tree. 

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An- 
thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, 
imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from 
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, 
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. 
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined 
at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex 
points to the base of the bud. (Name from \ipiov, lily or tulip, and bivbpov^ 
tree.) 

1. L*. Tulipifera, L. — Kich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi- 
nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° 
high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is called wrongly 
Poplar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the 
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla 
2' broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange. 

Order 3. ANONACEJE. (Custard-Apple Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and 
a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous. 
— Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards: filaments very 
short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or 
pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and 
a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter- 
nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid- 
aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United 
States, viz. : 

1. ASIMINA, Adans. North American Papaw. 

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inne.. 
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and 
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy 
aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid 
flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colo- 
nists.) 

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- 
ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 
times as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC, Torr. $° Gray.) — Banks of 
streams in rich soil, W. New York and Penn. to I1L and southward. April, 
May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed 
with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, lj\ wide. 
Fruits 2' - 3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn. 

A. parviflora, a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably 
does not g^ow so ar north as Virginia. 



18 MENISPERMACEJE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 

Order 4. MENISPERMACEiE. (Moonseed Family.) 

Woody climbers, with pahnaie or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the 
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; hypo- 
gynous, dioecious, 3-6-gynous; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long 
curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. 
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved 
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. 
Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family: there are 
anly three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States. 

Synopsis. 

1 COCCULUS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled. 

2. MENISPERMUM. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Sepals 4 -8. Anthers 4-celled. 

3. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12, short ; in the fertile flowers 6, abor- 

tive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. 

1. COCCULUS, DC. CoccuLrs. 

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 
3-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. 
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Mowers in axillary racemes or panicles. 
(An old name, from coccum, a berry.) 

1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, 
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ; 
the petals in the sterile ones auricula te-inflexed below around the filaments ; 
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and 
southward. July. 

2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed. 

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as 
long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised 
on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and fiat. Drupe globular, the 
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being 
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone 
(putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo 
therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary 
panicles. (Name from ^rjvrj, moon, and o~7repiia, seed.) 

1. M. Cauadeiise, L. (Canadian Moonseed.) Leaves peltate near 
the edge, 3 - 7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July. 
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Cupseed. 

Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short : anthers 
2-cellcd. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. 
Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup 



BERBERIDACE^. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19 

on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish- white, in 
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of Kakv£, a cup, and Kapiros, fruit, 
from the shape of the shell.) 

1. C liyoili, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken- 
tucky. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply 
3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long, 
globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. 

Order 5. BERBERIDACEJS. (Barberry Family.) 

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 2 
or more rows of 2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals 
and opposite them : anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. 
(Podophyllum is an exception, and JefFersonia as respects the sepals in one 
row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a ber- 
ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves 
alternate. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. BERBERIDEiE. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledons flat. (Berries acid 
and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.) 

1. BERBERIS. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base. 

Tribe II. NAXDINEjE. Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (Roots and foliage some- 
times drastic or poisonous.) 

* Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon naked 

3. DIPHYLLETA. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 -4-seeded. 

4. JEFFERSONIA. Petals 8. Pod many -seeded, opening on one side by a lid. 

* # Anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM. Petals 6-9. Stamens 6 - 18 ! Fruit pulpy, many-seeded. 

I. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. 

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, 
with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir- 
cular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous 
integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in 
drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived 
from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 

1. B. vulgAris, L. (Common Barberry.) Leaves scattered on the 
fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins, or re- 
duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed 
rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop- 
ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire ; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and 
waste grounds, in E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : else- 
where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barberry.) Leaves re- 
pandly-toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petals 



20 BBRBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 

notched at the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker 
deems it a variety, perhaps with reason). — Alleghanies of Virginia and south- 
ward: not in Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high. 

B. (Maii6nia) Aquif6lium, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging 
to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber- 
ries, — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. 

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and 
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much 
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers 
oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary 
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, 
and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- 
ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of 
horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up 
in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani- 
cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large tritcrnately 
compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from KavXos, 
stem, and (frvWov, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf ). 
Leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2-3-lobed. 

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called Pappoose-root.) Leon- 
tice thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods. April, May. — Stems l°-2^° high. 
Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biternate leaf often 
at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, also the seeds, 
which are of the size of large peas. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Umbrella-leaf. 

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 : 
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 5 
or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded. 
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal 
rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge, centrally peltate and cut-lobed, 
rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing 
two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near 
one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of 
bis, twice, and (fivWov, leaf.) 

1. I>. cyinosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia 
and southward. May. — Root-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 
5 - 7-lobed ; lobes toothed. Berries blue. 

4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton Twin-leaf. 

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong- 
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2- 
Jobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part 



NELUMBIACE^E. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21 

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy 
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, 
long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- 
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 

1. J* diphylia, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad: the parts rarely in threes 
or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places. 

5. PODOPHYLLUI, L. May-Apple. Mandrake. 

Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga- 
cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima- 
layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by up- 
lifted valves. Ovary ovoid •. stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Emit a 
large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, 
each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of 
the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. 
Stems 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. (Name from novs, a foot, and (pyWov, a leaf, from 
a fancied resemblance of the 5 - 7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-footed 
animal.) 

1. P. peltatlim, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes 
oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich 
woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7-9- 
lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 2 
one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near the inner edge ; the nodding white 
flower from the fork, nearly 2 ! broad. Fruit ovoid, l ; -2' long, ripe in July, 
slightly acid, mawkish, eaten by pigs and boys. Leaves and roots drastic and 
poisonous ! 

Order 6. NELUMBIACEJE. (Nelumbo Family.) 

Huge aquatics, like Water-Lilies, but the pistils distinct, forming acorn- 
shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-shaped 
receptacle. Seeds solitary, filled with the large and highly developed embryo : 
albumen none. — Sepals and petals colored alike, in several rows, hypogy- 
nous, as well as the numerous stamens, and deciduous. Leaves orbicular, 
centrally peltate and cup-shaped. — Embraces only the singular genus 

1. NEL."IT UIBIUH, Juss. Nelumbo. Sacked Bean. 

Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelumbo, the Cey 
lonese name of the East Indian species.) 

1. N. lutcum, Willd. (Yellow Nelumbo, or Water Ciiinquefin.) 
Corolla pale yellow : anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa- 
ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : introduced 
into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Big Sodus Bay, L Ontario, and in the 
Connecticut near Lyme ; perhaps introduced by the aborigines. June, July. 



22 NYMPHiEACEjE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 

— Leaves l°-2° broad. Flower 5' -8' in diameter. Tubers farinaceous. 
Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nvmphcea on a large scale. Cotyle- 
dons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves, 
enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath. 

Order 7. CAB03IBACEJ1. (Water-shield Family.) 

Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but the liypogynous sepals, petals, stamens (in 
threes, persistent), and pistils much fewer (definite) in number, all distinct 
and separate. Seeds very few. — Really no more than a simple state of 
Nymphreacese : embraces Cabomba, of the Southern States, and the follow- 
ing genus. 

1. BBASENIA, Schreber. Water-shield. 

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 : filaments fili 
form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent 
pods. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! Embryo enclosed in a 
peculiar bag, at the end of the albumen next the hilum. — Rootstock creeping. 
Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water. 
Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.) 

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and 
slow streams. June -Aug. — Stalks coated with clear jelly. Leaves entire, 
2-3' across. (Also a native of Puget Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern 
India !) 

Order 8. NYMPEMGACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy 
flowers from a prostrate rootstock; the partly colored sepals and numerous 
petals and stamens imbricated in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined 
into a many-celled compound ovary. Embryo small, enclosed in a little bag 
at the end of the albumen, next the hilum, with a distinct plumule, en- 
closed by the 2 fleshy cotyledons. — Sepals and petals persistent, bvpogy- 
nous or perigynous ; the latter passing into stamens : anthers adnate, 
opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry, ripening under water, crowned 
with the radiate stigmas, 14-30-celled ; the many anatropous seeds at- 
tached to the sides and back of the cells. — Rootstocks imitating the endo- 
genous structure (astringent, with some milky juice, often farinaceous). 

1. IVYIPHJSA, Tourn. Water-Nymph. Water-Lilt. 

Sepals 4. green outside. Petals numerous, in many rows, the inner narrower 
and gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of 
the ovary. Stamens inserted on the top of the receptacle, the outer with petal- 
like filaments. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed 
petals. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Plowers white rose-color, or blue, 
very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.) 



SARRACENIACE.E. (PIT CHER-PL ANTS.) 23 

1. IV. odor a fa, Ait. (Sweet-scented Water-Li ly.) Leaves orbic- 
ular, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole, 
the margin entire ; flower white, fragrant ; petals obtuse ; anthers blunt. — Va- 
ries occasionally with the flowers rose-coior. — Ponds, common ; the trunks im- 
bedded in the mud at the bottom, often as large as a man's arm. June - Sept. 

— Flower closing in the afternoon. 

2. NIJPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lilt. Spatter-dock. 

Sepals 5 or 6, partly colored, roundish. Petals numerous, small and glandu- 
lar, inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle under the 
ovary, shorter than the circular and sessile many-rayed peltate stigma. Fruit 
ovoid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. Leaves roundish, sagittate-cor- 
date. (Name from Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.) 

1. N. advena, Ait. Leaves floating, or oftener emersed and erect, on 
stout half-cylindrical petioles ; sepals mostly 6, very unequal ; petals narrowly 
oblong, very thick and fleshy, truncate, resembling the very numerous stamens 
and shorter than they; anthers much longer than the filaments ; stigma 12-24- 
rayed ; the margin entire or repand ; fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong, trun- 
cate, its summit not contracted into a beak. — In still or stagnant water ; com- 
mon. May -Sept. — Leaves 8'- 12' long, thick, rounded or oblong-ovate in 
outline. Flower 2 ! broad. 

2. N. Kalmiana, Pursh. Leaves floating, on slender or filiform peti- 
oles ; sepals 5 ; petals spatulate, as long as the moderately numerous stamens ; 
anthers shorter than the filaments ; stigma 8- 14-rayed, the margin crenate ; fruit 
not furrowed, ovoid-globose, contracted under the stigma into a narrow and angled 
beak. (N. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. §* Gray, and ed. 1. N. intermedium, 
Ledeb. ?) — Ponds, &c, New England, New York, and northward. July, Aug. 

— Leaves lJ'-4' long, roundish, the veins beneath much fewer and more 
branched than in the last. Flower 1'- 1 J broad. (Eu. ?) 

N. lutea, Smith, I have not seen anywhere in the United States. 

Order 9. SAKRACENIACEJS. (Pitcher-Plants.) 

Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trum* 
pet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, an« 
other (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in those of California, and the following genus 
in the Atlantic United States 

I. SABRACENIA, Tourn. Side-saddle Flower. 

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong 
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary 
compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at 
the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped 
body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked 
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placenta 



24 PAPAVEKACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 

in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of 
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves 
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. 
Scape naked, 1 -flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Toumefort in honor 
of Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical 
account of it, to Europe.) 

1. S. purpurea, L. (Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant. 
Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged, 
the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped 
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish- 
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla, 
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs ; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward 
east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled 
with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff 
bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high : 
it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but 
it is not very unlike a pillion. (Illinois, Dr. Vasey.) 

2. S. flava, L. (Trumpets.) Leaves long (l°-3°) and trumpet-shaped, 
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing 
almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, 
Virginia and southward. April. 

Order 10. PAP AVERAGES. (Poppy Family.) 

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or 
fours, fugacious septals, polyandrous, hypopynous, the ovary 1 -celled with 2 or 
more parietal placenta. — Sepals 2, some^mes 3, falling when the flower 
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous. 
Stamens 16 -many, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy im- 
perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatro- 
pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily 
albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipule Peduncles mostly 1-flow- 
ered. Juice narcotic or acrid. 

Synopsis. 

* Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud. 

■*- Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placenta?, not valved. 

1 PAP AVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown : style none. 

+- «♦- Pod strictly 1-celled, 2 - 6-valved ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread 

like placentae, which remain as a framework. 

2. ARGEMONE. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly. 

3. STYLOPHORUM. Stigmas and placentae 3-4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod bristly. 

4. CHELIDONITJM. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4. 

•♦- •+- •»- Pod 2-celled by a spongy partition between the placentae, 2-valved. 

5. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4. 

• * Petals not crumpled in the bud. 
6 SANGUINARIA. Petals 8 -12. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-Talved. 



PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 25 

1. PA PAVER, L. Poppy. 

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed 
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and 
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions, 
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs 
with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Two 
species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. 

1. P. somniferum, L. (Common Poppy.) Q Smooth, glaucous ; leaves 
clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur- 
ple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. P. DtiBiuM, L. (Smooth-fruited Corn-Poppy.) ® Pinnatifid leaves 
and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. — 
Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. ABOEIONE, L. Prickly Poppv. 

Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod 
oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top Seeds crested. — Herbs, 
with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with 
prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name 
from apye/xa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.) 

1. A. Mexicana, L. (Mexican Prickly Poppy.) ® (g Flowers sol- 
itary (pale yellow or white) ; calyx prickly. — Waste places ; not common. 
July- Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) 

3. STYLOPHOBUM, Nutt. Celandine Poppy. 

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed. 
Pod ovoid, bristly, 3-4-vaived to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — 
Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the 
uppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; the 
buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from otvXos, 
a style, and (fcepco, to bear ; indicating one of its characters.) 

1. S. dipliylllim, Nutt. (Meconopsis diphylla, DC.) — Woods, W. 
Penn. to. Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Divisions of the leaves *>- 7, sinu- 
ate-lobed. Flower 2' broad. 

4. CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. 

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none: stigma 2-lobed. 
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- 
wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid 
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- 
low flowers. (Name from xeXi&oi/, the Swallow, because, according to Dio9- 
corides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.) 

1. C. majus, L. (Celandine.) Flowers several, in umbel-like clusters. — 
Waste grounds near dwellings. May- Aug. (AaV« from Eu.) 



26 FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 

5. OL.AIJCIUM, Tourn. Horn-Poppy. 

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2- 
horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false par- 
tition, in which the crestlcss seeds are partly immersed. — Annuals or biennials, 
with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The 
Greek name, ykaviaov, from the glaucous foliage.) 

1. O. lijteum, Scop. Glaucous; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sin- 
uate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6 ; -10' long). — Waste 
places, Maryland and Virginia ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Blood-root. 

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens 
about 24. Style short : stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1 -celled, 2- 
valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate root- 
stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a 
rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand- 
some. (Name from the color of the juice.) 

1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. 



Eschscholtzia Calipornica, and E. Douglasii, now common orna- 
mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor- 
nia and Oregon. Then* juice is colorless, but with the odor of muriatic acid. 

Order 11. FUMARIACE^. (Fumitory Family.) 

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu 
lar flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pods 
and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. 
Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spread- 
ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner 
pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma. 
Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, bypogy- 
nous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, 
the lateral ones 1-cellecJ. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary. 
Pod 1-celled, either 1 seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 pa- 
rietal placenta?. — Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. (Slightly 
bitter, innocent plants.) 

Synopsis. 

* Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placen'.se. 

1. ADLUMIA. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals united. Seeds crestless. 

2. DICENTRA. Coroli.1 heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the hase. Seeds crested. 

3. CORYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 

* * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. 

4. FUMAMA. Corolla 1-spurred at the base Seed crestless. 



FUMARIACE.E. (FUMITOHY FAMILY.) 27 

1. ADLUMIA, Kaf. Climbing Fumitory. 

Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be- 
coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not 
crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine, 
with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of 
drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.) 

1. A. cirrlldsa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) — Wet woods ; com- 
mon westward. July - Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale 
flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high 
bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places. 

2. DICENTBA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. 

Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu- 
ous or withering. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly 
united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem- 
less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose 
nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from bis, twice, and tcwrpop, a 
spur.) 

1. 1>. CllCllllaria, DC. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Granulate-bulbous; 
lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent 
spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es- 
pecially westward. April, May. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early 
spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form 
of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter 
bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white lowers tipped with cream-color. 

2. I>. Canadensis, DC. (Squirrel-Corn.) Subterranean shoots 
tuberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the 
spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — 
Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, 
May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian 
Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with the 
fragrance of Hyacinths. 

3. I>. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of 
the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate 
at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare 
( Thomas, Sartwell), and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — A larger plant 
than the others. Flowers reddish-purple. 

3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Corydalis. 

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- 
ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species 
are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.) 

1. C aurea, Willd. (Golden Corydalis.) Stems low, spreading ; ra- 
cemes simple ; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped crest -— 



28 CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

Rocks b) streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April - July. — Glau- 
cous : flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler and less handsome. Pods 
1 ' long, uneven. 

2. C glaiica, Pursh. (Pale Cortdalis.) Stem tpright ; racemes 
panicled ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a 
small entire crest. — Rocky places; common. May -July. — Corolla whitish, 
shaded with yellow and reddish. 

4. FUMARIA, L. Fumitory. 

Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, 
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected 
compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from 
fumus, smoke.) 

1. F. officinalis, L. (Common Fumitory.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- 
color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwell- 
ings. (Adv. from Eu.) 

Order 12. CRUCIFERjE. (Mustard Family.) 

Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers : 
fruit a silique or silicic — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, reg- 
ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a 
cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. Pod 
2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 marginal placentas, 
from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad 
(a silique), or short (a silicle or pouch), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like 
(iiucumentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceous). 
Seeds campy lotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which 
is curved or folded in various ways: i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz. 
their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of 
the seed appears thus oQ ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyle- 
don applied to the radicle, thus o([). In these cases the cotyledons are 
plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where they 
are conduplicate, thus o^). In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is 
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or 
corymbs: pedicels not bracted. — A large and very natural family, of 
pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the 
pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) 

Synopsis. 

I. SILIQUOS^E. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves. 

Tribe I. ARABIDE^. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium) Seed* flattened. Co- 
tyledons accumbent, plane. 



CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29 

# Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless. 
1 N ASTURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly In two 
rows in each cell, small. 

2. IODANTIIUS. Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each cell. 

* Pod flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in one row in each cell. 

3. LEAVENWORTHIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight ! Leaves all radical 

4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved. 

6. CARDAMINE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks. 
Stems leafy below. 
* # # Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear ; the valves one-nerved in the middle, or veiny. 

6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers white or purple. 

7. TURRITIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows in each celL 

8. BARBAREA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds in one row in each celL Flowers yellow 

Tribe II. SISYMBRIEJ2. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent, 
narrow, plane. 

9. ERYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 

10. SISYMBRIUM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4 -6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow. 

Tribe III. BRASSICEiE. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent 
and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. 

11. SINAPIS. Pod terete ; the valves 1 -5-nerved. Calyx spreading. 

II. SILICULOSiE. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves. 

Tribe IV. AL.YSSINE.flE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- 
tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 

12. DRABA. Pod flat, many-seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved or nerveless. 

13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 - several-seeded : valves nerveless. 
1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless. 

Tribe V. CAMELOEiE. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- 
tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. 

14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid : valves 1-nerved. Style slender. 

Tribe VI. LEPIDINE^. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to 
the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane. 
16. LEPIDIUM. Pod two-seeded. 

16. CAPSELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular. 

Tribe VII. SXJBUIjARIE^E. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the 
broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and 
Incumbent. 

17. SUBULARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped. 

Tribe VHI. SEIVEBIEREiE. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti- 
tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut- 
lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 7. 

18. SENEBIERA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated. 

III. LOMENTACEiE. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two 
or more closed joints. 

Tribe IX. CAKILINEJE. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1. 

19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded. 

Tribe X. RAPHANEiE. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 8. 

20. RAPHANTJS. Pod elongated se7eral-seeded, transversely intercepted. 



30 crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 

1. NASTURTIUM, R.Br. Water-Cress. 

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete 
or nearly so, often curved upwards : valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid, 
marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquat- 
ic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid 
leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding 
to the effect of its pungent qualities.) 

§ 1 . Petals white, twice the length of the calyx : pods linear : leaves pinnate. 

1. IV. officinale, R. Br. (Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- 
ing; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) on 
slender widely spreading pedicels. )J. — Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped 
from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong, 
ovoid, or globular : leaves mostly pinnatifid. 

* Perennial from creeping or subteiranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yelbw. 

2. N. sylvestre. R. Br. (Yellow Cress.) Stems ascending; leaves 
pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods linear 
(4" -6" long), on slender pedicels; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila- 
delphia ; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. rV. SilfiliatusEl, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse ; leaves pinnately cleft, the 
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4" -6" long), on 
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. 

* # Annual or biennial, rarely perennial ? with simple fibrous roots : flowers small 

or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate. 

4. N. sessiliftdrillll, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely 
incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elon- 
gated-oblong (5 /; -6" long), thick; style very short. — With No. 3 and south- 
ward. April - June. 

5. N. obtUSUlll, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; 
leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or 
repand ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying 
from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 

6. IV. paMstrc, DC. (Marsh Cress.) Stem erect; leaies pinnately 
cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels 
about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or 
ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. June 
-Sept.— Elowers only l"-lj" long. Stems l°-3° high. — The typical form 
with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute 
stems and leaves are common. Var. hispidum (N. hispidum, DC.) is this, 
with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) 

§ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undi- 
vided, or the lower ones pinnatifid. ( Armoracia.) 

7. N. lacusti'C, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic, 
immersed leaves 1 - 3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; 
emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; 



CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31 

pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style, \ (N. natans, ed. 1. N. nataus, 
var. Americanum, Gray. Armoracia Americana, Am.) — Lakes and rivers 
N. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. July. 

8. W. Armoracia, Fries. (Horseradish.) Root-leaves veiy large, ob- 
long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels 
ascending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. 1J. (Coehleuria 
Armoracia, L.) — Boots large and long; — a well-known condiment. Escaped 
from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. IODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. False Rocket. 

Pod linear, elongated, terete; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in 
each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple 
petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed 
and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in 
panicled racemes. (Name from 1000*77$-, violet-colored, and avOos, flower.) 

1. I. hesperidoid.es, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx.) — 
Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem l°-3° high. 
Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods 1' to nearly 2 1 long, somewhat curved upwards. 

3. LE1VENWOBTHIA, Torr. Leavenworthia. 

Pod linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate- 
veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em- 
bryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if 
continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or 
hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one - 
few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer 
of one species.) 

1. !<• IVfichatixii, Torr. Scapes one-flowered; petals white or purplish, 
yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michx.) — On flat rocks, 
Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch sends 
it with purple flowers). March, April. 

2. Ii. anrea, Torr. Scapes l-8-flowered; petals yellow, larger than in the 
other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward. 

4. DENTABIA, L. Toothwort. Pepper-root. 

Pod lanceolate l flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and 
flat. — Perennials /vith long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed 
rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste ; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3 
petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme 
of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.) 

1. I>. diphylici, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, 
similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed 
leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5' -10' long, 
crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white. 

7 



o2 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

2. D. m&xima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a tiring of toothed 
tubers ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely 
toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var. d., Torr. Sc Gr.) — W. 
New York, and Penn., Nuttall! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe! May. — 
Stem 10' -2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in No. 1, 
purple. Joints of the rootstock V-2 r long, £' thick, starchy. The leaves are 
intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3. 

3. I>. lacmiuta, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain 
of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the 
leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the 
lateral ones deeply 2-lobed. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to 
Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — A span high : raceme scarcely longer than 
the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected. 

4. D. lieteropliylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ; 
stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire , 
root-leaves of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaflets. — West- 
ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May. — A span high, slender: 
stem-leaves 1' long. Flowers few, purple. 

5 CABDA1INE, L. Bitter Cress. 

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves 
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- 
less; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple. 
(From Kapdapov, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on 
the one hand, into Arabis on the other. 

* Root perennial : leaves simple or S-foliolate. 

1. C rliomboidea, DC. (Spring Cress.) Stems upright, tuberifer- 
ous at the base ; stems simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower 
stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petiole^, the upper almost lan- 
ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point- 
ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. — 
Wet meadows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April - June. 

Yar. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4'- 6' high) and slightly pubescent; 
leaves rounder ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich 
soil, W. New York to Wisconsin. 

2. C rotundifdlia, Michx. (American Water-Cress.) Stems 
branching, weak or decumbent, with creeping runners ; root fibrous ; leaves all much 
alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the 
lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets ; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with 
the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool, 
shaded springs, Penn., and southward along the mountains. May, June.— 
Leaves with just the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in summe- 
1°-?;° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 

3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2* -& high), tufted; leaves ovate, en- 
tire, r sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear ; style. 



CRUCIFER^E. ^MUSTARD FAMILY.) 33 

nearly none. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. 
— Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1-nerved: so 
that the plant might as well be an Arabis ! (Eu.) 

# # Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy. 

4. C pratensis, L. (Cuckoo-flower.) Stem ascending ; leaflets 7- 
13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or 
linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the 
length of the calyx ; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont 
to* New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. May. (Eu.) 

*= # # Root biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small. 

5. C. hirsuta, L. (Common Bitter Cress.) Mostly smooth in the 
United States, sometimes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate- 
pinnatifld ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper 
oblong or linear, often entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx (white) ; the 
narrow pods and the pedicels upright : style shorter than the width of the pod. 
(C. Pennsylvanica, MM.) — Moist places, everywhere : a small delicate variety, 
with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C Virginica, Michx. (not of 
Hb.Linn.) May- July. (Eu.) 

%. ARABIS, L. Rock Cress. 

Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, 1-nerved in the middle, oi 
longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or 
winged. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from 
the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.) 

# Leaves all pinnately parted: root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.) 

1. A. ILudoviciatia, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched 
from the base (5' -10' high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous, 
oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised ; flowers very small ; pods erect-spread- 
ing, flat (9" -12" long, 1" wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ; 
seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) — 
Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. 

* # Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials. 

■*- Seeds wingless or slightly margined. 

2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4'- 10' high), glabrous ex- 
cept the lyrate-pinnatifld radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering 
to the base, the upper entire ; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods 
spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April - June. — 
Radicle sometimes oblique. — A variety 1 from Upper Michigan and northward, 
(Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons often whol- 
ly incumbent. 

3. A. clentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubcscent, diffusely branched 
(l°-2° high), leaves oblong, veiy obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those 
of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering 
into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread- 
ing, straight, short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — New York and Illinois to Virgin- 



34 crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 

ia and Kentucky May. — About 1° high, slender. Pods 1' long, almost fili- 
form ; the valves obscurely nerved. 

4. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2° high); 
item-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- 
clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white) twice the length of the 
calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tipped 
with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Sullivant. Penn., Prof. 
Porter. May. — Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods 1^-2' long. 

5. A. hirsute!, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect 
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- 
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) 
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely 
any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high, 
simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near- 
ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.) 

•<- t- Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition : petals narrow, whitish. 

6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly 
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or 
entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- 
spreading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Stem 
l°-3° high. Pods 3' long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also 
A. heterophylla, Nutt.) 

7. A. Canadensis, L. (Sickle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above ; 
stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower 
toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods drooping, flat, 
scythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx. ) — Woods. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Pods 3 f long and 2 fr broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like 
a scymitar. 

7. TUBBITIS, Dill. Tower Mustard. 

Pod and flowers, &c, as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal 
rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color. 
(Name from turris, a tower.) 

1. T. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glau- 
cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base ; the yellowish white petals 
little longer than the calyx ; flowers and the long and narrow (3' long) straight 
pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Eu.) 

2. T. Stricta, Graham. Smooth (l°-2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate or 
linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so ; petals twice 
the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up- 
right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York, 
North Illinois, and northward. May. — Root-leaves small. Petals white, 
tinged with purple. Ripe pods 2j'-4' long, 1" wide. 

3. T. bracliyc&rpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stem-leaves 
linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow-shaped; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short 



crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 35 

and broadish pods spreading or ascending. — Fort Gratiot, &c., INIichigan. — 
Root-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple. 

8. BABBAEEA, R. Br. Winter Chess. 

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- 
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. 

— Mostly biennials : flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar- 
bara.) 

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rock- 
et.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; upper leaves 
obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much 
thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ; — or, in the var. 
stricta, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. prsecox. 
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. arcuata, ascending on spreading ped- 
icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May. — Probably naturalized 
from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe- 
rior northward and westward. (Eu.) 

B. precox, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad 
in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy-Grass, — is becoming spon- 
taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods, 
scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of 
the stem-leaves. 

9. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Mustard. 

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single 
row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. 
Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping. 
(Name from epvco, to draw blisters.) 

1. E. cIieiraJitlioid.es, L. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Minutely 
roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; 
pods small and short (7" -12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender 
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and north- 
ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.) 

2. E. Arkaiasamiifl, Nutt. (Western Wall-flower.) Minutely 
roughish-hoary ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly 
erect on very short pedicels, elongated ' (3 f - 4' long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. 

— Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. — ■ 
Plant stout, 1 ° - 2° high ; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as 
those of the Wall-flower. 

10. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard. 

Pod terete, flattish, or 4 - 6-sided ; the valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds oblong, 
marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, w^te or 
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family ) 



36 CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

1. N. officinale, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Leaves runcinate; flow- 
ers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, aid-shaped, scarcely 
stalked. (J) — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly, branched weed, 
2° -3° high. (Nat. from En.) 

2. S. Thalianum, Gaud. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Leaves obovate or oblong , 
entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer 
than the slender spreading pedicels. ® — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts 
to Kentucky, &c. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the 
base. (Xat. from Eu.) 

3. S. caiiescens, Xutt. (Tansy Mustard.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the 
divisions small and toothed ; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small ; pods in 
long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi- 
cels ; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell. Q — Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon- 
sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent. 

11. SIN A PIS, Toura. Mustard. 

Pod nearly terete, with a stout beak (which is either empty or 1 -seeded) ; the 
valves 3-5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- 
bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel- 
low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name SiVcwri, 
which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.) 

1. S. Alba, L. (White Mustard.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading 
pedicels, shoner than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid. — 
(Cult, and adv. from Eu.) 

2. S. artensis, L. (Field Mustard. Charlock.) Pods smooth, knot- 
ty, about thrice the length of the conical 2-edged usually empty beak ; upper leaves 
merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon- 
sin. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. S. nigra, L. (Black Mustard.) Pods smooth, \-cornered (the valves 
l-nerved only), appressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak) ; 
leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Eields and waste places. 
The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

12. DRAB A, L. Whitlow-Grass. 

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex, 
I - 3-ncrved : partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each 
tell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. 
— Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu- 
bescence mostly stellate. (Name from bpdfin, acrid, in allusion to the pungency 
of the leaves.) 

§ 1. DRAB A, DC — Petals undivided. 
# Perennial, tufted, leafy -stemmed : flowers white : pods twisted when ripe. 

1. D. ramOSiSSima, Desv. Diffusely much branched (5'- 8' high), 
pubescent ; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanccolate ; ra- 



ORUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37 

cemes corymbose-branched; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5" long), 
on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural 
Bridge, &c, Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May. 

2. I>. araMsaHS, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; flowering stems (6' -10 
high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu- 
late, sparingly toothed; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong- 
lanceolate (5" -6" long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style* 
— Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north- 
ward. May, June. — Petals large. 

* * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : flowers white or in No. 4 yellow : style 
none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 

3. D. bracliycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' -4' high), minutely pubescent, 
stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly 
oblong or the lowest ovate (2j"-4" long), few-toothed or entire ; flowers small ; 
pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2 n long), about the length of the ascending 
pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. 

4. I>. neinordsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more 
or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4'- 8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; 
pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent 
(D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC). — Fort Gratiot, Michigan, 
and northward. (Eu.) 

5. I>. cuiieifdlia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest 
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1/-3'), at length equal- 
ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods 
oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, 
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 

6. 1>. Caroiiniaita, Walt. Small (l'-4' high); leaves obovate, most- 
ly entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; raceme 
short or corymbose in fruit (J'— I' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer 
than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and 
southward . March - June . 

7. D. micra&ltfoa, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute; 
raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6, of which Mr. Bebb proves 
it to be a variety. — From "Wisconsin southwestward. 

S 2. EROPHILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white) 

8. I>. vcrna, L. (Whitlow-Grass.) Small (scapes l'-S'high) ; leaves 
all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from 
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy 
waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of 
Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced. 
(Eu.) 

13. VESICABIA, Lam. Bladder-pod. 

Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular 
partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or 6* v- 



38 crucifer^e. (mustard family.) 

eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes- 
cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, 
a bladder, from the inflate 1 pods.) 

1. V. Sliortii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat 
hoary; leaves oblong, entire or repand; raceme loose; style filiform, longer than 
the (immature) small and canescent spherical pod; seeds not margined, 1 -2 in each 
cell. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short. 

2. V. ? Lescurii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green; stems diffuseh 
ascending from a biennial root : leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those 
of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many-flowered ; 
pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the length of the his- 
pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds icing-margined, 1-4 in each 
cell. — Hills near Nashville. Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Flow- 
ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they are concerned, the species 
should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky. 

14. CAM EL 11$ A, Crantz. False Flax. 

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad 
partition : valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. 
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x a H- a h dwarf and Xi'jw, 
flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.) 

1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped ; pods margined, 
large. ® — Flax-fields, &c. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.) 

15. LEPIDIUM, L. Pepperwort. Peppergrass. 

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually 
notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each ceil, 
pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, 
white. Stamens often only two ! (Name from Ae7Ti6ioi/, a little scale, alluding 
to the small flat pods.) Ours are annuals or biennials. 

1. Li. Virginicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Pods orbicular, wing- 
less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ; 
the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept. — A 
weed which has immigrated from farther South. 

2. L. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear 
or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1. — From Michigan northward and 
60Uth westward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx. 

3. L. ruoerale, L. Pods oval and smaller; cotyledons incumbent; petals 
none; stems diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1. — Road- 
sides, near towns ; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. Li. campestre, L. Pods ovate, winged, rough with minute scales, notched; 
leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy ; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa- 
chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.) 



CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39 

16. CAPSELLA, Yent. Shepherd's Purse. 

Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par- 
tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wing-less. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum- 
bent. — Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.) 

1. C« Bursa-pastoris, Mceiich. Eoot-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or 
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of 
weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

17. SUBFLARIA, L. Awlwort. 

Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds 
several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. 
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A 
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the 
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Mowers minute, white. 

1. S. aqiiittica, L. — Lakes; Maine, N. Hamp. (Ticckerman.) (Eu.) 

18. SENEBIERA, DC. Wart-Cress. Swine-Cress. 

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent, 
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin- 
kled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. — Low and diffuse or 
prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 
2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) 

1. S. dLidyilia, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the 
apex, rough-icrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste 
places, at ports, &c, Virginia and Carolina : an immigrant from farther South. 

2. §• Coron6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; pods not 
notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Bobbins. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

19. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket. 

Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the 
apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1-celled, 1-sccded; the lower 
sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. 
Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals. 
Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (American Sea-Rocket.) Leaves obo- 
vate, sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the 
upper ovate, tiattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the 
Great Lakes. July -Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the 
upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 

20. RAPHANUS, L. Radish. 

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed; the lower joint often seed- 
less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, 



40 CArrARiDACE^:. (caper family.) 

with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — Aa- 
nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and <j)alvo», to 
appear, alluding to the rapid germination.) 

1. R. Rapiianistrum, L. (Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.) Pods 
necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning 
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, in E. New England 
and New York. (Adv. from Eu.) 



The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already 
mentioned, arc 

CheirAntiius Cheiri, the well-known "Wall-flower. 

Matthi'ola annua, and other sorts of Stock. 

IIi:srERis matronalis, the Rocket, which begins to escape from gardens. 

Brassica oleracea, of which the Cabbage, Kohl-Rabi, Cauliflower, 
and Broccoli are forms : B. campestris, which furnishes the Swedish Tur- 
nip or Rutabaga : and B. Rapa, the Common Turnip. The latter becomes 
spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised. 

Raphanus sativus, the Radish; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous. 

Lunaria biennis, the Moonwort or Honesty, with its broad flat pods. 

Iberis umbellata, the Candy-tuft, and Alyssum maritimum, the 
Sweet Alyssum. 

LepIdium sativum, the cultivated Peppergrass. 

Isatis tinctoria, the Woad, of the division Nucumentacexe, having indo- 
hiscent 1 -celled fruit. 

Order 13. CAPPARIDACEiE. (Caper Family.) 

Herbs (when in northern regions), with crucifomi flowers, but 6 or more 
not tetrad ynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentce, and kid- 
ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition, often 
stalked : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves 
alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent 
qualities of Cruciferae (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa- 
ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within o it 
limits only by the following plant. 

1. POLANISIA, Raf. Polanisia. 

Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-32, une- 
qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. 
Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — 
Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. 
(Name from ivohvs, mam/, and aviaos, unequal, points in which the genus differs 
in its stamens from Cleome.) 

1. P. graved ens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about 
11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly 



VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 41 

shores, from Connecticut and Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June - 
Aug. — Flowers small : calyx and filaments purplish : petals yellowish- 
white. 

Order 14. RESEDACEiE. (Mignonette Family.) 

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one- 
sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing 
the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 - 6-horned, 1- 
celled with 3-6 parietal placental, opening at the top before the seeds (which 
are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter- 
minal spikes or racemes. — A small and unimportant family, of the Old 
World, represented by the Mignonette {Reseda odoratd) and the Dyer's 
Weed. 

1. RESEDA, L. Mignonette. Dyer's Kocket. 

Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 12 -40, turned to one side. (De- 
riv. from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) 

1. R. Luteola, L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate; ca- 
lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral 
3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed. (I) — Koad-sides in W. 
New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) 

Order 15. YIOLACEJE. (Violet Family.) 

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogy- 
nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1- 
celled S-valved pod with 3 parietal placental. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con- 
tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style 
usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol- 
low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentas on their 
middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large 
and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen: cotyledons flat. — 
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight- 
ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States. 

1. SOLEi, Ging., DC. Green Violet. 

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low- 
er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others 
at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and 
bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A 
homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish- 
white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W. 
Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.) 



42 VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 

I. S. concolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.)— Woods, New 
York to Illinois and southward. June. — Plant l°-2° high. Leaves oblong, 
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long : after opening, each valve as it dries 
folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider- 
able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets. 

2. VIOL* A, L. Violet. Heart's-ease. 

Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower 
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly 
cohering with each other ; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into 
the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) 

* St&nless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; per en 
nial. ( Commonly producing apetalous flowers all summer long, on shorter peduncles 
concealed under the leaves, or on runners : these ripen seed much more freely tlian 
the ordinary blossoms.) 

+- Flowers light yellow (small ; spur very short). 

1. V. rotimdifolia, Michx. (Round-leaved Violet.) Leaves 
round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked 
with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Alle- 
ghanies. April, May. — Smoothish: leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to 
3' or 4' in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above. 

+- ■»- Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac : spur short. 

2. V. lailCCOlata, L. (Lance-leaved Violet.) Smooth; leaves 
lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless. 
— Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the 
coast. May. 

3. V. primitive folia, L. (Primrose-leaved Violet.) Smooth or 
a little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the 
base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, 
Bigelow.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2 : intermediate between it and No. 4. 

4. V. bMaida, Willd. (Sweet "White Violet.) Leaves round-heart- 
shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless. — Damp places, 
Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. — Flowers small, faintly 
sweet-scented. 

-t- *- •*- Flowers violet or blue. 

5. V. pal&istris, L. (Marsh Violet.) Smooth ; leaves round-heart- 
shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purplo 
streaks, nearly beardless ; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the 
White Mountains, New Hampshire; June. (Eu.) 

6. V. Selkirk!!, Goldie. (Great-spurred Violet.) Leaves round- 
heart-shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy abov**, lying flat on the ground ; 
spur nearly as long as the beardless petals, thickened at the end ; anther-spurs very 
long. — Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York, 
thence northward. May. — A rare and delicate species, 2' high ; the flowers 
large in proportion. 



YIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 43 

7. V. CUCllllata, Ait. (Common Blue Violet.) Leaves all long- 
pctioled and upright, heart-shaped with a broad si?ius, varying to kidney-shaped and 
dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled 
inwards when young, obtusely sen-ate ; lateral and often the lower petals bearded) 
spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beakless. — Low grounds, 
common everywhere. April -June. — Very variable in size, &c. and in the 
color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue 
or purple, sometimes nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3' -10' 
high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into 

Var. palmata* (Hand-leaf Violet.) Leaves variously 3 -7 -cleft or 
parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, L.) — 
Common, especially southward. 

8. V. viildsa, Walt., Nutt. (Hairy Violet.) Leaves mostly short- 
petioled and lying flat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow 
or closed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thiekish; lateral and 
mostly the lower petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked. (V. 
cordifolia, Schwein. V. sororia, Le Conte, &c, scarcely of Willd.) — Dry hills 
and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller 
than the last, 2' -4' high: "corolla reddish-blue." Probably only a round- 
leaved variety of the next. 

9. V. sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-leaved Violet.) Smoothish or 
hairy ; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, 
varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong -lanceolate 
or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion- 
ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked. 
(V. ovata, Nutt., & V emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.) 

— Dry or moist open places, New Eugland to Illinois and southward. April, 
May. — Flowers rather large. 

10. V, delpHiiraifolia, Nutt. (Larkspur Violet.) Leaves all pal- 
mately or pedately 5 - 1 -parted, the divisions 2 - 3-cleft ; lobes linear ; lateral petals 
bearded; stigma short-beaked. — Eich prairie soil, Illinois and westward. April. 

— Much resembles the next. 

11. V. pedata, L. (Bird-foot Violet.) Nearly smooth; leaves all 
3-5-dividcd, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all 
linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-3-toothed or cut at the apex; petals 
beardless ; stigma nearly beakless. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to 
Illinois and southward May. — Flower large and handsome, V broad, pale or 
deep lilac-purple or blue; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel- 
vety like a Pansy. 

* * Leafy -stemmed, from subterranean perennial root stocks. 

-*- Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching ; flowers not yellow, sometimes 

produced all summer long. 

12. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Long-Spurred Violet.) Stems ascending 
(3' -6' high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules 
lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large ; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless 
petals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill- 



44 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLFT FAMILY.) 

sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky ; rare. June, July. — Spu/ £' long. An- 
ther-spurs also very long. 

13. V, Multleiibergii, Torr. (American Dog Violet.) Stems 
ascending (3' - 1' long), at length with creeping branches ; leaves round-heart- 
shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; 
6tipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, about half the length of the 
pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet 
places ; common. May, June. 

14. V. Striata, Ait. (Pale Violet.) Stems angular, ascending, 
branching (6 -10' high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; sti- 
pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter 
than the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with 
purplish lines; stigma beaked. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. 
April - Oct. 

15. V. Canadensis, L. (Canada Violet.) Upright (l°-2° high); 

leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white 
or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded ; 
spur very short ; stigma beakless, hairy on each side. — Rich woods ; common 
northward and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. 

♦- <**■ Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2 - ^-leaved above : stipules nearly 
entire : flowers yellow : stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side, 

16. V. pubescens, Ait. (Downy Yellow Violet.) Softly pubes- 
cent (6' -12' high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed; 
stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; spur extremely short ; lower petals 
veined with purple. — Woods ; common. May - Aug. 

Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2° high; pods wool- 
ly. (V. eriocarpa, Schwein.) — Common westward. 

Var. scab rill § cilia, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly 
pubescent; stems often decumbent (4'-10' high). — Rhode Island to Ohio and 
Kentucky. 

17. V. liastata, Michx. (Halberd-leaved Violet.) Nearly gla- 
brous, slender (4' -10' high) ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; 
stipules ovate, small ; spur very short. — Mountains of Pennsylvania and south- 
ward. June. 

* * * Leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials : the 4 upper petals ascending. 

18. V. tricolor, L. (Pansy. Heart's-ease.) Stem angled and 
branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, cre- 
nate or entire; stipules very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals vari- 
able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ; — in var. 
arvensis shorter or rather longer than the calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New 
York to Kentucky and southward : doubtless only a small state of the Garden 
Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V. odorXta, the Sweet Violet of Europe, which far excels all the Amer- 
ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings. 



CISTACE.dE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 45 

Order 16. CISTACEJE. (Rock-rose Family.) 

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly 
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a l-celled 3-5-valved pod with as many 
parietal placentae borne on the middle of the voices, and orihotropous albu- 
minous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two external small, like bracts, or sometimes 
wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu- 
ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the 
bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. 
Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em- 
bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons 
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and 
the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family : mostly of the Medi- 
terranean region.) 

Synopsis. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and orules nu- 

merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Style none. 

2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 

l-celled, 2 - 6-seeded. 
8 LECHEA. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the 
imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae. 



1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock-rose. 

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none : stigma 3- 
lobed. Capsule strictly l-celled. Embryo curved in the fomi of a hook or 
ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the primary, 
or earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many- 
seeded pods : 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clus- 
ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded 
pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by 
the next day. (Name from rfkios, the sun, and m/#e/zoi/, flower.) 

1. H. Canadense, Michx. (Erost-weed.) Pdal-bcaring flowers soli- 
tary ; the small secondary floweis clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ; 
calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the stem 
and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, and 
with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or 
gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle- 
ghanies. June -Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1' 
wide, producing pods 3" long : pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a 
pin's head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the 
root, whence the popular name. 

2. H. COryuibdsiim, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the 
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender * stalks ; calyx 
woolly. — Pine barrens, Sew Jersey and southward along the coast. 



46 CISTACEJE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 

2. HUDSONIA, L. Hudsonia. 

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx Stamen3 
9-30. Style long and slender : stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the 
calyx, strictly 1 -celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve- 
like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heath- 
like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl- 
shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but 
showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches^ 
(Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin- 
nceus.) 

1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves awl-shaped, loose; 
flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Maine to Vir- 
ginia : extending interior as far as Conway, New Hampshire. May. 

2. H. tonientosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or oblong, 
close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to 
Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June. 
— Flowers 5" broad. 

3. L£€HEA, L. Pinweed. 

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-persist- 
ent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular, 
appearing partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placentae borne on imperfect 
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species, 
the placentae curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- 
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers. 
(Named in honor of Lecke, a Swedish botanist.) 

1. Ii. lllisjor, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender 
prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate 
and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters ; 
pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wood- 
lands ; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July - Sept. — 
Plant l°-2° high, stout. 

2. 1*. tiiymifolicl, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the 
decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending, 
loosely branched, with the leaves linear or oblanceolate ; those of the' si toots ellip- 
tical, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels 
as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south- 
ward. July - Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than 
in No. 1. 

3. l<e minor, Lam. Minutely hairy ; stems slender, upright or diffuse; 
leafy shoots densely tufted at the base ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on 
the slender branchlets ; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry 
open soil; common. June -Sept. — Plant 5' -15' high, slender, running into 
numberless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods small- 
er than in No. 2. 



DROSEKACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47 

Ordek 17. DROSERACE^l. (Sundew Family.) 

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen-* 
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers 
fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-ceUed pod with twice as 
many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placental. — Calyx im- 
bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short 
and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the 
bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small fam- 
ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews 
impart a purple stain to paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus 
within our limits, viz. 

1. DROSERA, L. Sundew. 

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken 
for 6 or 10, slender; stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob- 
long, 3- (rarely 5-) valved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their mid- 
dle for the whole length. — Low perennials; the leaves clothed with i eddish 
gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape 
bearing the flowers in a 1 -sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un- 
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) 
is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit- 
tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from Spocrepos, demy.) 

1. I>. rotundifolia, L. (Kound-leaved Sundew.) Leaves orbicu- 
lar, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, 
the coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — 
Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.) 

2. I>. longifolia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather 
erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. 
(D. intermedia, Hayne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June- Aug. 
— Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) 

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (Slender Sundew.) Leaves linear, obtuse, 
the blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect . petioles about the same 
length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. — 
Shore of Lake Superior. July. 

4. I>. filitormis, Baf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.) Leaves very long 
and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the blade and the stalk ; seeds 
spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (J' broad). — Wet sand, 
near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, Delaware, and south- 
ward. Aug. — Scapes 6' - 12' high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long. 

DiONi:A MuscfpuLA, Ellis, the Venus's Fly-trap, — so noted for the ex- 
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, — is a native 
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev- 
eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 15, 
the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. 



48 hypericaceje. (st. john's-wort family.) 

Order 18. PARNASSIACEjE. (Parnassia Family.) 

Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like 
Hypericaceae, but the leaves alternate and dotless, — sometimes clearly 
perigynous, and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragaceae, — the 4 sessile 
stigmas situated directly over the parietal placentce ! 

1. PARNASSIA^ Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. 

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at 
length deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland- 
tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with 
the petals : filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1 -celled, with 
4 projecting parietal placentae : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. 
Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu- 
merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo 
straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves 
chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. 
Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus : 
called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) 

1. P. palustris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- 
veined; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender. — Shore of Lake Superior, 
Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3 f -10' high. Leaves all 
heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1 ' broad. (Eu.) 

2. P. Carolinian a, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length 
of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to 
the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially 
along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often 
heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping. 
Stalk 1° - 2° high. Flower l'-l§' broad. 

3. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the 
base; steiile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded kidney -shaped : otherwise as in 
No. 2. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. 



Order 19. HYPERICACE.E. (St. John's-wort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular 
hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and 
many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. 
Pod 1-ceUed with 2 - 5 parietal placentce, and as many styles, or S-o-celled 
by the union of the placentce in the centime: dehiscence septicidal. — Sepals 4 
or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly 
deciduous. Pod 2-5- (rarely 6 - 7-) lobed, with as many persistent 
Styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small, 
anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very 



HYPERICACE.E. (ST. JOHN's-WOttT FAMILY.) 49 

short. — Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities), 
dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses- 
sile. Flowers solitary or cymose. 

Synopsis. 

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow. 

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow. 

3. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3. 

1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort. 

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Pet- 
als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the 
filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-cclled, 2-4-valved. — 
Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary 
pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and crfcvpos, roughness, being very 
smooth plants.) 

1. A. Status, Michx. (St. Peter's-wort.) Stem simple or branched 
above, 2 -edged, l°-2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick 
ish ; petals obovate ; styles 3-4. — Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and 
southward. July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round- 
heart-shaped. 

2. A. Crwx-Andrese, L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much 
branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong , contracted at the base. 
thin; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New 
Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding 
the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. 
Andrew's cross. 

2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort. 

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens 
numerous or few, united or clustered in 3-5 parcels: no interposed glands. 
Pod 1- or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with 
cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin.) 

$ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6-7-) celled, with the pla- 
omtoz turned far back into the cells: herbaceous, perennial : flowers very large. 

1. H. j>> rasaaidfjisaiii, Ait. (Great St. John's-wort.) Branches 
2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate. not 
deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, W. 
New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3° -5° high. Leaves 
2' -3' long. Petals V long. Pod |' long, conical. 

4 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - ^-celled by the union of the placenta', which are 

seed-bearing on the outer face. 

* Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3w5; calyx 

leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered. 



50 HYPERICACE.E. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY) 

2. II. Kallllianum, L. Bushy, l°-3° high; branches i-angled : 
branchlets 2-edged ; loaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate ; flowers few in a 
cluster; pods ovate 5-celled. — Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. 
Aug. — Leaves 1 ' - 2 ' long. Flowers 1 ; wide. 

3. If. prolificum, L. (Shrubby St. JohnVwort.) Branchlets 2- 
edged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers 
numerous, in simple or compound clusters; pods oblong, 3-cellcd. — New Jersey 
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Shrub l°-4° high, with 
long rather simple shoots, leaves 2' long and ^' or more wide, and flowers |'-1 
in diameter. Varies greatly in size, &c. 

Var. desiSiUdrum. Exceedingly branched above, l°-6° high, the 
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves ; flowers smaller (^ - §' in 
diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (H. densiflorum, 
& H. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western 
Maryland, Kentucky, and southward. 

•sf * Perennial herbs : styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3 : petals and anthers 
ivith black dots : calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 cluster's. 

4. II. terforAtum, L. (Common St. John's-wort.) Stem much 
branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ; 
leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep yellow) 
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy 
cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &c. June -Sept. — Too well known every- 
where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very 
acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 

5. II. coryiltbosilin, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black 
and pellucid dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat 
clasping ; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pale yellow, much longer than the 
oblong sepals. — Damp places; common. July -Sept. — Leaves larger and 
flowers much smaller than in No. 4 ; the petals 2" -3" long, marked with black 
lines as well as dots. 

§ 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod l-celled, or incompletely 3-celled, 
the 3 placentae sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre : 
perennial herbs or low shrubs. 
* Sepals foliaceous and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one. 

6. H. elliptic 18121, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure- 
ly t-angled ; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked, 
rather few-flowered; sepals oblong ; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, l-celled. - 
Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake "Superior and northward 
July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long. 

?. II. ad pressum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody 
at the base ( 1°- 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edgcd abo\e; leaves 
ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the base, 
few- flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, incompletely 3-4-celled. — 
Moist places, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southwest- 
ward. July, Aug. — Leaves 1 J' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" - 5" long. 



nTPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 51 

8. H. clolabri forme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent 
base, woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear lanceolate, widely spread- 
ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about 
the length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, 
strictly l-celled, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry 
hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June - Aug. 

9. H. spliaerocarpon, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her- 
baceous, scarcely angular (l°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, oblong-lineat 
or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and many- 
fiowcred, flat, naked; sepals ovate; pods depressed-globular, strictly l-celled, rather 
thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals 
about 3" long. 

10. II. midifldrinn, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, 
sharply 4-angled or almost winged above (l°-4° high); leaves oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered, 
naked; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds, 
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. July. — Petals 3" -4" long. 

# # Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate. 

11. H. ail gill 6 sum 9 Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4- 
angled, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute (J' - 1 7 long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound, 
naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme- 
like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid l-celled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey 
and southward. July- Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4 /r - 5" long, much longer 
than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side. 

$ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown-purple) l-celled. with 3 
strictly parietal placentce : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small : sepah 
narrow, erect : slender annuals, with ^-angular branches. 

12. H. liiutilmn, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6' -10' high); 
leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy; pods ovate- 
conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhi.) — Low grounds, 
everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad. 

13. H. Caiiadeiise, L. Stem strict (6' -20' high), with the branches 
erect ; haves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; cymes naked; pods conical- 
olilong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil : common. June - 
Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded. 

14- II. I^rammGlldii, Ton-. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate 
trashy branches rigid, erect (10'- 18' hiirh) ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, 
l-ncrved (3" -9" lonir) ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy 
branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum- 
mondii, Grev. & Hook.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct. 
— -Sepals 2" -3" long, mostly exceeding the petals. 

15. H. $ar6flira, Michx. (Orange-grass. Pine-weed.) Stem and 
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales, 
oppressed ; flencers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; 



52 ELATINICE^E. ( WATER-WORT FAMILY.) 

pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much, longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides, 
L.) — Sandy fields ; common. June - Oct. 

H. graveolens, Buckley, a species with foliage like No. 5, but with large 
flowers, & EL Buckleyi, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers, 
both natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir- 
ginia. 

3* ELODEA, Pursh. Marsh St. John's-wort. 

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in 
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by 
as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles 
distinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small 
close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum- 
mit of the stem. (Name from iXabrjs, growing in marshes.) 

1 . E. Yirgiiiica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, 
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum 
Virginicum, L. ) — Common in swamps. July, Aug. 

2. E. j>etiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong : fila- 
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey southward and west- 
ward. 

Order 20. ELATINACE.E. (Water-wort Family.; 

Little marsh annuals, with opposite dotless leaves and membranaceous stip- 
ides, minute axillary fioivers like Chick weeds, but the pod 2 - b-celled, and 
ihe seeds as in St. John's- wort. — The principal genus is 

1. ELATINE, L. Water-wort. 

Sepals 2-5, persistent. Petals 2-5, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely 
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-5. Pod 
2-5-celled, several -many seeded, 2-5-valved; the partitions left attached to 
the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek 
name for some obscure herb.) 

1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (1' high), creeping, rooting in the 
mud, tufted ; leaves obovate ; flowers sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig- 
mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer- 
icana, Pursh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c, N. Hampshire, 
to Kentucky. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion, 
straightish. 

Order 21. CARYOPHYLLAcE^. (Pink Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4-5-merous Jlowers, with or 
without petals; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the 
sepals, either hypogynous or pengynous ; styles 2 - 5 ; seeds attached to the 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 53 

base or the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3 - b-celled) pod, with a 
slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen. — 
Bland herbs ; the stems usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves 
rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx imbricated or 
valvate, persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitro- 
pous or campy lotropous. — There are several suborders, of which the first 
three are the principal. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. SILENEJE. The Proper Pink Family. 

Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on the 
stalk of the many-seeded pod, the former with long claws included in the 
calyx- tube, mostly convolute in aestivation. Seeds numerous. — Stipules 
none. Flowers mostly showy. 

# Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Seeds flattened : embryo nearly straight. 
1 DIANTHUS. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. 

* # Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled. 
2. SAPONARIA. Calyx terete. Styles 2. 

8. VACCARIA. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 5-winged. Styles 2. 
4. SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3, rarely 4. 

6. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx with 5 narrow leafy lobes. Styles 5. 

Suborder II. ALSINEiE. The Chickweed Family. 

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws (sometimes none), 
mostly imbricated in ajstivation, and with the stamens inserted at the base 
of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the 
base of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves, few - many-seeded. Stamens 
opposite the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs. 
Stipules none. 

# Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. 

«- Valves of the pod as many as the styles (usually 3), and entire. 
6 HONKENYA. Seeds few, at the base of the pod. Stamens borne on a thick and glandu- 
lar 10-lobed disk. 

7. ALSINE. Seeds many, attached to a central column, naked. 

<*- •*- Valves or teeth into which the pod splits twice as many as there are styles. 

■m- Pod splitting to the middle or farther into valves. 

h. ARENARIA. Petals 5, entire. Styles 3. Pods at first 3-valved, the valves soon 2-cleft, 

making 6. Seeds rough, naked. 
0. MCEHRINGIA. Petals 4 - 5, entire. Styles 2-4. Pods 4-8- valved. Seeds smooth and 
shining, appendageJ at the hilum. 

10. 8TELLARIA. Petals 4-5, mostly 2-cleft, sometimes minute or none. Styles (2-5) most- 

ly 8. Pods splitting into twice as many valves. Seeds not appendaged 
« ++ Pod opening only at the top by teeth. 

11. HOLOSTEUM. Petals 5, denticulate at the end. Stamens and styles mostly 3. 

12. CERASTIUM. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Styles as many as the petals. 

* » Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many. 
1 8 S AQINA. Petals 4-5, undivided, or none. Styles 4-5. Pod 4 - 5- valved 



54 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 

Suborder III. ILLECEBREiE. The Knotwort Family. 

Character same as of the Chick weed Family, but with dry scale-like 
stipules, the uppermost leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods some- 
times 1 -seeded. 

* Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3-6. Petals usually conspicuous. 

14. SPERGULARIA. Styles 3-5. Leaves opposite. 

15. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled. 

• * Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-form or none. Stamens 
plainly inserted on the base of the calyx. 

16. ANYCHTA. Petals none. Sepals fiattish, unarmed. 

17. PARONYCHIA Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave, awned. 

Suborder IV. SCLER ANTHEiE. The Knawel Family. 

Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more united 
below into an indurated' tube surrounding the utricle ; the stamens inserted 
at the throat. 

18. SCLERANTHUS. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10. 

Suborder V. MOLLUGINEiE. Indiak-Ciiickweed Family. 

Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number, when fewer 
alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary : — otherwise as in Suborders 
2 and 3. 

19. MOLLUGO. Petals none. Stamens 8-5. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. 

Suborder I. SIUENEiE. The Proper Pink Family. 

1. » I AN THUS, L. Pink. Carnation. 

Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more imbricated 
bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked, 1-celled, 4-valved at the 
%pex. Seeds flattish : embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well- 
known aspect and value in cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name 
from Ato9, of Jupiter, and aj/Bos, flower, i. e. Jove's own flower.) 

1. I>. Armaria, L. (Deptford Pink.) Flowers in close clusters ; bract- 
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves 
linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, crcnate. ® 
— Fields, &c, Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.) 

D. Caryophyllus, L., is the original of the Clove-Pink or Carnation, 
&c. of the gardens D. barbatus is the Sweet-William or Bunch Pink 

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort. 

Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10 
Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-cellcd, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at 
the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. — Flowers cymose-clustered. (Name 



CARYOPHYLLACEiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 56 

from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lather 
with water.) 

1. S. officinalis, L. (Common Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) Clus- 
ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap- 
pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. % — Road-sides, &c. 
July - Sept. — A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com- 
monly double. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. VACCiRIA, Medik. Cow-Herb. 

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged antf 
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in 
completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers 
in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacca, a cow.) 

1. Y. vulgAris, Host. (Saponaria Yaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens 
and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. SILEXE, L. Catchflt. Campion. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. 
Pod 1-celled, or 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex. 
Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly 
crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from aiakov, saliva, 
in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many species. 
The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.) 

* Calyx bladdery-inflated : perennial : flowers pa?iicled, ivhite. 

1. §• Stell&ta, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate- 
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. — 
Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July. 
— Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. 
Corolla I' broad. (Cucubalus stellatus, L.) 

2. S. idvea, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca- 
lyx oblong ; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl- 
vania, to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July. — Stem l°-2° high, almost smooth. 
Flowers few, larger than in No. 1. 

3. §. inflata, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) Glaucous; leaves opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft, 
nearly crownless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. July. — Afoot 

• high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) 

# # Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod: flowers 
cymose or clustered: perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx: 
petals croicned, red or rose-color, 

4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (Wild Pink.) Stems low (4' -8. 
high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peti- 
oles ; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, shoit-stalked ; calyx: 
club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded at the end, purple rose- 

8 



50 CARTOPHYLLACEiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 

color. — Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania, Ken- 
tucky, and southward. April -June. 

5. S. Virgiiiiea, L. (Fire Pink. Catchfly.) Stems slender (1°- 
2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose* 
ly cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong, 2- 
cleft, deep crimson ; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sartwell) to 
Illinois and southward. June -Aug. 

6. S. regia, Sims. (Royal Catchfly.) Stem roughish, erect (3° -4° 
high); leaves thichish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in 
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu- 
la )3-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and 
southward. July. 

7. S. rotimdifolia, Nutt. (Round-leaved Catchfly.) Viscid- 
hairy ; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly 
pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elon- 
gated ; petals 2-cleJl and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and 
in Kentucky. June -Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. This and No. 6 may 
pass into No. 5. 

■* # *= Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod : annual : flowers rose, flesh- 
color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. 8). 
*- Glabrous throughout : a poftion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous. 

8. S. Armeria, L. (Sweet-William Catchfly.) Glaucous; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered ; calyx club-shaped, purplish, as well as 
the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped 
from gardens to waste places ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

9 S. antirrliiiia, L. (Sleepy Catchfly.) Stem slender (8' -30' 
high); lea ves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate ; calyx ovoid; petals 
obcordate, crowned, small or inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil ; 
common in waste places. June-Sept. 

•»- •*- Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night, 

10. S. nocturna, L. (Night-Catchfly.) Leaves short, the lower spatu- 
late, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a strict l-sided spike; petals 2- 
parted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Scliweinitz. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

11. S« noctifl6ra, L. (Night-flowering Catchfly.) Viscid-hairy, 
tall (l°-3° high); lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate, 
taper-pointed ; flowers loosely cymose, peduncled; calyx cylindrical, soon ovoid 
with long awl-shaped teeth ; petals rather large, 2 -parted, crowned. (S. noc- 
turna, Bigelow.) — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * * * Dwarf tufled, smooth : perennial, I -flowered. 

12. S. acaillis, L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a moss (l'-2' high) , 
leaves linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems ; flowers almost sessile ; 
calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely heart-shaped. 
crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July 
(Eu.) 



CARYOPHYLLACKiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 57 

5. AOROSTE1IA, L. Corn-Cockle. 

Calyx naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous 
teeth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not 
crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of 
their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1 -celled, opening at 
the top by 5 teeth. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching, 
pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles. 
(Name dypov ore/i/ia, crown of the field, being a handsome corn-weed.) 

1. A. Githago, L. (Lychnis Githago, Zam.) Wheat-fields; too common, 
the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

Lychnis, Tourn., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in 
our gardens by L. coronaria, the Mullein Pink ; L. Chalcedonica, the 
Scarlet Lychnis ; and L. Elos-ccculi, the Bagged Robin. 

Suborder II. ALSIIVEiE. The Chickweed Family. 

6. HONKfeNYA, Ehrhart. Sea-Sandwort. 

Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular, 
10-notched. Petals 5, obovate-wedge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta- 
mens 10, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3-5, short, opposite as many 
of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3 - 5-celled. Pod fleshy, opening by as many 
valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the 
naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong 
leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, more or less polygamo-dicecious. Petals 
white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist.) 

1. H. peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, L.) — Sea-beach, 
Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts in the sands, 6' - 10' 
high. Leaves %' long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.) 

7. A L. SINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. Grove Sandwort. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched at the apex. Stamens 10, in- 
serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod many-seeded, 3 valved 
to the base ; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough, 
naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white 
flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from a\aros y a 
grove.) — This and No. 9 are comprised in Arenaria by many botanists. 
* Leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped. 

1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. (Pine-barren Sandwort.) Densely tuft- 
ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awU 
shaped, short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several- 
flowered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. 1J. (Arenaria squarrosa, 
Michx.) — In pure sand, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward along the 
coast. May -July 



58 CARYOPHYLLACE.fi. (PINK FAMILY.^ 

2. A. Micliauxii, Fenzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a 
small root, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many 
others clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sejials pointed, 
S-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. 1J. (Arenaria stricta, Miclix.) — Rocks and 
diy wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. 

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals retuse or notched. 

3. A. pat ilia.* Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems filiform 
(6' -10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; sepals lanceo- 
late, acuminate, 3-nerved, petals spatulate, emarginate. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) 
— Cliffs of Kentucky River, and mountains of Western Virginia. July. — 
Smoothish : leaves J'-l' long. 

4. A. Groenlaiidica, Fenzl. (Mountain Sandwort.) Densely 
tufted from slender roots, smooth; stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow- 
ered; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless; petals obovate, somewhat notched. 1J. 
(Stellaria Grcenlandica, Retz. Arenaria Grcenlandica, Spreng.) — Summit of 
the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New York, and of all 
the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or subalpine. 
At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June - Aug. — Leaves and pedun- 
cles 3" -6" long; flowers large in proportion. 

A. glabra, of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of Virginia. 

§. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 2 
or 4. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod many-seeded, opening above by as many valves as 
there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two. Seeds naked at the hilum. 
(Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species love to grow.) 

1. A. serptllif6lia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort.) Diffusely 
branched, roughish (2' -6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lanceolate, 
pointed, 3 - 5-nerved, about as long as the petals and the 6-toothed pod. ® — 
Sandy waste places. Jane -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

A. diffusa, Ell., will probably be found in Southern Virginia. 

9, MOEHRiWGIA, L. Mcehringia. 

Seeds strophiolate, i. e. with a thickish appendage at the hilum, smooth. 
Young ovary 3-celled. Otherwise nearly as in Arenaria. — Elaccid herbs; the 
p^rts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Named for Mochring, a German botanist.) 

1. M. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent ; 
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, becoming 
Literal ; sepals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals. 1J. (Arenaria lateri- 
flora, L.) — Shady gravelly banks, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, ani 
northward. May, June. — Leaves -J' to 1' long: corolla J' broad, white. (Eu.) 

10. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed. Starwort. 

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, 
or fewer. Styles 3-4, rarely 5, opposite as many sepals. Ovary 1-celled. Pod 



CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 59 

ovoid, opening by twice as many valves as styles, several -man) -seeded. Seeds 
naked. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of 
the stem from the upper axils. (Name from stella, a star, in allusion to the 
star-shaped flowers.) 

*= Stamens usually fewer than 10 : leaves broad. 

1. S. media, Smith. (Common Chickweed.) Stems spreading, marked 
with an alternate pubescent line ; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals 
2-parted, shorter than the calyx; stamens 3-10. © © — Fields and around 
dwellings, everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. p libera, Michx. (Great Chickweed.) Stems spreading, 
marked with 2 opposite hairy lines; leaves all sessile, oblong or ovate (2' long) ; 
petals deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx. }J. — Shaded rocks, Penn. to Kentucky 
and southward. May. .* / 

* * Stamens mostly 10 : manifestly perigynous : perennial: leaves narrow, sessile: 

plants glabrous throughout, 
■r- Scaly -br acted : petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx. 

3. S. loiigifdlia, Muhl. (Stitchwort.) Stem branching above; 
weak, often with rough angles (8'- 18' high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends, 
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slen- 
der pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. 

• — Grassy places, common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.) 

4. S. loiigipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked Stitchwort.) Shining or 
somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long 
pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to 
Wisconsin, rare : common farther north. (Eu.) 

5. S. uligiiiosa, Murr. (Swamp Stitchwort.) Stems weak, de- 
cumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile 
cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the 
calyx; seeds roughened. (S. aquatica, Pollich, $x.) — Swamps and rills, Phila- 
delphia and Westchester, Pennsylvania [Darlington, &c), New Hampshire 
{Blake), and northward in British America. (Eu.) 

«- •*- Leafy -br acted, the flowers in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches, even 
the latest with foliaceous bracts ; petals 2-parted, small, or often none ; styles 3 -4 ; 
pcd longer than the calyx. 

6. S. cra§Sifdiia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; leaves rather 
fleshy, varying from linear-lauceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or 
wanting ; seeds rugose-roughened. — An apetalous 4 - 6-androus state is Sagina 
fontinalis, Short Sr Peter. Cliffs of Kentucky River and Elkhorn Creek, form- 
ing broad mats in springy places, Short. Ring wood, Illinois, Vasey. April, 
May. — Also in British America. (Eu.) 

7. S. borealis, Bigelow. (Northern Stitchwort.) Stems erect or 
spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme ; 
leaves varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than 
tlie calyx, or oftener none ; sepals acute ; styles usually 4 ; seeds smooth. — Shaded 



GO CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 

swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Wisconsin northward, and north to the arctic re- 
gions June -Aug. (Eu.) 

11. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jagged Chickweed. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3 - 
5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, many-seeded, opening at the top 
by 6 teeth. Seeds rough. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers 
in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of o\os, all, 
and ocrTtou, bone, by antiphrasis, these plants being soft anu tender.) 

1 H. umbeliAtum, L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the 
stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, abundant, Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 

12. CEBASTHJM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens 
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals, and opposite 
them. Pod 1 -celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by 
twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — Flow- 
ers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from Ac/pas, a horn, alluding to the shape 
of the pods in many species.) 

$ 1. Petals 2-cleJl or obrordate : parts of the flower in fives : pods (except in No. 5) 
longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved. 

* Petals hardly longer than the calyx, often shorter, sometimes altogether 
wanting : stamens occasionally only 5. 

1. C. vulgXtum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickw t eed.) Very hairy and rather 
clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or obovate ; bracts herbaceous; 
flowers (small) in very close clusters at first; pedicels even in fruit not longer 
than the acute sepals. (L) @ — Grassy banks. May -July. — The names of this 
and the next were transposed by Linnaeus himself, and have consequently been 
differently applied by different authors ever since. This is the C. vulgatum of 
English botanists, and of the Linnaean herbarium : but the next is so called in 
Sweden and on the Continent generally. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2 C« viscosum, L. (Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Stems clam 
my dairy, spreading (6'- 15' long) ; leaves oblong, greener; upper bracts scarious- 
margined ; flowers at first clustered ; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the 
ea: iier ones in fruit much longer, dp % — Grassy fields and copses. May -July. 
— .\ larger and coarser plant than No. 1, the flowers larger. (Nat. from Eu.) 

# ^ Petals longei- than the calyx. 
1. C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved, 
diffusely branched (6' -20' high); cyme loose and open, many -flowered ; leaves 
oblong -lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals 
longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, thrice the length 
of the calyx. Qj) © — Moist places, Vermont to Kentucky and southward- 
May - July. 



CARrOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 61 

4. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Stems ascending, villous (6'- 12' hi 'h), 
many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate ; peduncles clammy-hairy ; pet- 
als (2-lobcd) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. 1J. — Rocky places, 
New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois ; rare. May. — Stouter and larger 
flowered than the following species. 

5. C arvense, L. (Field Chickweed.) Stems ascending or erect, 
tufted, downy, slender (4'-8' high), naked and few-flowered at the summit; 
leaves linear ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods 
scarcely longer than the calyx. % — Dry or rocky places, Northeastern £*» 
and northward, where it is indigenous. May, June. (Eu.) 

4 2. MCENCHIA, Ehrhart. — Petals entire or merely retuse : parts of the flower 
commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx. 

6. C. quaternellum, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple, erect 
(2' -4' high), 1 -2-flowcred; leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals not exceeding the 
calyx; stamens 4. (J) (Sagina erecta, L. Mcenchia quaternella, Ehrhart. 
M. erecta, Smith.) — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 

13. SAGINA, L. Pearlwort. 

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none. Stamens as 
many as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals 
and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves opposite 
the sepals. Seeds smooth. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped 
leaves, and small flowers. (Na"me from sagina, fattening ; of no obvious appli- 
cation to these minute weeds.) 

* Parts of the flower all in fours, or sometimes in fives. 

1. S. proctimbeitS, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-form or nar- 
rowly linear ; peduncles ascending in fruit ; stamens 4 - 5 ; petals shorter than the 
broadly ovate sepals, sometimes none. — Springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania. 
May -Aug. (Eu.) 

2. S. apetala, L. Annual, erect ; leaves almost bristle-form ; stamens 4 ; pet- 
als obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New York to 111.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* #= Sepals, petals, styles, and valves 5 or 4 stamens 10. 

3. §• nodosa, Eenzl. Perennial, tufted; stems ascending (3' -5' high), 
branching; leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute 
ones fascicled in their axils sc that the branchlets appear knotty ; petals much 
longer than the calyx. ( Spergula nodosa, L. ) — Wet sandy soil, Isle of Shoals; 
coast of Maine near Portland ; shore of Lake Superior, and northward. 
July. (Eu.) 

S. Elliottii, Fenzl (Spergula decumbens, Ell.) may occur in S. Virginia. 

Suborder III. ILLECEBREE. The Knotwort Family. 

14. SPERGULABIA, Pers. Spurrey-Sandwort. 
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many- 
seeded pod 3-5, when 5 the valves alternate with the sepals! EnAryonol 
6 



02 CARTOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 

coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with 
flesh} 1 opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils : stipules 
scaly-membranaccous. (Name altered from Speryula.) 

1. §• rubra, Pcrs. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis- 
cid-pubescent; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy; petals purple-rose-color; 
seeds marginlcss. ® (Arenaria rubra, L.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re- 
mote from salt water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June - Sept. — Leaves 
mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.) 

Var. lliai'Mia. Larger ; the leaves longer and more fleshy ; flowers 2-4 
times larger; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx; seeds marginless (Arena- 
ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, />.). (T) ty? — Sea- 
coast; common. (Eu.) 

15. SPERGULA, L. Spukkey. 

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals 
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia 
(Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.) 

1. S. arvexsis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) Leaves numerous in the whorls, 
linear-thread-shaped (l'-2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked 
panieled cyme ; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. ® — Grain-fields, 
&c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

16. A IVY CHI A, Michx. Forked Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. 
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1 -seeded, 
larger than the calyx. Eadicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked 
annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation 
as the next genus.) 

1. A. dichotORia, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from 
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much ; in woods or rich 
6oil being very smooth, erect (6' -10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the 
leaves broader and thinner (5" -10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A. 
capillacea, Xutt., & Queria Canadensis, L.) : in sterile or parched soil it is some- 
what pubescent, low and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flow- 
ers nearly sessile and more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC). — Common through 
out. June - Aug. 

17. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort. 

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form, 
or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1- 
seoded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and 
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow, and for a 
plant thought to cure it.) 

1. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. (Silver Chickweed.) Densely matted, 
much branched, spreading ; leaves linear ; flowers capitate, clustered, surrounded 



PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 63 

by conspicuous large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awned ; petals mere teeth 
between the stamens. 1J. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New 
Hampshire, and bare summits above : a recent discovery. Alleghany Moun- 
tains from Virginia southward. July. 

2. P. dicll6tOllta 9 Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6'- 12' high) ascend- 
ing from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped ; cymes open, many- 
times forked ; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in plact of petals. 1J. — 
Rocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and south westward. July - Sept. 

Suborder IV. SCLERMTHEJ]. The Knawel Family. 

18. SCLEBANTHUS, L. Knawel. 

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1 -seeded utricle. 
Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with 
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name 
from aKXnpos, hard, and av$os, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.) 

1. S. annuus, L. Much branched and spreading (3' -5' high) ; flowers ses- 
sile in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined, (l) — Sandy waste places. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

Suborder V. MOJLI.UOINEJE. Indian-Chickweed Family. 

19. MOLLUOO, L. Indian-Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate 
with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovaiy. Stigmas 3. 
Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many- 
seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete. 
(An old Latin name for some soft plant.) 

1. M. verticalliita, L. (Carpet-weed.) Prostrate, forming patches \ 
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels 
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul- 
tivated grounds. June- Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) 

Order 22. PORTULACACEJE. (Purslane Family.; 

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ; viz., 
sepals usually fewer than the petals ; the stamens opposite the petals when oj 
the same number, but often indefinite : otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. — 
Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 
5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. 
Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on slender 
stalks from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around 
mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with opposite or alternate 
entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then 
shrivelling. 



64 PORTULACACEJS. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

* Scpnls 5. Petals none. Pod 3-6-celled> opening by a lid. 
L SESU VIUM. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the free calyx. 

* * Sepals 2. Petals*5. Pod 1-celled. 
2. PORTUL ACA. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid. 
8. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded. 
4. CLAYTON 1 A. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Pod 
3 - 6-seeded. 

1. SEStrVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. 

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5 
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 - 5-celled, many-seed- 
ed, opening transversely (circumscissile), the upper part falling off as a lid. — 
Prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axil- 
lary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.) 

1. §. PortilJac&StrtllM, L. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, flattish ; flow- 
ers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. 1J. — Coast of New Jersey and 
southward. July - Sept. 

2. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. 

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, 
with the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8- 
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper 
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals, 
with scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 

1. P. oleracea, L. (Common Purslane.) Prostrate, very smooth; 
leaves obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn- 
ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6- 
parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds; common. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

P. rettjsa, Engelm., too closely resembling the common Purslane, is indi- 
genous west of the Mississippi. 

P. Gilliesii, P. grandifl6ra, &c. are species, or varieties, with terete 
leaves, hairy axils, and showy red or purple flowers, cultivated in gardens for 
ornament. 

8. TAr,INUUI, Adans. Talinum. 

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10- 
30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, longitu- 
dinally 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation 
of the name obscure.) 

1. T. tereti folium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base; 
leaves linear, cylindrical ; peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of 
purple flowers (§' broad) ; stamens 15-20. 1J. — Serpentine rocks, Westchester, 
Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug. 
— Peduncles 3' -6' long. 



MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 65 

4. CLAYTdNIA, L. Spring-Beauty. 

Sepals 2, ovate, free, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short 
claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6- 
seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early 
spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose 
raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening 
for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot- 
anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora 
Virginica. ) 

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long). 
— Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward. 

2. C Ca.rolinia.na., Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo- 
late (l / -2 / long.) — Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward along the Alleghanies. 



Order 23. MALVACEAE. (Mallow Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the 
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mona- 
delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claios of the 
petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the 
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets outside, form- 
ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening 
along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming 
a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo large, curved, 
the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, 
with tough bark, and palmately- veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint, 
axillary. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. MALVE^E. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods 
(carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they 
separate after ripening. 
* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately. 

1. ALTILEA. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. 

2. MALTA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 

3. CALLIRKHOE. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 

4. NAPiEA. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few. 

* * Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few-seeded, opening before they fall away. 
6. SIDA. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. 

6. ABTJTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3 - several-seeded. 

7. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition 

between the seeds. 

Tribe II. HIBISCEiE. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of 
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leav- 
ing scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 

8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several bractlets Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 

0. HIBISCUS Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx persistent. Pod 5-celled, many -seeded. 



66 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

1. ALTHiEA, L. Marsh-Mallow. 

Calyx surrounded by a 6-9-eleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Name 
from akOcoj to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 

1. A. officinalis, L. (Common Marsh-Mallow.) Stem erect; leaves 
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe- 
duncles axillary, many-flowered. 1J. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and 
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Eoot thick, abounding in 
mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) 

A. r6sea, and A. ficif6lia, are the well-known garden Hollyhocks. 

2. MALTA, L. Mallow. 

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- 
cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, 
separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehiscent round kidney- 
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Eadicle pointing downwards. (An 
old Latin name, from fiaXa;^, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.) 

1. ML eotuxdif6lia, L. (Common Mallow.) Stems short, simple, de- 
cumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on 
very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, 
whitish; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds; com- 
mon. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. M. sylvestris, L. (High Mallow.) Stem erect, branched (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves rather sharply 5-7-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, 
large, purple and rose-colOr ; carpels wrinkled-veiny. 1J. — Way-sides. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

M. CRfsPA, the Curled Mallow, and M. moschata, the Musk Mallow, 
are occasionally spontaneous around gardens. 

3. CALLIBBHOE, Nutt. Callirrhoe. 

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- 
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels 
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1 -seeded, 
cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing 
downwards. — Flowers perfect. 

1. C. triailglllata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° 
high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest 
rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-eleft ; flowers 
panieled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx; carjjeJs short- 
pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. $* 
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July. 

2. C. alcaeoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) ; 
lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate, 
the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe- 



MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67 

duncles (rose-color or white) , involucel none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and 
strongly wrinkled on the back. 1J. (Sida alcaeoides, Michx.) — Barren oak-lands, 
S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 

4. WAFiEA, Clayt. Glade Mallow. 

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers dioecious ; the staminate flowers 
entirely destitute of pistils, with 1 5 - 20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column 
of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit 
depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1 -seeded 
beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing 
downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9-11-parted 
lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow- 
ers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vann, a wooded 
valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place 
where he discovered the plant.) 

1. N. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and 
southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July. 

5. SII>A, L. Sida. % 

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or 
more : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1 -seeded carpels, which remain 
closed, or commonly become 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the 
axis. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi- 
nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 

1. S. Nap^a, Cav. Nearly glabrous, tall (2° -4° high), erect; leaves 5- 
cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, 
large; carpels 10, pointed. % (Napsea lasvis & hermaphrodita, L.) — Rocky 
river-banks, Penn., Muhlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown. 
(Cultivated in old gardens.) 

2. S. SHioftii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (l°-4° high); leaves 
linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short; flowers (yel- 
low) rather large ; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed 
fruit. 1J. — Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May -Aug. 

3. S. spin6sa, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10' -20' high), much 
branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun- 
cles axillary, 1 -flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers (yellow) small ; carpels 
5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu- 
bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, 
but it cannot be called a spine. (I) — Waste places, common southward and 
eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.) 

6. ABIITILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow. 

Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in- 
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) 



68 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

1. A. Avicennjb, G*ertn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Tall (4° high) ; leaves round- 
ish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks ; 
corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. (£ — Waste places, escaped from 
gardens. (Adv. from India.) 

7. lfIODIOL,A, Mcench. Modiola. 

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig- 
mas capitate. Carpels 14 - 20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved 
at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed 
in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut 
leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, 
the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in shape the Ro 
man measure of that name.) 

1. UI. limltlfi&a, Mcench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised; sta- 
mens 15-20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 

§. ROSTELETZKYA, Presl. Kosteletzkya. 

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus 
(Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 

1. K.. Tirginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy (2° -4° high); leaves hal- 
berd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. 1J. (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.) 
— Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug. — - 
Corolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender. 

9. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow. 

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, persistent, 5- 
cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles 
united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which 
bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each 
cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and show}- flowers. (An old Greek 
and Latin name of unknown meaning.) 

1. H. Mosclieutos, L. (Swamp Rose-Mallow.) Leaves ovate, 
pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down; 
the 1 -flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles : calyx not in- 
flated; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and 
banks of large rivers. Salt springs, New York to Illinois. Aug., Sept. — Plant 
stout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim- 
son eye, showy. 

2. II. militaris, Cav. (Halberd-leaved Mallow.) Smooth through- 
out; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form, 
the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper- 
pointed : peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. 1} — River 
Danks, Penn. to 111., and southward. Aug. — More slender and smaller-flow- 
ered than the last : corolla pale rose-color. 



T1LIACE.E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 69 

3. H. Tri6num, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) Somewhat hairy ; upper leaves 
deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; 
fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly ribs, 5-winged at the summit ; 
seeds rough. ® — Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla 
pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral ; hence the name F lower-of-an- 
hour. (Adv. from Eu.) 

H. Syriacus, the Shrubby Althaea of the old gardeners, is cultivated 
about houses. 

Abelmoschus esculentijs, the Okra, and A. Manihot (the genus 
characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous), 
are common in gardens southward. 

Gossypium herbaceum, the Cotton-plant, is the most important plant of 
this family. 

Order 24. TIM ACE JE. (Linden Family.) 

Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, and 
valvate calyx, fyc. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals 
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 
2-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus 

1. TILIA; L. Linden. Basswood. 
Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher- 
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a 
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 
5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a suigle style, and a 5- 
toothed stigma. Eruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1 -celled and 1 - 
2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- 
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft 
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often 
truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on 
an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color, 
honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.) 

1. T. Americana, L. (Basswood.) Leaves green and glabrous or 
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods. May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely 
called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso- 
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. 

Var. pttbescGllS. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. 
pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.) — Common from Maryland southward 
and westward. 

2. T. hetcrojlliylla, Vent. (White Basswood ) Leaves smooth 
and bright green above, silvery -whitened with a fine down underneath. (T. 
alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leaves 
larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad. 

T. Europ^a, the European Linden, which is planted in and near our 
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any rrtive species by 



70 CAMELLIACEJS. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 

the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) 
gave the family name to Linnceus. 

Order 25. CAMELLIACE^. (Camellia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules , 
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both 
imbricated in aestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each 
other (monadelphous or 3 - b-adelphou-s) and icith the base of the petals. — 
Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod 
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- 
dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known 
Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country 
by the two following genera. 

1. STUABTIA, Catesby. Stuartia. 

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. 
Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, 
crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the 
albumen : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous 
deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short* 
peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, 'the well- 
known Lord Bute. ) 

I. S. Virgiilicsi, Cav. Petals 5 white (1' long) ; sepals ovate; style 1 ; 
stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (S. Malachoden- 
dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward. 

S. pentagyna, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled 
and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia. 

2. GORDO If I A, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. 

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, oboA r ate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one 
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the 
valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. 
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- 
dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary 
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his " old master, Dr. James Gordon 
of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 

1. O. LiE&si&intfrus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and 
persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and 
shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia 
and southward. May - July. — Petals 1 1' long. 

Order 26. LINAGES. (Flax Family.; 

Herbs, with regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers, A-5-merous 
throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the 5 stamens 



OXALIDACEJS. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) 71 

monadelphous at the base, and an 8-10-seeded pod, having twice as many 
cells (complete or incomplete) as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the 
genus 

1. LINUM, L. Flax. 

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each 
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, 
with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com- 
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projeets from the back of the 
carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, 
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough 
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with- 
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- 
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) 

1. L*. Virginiaimm, L. (Wild Flax.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the 
upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or panicled branches, on 
very short peduncles turned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals 
yellow; styles distinct. — Dry woods. June -Aug. \\. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces. 

2. 1*. Hodttii, Planchon. (Larger Yellow Flax.) Leaves linear, 
pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymose branches ; sepals ovate-lan- 
ceolate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer 
than the globular imperfectly 10-celled pod; petals sulphur yellow; styles united 
for | -J then length. (1) (L. rigidum, Torr. fy Gray, in part.) — Dry soil, Rhode 
Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June -Aug. — 
Stem slender, l°-2° high. This is L. sulcatum, Riddel, an earlier name. 

L. rigidum, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin. 
L. usitatissimum, L., the Common Flax, is occasionally spontaneous in 
cultivated grounds. 

Order 27. OXALJDACEiE. (Wood-Sorrel Family.) 

Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo- 
gynous, b-merous, 10-androus, somewhat monadelphous flowers, the calyx im- 
bricated and the petals convolute in the bud, 5 separate styles, and a b-celled 
srveral-seeded pod. — The principal genus is 

1. OX A L, IS, L. Wood-Sorrel. 

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, 
monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaceous, deeply 5- 
lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendu- 
lous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo 
large and straight in fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with alternate or 
radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at 
nightfall. (Name from o£v$, sour.) 



72 GERANIACE2S. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 

* Stemless: leaves and scapes from a rootstoch or bulb: cells few-seeded. 

1. O. Acetosella, L. (Common Wood-Sorrel.) Rootstoch creeping 
and scaly-toothed ; scape 1 -flowered ; petals white with reddish veins, often 
notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to L. Superior and northward: 
also southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Plant 2' -5' high, sparsely hairy: 
the flower f broad. Leaflets broadly obcordate. (Eu.) 

2. O. violfacea, L. (Violet Wood-Sorrel.) Bulb scaly ; scapes urn' 
bellately several-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals violet. — Rocky places : 
most common southward. May, June. — Nearly smooth, 5' -9' high. Leaves 
V3ry broadly obcordate. Sepals tipped with a gland. Corolla 1' broad. 

* ■*■ Stems leafy : peduncles axillary : cells several-seeded. 

3. O. stsicta., L. (Yellow Wood-Sorrel.) Annual or perennial 1 ? 
by running subterranean shoots ; stems at first erect, branching ; peduncles 2 - 
6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. 
— Borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common. May -Sept. — 
Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers, according to season 
and situation. 0. comieulata, L. is probably the same species. (Eu. 1) 



Order 28. GERANIACEjE. (Geranium Family.) 

Plants with mostly regular and symmetrical hypogynous b-merous flowers, 
imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly monadelphous at 
the base, the alternate ones shorter and sometimes sterile, and 5 pistils coher- 
ing to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate at maturity by the 
curling bach of the styles elastically, carrying with them the small 1-seeded 
pods. — Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous, 
usually but one ripening. Pods small and membranaceous, cohering to 5 
shallow excavations in the base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open 
on the inner face when they are carried away by the recurving styles. 
Seed without albumen : cotyledons folded together and bent down on the 
short radicle. — Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have 
somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate 
stipulate leaves, and bitter astringent roots. 

1. GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill. 

Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base 
(alternate with the petals). Styles not twisted in fruit when they separate from 
the axis, smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. (An old 
Greek name, from yepavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to re- 
semble the bill of that bird. ) See addend. 

* Boot perennial. 

1. O* maculatum, L. (Wild Cranesbill.) Stem erect, hairj , 
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; 
sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (£' long). 



BALSAMINACE^:. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 73 

— Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with 
whitish as they grow old. 

# # Root biennial or annual. 

2. O. Carolini&imm, L. (Carolina Cranesbill.) Stems dif- 
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft 
and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the 
emarginate (pale rose-color) petals ; seeds very minutely reticulated (under a lens), 

— Barren soil and waste places. May -July. — Elowers small: the peduncles 
and pedicels short. — A state with more notched petals and more reticulated 
seeds passes sometimes for G. dissectum, L. 

3. G. pusillum, L. (Small flowered Cranesbill.) Stems procum- 
bent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the 
divisions mostly 3-cleft ; sepals awnless, about as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-pur- 
ple) petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, New York & Mass. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. O. Robertiamim, L. (Herb Robert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse ; 
leaves 3-divided, the divisions 2-pinnatifid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (purple) 
petals ; pods wrinkled; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines. June- 
Oct. — Plant strongly odorous. ( Eu. ) 

2. ERODIU1, L'Her. Storksbill. 

The 5 shorter stamens sterile. • Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded in- 
side. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from ipcodtos, a heron.) 

1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; leaves 
pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 -2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — Shore 
of Oneida Lake, New York, Knieskern. (Adv. from Eu.) 

Order 29. BAI4SAMINACEJE. (Balsam Family.) 

Annuals, with succulent stems gorged with a bland watery juice, and very 
irregular hypogynous flowers, the 5 stamens somewhat united, and the pod 
bursting elastically. — Characters as in the principal genus, 

1. IMP ATI ENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed. 

Calyx and corolla colored alike and confounded, imbricated in the bud. Se- 
pals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably 
consisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower 
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided 
and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short: filaments 
appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united 
over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled : stigma 
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several 
anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the 
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight : albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter- 
nate, without stipules. Elowers axillary or panicled ; often of two sorts, viz. 



74 LIMNANTHACEJS. (LIMXANTHES FAMILY.) 

the larger ones, as described above, which seldom ripen seeds, and very small 
ones, which are fertilized early in the bud, when the floral envelopes never ex- 
pand, nor grow to their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and car 
ried upwards on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when, 
touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch-me-not, or Snap-weed.) 

1. I, pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Flowers pale yellow, spar- 
ingly dotted with brownish-red; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, 
tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich 
soil ; most common northwestward. July - Sept. — Larger and greener than 
the next, with larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed. 

2. I, faslva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers orange-color } 
thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, taper- 
ing into a strongly inflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places ; common, 
especially southward. June - Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high : the flowers loosely 
panicled at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nod- 
ding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopias-shaped sepal upward. A variety 
is occasionally found with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere 
of Europe chiefly in the more inflexed spur and smaller petals. 

I. Balsamixa, L., is the Balsam or Ladies' slipper of the garden. 
Trop^eolum ma jus, the familiar Nasturtium of gardens, is the type of a 
group intermediate between the Balsam and Geranium families and the next. 

Order 30. LXMNANTHACEiE. (Limnanthes Family.) 

Annual low herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules, and reg- 
ular 3 - o-merous flowers : calyx valvate in the bud : stame?is twice as many 
as the petals: the one-seeded little fleshy fruits separate, but their styles united, 
— Consists of one 5-merous Californian genus (Limnanthes) with hand- 
some flowers, sometimes cultivated in gardens, and the insignificant 

1. FL(EBKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. 

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6, nearly hy- 
pogynous. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style 
rising in the centre: stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. 
Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy 
cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers 
on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerlce, a German botanist.) 

1. F. proserpitiacoid.es, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New 
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo- 
late, sometimes 2 - 3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent. 

Order 31. RUTACEJE. (Rue Family.) 

Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted icith pellucid glands, abound- 
ing with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, hypogynous regular 
3 - b-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals; the 



RUTACE.E. (RUE FAMILY.) 75 

2-6 pistils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many ceUs s 
raised on a prolongation of the receptacle {cjynophore) or glandular disk, — 
Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles com- 
monly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usu- 
ally capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large 
family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the Proper 
Rutaceos, represented in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, Z.), are 
mostly herbs ; while our two genera, of trees or shrubs, belong to what 
has been called the order Zanthoxylaceos, but are not distinct from the 
Uiosmece. 

1. ZAJ^THOXYLUM, Colden. Prickly Ash. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im- 
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the 
petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. 
Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved when ripe, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, 
black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs 
or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. 
Flowers small, greenish or whitisli. (Name from £av66s, yellow, and £v\op, 
wood. ) 

1. Z. Americ&iium, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash. Tooth- 
ache-tree.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an 
odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5, 
with slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks ; com- 
mon northward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers 
appearing with the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. 

2. Z. Carolinianum* Lam. (Southern Prickly Ash.) Glabrous; 
leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining 
above ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 
5 ; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and south- 
ward. June. — A small tree, with very sharp prickles. 

2. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. 

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled 
and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- 
olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. 
(The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus with a somewhat similar fruit.). 

1. 5*. trifolifit£t, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — 
Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit 
bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable ; but not 
so much so as those of the 

Ailanthus glandulosus, or Tree-of-Heaven, — a cultivated tree allied 
to this family, — whose flowers, especially the staminate ones, redolent of any- 



76 ANACARDIACEJE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 

thing but " airs from heaven," offer a serious objection to the planting of this 
ornamental tree near dwellings. 

Order 32. ANACARDIACE^E. (Cashew Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate 
leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular pentandrous flowers, with a 1- 
celled and l-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated 
in the bud. Seed borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the 
cell, without albumen. Stipules none. Often poisonous. — Represented 
only by the genus 

1. RHUS, L. Sumach. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes 
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and in dehiscent, a 
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens) 
usually compound. Flowers greenish- white or yellowish. (The old Greek and 
Latin name of the genus.) 

$ 1. SUMAC, DC. — Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle: fruit 
globular , clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : leaves odd-pinnate. 
(Not poisonous.) 

1. R. typliiim, L. (Staghorn Sumach.) Branches and stalks densely 
velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. 
— Hill-sides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° - 30° high, with orange-colored wood. 

2. It, glabra, L. (Smooth Sumach.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous; 
leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky 
or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. 

3. R. copaliilia, L. (Dwarf Sumach.) Branches and stalks downy ; 
petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets, 
which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky 
hills. July. — Shrub l°-7° high, with running roots. Leaflets variable, en- 
tire or sparingly toothed. 

§2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. — Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender 
axillary panicles: fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate: 
leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch : even the effluvium 
in sunshine affecting some persons.) 

4. R. venenata, DC. (Poison Sumach or Dogwood.) Smooth, 
or nearly so; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong , entire. (R. Vernix, L., partly.) — 
Swamps. June. — Shrub 6° -18° high. The most poisonous species. Also 
called, inappropriately, Poison Elder and Poison Dogwood. 

5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Climb- 
ing by rootlets over rocks, &c, or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, 
mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched or cut-lobed, or 
entire — When climbing trees, it is R. radicans, L. — Thickets, &c June. 



vitace^:. (vine family.) 77 

§3. LOBADiUM, Raf. — Flowers polygamo-dioxious, in clustered scaly-bracted 
spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk 5-parted, large: fruit as in § 1, but 
jlattish: leaves 3 foliolate. (Not poisonous.) 

6. R« aroma tie a, Ait. (Fragrant Sumach.) Leaves pubescent 
when young, thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, 
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky 
soil, Vermont to Michigan, Kentucky, and westward. April. — A lew strag- 
gling bush, the crushed leaves sweet-scented. 

Order 33. VITACEtE. (Vine Family.) 

Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular 
flowers, a minute truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as 
many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-cellcd, usually 4- 
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila- 
ments slender: anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a 
slightly 2-lobed stigma: ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules 
from the base of each. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of 
the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous. 
Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo- 
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c. 
acid.) — Consists of Yitis and one or two nearly allied genera. 

1. VITIS, Tourn. Grape. 

Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled 
with a fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com- 
pound thyrsus; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin 
name of the Vine.) 

§ 1. VITIS proper. — Petals 5, cohering at the top while they separate at the base, 
and so the corolla usually falls off without expanding : 5 thick glands or lobes of the 
disk alternating with the stamens, between them and the base of the ovary : flowers 
dioecious-polygamous in all the American species, exhaling a fragrance like that of 
Mignonette : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, of en variously and variably 
lobed. 

^ Leaves woolly beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses. 

1. V. Labrwsca, L. (Northern Fox-Grape.) Branchlets and young 
leaves very woolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; 
berries large (J'-f in diameter). — Moist thickets, common. June. — Berries 
ripe in Sept., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Imnroved 
by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella Grape, &c. 

2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Young leaves downy with 
loose cobwebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above ; fertile panicles com- 
pound, long and slender : berries small (£' or # in diameter), black with a bloom. 
— Thickets, common ; climbing high. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in 
Oct. 



78 KHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 

* # Leaves smooth or nearly so and green both sides, commonly pubescent on the veins 
beneath, eitlier incisely lobed or undivided. 

3. V. cordifolia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape.) Leaves thin, 
not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob- 
scurely 3-lobcd ; panicles compound, large and loose; berries small (£' broad), blue 
or black with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. riparia : with 
the leaves broader and somewhat incisely toothed and cut-lobed. (V. riparia, 
Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks; common. May, June. — Flowers very 
sweet-scented. 

4. V. vulpiiia, L. (Muscadine or Southern Fox-Grape.) Leaves 
shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed 
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles small, densely flowered, 
berries large (h' - %' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, ripe early in 
autumn. — River-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. May. — 
Bark of stem close, not separating, as in the other species. Branchlets mi- 
nutely warty. Fruit with a thick and tough skin. This yields the Catawba 
and the Scuppernong Grape, <fec. 

§ 2. CfSSUS, L. — Petals 4 or 5, usually expanding before or when they fall: disk 
thick and broad, usually 4-5-lobed, often somewhat perigynous: flowers commonly 
perfect. 

5. V. illdivisa., Willd. Nearly glabrous ; tendrils few and small ; leaves 
heart-shaped or truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, 
not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender ; ber- 
ries small (of the size of a pea), 1-3-seeded. — River-banks, W. Virginia, 
banks of the Ohio, and southward. June. 

6. V, tnpmnatsi, Ton*. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather 
upright; leaves twice -pinnate or temate, the leaflets cut-toothed; tendrils none; 
panicle small, cymose ; petals and stamens 5 ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, 
adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate when young. (Ampelopsis bipin- 
nata, Miclix.) — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 

2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Creeper. 

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. 
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Flower-clusters 
cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. 
(Name from a/x7re\os, a vine, and tyis, appearance.) 

1. A. qmsiquefolia, Michx. — A common woody vine, growing in 
low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, blossoming in July, ripening its small 
blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivy. Leaves turning bright 
crimson in autumn. 

Order 34. RHAMNACEJE. (Buckthorn Family.) 

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some- 
times apetalous), icith the A or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate 
tepals and alternate with them, and accordingly opposite the petals ! Drupe 



RHAMNACE^E. (buckthorn family.) 79 

or pod with only one seed in each cell, not drilled. — Petals folded inwards 
in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the 
edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and often 
unites it to the lower part of the 2 - 5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, 
anatropous, erect. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, 
in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous. Leaves mostly 
alternate: stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly 
bitter and astringent : the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nau- 
seous or drastic.) 

Synopsis. 

# Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 

1. BERCHEMIA. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 

2-celled bony putamen. 

2. RHAMNUS. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the 

2 - 4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute. 

3. FRANGULA. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back : cotyledons 

plane, fleshy. 

* # Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary. 

4. CEANOTHUS. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 

1, BERCHEMIA, Necker. Supple- Jack. 

Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong 
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling 
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a 
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody twining and climbing vines, with the pinnate 
veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in 
small panicles. (Name unexplained.) 

1. 15. voIiaMiis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely 
serrulate; style short, 2-toothed at the apex. — Damp soils, Virginia, and 
southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence 
the popular name. 

2, BHAINUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, 
6hort-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes 
none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 sep- 
arate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on the back, 
as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. — Shrubs 
or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or 
dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name, from the nu- 
merous branchlets.) 

*■ Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. 

1. R. catharticus, L. (Common Buckthorn.) Leaves ovate, minutely 
serrate; fruit 3 - ^-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spon- 
taneous on the Hudson River, New York. (Adv. from Eu.) 

9 



80 RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 

2. R. lanceolatllS, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on 
flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy 
beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded. Hills and river-banks, Penn. 
(Mercersburg, Prof. Green) to Illinois, and southward. May. — Shrub tall, 
not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers occurring under two forms, both com- 
monly perfect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with long 
styles ; the other, and more fruitful, with the pedicels oftencr solitary, and the 
style very short. 

# * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting. 

3. R. alllifdEms, LVHer. Leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight 
veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Illinois, northward. 
June. — Shrub 1° - 4° high. 

3. FRANCrULA, Tourn. Alder-Buckthorn. 

Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane, 
large and thick. Flowers perfect ; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 
almost always 5. Leaves with nearly straight and parallel veins. Otherwise as 
in Rhamnus. (Name from frango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the 
stems.) 

1. F. Carolifiliana, Gray. Thornless; leaves (3' -4' long) oblong, 
obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; peduncle of the small umbel of 
flowers very short; drupe spherical, 3-seeded. — River-banks, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and southward. June. — A tall shrub. 

4. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-Root. 

Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick 
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hood- 
form, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also elon- 
gated. Fruit 3-Iobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in 
Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, which are 
crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches : 
calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (A name of Theophrastus, of un- 
known meaning and application.) 

1. C. Americaitus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or ob- 
long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base ; 
common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — An undershrub, 1°- 
3° high from a dark red root, varying exceedingly : branches downy. Flowers 
in pretty white clusters. — The leaves were used as a substitute for tea during 
the American Revolution. 

2. C. ovalis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, 
finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pe- 
duncles. — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — A 
handsome low shrub, with the white flowers larger than in No. 1. more 
corymbed, and narrower smooth leaves, mostly acute at both ends. It also 
varies greatly. 



CELASTRACEJE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 81 

Order 35. CELASTRACEiE. (Staff-tree Family.) 

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the 
petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as 
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which Jills the bottom oj 
the calyx. Seeds arilled. — Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with one or few anatropous 
(erect or pendulous) ovules in each cell : styles united into one. Fruit 2 - 
5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen : cotyledons 
broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. — Rep- 
resented in the Northern States by two genera. 

1 • CELASTBUS, L. Staff-tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on 
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the tube of the calyx. Pod glo- 
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-2 
in each cell, erect, enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flow- 
ers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An 
ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not. ) 

1. C» scancfens, L. (Wax-work. Climbing Bitter-sweet.) 
Woody, sarmentose and twining ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — 
Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, dis- 
playing the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 

2. KUONYIUS, Tourn. Spindle-tree. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat 
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the 
edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx 
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or 
none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 3 in each cell, en- 
closed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, 
and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Deriv. from ev, good, 
and ovofia, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.) 

1. E. atropwrpureilS, Jacq. (Burning-Bush. Waaiioo.) Shrub 
tall (6° -14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of 
the (dark purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New 
York to Wisconsin and southward : also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in 
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 

2. E. America nil S, L. (Strawberry Bush.) Shrub low, upright 
or straggling (2° -5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying 
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple 
flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe, the aril 
scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, W. New York to Illinois and southward. June. 

Var. obovallis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- 
ing stems l°-2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus, 
Nutt.) — Low or wet places. 



82 SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.^ 

Order 36. SAPINDACE^E. (Soapberry Family.) 

Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly un- 
symmetrical and often ijregular /lowers, the 4-5 sepals and petals both im- 
bricated in aestivation, the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or 
hypogijnous) disk, a 2 - ^-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more) 
ovules in each cell, and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, 
without albumen. — A large order, the true Sapindaceae principally tropi- 
cal, none of them indigenous in the Northern States, except the Buckeyes : 
— to it may be appended the Bladder-nut and Maple Families. 

Suborder I. STAPHYLEACE^E. The Bladder-Nut Family 

Flowers (perfect) regular ; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 
in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — 
Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, stipulate and stipellate. 

1. STAPHYLEA. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled 

bladdery -inflated pod. 

Suborder II. S A P I N D A C E M proper (including Hippocastaneje). 

Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular ; the 
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely 
twice as many. Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo 
curved or convolute, rarely straight: cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves 
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound. 

2. JLSCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod. 

Leaves opposite, digitate. 

Suborder III. ACEKINE^. The Maple Family. 

Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) regular, but usually unsymmetrical. 
Petals sometimes wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of 
ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Embryo 
coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple 
or compound. 

3. ACER. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound. 

4. NEGUNDO. Elowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets. 

Suborder I. STAPHYLEACEJE. The Bladder-nut Family. 

1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate, 
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the 
calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, 
united in the axis, their long styles cohering at first. Pod large, membrana- 
ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit; the cells 
containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, 
in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite 
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme- 



SAPINDACE^E. (SOAFBERRY FAMILY.; 83 

like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name 
from ora(f)v\T), a cluster.) 

1. S. trifolia, L. (American Bladder-nut.) Leaflets 3, ovate, 
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish 
striped branches. 

Suborder II. SAPINDACEJE proper. 

2. iESCULiUS, L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye. 

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 4, 
sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 
7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary 
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms 
a seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round 
pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous 
faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule 
2-leaved : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaf- 
lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus 
or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils 
and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely 
bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast 
bearing tree.) 

§ 1. iESCULUS proper. — Fruit covered with prickles when young. 

1. JE. HlPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla 

spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ; 
leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) 

2. iE. glabra, Willd. (Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.) Stamens curved, 
much longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit prickly when 
young; leaflets 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and 
Kentucky. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as 
in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy. 

$ 2. PA VI A, Boerh. — Fruit smooth : petals 4, erect and conniving ; the 2 upper 
smaller and longer than the others, consisting of a small and rounded blade on a 
very long claw. 

3. iE. flava, Ait. (Sweet Buckeye.) Stamens included in the yellow 
corolla; calyx oblong -cam panulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often 
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and 
southward. May. A large tree, or a shrub. 

Var. purpurascens. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with 
flesh-color or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (JE. discolor, 
Pursh, Sfc.) — From W. Virginia southward and westward. 

4. iE. Pavia, L. (Red Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the 
corolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or 
soft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward- 
May. — A shrub or small tree 



84 SAPLNDACE.E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 

Suborder III. ACERINEiE. The Maple Family. 

3. ACER, Tourn. Maple. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. Pet- 
als either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws 
if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either perigynous or 
hypogynous. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each : 
styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From 
the back of each ovaiy grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at 
length separable, closed samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo 
variously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or some- 
times shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedi- 
cels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) 
* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens 6-8. 

1. A. Peiinsylvailicillli, L. (Striped Maple.) Leaves 3-lobed 
at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes taper-pointed, 
and also serrate ; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg- 
ing wings. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north 
ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and 
slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers 
and fruit Also called Striped Dogwood, and Moose- Wood. 

2. A. spicatlim, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Leaves downy under- 
neath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; racemes 
upright, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very 
divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range- 
as No. 1. June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps. 

# * Flowers umbellate-corymbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves. 

3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (Sugar Maple. Eock Maple.) 
Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed 
lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or 
a little downy along the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and 
lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the 
apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Rich woods, 
especially northward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A 
large, handsome tree. 

Var. nigrum. (Black Sugar-Maple.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, 
but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. 
(A. nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form. 

# * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from lateral leafless buds, preceding the 
leaves: stamens 3-6. 

4. A. dasycarpillii, Ehrhart. (White or Silver Maple.) Leaves 
very deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young 
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers 
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with 
large divergent wings. — River-banks, most common southwaid and westward. 
March, April. — A fine ornamental tree. 



POLYGALACEiE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 85 

5. A. l'frbrum, L. (Bed or Swamp Maple.) Leaves 3 - 5 lobed with 
the sinuses acute, whitish underneath; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, 
acute, the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers on very short 
pedicels (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) ; but the fruit smooth, on pro- 
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods ; everywhere. March, 
April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, 
turning bright crimson in early autumn. 

A. Pseudo-Platanus, L., the False Sycamore, and A. platanoides, 
L., called Norway Maple, are two European species occasionally planted. 

4. WJE€cUl¥I>0, Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4-5. 

— Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping ra- 
cemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. (Name un- 
meaning. The genus, apparently of only a single species, is too near Acer 
itself.) 

1. N. aceroid.es, Moench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish 
when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather 
incurved wings. — River-banks. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April. 

— A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate droop- 
ing clusters of small greenish flowers, rather preceding the leaves. 

Order 37. POL.YGALACE.3E. (Milkwort Family.) 

Plants with irregular, as if papilionaceous, hypogynous flowers, 4-8 dia- 
delphous or monadelphous stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top 
by a pore or chink ; the fruit a 1-celled and 2-seeded pod. • - Represented 
by the typical genus 

1. POLYGALA, Toum. Milkwort. 

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper 
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner 
(called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy- 
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) 
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments 
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the 
petals, free above : anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or 
broad chink at the apex. Ovaiy 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen- 
dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a 
small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much 
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or vari- 
ously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and 
broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs 
in temperate regions), with simple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules: 
sometimes bearing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. (An old 



86 POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 

name, from 7rokvs, much, and yaka, milk, from a fancied property of its in- 
creasing this secretion.) 

# Biennial (6'- 12' high) : flowers yellow : crest of the keel small. 

1. P. lUtCcl, L. Flowers in solitary ovate or oblong heads, terminating the 
stem or simple branches (bright orange-yellow)) leaves (V -2' long) obovate or 
spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New- 
Jersey and southward, near the coast. June - Sept. — Stems at first simple. 
Head of flowers f ' in diameter, showy. 

2. P. l'ailiosa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense 
spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear, 
the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of 
the caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. eorymbosa, Nutt.) — Damp 
pine-barrens, New Jersey] Delaware, and southward. — Flowers turning green 
in drying. (The allied P. cym6sa, "Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P. 
attenuata, Nutt., P. acutifolia, Torr. fy Gray, — known by its simpler cymes, 
stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globular seeds with no caruncle, — 
probably occurs in S. Virginia.) 

* # Annual : flowers purple or white, in spikes ; no subterranean blossoms : crest of 

the keel minute, except in Nos. 3, 9, and 10. 

■*- Leaves all alternate or scattered : flowers purple or flesh-color. 

3. P. iiicaivraf&ta, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or sparingly 
branched (1° high); leaves small, linear-awl-shaped; spike oblong or cylindri- 
cal ; icings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals 
united in a very long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle 2-lobed, longer than the stalk 
of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Maryland and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. 
July. 

4. P. sailipalnea, L. Stem branched at the top (6-' -10' high) ; leaves 
oblong-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, dense, very obtuse; wings broadly ovate, 
obtuse; caruncle almost as long as the seed. (P. purpurea, Nutt.) — Sandy and 
moist ground ; common. July - Sept. — Spikes J' thick, reddish-purple : the 
axis, as in Nos. 5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after 
the flowers have fallen. 

5. P. iastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branched above; 
leaves linear ; spikes short ; wings ovate-oblong, tapering at the base into distinct 
claws; caruncle as long as, and nearly enveloping, the stalk-like base of the minutely 
hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. §- Gr., excl. syn. ; not of Nutt., nor L.) — 
Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nuttall) to Kentucky and southward. — Spikes 
looser, and the rose-purple flowers much smaller, than in No. 4, brighter-colored 
than in the next, which it most resembles. 

6. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gr. (Fl. 1, p. 670, excl. syn., & descr.) Stem 
branched above (4' -9' high); leaves linear; spikes oblong, dense; wings dUp* 
tical, on very short claws ; caruncle small and applied to one side of the stalk-like base 
of the very hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c, Pluk., 
t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. & Gr., FL, not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of 
Massachusetts to Penn. and southward. Aug. — Spikes £' in diameter; the 
flowers light purple and greenish, duller-colored than in the last, with thicker 



POLYGALACE.E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 87 

wings on shorter claws ; and the narrow caruncle not longer than the stalk-like 
base of the pear-shaped seed. 

+- •«- Leaves, at least the lower ones, in whorls. 
++ Flowers middle-sized, in thick spikes, rose-color or greenish-purple, 

7. P. criiciala, L. Low, with spreading opposite branches; leaves 
nearly ail in fours (rarely fives), linear and somewhat spatulate or oblanceolate ; 
spikes sessile or nearly so, dense, oblong becoming cylindrical ; bracts persistent ; 
wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point ; caruncle 
nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south- 
ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. Aug, - Sept. — Stems 3' - 10' 
high, with almost winged angles. Spikes fully J' in diameter. 

8. P. l>revi folia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves in fours, 
or scattered on the branches, narrowly spatulate-oblong ; spikes peduncled, ob- 
long, rather loose; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely murronate. — Margin 
of sandy bogs, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey and southward. Sept. — 
Closely allied to the last, probably only a marked variety of it. 

++> ** Flowers small, in slender elongated spikes, greenish-white, rarely tinged with 
purple : the crest 7'ather large in proportion. 

9. P. vertici llata, L. Slender (6' -10' high), much branched; stem- 
leaves in fours or fives, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute , spikes pedun- 
cled, dense, acute; bracts falling with the flowers; wings round, clawed; the 
2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil ; common. June - Oct. 

10. P. ainfofg'lia, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem- 
leaves in fours, the rest scattered, narrowly linear ; spikes long -peduncled, very slen- 
der, the flowers often scattered; wings oval ; caruncle shorter; otherwise nearly 
as in No. 9 (of which it is probably a mere variety). — Dry woods, from New 
York southward. 

^ * # Perennial : flowers white, spiked; no subterranean blossoms. 

11. P. Senega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Stems several from a 
thick and hard knotty root, simple (6'- 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate ; spike cylindrical, the flowers on 
extremely short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle 
nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky open woods or plains, W. New England 
to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia. May, June. 

Var. laiifolia, Ton*. & Gray. Taller (9' -16' high), sometimes branched; 
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very large (2 / -4 / long), tapering to each end. 
Kentucky, Short. 
# * * # Biennial or perennial: flowers rose-purple, showy, crested; also bearing 

whitish and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, on subterranean 

branches. 

12. P. polyg^ama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, 
mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, 
alternate ; terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovatc wings longer than 
the keel; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short runners on or beneath 
the ground; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. (P. 
rubella, Muhl.) — Dry sandy soil; common eastward. — July. 



88 LEGUM1N0S.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

13. P. paiicifolia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3' -4' 
high), and leafy chiefly at the summit, rising from long and slender prostrate or. 
subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile flowers; lower leaves 
small and scale-like, scattered; the upper leaves ovate, petioled, crowded; flowers 
1-3, large, peduncled ; wings obovatc, rather shorter than the conspicuously 
fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2-3 awl-shaped lobes longer than 
the seed. — Woods in light soil; not rare northward, extending southward 
along the Allcghanics. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very hand- 
some flowers, }' long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called 
Flowering Wintergrcen, but more appropriately Fringed Polygala. 



Okdeii 38. LEGUMINOS^. (Pulse Family.) 

Plants icith papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5, and 
sometimes many*) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and 
a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds without 
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the 
sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e. 
next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from 
noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in this and 
other northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three sub- 
orders it comprises. 

Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^. The proper Pulse Family. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla pe- 
rigynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very 
rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous, 
i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger 
than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or 
spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the icings, oblique and exterior to 
the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less 
coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or keel, 
from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually en- 
closes the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the 
corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set in a 
tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenth 
or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 
2-celled by an infolding of one of the sutures, or transversely many-celled 
by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitropous, very rare- 
ly anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle almost always 
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germi- 
nation usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite en- 
tire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or pan- 
icles. 



LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89 

Synopsis, 

Tribe I. LOTEJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous 
and 1-celled, or sometimes 2-celled lengthwise. Cotyledons becoming green leaves in 
germination. — Not twining, climbing, nor tendril-bearing. (Wistaria is an exception in 

its climbing stems.) 

Subtribe 1. Geniste2e. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple or 
pahnately compound. 
1. LUPINUS. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod fiattish. Leaves palmate. 
2 CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated. 
8. GENISTA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped. Keel straight. Pod flat. Leaves simple. 

Subtribe 2. Trifoliele. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Leaves palmately 
or rarely pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ; the earliest ones in germination after the cotyledons 
alternate ! — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants. 

4. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded. 

5. MELILOTUS. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. 

6. MEDICAGO. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled. 

Subtribe 3. Psoralen. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded and inde- 
hiscent, mostly included in the calyx, rarely 2-seeded. Plants sprinkled with dark dots 
or glands. Earliest true leaves opposite. 

7. PSORALEA. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of 

the anthers often imperfect. 

8. DALEA. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; the cleft 

tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. 

9. PETALOSTEMON. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadelphous ; 

the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. 

10. AMORPLTA. Corolla consisting of only one petal ! the standard. Stamens 10, monadel* 

phous at the base. 

Subtribe 4. Galege^s. Stamens mostly diadelphous. Pod several-seeded, at length 2-valved, 
1-celled. Leaves pinnate. 

11. ROBINIA. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat and thin, margined on one 

edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate. 

12. WISTARIA. Wings free from the falcate keel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners : 

leaflets not stipellate. 
18. TEPHROSTA. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod fiat, marginless. Herbs. 

Subtribe 5. Astragale^:. Stamens diadelphous. Pod 2-celled lengthwise by the intro- 
flexion of the dorsal suture, or 1-celled with one or the other suture somewhat turned 
inward. Leaves pinnate. 

14. ASTRAGALUS. Keel not pointed. Herbs, or low scarcely woody plants. 

Tribe II. HEDYSAREiE. Stamens monadelpnous or diadelphous. Pod (loment) 
transversely 2- several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or some- 
times reduced to one such joint. 

* Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets. 

15. ^SCHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- 

jointed. 
16 HEDYSARUM. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several 
jointed. 

* # Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 
17. DESMODIUM. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. 
Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 



90 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

18. LESPETEZA. stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointcd. Flow- 

ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 

19. STYL0SA3 TILES. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow 

ers of 2 sorts intermixed, the fertile apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 

Tribe III. "VICIEiE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 1-celled. Coty- 
ledons very thick and fleshy (as in a pea), not rising to the surface, but remaining under 
ground in germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leafstalk 
produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. 

20. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded round the apex, or down the side next the keel-petals. 

21. LATIIYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side towards the standard. 

Tribe IY. PHASEOLEJl. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod contin- 
uous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited 
between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the surface, 
but remaining nearly unchanged (as in a bean, seldom foliaceous) in germination. — 
Twining or trailing plants, with pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 5 - 7-foliolate leaves, mostly 
stipellate, destitute of tendrils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes. 
# Keel spirally twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination. 

22. PIIASEOLUS. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate. 

23. APIOS. Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, not stipellate. 

* # Keel straight. Cotyledons not so thick, 
•t- Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Leaflets not stipellate. Flowers yellow. 

24. RHYNCHOSIA. Calyx 4-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped, or 4-parted. Pod 1 - 2-seeded. 

+- -i- Ovary several ovuled. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers not yellow. 
26. GALACTIA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bracts 
deciduous. 

26. AMPHICARP.EA. Calyx not bracteolate, 4 - 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered. 

Bracts persistent. 

27. CLITORIA Calyx 2-bracteolate, tubular, 5-cleft. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 

28. CENTROSEMA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, short, 5-cleft. Peduncles few-flowered. Standard 

with a spur at its base. 

Tribe Y. SOPHOREiE and PODAIiYRIEJE. Stamens 10, distinct. 

29. BAPTISIA. Calyx 4 - 5-lobed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod inflated. Herbs. Leaves pal- 

mately 3-foliolate or simple. 
80. CLADRASTIS. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod very flat. Tree, with pin- 
nate leaves. 

Suborder II. CJESALPINIEiE. The Brasiletto Family. 

Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu- 
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by 
the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. 
Seeds anatropous. Embryo usually straight. 

* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. 

31. CERCIS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. 

# # Flowers not papilionaceous, perfect. 

32. CASSIA. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Leaves simply pinnate. 

* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, not perfect. 

83. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers dioecious. Petals 5, regular, inserted on the summit of the 

tubular-funnel-form calyx. Stamens 10. Leaves doubly pinnate. 

84. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous. Petals, divisions of the open calyx, and stamens 

8-5. Leaves 1-2 -pinnate. 



LEGUMIN08JS. (PULSE FAMILI.j 91 

Suborder III. MIMOSEJE. The Mimosa Faiult. 

Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogy- 
nous, as are the (often very numerous) stamens, regular. Embryo straight 
Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. 

85. DESMANTHTJS. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 - 10. Pod smooth. 

86. SCIIRANEIA. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with 

small prickles or rough projections. 

Suborder I. FAFIL.IONACE JB. The Proper Pulse Family. 

la LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. 

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed: keel scythe- 
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter- 
nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric- 
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately 
1 - 1 5-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name 
from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of 
the soil.) 

1. I*. perenni§ 9 L. (Wild Lupine.) Somewhat hairy; stem erect 
(l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long and loose raceme, 
pods very hairy. 1J. — Sandy soil, common. June. — "Flowers showy, purplish- 
blue, rarely pale or white. — Some S. European Lupines in gardens, and others 
from Oregon have recently been introduced, especially L. polyphyllus. 

2. CKOTALARIA, L. Battle-box. 

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe- 
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of the 
anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs 
with simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellowy (Name from KporaXov, a rattle ; 
the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 

1. C sagittfiiis, L. Annual, hairy (3' -6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong- 
lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as 
to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than 
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and 
southward. July. 

3. GENISTA, L. Woad- Waxen. Whin. 

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading : keel oblong, straight, 
scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath 
entire ; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, 
with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.) 

1. O. tinctoria, L. (Dyer's Green-weed.) Low, not thorny, with 
Btriate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. — 



92 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

Peekskill, New York, and E. Massachusetts, where it is thoroughly established 
on steiile hills in Essex County. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. Trefoil. 

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla withering or persist- 
ent : standard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel, and 
united with it by their slender claws. Stamens more or less united with the 
corolla. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 -6-seeded, 
indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herb3. Leaves 
mostly palmately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the 
petioles. Flowers chiefly in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and 
folium, a leaf.) 

# Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away after 

flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other. 

*- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the ichitish corolla. 

1. T. arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover. Stone Clover.) Silky, 
branching (5'- 10' high) ; leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky 
and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. ® — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4- •*- Calyx almost glabrous, except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose- 
red or purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Flowers sweet-scented.) 

2. T. pratense, L. (Red Clover.) Stems ascending, somewhat haiiy ; 
leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side 
with a pale spot ; stipides broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. @ Ij. — Fields 
and meadows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. T. medium, L. (Zigzag Clover.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets 
oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple and larger : 
otherwise like the last. 1J. — Dry hills, Essex Co., Massachusetts. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

=* * Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short 
pedicels reflexed when old: coivlla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn- 
ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short. 

4. T« reflexilfill, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Stems ascending, doiony ; 
leaflets obovate-oblong , finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; calyx-teeth hairy ; 
pods 3-5-seeded. (J) © — Western New York (rare) to Kentucky and south- 
ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and 
keel whitish. 

5. T. StolOBiifcrum, Muhl. (Running Buffalo-Clover.) Smooth, 
stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely 
toothed; heads loose; pods 2-seeded. lj. — Open woodlands and prairies, 
Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple, 
as large. as No. 4, which this too closely resembles. 

6. T. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth; the slender stems 
spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely 
toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very 
long; heads small and loose; pods about 4-seeded. 1[ — Pastures, waste 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93 

places, and even in woodlands. Appearing like a naturalized plant ; but mani- 
festly indigenous northward. (Eu.) 

* ^ # Floivers shoi~t-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old: corolla yellow, 
persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood- 
shaped, 

7. T. agrarium, L. (Yellow or Hop- Clover.) Smoothish, somewhat 
upright (6'- 12' high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point (pal- 
mate) and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more titan 
half its length. (5) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Perm. (Nat. from Eu.) 

8. T. procumbens, L. (Low Hop-Clover.) Stems spreading or as- 
cending, pubescent (3' -6' high) ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end; the 
lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. 
(J) — Sandy fields and road-sides, N. England to Virginia. Also var. minus 
(T. minus, Relh.), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. 
With the other, and Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 

5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Clover. 

Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous, 
the wings not united with the keel. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer 
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in drying, 
with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from fitXi, honey, and 
Acaros, some leguminous plant.) 

1. UX. officinalis, Willd. (Yelloav- Melilot.) Upright (2° -4° 
high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; cwolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal 
length. (D — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. M. alba, Lam. (White Melilot.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white, 
the standard longer than the other petals. (g) (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In simi- 
lar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. BIEDICAGO, L. Medick. 

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped, 
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolatc. Stipules often cut. 
(Deriv. from M^Si/oy, the name applied to Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks 
from Media.) 

1. $!• sativa, L. (Lucerne.) Upright, smooth ; leaflets obovate-oblong, 
toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. % — Cultivated for 
green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. M. lupulina, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pu- 
bescent ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in sltort spifcei 
(yellow); pods kidney form, 1-seedcd. (2) — Waste places; sparingly. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

3. M. macuiAta, Willi. (Spotted Medick.) Spreading or procum- 
bent, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely 



94 LEGUMIN03.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

toothed ; peduncles 3 - b flowered ; flowers yellow ; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 
turns, compressed, farrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of 
curved prickles. Q) — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

4. M. denticuiAta, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeply 
reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like the last. — Sparingly in- 
troduced into New England, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

7. PSOBALEA, L. Psoralea. 

Calyx 5-clefr, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or 
sometimes monadelphous : the 5 alternate anthers often imperfect. Pod seldom 
longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Perennial 
herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.) 
with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3 - 5-foliolate. Stipules cohering 
with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. 
Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name from ip-oopaXeos, scurfy, from 
the glands or dots.) 

^ Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 

1. P. Oaidforycllis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect 
(3° -5° high) ; leaflets lanceelate-ovate, taper -pointed (3' long) ; stipules and bracts 
awl-shaped ; racemes axillary, elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves ; 
pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July. 
— Flowers very small. 

2. P. Stipulat a, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif- 
fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; floweis in heads on axil- 
lary rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Palis 
of the Ohio, Kentucky. June. 

3. P. iBieEilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- 
dular; stems erect (l°-2°high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong; 
spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 
taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, Ell.) 
-—Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June. 

# * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate. 

4. P, Horibiiiiicici, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy 
(2 C -4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young; leaflets varying from linear 
to obovate-oblong (J'-lJ r long), glandular-dotted; racemes panicled ; lobes of 
the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and 
southwestward. June - Sept. — Flowers 2 ;/ or 3" long. 

5. P. arg"OpliySIa> Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently 
branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted; lobes 
of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, Fulls of St. Anthony, Wis- 
consin, and westward. June. — Flowers 4" -5'' long. 

P. esculenta, Pursh., of the same region as the last, — the Indian Tur- 
nip, Pomme Blanche, or Pomme de Praieie, used as food by the aborigi- 
nes, — may possibly occur on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi. See add. 



LEGUMINOSuE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95 

§. DALEA, L. Dalea. 

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on 
claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel 
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which 
is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1 -seeded, 
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less dotted 
with glands, with minute stipules, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads. 
(Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.) 

1. I>. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (l°-2°high), glabrous, except 
the dense and cylindrical silky- villous spike ; leaves pinnate, of many linear- 
oblong leaflets ; corolla small, whitish, g) — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south- 
ward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.) 

9. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Prairie Clover. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread- 
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the 
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the 
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. 
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Chiefly 
perennial herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, 
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads 
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, 
alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 

1. P. violaceits, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear, 
heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer 
than the silky-hoary calyx; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan, Wis- 
consin, and southward. July. 

2. P. camtiidiis, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear- 
oblong; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the 
nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward. 
July. 

10. AMORPHA, L. False Indigo. 

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard concave, erect : the 
other petals entirely wanting ! Stamens 1 0, monadelphous at the very base, 
otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, roughened, 
tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with 
minute dots, usually stipcllate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal 
spikes. (Name, afiopcpr], wanting form, from the absence of 4 of the petals.) 

1. A. frutic&sa, L. (False Indigo.) Rather pxibescent or smoothish; 
leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks, S. Penn. to 
Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable. 

2. A. caiiescens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened 
with hoary down; Leaflets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, the uppce 



96 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

surface smootliish with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, 
Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate 
the presence of lead-ore. 

11. ROB INI A, L. Locust-tree. 

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, 
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. 
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2- 
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd- 
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging 
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. 
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son 
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) 

1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Common Locust, or False Acacia.) 
Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. — 
S. Pennsylvania to S. Illinois and southward. .Commonly cultivated as an orna- 
mental tree, and for its invaluable timber : naturalized in some places. June. 

2. R. viscosa, Vent. (Clammy Locust.) Branchlets and leafstalks 
clammy ; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodor- 
ous ; pod glandular-hispid. — S. W. Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like 
the last, a smaller tree. June. 

3. R. MspMa, L. (Bristly or Rose Acacia.) Branchlets and stalks 
bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. — ■ 
Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers, 
&c. — Mountains of S.Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May, 
June. — Shrubs 3° - 8° high. 

12 WISTARIA, Nutt. Wistaria. 

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower 
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at 
its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens 
diadelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, nearly terete, knobby, stipitate, many- 
seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds kidney-shaped, large. A twining shrubby 
plant, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9 - 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, not 
stipellate, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedi- 
cated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.) 

1. W. flTlteSceilS, DC. — Kich alluvial soil, Virginia to Illinois and 
southward. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. May. 

13. TEPHROSIA, Pcrs. Hoary Pea. 

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, 
turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens 
monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valvcd. — 
Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white* or purplish racemed 
flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from rcc^pos, ash-colored or hoarj/.) 



LEGUMLNOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97 

1. T. Yirginiana, Pers. (Goat's Eue. Catgut.) Silky -villous with 
whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (1° — 2° high), leafy to the top; 
leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi- 
nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry 
sandy soil. June, July. — Hoots long and slender, very tough. Flower almost 
as large as a pea-blossom. 

2. T. Spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs ; stems branched 
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved; leaflets 9-15, obovate or 
oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched at the end ; flowers few, in a loose inter- 
rupted spike raised on a very long peduncle, reddish. — Dry soil, E. Virginia and 
southward. July. 

3. T« liispiclllla, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only 
minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' -2-4' long), divergently 
branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped 
and oblanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - 4 flowered ; flowers reddish- 
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 

14. ASTRlOALUS, L. Milk- Vetch. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard small, equal- 
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflcxed or spreading. 
Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one 
or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or to such a de- 
gree as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. — Chiefly 
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient 
Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connec- 
tion between the two is past all guess.) 

$ 1 . Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, globular, resembling a plum, 2-celled, inde~ 
hiscent, or tardily separable through the partition into 2 dosed portions. 

1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely 
appressed-pubescent ; stems low, decumbent; leaflets numerous, narrowly ob- 
long ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, 
ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about §' in diameter, lj. — Dry soil, on the 
Mississippi River, at the junction of the St. Peter's, and westward and south- 
ward. May. 

2. A- Mexican WS, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, 
larger ; stems usually ascending ; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong ; flowers 
larger (10" -12" long) ; calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the 
tip ; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, 1' or more in diameter : otherwise 
like the last : — the unripe fruits of both are edible, and arc eaten, raw or cooked, 
by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois 
opposite St. Louis westward and southward. 

fc 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, partly or completely 2-celled by the turning inward of tha 

dorsal suture. 

3. A. Canadensis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4° high), somewhat pubes- 
cent; leaflets 21-27, oblong; flowers greenish creani-color, \cry numerous, La 



98 LEGUMINOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

long and close spikes (4' -9'); pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, completely 2- 
celled. 1J. — River-banks, common from N. New York westward July -Aug. 

4. A. dist6rtus, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the 
base, smoothish ; leaflets 1 1 - 23, oblong or obovate ; flowers purplish or violet, 
10-20 in a short spike, the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods ob- 
long, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-ccllcd. \\. — Mason 
Co., Illinois, Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.) 

$ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, l-celled, or incompletely 2-celled by the projection of the 
ventral (seed-beanng) suture. (Phaca, L., DC.) 

5. A. Cooperi. Nearly smooth, erect; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or ob- 
long, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary underneath ; peduncles about 
the length of the leaves ; flowers white ; pods not stalked in the calyx, globose-ovoid t 
inflated, thinnish (f long) , pointed ', grooved at the two sutwes, which are both turned 
inwards, but especially the inner, lj. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. Sf Gray.) — Grav- 
elly banks of rivers, &c, W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. — Plant 
l°-2° high, greener and less coarse than A. Canadensis, with pure white flowers 
in shorter and more open spikes : calyx shorter. (Named for William Cooper , 
Esq., the discoverer: there being an A. neglectus.) 

6. A. Rofrbiiisii* Nearly smooth and erect (1° high) ; slender; leaflets 
7-11, elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leaves; raceme 
loose, nearly 1-sided in fruit; flowers white (4" long) ; pods hanging, stalked in 
the calyx, oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse, the seed-bearing suture convex, the other 
nearly straight. (Phaca Eobbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of the Onion River, 
near Burlington, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins (1829). (Allied to Phaca austratis, L. 
&c.) June. — Pods 6" -7" long, 1-celled, papery and veiny, smooth; the 
outer suture often slightly turned inwards. See addend. 

15. JESCHYNOMENE, L. Sensitive Joint Vetch. 

Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish : keel 
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com- 
posed of several square easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev- 
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence 
the name, from alo~x vvo l JL * i;T li being ashamed). 

1. j£t. llispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly; leaflets 37-51, linear, 
racemes 3-5-flowered; pod stalked, 6 -10-jointed. (i; — Along rivers, S. 
Penn., Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally. 

16. HEDYSABUM, Tourn. Hedysarum. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, 
obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- 
phous, 9 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round- 
ish joints connected in the middle. — Leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of 
fjbvs, sweet, and cipcop.a, smell. 

1. H. boreale, Nut*. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly 
glabrous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole, raceme of many deflexed 



LEGU3IIN0SJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99 

purple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, 
reticulated. % — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, Wood; and St. 
Johns's River, Maine, Goodale. Also northward. 

17. DESMODIUM, DC. Tick-Trefoil. 

Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to 
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- 
verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or 
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating 
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked 
hairs by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial 
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in 
axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple 
or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like, 
often striate. (Xame from Seo-pos, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of 
the pods.) 

§ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx 
and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on 
the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half -obovate, concave on the back : stamens mona- 
delphous below : plants nearly glabrous : stems erect or ascending : raceme terminal, 
panicled: stipules bristle-form, deciduous. 

1. !>• fill dill 6 Film , DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the sterile 
stems ; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated, on a 

prolonged ascending leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods ; 
common. Aug. 

2. I>. acuminatum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem, 
from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper- 
pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4 f - 5' long). — Rich woods. July. 

3. I>. pailCHldrum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8'- 15' high) 
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few- 
flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south- 
westward. Aug. 

§2. Pod short-stalked, of 3-5 joints: calyx-teeth longer than the tube: stipules 
ovate, striate, pointed, persistent : stems prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal, 
small, scarcely panicled. 

4. 1>. illimiUlSllin, Beck. Smoothish; leaflets ovate or oval; stipule* 
ovate-lanceolate ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints obtusely 
triangular. — "Woods, E. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, rare. Aug. — Re- 
sembles the next. 

5. D. rot 11 II di folium, DC. Hairy all over; leaflets orbicular, or the 
odd one slightly rhomboid ; stipules large, broadly ovate ; pods almost equally 
sinuate on both edges ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug. 

4 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; the teeth of the latter longer than the 
tube : racemes panicled. 



100 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

* Stems tall and erect; the persistent stipules and (deciduous) bracts large and con> 
spicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed: pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhom- 
bic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about £' long. (Flower* 
rather large.) 

6. D. COlieSCCllS, DC. Stem loosely branched (3° -5° high), hairy; 
leaflets ovate, bliurfish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, 
both sides roughish with a close-pressed fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very 
adhesive. — Moist grounds, Vermont to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 
Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked, and long spreading rather 
glutinous hairs. 

7. I>. Clispidatum, Toit. & Gray. Very smooth throughout; stem 
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than 
the petiole (3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets. 
July. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules f long. 

* * Stems (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small 
and inconsjncuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-sided 
rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, £' or less in length. (Flowers mid- 
dle-sized. ) 

8. I>. Irevigaf uili, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ; 
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2 , -3 / long); panicles minutely rough- 
pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward. 

9. I>. viridifldriim, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit; 
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down 
underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. Aug. 

10. I>. IMIleilis, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, 
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3' 
long). — Open woodlands, common. Aug. 

11. I>. pmiieillatum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, 
leaflets oblong -lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3' -5' 
long); racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. July. 

12. I>. Strictlim, DC. Smooth; stem very straight and slender, simple , 
leaflets linear t blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish (1'- 2' long, £' wide) ; panicle 
wand-like; joints of the pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). 
— Pine woods of New Jersey, and southward. Aug. 

* =fc ■* Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or 

obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, lj" to 2\ n long. 
•»- Stems erect : bracts before flowering conspicuous : racemes densely flowered. 

13. D. Caiiadense, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); leaflets oblong- 
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much 
longer than the petiole (l^'-3' long) ; flowers shoivy, larger than in any other 
species (J' - %' long). — Dry, rich woods, common, especially northward. Aug. 

14. D. sessili folium, Ton*. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high); 
leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, 
rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. — 
Copses, Penn.and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug. 



LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 101 

>»-*• Stems ascending (l°-3° high): bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated 
and loosely flowered : flowers small. 

15. I>. rigid Jl 3 11, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower 
Biirface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong, 
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than 
the petiole. — Dry hill-sides, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
— Intermediate, as it were, between No. 16 and No. 10. 

16. !>• ciliiEFC, DC. Stem slender, haiii/ or rough-pubescent ; leaves crowded, 
on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy 
on the margins and underneath (J'-l'long). — Dry hills and sandy fields; 
common, especially southward. Aug. 

17. 1>. Marilandiciim, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; 
leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the 
slender petiole: otherwise as No. 16. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common. 
July - Sept. 

■*- ■*- •*- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered. 

18. I>. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets 
orbicular, smoothish (J'- 1' long), much longer than the petiole; pod not 
stalked. — Virginia and southward. 

18. L,ESPJEI>EZA, Michx. Bush-Clover. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : 
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with 
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — 
Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts 
minute. Flowers often polygamous. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish 
governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.) 
■fc Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled 

or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed^ 

or in subsessile little clusters. 

1. L<. prociilllfreilS, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of 
the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly 
simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug. — The apet- 
alous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles. 

2. \jf repeitS, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered 
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (£' 
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil, 
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last. 

3. Jj. violacea, Fers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets 
varying from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed 
pubescence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered; pods ovate. — The principal vari- 
eties are, 1. divergens, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled 
flowers ; this runs into, 2. sessilifl6ra, with the flowers principally on pe- 
duncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form 
is, 3. angustifolia. with closely clustered flowers on straight branches 



102 LEGUMINOS^E. (pulse family.) 

crowded leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — 
Dry copses, common. Aug. - Sept. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers. 

4. L*. Stllvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy ; leaflets oval 
or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some- 
times above) ; clusters many -flowered, crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry lulls, 
and sand, Plymouth, Mass. to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear- 
ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5. 

* * Flowers oil alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream- 
color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx: stems 
upright, wand-like (2° -4° high). 

5. It. llirta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; petioles slender ; leaflets 
roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long as 
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Miclix.) — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept. 

6. JL. capitata, Miclix. Peduncles and petioles short; leaflets elliptical 
or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes 
or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of 
all in var. angustif6lia : slender; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elon- 
gated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and 
southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, rigid. 

19. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Pencil-Flower. 

Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters ; one sort complete but un- 
fruitful ; the other fertile, and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlets. — 
Calyx with a slender tube like a stalk, 2-lipped at the summit ; upper lip 2-, the 
lower 3-cleft. Stamens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate 
ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated, 1 - 2-jointed ; 
the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate. — Low 
perennials, branched from the base, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; the stipules 
united with the petiole. (Name composed of aruXoy, a column, and iivOos, a 
flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube. ) 

1. S. Clafior, Swartz. Tufted, low, often bristly, wiry; leaflets lanceo- 
late, strongly straight-veined; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine 
barrens, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Also Illinois. Vasey. July- 
Oct. — Flowers small, yellow. 

20. VIC I A, Tourn. Vetch. Tare. 

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. Style thread- 
shaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer side (next the keel). Pod 
2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Stamens diadelpkous, 9 & 1. Seeds globular. 
Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing 
herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules 
usually half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name.) 

# Annual : flowers 1-2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple. 

1. V. sativa, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent; 
*vem simple ; leaflets 5 -7 pairs, varying from obovato-oblong to linear, notched 



LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103 

and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and 
waste places; both the common form and the var. angustif6lia, with longer 
and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Annual: peduncles elongated : flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.) 

2. V. tetrasperma, L. Peduncles l-2-flowered; leaflets 4-6 pairs, 
linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pods narroivly oblong, 4-seeded, smooth. 

— Waste or open places, near the coast. — An insignificant plant, 6' -12' high, 
with whitish flowers. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. V« HiRsfjTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - 6-floivered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun- 
cate ; calyx-teeth equal; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) — 
Massachusetts to Virginia. — A slender straggling plant, with small purplish- 
blue flowers. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* =£ # Perennial : peduncles elongated ; calyx-teeth very unequal : pod several-seeded. 

4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong -lanceolate, 
strongly mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the 
tube. Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward. July. 

— Flowers blue, turning purple, J' long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.) 

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-12, oblong, ob- 
tuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. — 
River-banks, &c. May. — Elowers more scattered than in No. 4, whitish, the 
keel tipped with blue. 

6. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate- 
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined ; peduncles 4 - ^-flowered. — Moist thickets, 
New York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Elowers purplish-blue, |' 
long. 

21. LATHYBUS, L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea. 

Style flattish, not grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free sta- 
men). Otherwise nearly as in Yicia. (AdSvpos, a leguminous plant of Theo- 
phrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly smooth plants. 

1. JL. maritinms, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout (1° high) ; 
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate; stipules broadly halberd-shaped, 
nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6 - 10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New 
Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June -Aug. — Elowers large, 
purple. Leaflets veiy veiny, as also are those of the other species. (Eu.) 

2. L. venosus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° -5° high) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, 
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen- 
der, half arrow-shaped ; peduncles many -flowered ; corolla purple. — Shady banks, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

3. Li. OCliroleilCUS, Hook. Stem slender (1°- 3° high); leaflets 3-4 
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half 
as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 -10-flowered ; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill- 
sides, W. Vermont to Pcnn., and westward and northward. July. 

4. L. palustris, L. (Marsh Yetchling.) Stem slender (l°-2° 
high), often wing-margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly 

10 



10-4 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

oblong, miicronate-pointcd ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp- 
pointed at both ends ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowcred ; corolla blue-purple. — Moist 
places, N. England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.) 

Var. myrtifolius. Taller, climbing 2 C - 4° high ; leaves oblong or 
ovate-elliptical; upper stipules larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius, 
Muhl.) — TV. New England to Penn., and northward. 

L. latif6lius (Everlasting Pea) and L. odoratus (Sweet Pea) 
are commonly cultivated species. 

Pisum sativum, the Pea ; Faba vulgaris, the Horse-Bean , and Cicer 
arietinum, the Chick-Pea, are other cultivated representatives of the same 
tribe. 

22. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney Bean. 

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the 
corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or twisted, or curved 
into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - 
many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick 
and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin- 
ing or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers 
often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. (The ancient name of the 
Kidney Bean.) 

•* Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled. 

1. P. pereimis, Walt. (Wild Bean.) Stem climbing high; leaflets 
roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4 - 5-seeded. 1J. 

— Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Flowers purple, 
handsome, but small. 

* * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete : flowers few in a short clustered ra- 

ceme like a head. ( Strophostyles, Ell.) 

2. P. diversifolillS, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough- 
hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong- 
ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy 
fields and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corol- 
la greenish-white tinged with red or purple. Pod thickish. 

3. P. l&elvoltlS, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets 
ovate or oblong, entire or obscurely angled; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves 

— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — More slender 
than the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar. 

* # Pods straight and linear, flat: peduncles 1 -few-flowered at the summit : flowers 

small : keel slightly twisted. 

4. P. paucifldrilS, Benth. Annual; stems diffuse, but twining, slen- 
der, pubescent ; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceoJate or ovate-oblong to linear. 
(P. leiospermus, Torr. fr Gr.) — Biver-banks, Illinois (Mead) and southwest- 
ward. July- Sept. —Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent. 

P. vulgaris is the common Kidney Bean or Haricot. 
P. lunatus is the Lima Bean of our gardens. 



LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105 

23. APIOS) Boerh. Gkound-nut. Wild Bean. 

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the lower 
one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the incurved scythe-shaped keel 
at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, 
linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb, bearing edible 
tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 
5-7, ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate. Elowers in dense and short, often branch- 
ing racemes, clustered. (Name from airiov* a pear, from the shape of the 
tubers.) 

1. A. tul>erdsa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Moist thickets, com- 
mon. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant. 

24. BHYNCIIOSIA, Lour., DC. Rhynchosia. 

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, not 
twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules 2. Pod 1-2-seeded, short and flat, 
2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or 
with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. 
(Name from pvvxos, a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 

1. R. tomeiifdsa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy; leaflets round- 
ish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, 
the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable. 

Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high); 
leaves mostly of a single round leaflet (l'-2' wide). — S. Virginia and south- 
ward, in dry sandy soil. 

Var. VOla£>ili§, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy ; leaf- 
lets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. — S. Virginia 
and southward. 

Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets 
3, oval or oblong. — Maryland and southward. 

25. GALACTIA, P.Browne. Milk Pea. 

Calyx 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest. Keel scarcely in- 
curved. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of 
them are occasionally partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed). — Low, 
mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. 
Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name from 
yaka, -a<ros, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is un- 
likely.) 

1. O. glabella, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical 
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowered ; 
pods somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey to Virginia 
near the coast, and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers large for the genus, 
rose-purple. 

2. G. mollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and 



106 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; pod* 
very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July. 

26. AMPHICARPiA, Ell. Hog Pea-nut. 

Flowers of 2 kinds, those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but 
seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches imperfect, 
with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx 
about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed, with no bractlets. Keel and wing-petals 
similar, nearly straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia- 
delphous. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, 
3-4-seeded; of the lower, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but 
one large seed, commonly subterranean, or concealed by decaying leaves.— 
Low and slender perennials ; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. 
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small, 
in clustered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly 
clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from dfx<p[, at both ends, and 
Kapnos, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of fruit, one at the summit, the other 
at the base of the plant.) 

1. A. moiioica, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or 
more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods haiiy. — Rich wood- 
lands. Aug., Sept. — A delicate vine. 

27. CLITOEIA, L. Butterfly Pea. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, 
rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter than 
the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, 
several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style, the valves nerveless. — Erect 
or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and 
very large flowers. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered: bractlets opposite, striate. (Deri- 
vation obscure.) 

1. C Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; 
stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short ; 1 - 3-flowered. — Dry banks, 
Long Island to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ; 
the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long. 

28. CERfTROSEMA, DC. Spurred Butterfly Pea. 

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the standard with 
a spur-shaped projection on the back. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with 
the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked 
with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3- 
foliolate stipellate leaves and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bract- 
lets striate, the lat ;er longer than the calyx. (Name from nivrpov, a spur, and 
o-r}}ia, the standard.) 

1. C. Virgiiiiaiium, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs ; leaflets 



LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 

varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; 
peduncles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped. — Sandy dry woods, 
Virginia and southward. July. — Corolla 1' long, violet. Pods straight, nar- 
row, 4 f -5' long. 

20. BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo. 

Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed : 
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. 
Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many- 
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, 
which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from j3a7m£a>, 
to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a sort of indigo.) 

1. 15. fillCtdria, E. Brown. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender 
(2° -3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets rounded wedge- 
obovate (§' long) ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes few-flowered, 
terminating the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the 
calyx. — Sandy dry soil, common. June - Aug. — Corolla yellow, J' long. 

2. 15. smstrMis, R. Brown. (Blue False-Indigo.) Smooth, tall 
and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as 
long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (l°-2°) and many-flowered, 
erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx, 

— Alluvial soil, from Penn. westward and southward: often cultivated. June. 
—Flowers 1' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -3' long. 

3. 15. leiicsifiitii£& 9 Torr. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as 
in No. 2 ; stipules early deciduous; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the 
length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south westward. July. 

— Flowers white; the standard short. Pods 2' long. 

4. 15. silbsi, R. Brown. Smooth (l°-3°high); the branches slender and 
widely spreading ; petioles slender , stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; leaf- 
lets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods 
linear-oblong (l'-lj-' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. 
May, June. — Flowers white, J'-§' long. 

5. 15. ICUCOpllSea, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches, 
leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and 
bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels ; 
pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — 
Raceme often 1° long: pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length, 

30. CLADBASTIS, Raf. Yellow- Wood. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed: the distinct keel-petals 
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct : filaments slender, incurved 
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- 
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, nearly smooth, 
with pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes 
of showy white flowers drooping from the end of the branches. Stipules obso- 



108 LEGCMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

lete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. 
Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.) 

1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Mlchx. f.) Rich hill-sides, E. 
Kentucky and Tennessee. May. — Racemes 10' -20' long. Flowers 1' long. 

Suborder II. CJESAJLPI]tfiE:.dE. Thf Brasiletto Family. 

31. CEBCIS, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than 
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-petals larger and not 
united. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, 
the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with 
rounded-heart-shaped simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers 
in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, acid 
to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Red-bud.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly 
sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and south- 
ward. March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms 
smaller than in the European species. 

32. CASSIA, L. Senna. 

Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading. 
Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading : anthers 
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross 
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate 
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) 

* Leaflets large : stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers deformed and imperfect : 

flowers crowded in sJiort axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled. 
i. C. Marilandica, L. (Wild Sekna.) Leaflets 6-9 pairs, lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; pods linear, 
slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4'). U — Alluvial soil, common. July. 
— Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna. 

2. C. occtdentalis, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute or point- 
ed; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; pods elongated-linear (5' long) 
with a tumid border, glabrous. ® 1J. ? — Virginia and southward. Aug. 
(Adv. from Trop. Amcr.) See addend. 

* * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules striate, persistent : a cup- 
shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets : anthers all perfect : flowers in 
small clusters above the axils : pods flat. 

3. C. Clianisecrista, L. (Partridge Pea.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs, 
linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers {large) on slender pedicels ; anthers 10, 
elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) ; style slender. ® — 
Sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1° 
long : 2 or 3 -of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the base. 



LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109 

4. C. nictitans, L. (Wild Sensitive-Plant.) Leaflets 10-20 
pairs, oblong-linear ; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly 
equal; style very short. ® — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to 
Illinois and southward. Aug. 

33. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. 

Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, 
equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, 
inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several- 
seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, 
not thorny, and very large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, in 
axillary racemes. (Name from yvfxvos, naked, and /cXaoos, a foanch, alluding 
to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 

1. G. Canadensis, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and 
Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental 
tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks 
bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod 
6' - 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over £' across. 

34. GLEBITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 - 5 spreading sepals, united at the base* 
Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. 
Stamens as many, distinct ; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. 
Pod flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or 
twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers In small spikes. 
Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem- 
porary with Linnaeus.) 

1. O. triacaintlios, L. (Three-thorned Acacia, or Honey-Lo- 

CUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, some- 
what serrate; pods linear, elongated (l°-lj° long), often twisted, filled with 
sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest- 
ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 

2. O. moaiosperma, Walt. (Water-Locust.) Thorns slender; 
mostly simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, 
Illinois and southwestward. July. — A small tree. 

Suborder III. MIMOSEJE. The Mimosa Family. 

35. DESIANTHUS, Willd. Desmanthus. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals J), 
distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 
several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twice-pinnate leaves of numer- 
ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, 
and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowerr.. (Name 
composed of SeV/xa, a bond, and avSos, flower.) 



110 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

1. !>• bracliylobllS, Benth. Nearly glabrous, erect (l°-4° high); 
partial petioles 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; stamens 5; pods oblong or 
lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 long, 2 - 6-seeded. 1J. (Darlingtonia braclrvloba 
& glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward. 

36. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Briar. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel- 
form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the 
base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the 
two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Peren- 
nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi- 
tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads 
of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, a German botanist.) 

1. S. Ulicinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs; 
leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly 
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2 r long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia, 
Illinois ? and southward. June - Aug. 

2. §• august iifa, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; 
pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the pre- 
ceding. 

Order 39. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.) 

Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens insert- 
ed on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Pear 
tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 -few 
in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty- 
ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4-8 
6epals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double 
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- 
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the 
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This 
important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : — 

Suborder I. AMYGDALEiE. The Almond Family. 

Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal. 
Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark 
exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor 
of prussic acid. Stipules free. 
1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges. 

Suborder II. ROSACE2E proper. 

Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tube. 
Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with 
the petiole. 



KOSACE.E. (ROSE FAMILY.) Ill 

Tribe I. SPIRiEEJE. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in fruit : styles terminal. 

2. SPIRiEA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. 

3. GILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. 

Tribe II. DRYADEiE. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia oi 
little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bud. 

Subtribe 1. Sanguisorbe^. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting. 
Stamens 4 - 15. Pistils 1-4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx. 

4. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Pistils 2 : style terminal. 
6. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil 1 : style terminal. 

6. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral. 

Subtribe 2. Chamjsrhodejb. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils 5 - 10 : styles lateral. Fruit dry. 

7. SIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals. 

Subtribe 3. Eodryade^:. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils few — many. Fruit of dry 

achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.) 
8 DRYAS. Calyx8-9-parted. Petals 8 -9. Styles persistent, plumose. 
9. GEUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous : styles persistent. 

10. WALDSTEINIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few : styles deciduous from the base. 

Subtribe 4. Fragarlels:. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistils numer- 
ous: styles often lateral, deciduous Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend- 
ing, inserted next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.) 

11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle dry, fiat, convex, or oblong. 

12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible. 

Subtribe 5. Dalibarbe^:. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistils 
numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupes. 
Seed suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior). 

13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5 - 10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx. 

14. RUBUS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a flat- 

tish or elongated receptacle. 

Tribe m. ROSEJE. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep- 
tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated. 

15. ROSA. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole. 

Suborder III. POMEiE. The Pear Family. 

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including and co- 
hering with the 2-5 ovaries. Stipules free. 

16. CRATAEGUS. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded. 

17. PYRUS. Carpyls papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded. 

18. AMELANCHIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition : cells 1- 

seeded. 

Suborder I. AMYGDALE^l. The Almond Family. 
1. PRUNUS, L. Plum & Cherry. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen- 
dulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; the stone smooth and even. — Small trees or 
shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classical name of the 
Plum.) 



112 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILT.) 

§ 1. PRtlNUS, Tourn. (Plum.) — Drupe usually with a bloom; the stone flat* 

tened, or at least wider than thick : leaves convolute in the bud, flcwers more or less 
preceding the leaves, from lateral buds ; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbel- 
like clusters. 

1. P. Americana, Marsh. (Wild Yellow or Red Plum.) Leaves 
ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very 
veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel- 
low, orange, or red, £' - §' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute 
on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, having a flat- 
tened stone with broader margins (pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb 
skin). — Open ground 3 common. May. — Tree or bush thorny, 8° - 20° high. 

2. P. maritima, Wang. (Beach Plum.) Low and straggling (2°- 
5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short, 
pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (J' — 1' in diameter), 
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the 
other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast, 
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmaea, 
Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Vir- 
ginia. April, May. 

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Chickasaw Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny 
(8° -15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous, little veiny; 
fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£'-§' in diameter J ; the ovoid 
stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely 
grooved. — Kentucky and Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward : 
naturalized in some places. April. 

4. P. spin6sa, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Branches thorny; leaves 
obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, shaiply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels gla- 
brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on 
one edge. — Var. insititia (Bullace-Plum), is less spiny, the pedicels 
and lower side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Road-sides and 
waste places, E. New England, Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

§2. C^RASUS, Tourn. (Cheery.) — Drupe destitute of bloom; the stone 
globular and marginless; leaves folded (conduplicate) in the bud: inflorescence as 
in § 1. 

5. P. pumila, L. (Dwarf Cherry.) Smooth, depressed and trail- 
ing (6'- 18' high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed 
near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red. — 
Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, and south to 
Virginia along the mountains. May. 

6. P, Pennsylvania, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) Leaves oblong* 
lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ; 
flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red. — Rocky 
woods; common, especially northward. May. — Tree 20°-3C° high, with 
light red-brown bark, and very small fruit with thin and sour flesh. 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 113 

§ 3. PADUS, Mill. (Cherry.) — Drupe, Sec. as in §2: flowers in racemes 
terminating the branches, developed after the leaves. 

7. P. Vil gitiiaiia, L. (Choke-Cherry.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obo- 
vote, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) senate with slender teeth, thin ; 
racemes short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson. — 
River-banks ; common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, seldom a 
tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till perfectly ripe. 
(P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of many authors.) 

8. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (Wild Black Cherry.) Leaves oblong or 
lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, 
shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — 
Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing 
valuable timber to the cabinet-maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant 
vinous flavor. 

P. domestica, L., the Cultivated Plum, is now deemed by the best 
botanists to have sprung from the Sloe. 

P. Armenia ca, L., the Apricot, represents another subgenus of Prunus. 
The Peach belongs to a very closely related genus. 

P. Avium and P. Cerasus, L., of Europe, are the originals of the cultivated 
Cherries. 

Suborder II. ROSACEJE proper. The true Kose Family. 

2. SPIBilA, L. Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-12, several- (2 -15-) seeded. — Flowers 
white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the ^parts are 4 instead of 5. 
(Name probably from cr7retpa», to wind, alluding to the fitness of the plants to 
be formed into garlands.) 

§1. PHYSOCAliPOS, Camb. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and 
umbel-like corymbs : pods i Jlated and diverging when grown, 2 - 4-seeded. 

1. S. opulifdlia, L. (Nine-Bark.) Leaves roundish, somewhat S- 
lobed and heart-shaped ; pods 3-5. — Kocky river-banks. June. — Shrub 
4° -10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem- 
branaceous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in thin layers. 

4 2. SPIRAEA proper. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, the stipules obsolete: pc^ds 
(mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded. 

2. S. corymbdsa, llaf. Nearly smooth (l°-2° high) ; leaves oval or 
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex; corymbs large, flat, several times compound. 
— Alleghanies of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — Flowers white. 

3. S. salici folia, L. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Nearly smooth 
(2° -3° high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a 
crowded panicle ; pods smooth. — Wet grounds : also cultivated. July. •— 
Flowers white or flesh-color. (Eu.) 



114 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

4. S. tomentbsa, L. (Hardback. Steeple-bush.) Stems a.id lowet 
surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes 
crowded in a dense panicle ; pods woolly. — Low grounds ; commonest in New 
England . July. — Flowers rose-color. 

$3. ULMARIA, Moench. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled 
cymose flowers : calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded. 

5. S. lobata, Murr. (Queen of the Prairie.) Glabrous (2° -8° 
high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, 
the lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form; panicle compound-clus- 
tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Michigan, 
Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, 
the petals and sepals often in fours ! 

§ 4. ARTJNCUS, Seringe. — Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in 
slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice-pinnate; the 
stipules obsolete : pods 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflexed in fruit. 

6. S. Arwncus, L. (Goat's-Beard.) Smooth, tall ; leaflets thin, 
lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply 
cut and sen-ate. — Eich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and west- 
ward. June. (Eu.) 

S. Filipendula, the Dropwort ; S. Ulmaria, the Meadow-Sweet of 
Europe ; S. hypericif6lia (Italian May) ; and S. sorbif6lia, are com- 
mon in gardens. 

3* GI1<LENIA, Mcench. Indian Physic. 

Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5, 
somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo- 
lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2-4-seeded. — 
Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doubly 
serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or 
white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) 

1. €*. trifoliala, Mcench. (Bowman's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, 
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from 
W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 

2. O. Stipul&cea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate, 
deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Penn- 
sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 

4. AOBOIONIA, Tourn. Agrimony. 

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles 
above, indurated and enclosing the fruit ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. 
Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended.— 
Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender 
spiked racemes : bracts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri- 
vation as Argemone.) 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 115 

1. A. Eupatdria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi- 
nute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of 
the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July - Sept. (Eu.) 

2. A. parviflora, Ait. Leaflets crowded, 11-19, with smaller ones inter- 
mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ; 
petals small. — Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and south westward. July. 

5. SANOU1SORBA, L. Great Burnet. 

Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted ; the lobes 4, spread- 
ing. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis- 
tils 1 or rarely 2 : style slender, terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium 
included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Herbs, with 
unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close 
spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants 
having been esteemed as vulneraries.) 

1. S. Canadensis? L. (Canadian Burnet.) Stamens much longer 
than the calyx; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit; leaflets numerous, 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipellate ; 
stipules serrate. % — Bogs and wet meadows ; chiefly northward. Aug. -Oct 
— A tall herb : flowers white, sometimes purple. 

Poterium Sanguisorba, the Common Burnet of the gardens, has mo- 
noecious polyandrous flowers. 

6. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. Lady's Mantle. 

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; limb 4-parted, with as 
many alternate bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4; the slen- 
der style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the 
persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and 
small corymbed greenish flowers. (Prom Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name.) 

1. A. ARVENSis, L. (Parsley Piert.) Stems (3'- 8' high) leafy ; leaves 
3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-cleft, pubescent ; flowers sessile in the 
axils. (J) — Eastern Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) 

A. alpina, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains, 
New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 

■7. SIBBALDIA, L. Sibbaldia. 

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk 
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and 
depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Sibbald, Prof, at Edinburgh 
at the close of the 17th century.) 

1. S. procumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the 
apex ; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire, and northward. (Eu.) 



116 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

«• DRYAS, L. Dryas. 

Calyx flattish, 8 - 9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum § Sie- 
versia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves, 
and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, tho 
foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 

1. D. integrifdlia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, 
with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — 
White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; but not 
since met with : therefore very doubtful. (Eu.) 

0, GEUM, L. Avens. 

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at 
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni- 
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or 
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- 
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from yevv, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots 
being rather aromatic.) See addend. 

§ 1. GEUM proper. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion 
smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly hairy 
upper joint falls away : head of fruit sessile : calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers some- 
what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.) 

1. O. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender 
(2° high) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute 
leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed ; 
stipules small ; petals white (3" long), obovate or oblong, fully as long as the 
calyx ; receptacle and ovaries bristly -hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy. 
Borders of woods, common. May - Aug. — Near the European G. urbanum. 

2. Cr. Virginiaiium, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; 
lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or 
divided, incised ; stipules small ; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx ; re- 
ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — Woods and low grounds ; common northward. — 
Clearly different from the last. 

3. O. maca'Ophylluni, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l°-3° high), 
root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large 
and round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the ter- 
minal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; petals yellow, obcvate, 
longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly above. — 
Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire : also North Illinois 
and northward. June. (Eu.) 

4. Cr. Strict 11 III, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high) ; root-leaves inter- 
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5, 
rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep- 
tacle downy; achenia bristly above. — Moist meadows; common, especially 
northward. July. (Eu.) 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117 

§ 2. STYLIPUS, Raf. — Styles smooth : head of fruit conspicuously stalked in tJie 
calyx : bractlets of the calyx none : otherwise as § 1 . 

5. G. vernum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, 
few-leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed, or some of 
them pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; 
receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April - June. 

§ 3. CARYOPHYLLATA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the 
upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading : petals erect. 

6. G. rivale, L. (Water or Purple Avens.) Stems nearly simple, 
several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those 
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted 
into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows, 
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Blossoms nodding, but the 
feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.) 

$ 4. SIEVERSIA, Willd. — Style not jointed ', wholly persistent and straight: head 
of fruit sessile: flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. [Flowering stems simple, 
and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) 

7. G. trlfldnim, Pursh. Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly 
pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedgc-form, deeply 
cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the 
purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals ; styles very long (2'), strongly 
plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to 
Wisconsin ; rare. April - June. 

8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves 
rounded-kidney -shaped, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut- 
toothed and obscurely 5 - 7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long 
petiole ; stems (8' - 18' high) 1 - 5-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round- 
obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (^ long) , spreading ; 
styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) 

Var. Pecliii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves 
sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of 
New Hampshire. July - Sept. 

10. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (Comaropsis, DC.) 

Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- 
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. 
Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the 
base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3 -5- 
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bractcd scapes. (Named 
in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.) 

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.) Low; leaf- 
lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer 
than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hill-sides, common 
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. 



118 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

11. POTENTILLA, L. Cinque-foil. Five-Fingek. 

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- 
ing 10-cleft. Petals 4 - 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many, 
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles 
lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, 
and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from potens, pow- 
erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which in fact these plants 
possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.) 

§ 1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous. 

* Annuals or biennials : petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding tlie calyx : receptacle 

globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit. 

1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately 3- 
foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially 
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 

2. P. paradoxa, Nutt. • Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, 
branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed ; achenia 
with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi. 

■* # Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx. 
*- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets. 

3. P. frfgida, Vill. Dwarf (l'-3' high), tufred, villous when young, 
stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into 
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiana, Oakes.) — Less villous with 
age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it 
than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species. 
Alpine summits of the high mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.) 

4. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Cinque-foil or Five-Finger.; 

Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axil 
lary, elongated, l-flowered ; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed 
towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Muhl.) — Yar. 1. ptjmila is a dwarf, early- 
flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. simplex is a taller and greener state, 
with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Abounds among grass 
in dry fields, &c. April - Oct. 

5. P. argentea, L. (Silvery Cinque-foil.) Stems ascending, 
cymose at the summit, many -flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, al- 
most pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with re volute margins, green above, 
white with silveiy wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June- Sept. (Eu.) 

-*- -*- Taller : leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflets. 

6. P. Pennsylvania, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at 
the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatiiid, silky-wool- 
ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded; 
petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania ? New Hampshire (Isle of 
Shoals, Bobbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), and northward. July. 

§ 2. Style deeply lateral, attached at or beneath the middle of the ovary : petals yellow 
or white, deciduous. 



BOSACEiE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119 

* Achenia glabrous : style thickened above: receptacle conical in fruit, 

I. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2° -4° high), brownish 
hairy, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, 
downy underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk 
thick and glandular. — Rocky hills ; common northward and westward. July. 

* * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous. 

8. P. Aliserina, L. . (Silver-Weed.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen- 
der rooting runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs 
interposed, oblong, pinnatiiid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery- 
white with silky down underneath ; stipules many-cleft; flowers solitary (yellow), on 
long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c, New England 
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 

9. P. fruticdsa, L. (Shrubby Cinque-foil.) Stem erect, shrubby 
(2° -4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd- 
ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ; 
flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows; same- 
range as the last. June - Sept. (Eu.) 

10. P. tridentata, Ait. (Mountain Cinque-foil.) Stems low 
(4' -6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several- 
flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 
3-toothed at the apex ; petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Rocks, 
on mountains ; Cape Cod, Cape Ann, and in Maine at the level of the sea ; 
shore of Lake Superior and northward. June. 

§ 3. Styles moderately lateral : petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and 
filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recepta- 
cle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) 

II. P. paltastris, Scop. (Marsh Five-Finger.) Stems ascending 
from a creeping base (l°-2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate or oblong 
crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; calyx (1' 
broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. 1J. (Comarum palustre, L.) — Bogs, 
N.England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. 

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit 
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry 
achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with 
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge- 
form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which 
with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — 
The two species are indiscriminately called Wild Strawberry.) 

1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Achenia embedded in the deeply pitted recep- 
tacle. — Fields and rocky places ; common April -June. - Scapes commonly 
shorter than the leaves, which are of a rather coriaceous or lirm texture. Fruit 
roundish-ovoid 



120 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

2. F. vesca, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or Jiemispherical fruiting 
receptacle (not sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common : indigenous, especial- 
ly north ward. — Leaves thin ; the wild fruit often long and slender. (Eu.) 

13. DALIBARDA, L. Dalibarda. 

Calyx deeply 5 - 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, 
sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed- 
like drupes : styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and 
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on 
slender petioles. Flowers 1-2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in 
honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.) 

1. D. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging 
and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June -Aug. 

— Leaves much like those of a stemless Violet. 

14. RXJBUS, L. Bramble. 

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. 
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming 
small drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby 
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name from the 
Celtic rub, red.) 

§ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle when 
ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. (Raspberry.) 
* Leaves simple : flowers large : prickles none : fruit and receptacle flat. 
1. R. odoratus, L. (Purple Flowering-Raspberry.) Stem shrub- 
by (3° -5° high) ; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs ; 
leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro- 
longed ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap- 
pendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit ripening several reddish grains. 

— Rocky banks, common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2 f broad. 

2. R. Nlltkanus, Moqino. (White Flowering-Raspberry.) 
Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; 
peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white. (R. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper 
Michigan, and northwestward along the Lakes. Much like No. 1 ; but smaller. 

3. R. Cll&maemdrilS, L. (Cloud-berry.) Herbaceous,low,diozcious; 
stem simple, 2-S-leaved, \-flowered ; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5- 
lobed, sen-ate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ; fruit of 
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of 
trees : also Lubeck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.) 

#= # Leaflets (pinnately) 3 - 5 : petals small, erect, white. 
+- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grams, 

4. R. trill drilS, Richardson. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Stems ascending 
(6' -12' high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth ; peduncle 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121 

1-3-flowered. — Wooded hill-sides, Rhode Island to Penu., Wisconsin, and 
northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. 

♦*■•*- Stems biennial and woody, prickly : receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical. 

5. R. slrsgosus, Michx. (Wild Red Raspberrf.) Stems upright, 
and with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming 
weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3- 
5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ses- 
sile ; petals as long as* the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills ; common, 
especially northward. — Fruit ripening from June to Aug., finely flavored, but 
more tender and watery than the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Idceus), 
which it too closely resembles. 

6. R. occidentalis, L. (Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.) 

Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c. with hooked prickles, 
not bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened- 
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the 
sepals ; fruit pwple-black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has 
been burned over. May. — Emit ripe early in July, pleasant. ( Some curious 
forms are known, with fruit intermediate between this and the last.) 

$ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy receptacle, mostly ovale 
o?' oblong, blackish. (Blackberry.) 

7. R. villosus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby 
(l°-6°high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; 
branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 
(or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate; the terminal one somewhat 
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous, bracts short; 
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. — 
Var. 1. frond6sus : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym- 
bose, with leafy bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. humiftjsus : trailing, small- 
er; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c, common. May, June: 
the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, 
aspect, and shape of the fruit. 

8. R. Canadensis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.) Shrubby, 
extensively trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate- 
lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra- 
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, Bigel., Sfc. ; not of Michx.) — 
Rocky or gravelly hills, common. May ; ripening its large and sweet fruit 
earlier than No. 7. 

9. R. liispMllS, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Stems slender, 
someivliat shrubby, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3 
(or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickisb, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely 
serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ; 
flowers small. (R. obovalis, MicJix. R. sempervirens and R. setosus, Bigelow.) 
— Low woods, common northward. June. — Elowering shoots short, ascend- 
ing, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of a few large grains, red or pur 
pie, sour. 



122 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

10. R. cuneifdlius, Pursh. (Sand Blackberry.) Shrubby (1° -3° 
high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of 
the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovatc, thick ish, serrate above; 
peduncles 2-4-flowcred ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York to Virginia 
and southward. May- July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August. 

11. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low Bush-Blackberry.) Shrubby, procum- 
bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or 
pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3-flow- 
ered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May. 

15, ROSA, Tourn. Rose. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. 
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge 
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistils 
over its kmer surface. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — Shrub- 
by and prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole: 
stalks, foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.) 
* Styles cohering in a column, as long as the stamens. 

1. R. setigera, Michx. (Climbing or Prairie Eose.) Stems climb- 
ing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, 
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers 
corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ; fruit (hip) 
globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ohio to Illinois and southward. 
July. — A fine species, the only American climbing Rose ; the strong shoots 
growing 10° -20° in a season. 

* =fc Styles separate, nearly included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color. 

2. R. Caroliaia, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed 
tmth stout hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull 
above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs ; calyx and 
peduncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages ; fruit (hip) 
depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common. June - Sept. 

3. R. lucida, Ehrhart. (Dwarf Wild-Rose.) Stems (l°-2° high), 
armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per- 
sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5 - 9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, 
shining above, sharply serrate; stipules broad ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ', and with 
the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth 
when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May- 
July. — R. nitida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. 

4. R, t>laiida 9 Ait. (Early Wild-Rose.) Nearly unarmed, or with 
scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high); leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong, 
obtuse, pale on both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath, serrate ; stipules 
large; flowers 1-3, the peduncles and calyx-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo- 
bose, crowned with the persistent erect and connivent entire calyx -lobes. — 
Rocks and banks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly norths ard. May, 
June. — Petals light rose-color. 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123 

5. R. rubigincsa, L. (True Sweet-Brier.) Climbing high; prickles 
numerous, the larger ones strong and hooked, and the smaller awl-shaped; leaflets 
doubly serrate, rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet 
glands beneath ; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, 
— Road-sides and thickets. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. R. micrantha, Smith. (Smaller-fl. Sweet-Brier.) Prickles uni- 
form and hooked ; fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller : 
otherwise as No. 5. — E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Suborder III. POMEJE. The Pear Family. 
16. CBATJ1GUS, L. Hawthorn. White Thorn. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many, 
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Fruit (calyx-tube) fleshy, containing 1 - 5 bony 
1-seeded carpels. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed 
leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from Kparos, strength, 
on account of the hardness of the wood.) 

# Corymbs many-flowered. 

-*- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red: flowers small : 

calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous and glandless throughout. 

1. C» Spatlllllata, Michx. Leaves thickish and shining, spatulate or oblan- 
ceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. — 
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high. 

2. C cordata, Ait. (Washington Thorn.) Leaves broadly ovate or 
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole, 
variously 3 - 5-cleft or cut, and serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 
June. — Trunk 1 5° - 25° high. 

■*- -»- Fruit small (i f - J' long), ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large : styles 1-3. 

3. C. Oxyacantha, L. (English Hawthorn.) Smooth; leaves obovate, 
cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base ; calyx not glandular. May. — 
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. C« apiifdlia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young, becoming gla- 
brous ; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pin- 
nately 5 - 7-cleft, with the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate ; 
petioles slender; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and south- 
ward. March, April. 

+—*-■•- Fruit large (J'-§' long), red; flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit 
even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4 - 5 (when 
the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, Sec. often beset with glands. 

5. Cm COCCEiiea, L. (Scarlet-fruited Thorn.) Glabrous through- 
out; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed, 
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy 
tinge (§' broad) ; fruit bright scarlet-red, ovoid (J' broad), scarcely edible. — • 
Thickets and rockv banks ; common. May. — A low tree 



124 ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

6. C. tomcnt<frsa, L. (Black or Pear Thorn.) Downy or villous- 
vubescent, at least when young, on the peduncles, calyx, id.6. lower side of the 
leaves ; leaves thickish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and 
often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a someivhat margined petiole, the up- 
per surface more or less furrowed along the veins ; flowers large (often 1 ' broad), 
white ; fruit crimson or orange-red, usually large (|'-f ' broad), globular or some- 
what pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets ; common. May, June. — A tall shrub or 
low tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked. 

Var. pyriiolisi. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon 
glabrous, smooth and shining above, often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright- 
colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.) 

Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a 
longer tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut. villous 
pubescent when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more 
strongly impressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath ; fruit glo- 
bose, usually dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.) 

Var. mollis. Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the 
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed and 
cut; fruit often downy. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, var.? mollis, 
Torr. <J* Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwestward. 

7. C Crus-g"al!i, L. (Cockspur Thorn.) Glabrous; leaves thick, 
shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, 
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (£' broad). — Thickets. 
June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark green leaves very shining 
above, and slender sharp thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges. 

^= Corymbs simple few- (1 -6-) flowered : calyx, bracts, frc. glandular. 

8. C. flava, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous ; 
leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed at the base into a glandular 
petiole, unequally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth, 
&c. glandular ; styles 4 - 5 ; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or 
reddish (J-'-f broad). — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree 
15°- 20° high, with rather large flowers, 2-6 in a corymb. 

Var. piibesceiBS. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves 
thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elliptica, Ait. C. glan- 
dulosa, Michx. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward. 

9. C parvifolia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) Downy ; leaves thick, obovate- 
tpatulate, crenate-toothed (^-1^ long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length 
shining; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, on very short peduncles; calyx-lobes as 
long as the petals ; styles 5 ; fruit globular or pear-shaped, greenish-yellow. — 
Sandy soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high 

17. PYRUS, L. Pear. Apple. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-clcft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta 
mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit (pome) fleshy or berry-like; the 2-5 car- 
pels of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seedod. — Trees or shrubs, with 
handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) 



rosacea, (rose family.) 125 

§ 1 , MALUS, Tourn. — Leaves simple : cymes simple and umbel-like : fruit fleshy , 
globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. (Apple.) 

1. P. coronaria, L. (American Crab- Apple.) Leaves ovate, often 
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at 
the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree 
20° high, with few, but very large, rose-colored fragrant blossoms, and translu- 
cent, fragrant, greenish fruit. 

2. P. angpistifolia, Ait. (Narrow-leaved Crab-Apple.) Leaves 
oblong or lanceolate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles dis- 
tinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April. 

P. Malus, the Apple-tree, is often found in deserted fields and copses. 
P. communis, the Pear-tree, represents the typical section of the genus. 

§2. ADEXOKACHIS, DC. — Leaves simple, the midrib beset with glands along 
the upper side: cymes compound: styles united at the base: fruit berry -like, small. 

3. P. aroiitifolia, L. (Choke-berry.) Leaves oblong or obovate, 
finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Yar. 1. erythro- 
carpa has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 
2. melanocarpa is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets, common. 
May, June. — Shrub 2°- 10° high. Plowers white, or tinged with purple. 

§3. SOK.BUS, Toum. — Leaves odd-pinnate: cymes compound: styles separate: 
fruit berry-like, small. 

4. P. Americana* DC. (American Mountain-Ash.) Leaflets 
13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, smooth ; 
cymes large and flat. — Swamps and mountain woods, N. England to Wiscon- 
sin northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. June. — A slender shrub 
or low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for its ornamen- 
tal clusters of scarlet fruit (not larger than large peas) in autumn and winter. 

P. auccparia, Gsertn., the cultivated European Mountain-Ash or Row- 
an-tree, is known by its paler, shorter, and blunt leaflets, and larger fruit. 

18. AMELANCHIEB, Medic. June-berry. 

Calyx 5-clcft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 
5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5 cartilaginous carpels each di- 
vided into 2 cells by a partition from the back ; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small 
trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in ra- 
cemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Shad-bush. Service-berry.) 
Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe 
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May. 
— Vari2s exceedingly; the leading forms are, — 

Var. Sol ry a pill ill : a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; 
leaves ovate-oblong, sometime.* heart-shaped at the base, pointed, very sharply 
serrate ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length 
of the calyx. (Pyrus Botrwapium, Willd.) 



126 CALYCANTHACEJE. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMLLY.J 

Var. obloilgifdlia ; a smaller tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, beneath, like 
the branchlet-s, white-downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter. 

Var. rotundifolia; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the 
first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered. 

Var. aliiifolia; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both 
ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly 
in the Western States, and westward. 

Var. Oligocarpa ; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves, 
2 - 4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the calyx. 

— Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward. 

Cyd6nia vulgaris, the Quince, and C. Jap6nica, the ornamental Japan 
Quince, differ from the order generally in their many-seeded carpels. 

Order 40. CALYCANTHACE^G. (Carolina-Allspice 

Family.) 

Shrubs ivith opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar 
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute : 

— otherwise like Rosacea. Chiefly represented by the genus 

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Carolina Allspice. Sweet 
Scented Shrub. 

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (witu 
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored 
like the petals; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top 
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, 
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or 
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling 
those of the Rose. Fruit like a rose-hip, but dry when ripe, and larger, en- 
closing the large achenia. — Shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, and large lurid- 
purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the 
crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name 
composed of Kakv£, a cap or calyx, and avBos, flower, from the closed cup which 
contains the pistils.) 

1. C« floriilsiS, L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath. — Virginia? and 
southward, on hill-sides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug. 

2. C. laevigatllS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper- 
pointed, bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale be- 
neath; flowers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (Prof. Poller), 
and southward along the Alleghanies. May- Aug. 

3. C. glclUCUS, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspic- 
uously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, larger than 
in the others (4'-V long) ; the flowers also larger. — Virginia? near the moun- 
tains and southward. May -Aug. 



MELASTOMAC^EE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 127 

Order 41. MELASTOMACE^E. (Melastoma Family.) 

Myrtle-like plants, with opposite ribbed leaves, and anthers opening by 
pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose Family. — 
All tropical, except the genus 

1. BHEXIA) L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above 
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in- 
serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers 
long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the 
permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentas projecting from the 
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, wifhout albumen. — Low perennial 
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large 
showy cymose flowers ; the petals falling early. (Name from prjt-is, a rupture. 
applied to this genus for no obvious reason.) 

# Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the 
filament above its base : flowers cymose, peduncled. 

1. R» Virgfiltica, L. Stein square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval- 
lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts along 
the coast, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward, July. 

2. B« Mariana, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed 
below ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. 

# # Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur : flowers few, sessile. 

3. R, ciHdsa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous ; leaves broadly ovate, 
ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward. 



Order 42. LYTHRACE^E. (Loosestrife Family.) 

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing^ 
but free from, the 1 ~ 4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and 
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter 
lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary 
or whorled, rarely irregular. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1- 
celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placenta? in the 
axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided. 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers regular, or very nearly so. 

1. AMMANNIA Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4. 

2. LYTHRUM. Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 4 -7. Stamens 5-14. 

3. NESiEA Calyx short-campanula te. Stamens 10 - 14, exserted, mostly unequal. 

* # Flowers irregular : petals unequal. 

4. CTJPHEA. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12. 

11 See addend 



128 LTTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 

1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Ammawnia. 

Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, with a little horn-shaped 
appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes 
wanting. Stamens 4, short. Pod globular, 4-celled. — Low and inconspicuous 
smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small greenish flowers in their 
axils. (Named after Ammann, a Russian botanist anterior to Linnaeus.) 

1. A. llUllliliS, Michx. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, tapering into a 
slight petiole, or the base somewhat arrow-shaped ; flowers solitary or 3 together 
in the axils of the leaves, sessile ; style very short. ® — Low and wet places, 
from Massachusetts and Michigan southward. July - Sept. 

2. A. latifdlia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2' -3' long), with a broad 
auricled sessile base ; style mostly slender. Q — Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 

2. LYTHBUI, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the 
sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in- 
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled. 
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple 
(rarely white) flowers. (Name from \vdpov, blood; perhaps from the crimson 
blossoms of some species.) 

* Stamens and petals 5-7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of 
the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often shorten'' than the interme- 
diate processes : plants smooth. 

1. Ii« Hyssopif6lia, L. Low (6' -10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, ob- 
tuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers ; petals (pale purple) 5-6. Q) — 
Marshes, coast of Massachusetts, &c. (Nat. from Eu. ?) 

2. Ij. alatltm, Pursh. Tall and wand-like ; branches with margined 
angles ; leaves varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the 
flowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. 1J. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. 

3. L*. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall, bushy at the top, two of the 
angles margined ; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the upper acute 
and scarcely exceeding the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate ; petals (whitish) 6. 
1|. — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey and southward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. 

* ■* Stamens 12-14, twice the number of the petals, half of them sometimes much 

shorter: flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted irand-like spilce. 

4. 1<. Salicaria, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) Leaves lanceolate, 
heart-shaped at the base, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern 
New England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. July. — Plant 
more or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple. (Eu.) 

3. NESiEA, Commerson, Juss. Swamp Loosestrife. 

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 er ct teeth and 
as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5. 
Stamens 10-14, exserted. Pod globose, 3-5-celled. — Perennial herbs or 
slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary flowers. 



ONAGRACE,3E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 129 

1. N. verticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2° 
8° long), 4-6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the 
upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge- 
lanceolate, rose-purple (^' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Decodon 
verticillatum, Gmelin.) — Swampy grounds, common eastward. July-Sept. 

4. CUP ME A, Jacq. Cuphea. 

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the 
base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little 
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi- 
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next 
the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stigma 2-iobed. Pod oblong, 
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary, stalked. (Name 
from kv(J)6si gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.) 

1. C. viscosfssima, Jacq. (Clammy Cuphea.) Annual, very vis- 
cid-hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple. 
— Diy fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds 
flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the pod. 

Order 43. ONAGRACE^E. (Evening-Primrose Family.) 

Herbs , with 4,-merous (sometimes 2 -S-merous) flowers; the tube of the 
calyx cohering with the 2 - ^-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obso- 
lete, the petals convolute in the bud, and the stamens as many or twice as 
many as the petals or calyx-lobes. — There are two suborders, viz. : — 

Suborder I. ONAGKACEiE proper. 

Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarely want- 
ing) and stamens inserted on its summit. Pollen-grains connected by cob- 
webby threads. Style single, slender : stigma 2- 4-lobed or capitate. Pod 
loculicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehiseent : placentas in the axis. 
Seeds anatropous, no albumen. 

1. EPILOBITJM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex. 

2. (EXOTHERA. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Seeds naked, numerous. 

3. GAURA. Stamens 8. Petals 4 Calyx-tube prolonged. Pod 1 - 4-seeded, indehiseent. 

4. JUSSLEA. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Pod many-seeded. 
5 LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Calyx and pod as in No 4. 

6. CIRC^A. Stamens 2. Petals 2. Calyx slightly prolonged. Pod 1 -2-celled. 1 - 2 seeded. 

Suborder II. HALOKAGE^E. 

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes obsolete. 
Petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiseent, 1- 4-celled, with a 
solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Aquatic plants, 
with very small axillary sessile flowers, often monoecious or dioecious. 

7. PROSERPINACA. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Flowers perfect. 

8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 4-8. Fruit 4-angled, 4-celled. Flowers monoecious. 
9 HIPPURIS. Stamen 1. Fruit 1-celled. Style slender. Flowers perfect 



130 ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

Suborder I. ONAGRACEJE proper. 

1. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herb. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals 
4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of 
long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, 
or white flowers. (Name composed of eVi Xo/3ot) iW, viz. a violet on apod.) 

* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws : sta- 

mens and style turned to one side : stigma with 4 long lobes : leaves scattered. 

1. E. angustifolmm, L. Great Willow-herb.) Stem simple, 
tall (4° -7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared 
land; common northward. July. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.) 

* ■*■ Flowers small, corymbed or panicled: petals, stamens, and style erect: stigma 

club-shaped : lower leaves opposite, entire or denticulate. 

2. E. alpifiium, L. Low (2'- 6' high); nearly glabrous; stems ascending 
from a stoloniferous base, simple; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
nearly entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ; 
petals purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains 
of New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.) 

Yar. majus, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed , 
pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origanifoli- 
um, Lam.) — With the typical form. (Eu.) 

3. E. paliistre, L., var. liiiesaxe* Erect and slender (l°-2°high), 
branched above, minutely hoary -pubescent ; stem roundish ; leaves narrowly-lanceo- 
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or 
white ; pods hoaiy. (E. lineare, MuU. E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs,N. Eng- 
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. There is also a small and simple 
I -few-flowered form (4' -9 ; high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter 
leaves (E. oliganthum, Michx.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of 
New Hampshire and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare, Fries, 
but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.) 

4. E. molle, Torr. Soft-downy all over, strictly erect (1°- 2 J° high), at 
length branching ; leaves crowded ; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti- 
oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2 // -3 // long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and Penn. 
to Michigan, and northward. Sept. 

5. E. coloratum, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so; stem roundish, not 
angled, much branched (l°-3° high), many-flowered; leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually purple- 
veined ; flower-buds erect ; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (1 J" - 2" long). 

Wet places; common. July -Sept. See addend. 

2. (ENOTHEBA, L. Evening Primrose. 

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. 



ONAGllACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 131 

Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oivos, ivine, and Qr\pa, a chase: 
the application uncertain.) 

\ 1. Annuals or biennials: flowers nocturnal, odorous > withering the next day : pods 
cylindrical, closely sessile. 

1. CE. biennis, L. (Common Evening-Primrose.) Erect, mostly 
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal 
rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped 
(light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly ; as 
Var. 1. muricata, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer 
than the stamens. Yar. 2. grandifl6ra, with larger and more showy petals. 
Var. 3. parvifl6ra, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4. 
cruciIta, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than 
the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere. June- Sept. 

2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute; calyx-tube 
very slender ; pods short, cylindrical : otherwise resembling a smoothish and 
narrow-leaved state of No. 1. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward. 

3. CE. sioiiaia, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent; 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; 
flowers (small) axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose- 
color in fading) ; pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and 
southward, principally a dwarf state. June. 

$ 2. Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : joods 
club-shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs. 

4. CE. gJauca, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate ; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile. lj. — Mountains of 
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May - July. — Leaves broader and flow- 
ers larger than in the next. 

5. CE. friliicdsa, L. (Sundrops.) Hairy or nearly smooth; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly obcordate, 
longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer 
than the pedicels. 1J. — Open places, from New York southward and westward. 
June - Aug. — Plant 1° - 3° high, with several varieties. Corolla lj broad. 

6. OE. riparia, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- 
gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at 
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen- 
der-pedicelled, scarcely ^-winged. (2) — Eiver-banks and swamps; Quaker Bridge, 
New Jersey, to Virginia and southward. 

7. CE. linearis, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves 
anear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches, 
pods obovate, hoanj, scarcely \-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. 
— Montauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June. — Plant 1° 
high, bushy-branched: flowers 1' wide. 

8. CE. Chrysantha, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent; leaves lan- 
ceolate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched 
at the end {orange-yellow), longer than the stamens ; pods all pedicelled, oblong club- 



132 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILT.) 

shaped, scarcely wing-anghd. ©? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to Michigan 
and northward. July. — Stem 12' -15' high; flowers larger than in No. 9, 
from which it may not be distinct. 

9. CE. pumila., L. Almost smooth, small; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolatt, 
mostly obtuse ; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate 
(pale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club- 
shaped, strongly wing-angled. ® or 1J. % — Dry fields, common northward, 
and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly simple, 5' -12 
high : the corolla J' broad. 

3. GAIJRA, L. Gaura. 

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely 
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 
mostly 8, often turned down, as also the long style. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit 
hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually be- 
coming 1 -celled and 1-4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile. 
Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in wand-like spikes 
or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that the name, from yavpos-, superb, 
does not appear very appropriate). 

1. €r. biennis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° -8° high); leaves oblong-lance- 
olate, acute, denticulate; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed. ® — Dry 
banks, from New York westward and southward ; common. Aug. 

2. O, filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; leaves 
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen- 
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slender-pedicelled. 

— Open places, from Ohio westward and southward. Aug. 

4. JUSSIJGA, L. Jussi;ea. 

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6, 
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many as the petals. 
Pod 4- 6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous. 

— Herbs with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 
(Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany 
as further developed by his illustrious nephew.) 

I. J. decurrens, DC. Glabrous; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching, 
winged by the dccurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; 
stamens 8; pod oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled. 1J. — Wet places, Virginia, 
Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. See addend. 

5. LUDWIGIA, L. False Loosestrife. 

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per 
sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindri- 
cal, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axillary 
(rarely capitate) flowers. (Named in honor of Ludwig, Professor of Botany at 
Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.) 



ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 133 

4 Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers peduncled : petals yellow, about equalling the calyx, 

1. Li. aiterili folia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so, branched 
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; pods cubical, rounded 
at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps ; common southward and near the coast, 
Aug. — Pods opening first by a hole at the end where the style falls off, after- 
wards splitting in pieces. 

2. Li, fiirtclia, Raf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (l°-2°high); 
leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in 
the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, 
and southward. June - Sept. 

* # Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers sessile : petals minute or none. 

3. 1u. spliaerocarpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base ; flowei^s solitary, without 
bractlets ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular, not longer than the calyx-lobes, very 
small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbury, Greene), New York (Peeks- 
kill, R. I. Browne), New Jersey, and thence southward: also Illinois. 

4. 1*. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ; leaves 
narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers often clustered in the axils, with- 
out petals ; bractlets on the base of the 4-sided top-shaped pod, which is longer than 
the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. Aug. — Stem 
I - 3° high, sometimes with runners. 

5. L<. linearis, Walt. Smooth, slender (1° high), often branched, with 
narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners with obovate leaves ; 
flowers solitary, usually with (greenish-yellow) petals ; bractlets minute ; pods elon- 
gated top-shaped, 4-sided, much longer than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New 
Jersey and southward. Aug. 

* #= ^ Leaves opposite, petioled: flowers sessile : petals none or small. (Isnardia, L.) 

6. Ii, palissiris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth, low; stems pro- 
cumbent, rooting or floating ; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender peti- 
ole; calyx-lobes very short; pods oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base. 
(Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches, common. July -Oct. — Petals rarely pres- 
ent, small and reddish when the plant grows out of water. (Eu.) 

-* * * # Leaves opposite, sessile : flowers long -peduncled : petals exceeding the calyx. 

7. L. arciiftta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceo- 
late; flowers solitary, yellow (£' broad); peduncles J' -1' long; pods oblong- 
club-shaped somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and south- 
ward. May. 

C. CIRCJGA, Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; 
lobes 2, reflcxed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Pod obovate, 
. - 2-celled, bristly with hooked hairs : cells 1-seeded. — Low and inconspicuous 
perennials, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small wnitish 
flowers in racemes. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.) 



lo-i ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

1. C. JLutetiaiia, L. Stem mostly pubescent (1° -2° high); leaves ovate^ 
pointed, slightly toothed; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly. 
— Mois: woodlands. July. (Eu.) 

2. C alpilia, L. Low (3'-8 J high), smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shaped, 
Van, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong l-celled 
fruit soft and slender. — Cold woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) 

Suborder II. HAL.ORAOEJG. The Water-Milfoil Family. 

7. PROSERP1NACA, L. Mermaid-weed. 

Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 
3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low, peren- 
nial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo, 
to creep), alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary 
or 3 - 4 together. 

1. P. palastris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply seirate, the lower pecti- 
nate when under water; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps. June -Aug. 

2. P. pectiiiacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl- 
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast. 

8. MIRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of 
the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- 
celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves 
crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary 
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, produced above 
water; the uppermost staminate. (Name from pvplosi a thousand, and (pvXKov, 
a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.) 
■* Stamens 8 : petals deciduous : carpels even : leaves whorled in threes or fours. 

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except 
the florcd ones or bracts; these are ovate, entire or toothed, and chief y shorter than 
the flowers, which thus appear to form an interrupted leafless spike. — Deep 
water, common. July, Aug. (Eu.) 

2. M. verfscillatlllll, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pec- 
tinate-pinnatifld: otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.) 

* * Stamens 4: petals rather persistent: carpels l-2-ridged and roughened on the 
back : leaves whorled in fours and flves, the lower with capillary divisions. 

3 M. heteropliylllllll, Michx. Stem stout ; floral leaves ovate ana 
lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely 
roughened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward. 

4. UI. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnately 
parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate 
toothed or cut-serrate : carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back. — ShaJ 
low ponds, from Khode Island and Ohio southward. 



loasace^e. (loasa family.) 135 

* * # Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels even on the bach : leaves chiefly 
scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems. 

5. M. aillblg'tlMSll, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately patted into about 
10 very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral 
linear and sparingly toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute) 
smooth. — Var. 1. natans : stems floating, prolonged. Yar. 2. capiliA 
ceum : stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capil- 
lary. Var. 3. lim6sum : small, rooting in the mud; leaves all linear, incised, 
toothed, or entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Penn., 
and southward, near the coast. July - Sept. 

6. Wtm teiielltlSll, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-lihe, 
(3' -10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts 
small, entire; flowers alternate, monozcious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N. 
New York, New England, and northward. July. 

9. HIPPUBIS, L. Mare's-tail. 

Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge of the calyx. 
Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove be- 
tween the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1 -celled, I -seeded. — Peren- 
nial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in 
the axils, perfect or polygamous. (Name from Ittttos, a horse, and ovpd, a tail.) 

I. II. vulgaris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds 
and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward: rare. Stems simple, 1°- 
2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.) 

Order 44. LOASACE^G. (Loasa Family.) 

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube ad- 
herent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentas : — represented only 
by the genus 

1. MENTZELIA, Plum. (Bart6nia, Nutt.) 

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in- 
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 
3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry 
and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little 
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary op 
C) mose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.) 

1 RI. Oligospermia, Nutt, Eough and adhesive (1° -3° high), much 
branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed 
or angled ; flowers yellow (7''- 10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wedge- 
oblong, pointed ; stamens 20 or more : filaments filiform : pod small, about 9- 
seeded. ® lj. — Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward. 



136 CACTACE.E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 

Order 45. CACTACE^E. (Cactus Family.) 

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular, 
or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. 
Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev- 
eral rows, adherent to the 1 -celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long 
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by 
the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a 
1 -celled berry, with numerous campylotropous. seeds on several parietal 
placentas. Albumen little or none. — Represented east of the Mississippi 
only by 

1. OPUKTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. 

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner 
roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds with albumen. Cotyledons large, folia- 
ceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints, bearing veiy small awl-shaped 
and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed 
bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers yellow, opening in sun- 
shine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging 
to some different plant.) 

1. O. vulgaris, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate-spreading, 
pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints ; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and 
appressed ; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines ; flowers sulphur- 
yellow ; berry nearly smooth, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from Nan- 
tucket, Mass. southward, usually near the coast. June. 

Var. ? HaHlieSQUiL Larger, dark green, mostly spiny, with spreading 
and awl-shaped leaves. 0. Rafinesquii, Engelm. — Wisconsin to Kentucky, 
and westward. See Addend. 

Order 46. GROSSULACE^. (Currant Family.) 

Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, 
a b-lobed calyx cohering with the l-celled ovary, and bearing 5 stameris alter- 
nating with as many small petals. Fruit a l-celled berry, with 2 parietal 
placenta, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. Seeds numer- 
ous, anatropous, with a gelatinous outer coat, and a minute embryo at the 
base of hard albumen. Styles 2, distinct or united. — Leaves mostly 
plaited in the bud, often clustered in the axils, the small flowers from the 
same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. — Comprises only the genus 

1. KIBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry. 

Character same as of the order. (Name of Arabic origin.) 

§ 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (Gooseberry.) — Stejns mostly bearing thorns 
at the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly 
prickles : berries prickly or smooth. 



GROSSULACE^E. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 137 

# Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered: leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed 

1. R. Cynostoati, L. (Wild Gooseberry.) Leaves pubescent; pe- 
duncles slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad 
calyx. — Rocky woods ; common, especially northward. May. — Spines slender 
Berry large, armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 

2. R, liirtelliim, Michx. (Smooth Wild Gooseberry.) Leaves 
somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, 1 - 2 -flowered, deflexed ; sta- 
mens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped (purplish) calyx; fruit 
smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds, N. England to Wisconsin, com- 
mon. May. — Stems either smooth or prickly, and with very short thorns, or 
none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of New England, &c, 
and usually passes for R. triflorum, Willd., which name belongs to the next. 

3. R. rotundifdlium, Michx. (Smooth Wild Gooseberry.) 
Leaves nearly smooth ; peduncles slender, 1 - 3-flowered ; stamens and 2-parted 
style slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx; fruit smooth, pleasant. — 
Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains to 
Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves rounded, with very short and blunt lobes. 

^ =fc Racemes 5 - § -flowered, loose, slender, nodding. 

4. R. lacitstre, Poir. (Swamp Gooseberry.) Young stems clothed 
with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, 
with the lobes deeply cut ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer 
than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, 
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. June. 

$2. RIBESIA, Berl. (Currant.) — Stems neither prickly nor thorny : /lowers 
(greenish) in racemes : berries never prickly . 

5. R. p rostra turn, L'Her. (Eetid Currant.) Stems reclined; 
leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly 
serrate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx nattish ; pedicels and the (pale-red) fruit 
glandular-bi istly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. 
northward. May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor. 

6. R. floridum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves sprinkled with 
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 - 5-lobed, doubly sen-ate ; racemes 
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 
smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods ; common. May. — Much 
like the Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in smell and 
flavor. Elowers large. 

7. R. rilbriim, L. (Red Currant.) Stems straggling or reclined; 
leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, senate, downy beneath when 
young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx flat 
(green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red. — Cold damp woods and bogs, 
New Hampshire to Wisconsin and northward. Same as the Red Currant of the 
gardens. (Eu.) 

R. aureum, Pursh, the Buffalo or Missouri Currant, remarkable for 
the spicy fragrance of its early yellow blossoms, is cultivated for ornament. Its 
leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud. 



138 PASSIFLORACEiE. (PASSION-FLO WER FAMILY.) 

Order 47. PASSIFLORACEiE. (Passion-Flower Fam.) 

Vines, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamens, 
and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placen- 
tal, and as many club-shaped styles ; — represented by the typical genus 

1. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Flo wer. 

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base, imbricated in the bud, the throat crowned 
with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx. 
Stamens 5 : filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, 
separate above : anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many- 
seeded ; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed- 
coat brittle, grooved. — Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, generally with stip- 
ules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. (Name, from passio, passion, and flos y a 
flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these flowers, in 
which they fancied a representation of the implements of the crucifixion.) 

1. P. llltea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the 
lobes entire; petioles glandless ; flowers greenish-yellow (1' broad). % — Damp 
thickets, S. Perm, to 111., and southward. July - Sept. — Fruit §' in diameter. 

2. P. lBlcarilSlta, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-cleft ; the lobes serrate ; 
petiole bearing 2 glands ; flower large (2 ; broad), nearly white, with a triple pur- 
ple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky, 
and southward. May - July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called 
May pops. 

Order 48. CUCURBITACE^E. (Gourd Family.) 

Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious 
(often monopetcdous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - S-celled 
ovary, and the 3-5 stamens commonly more or less united by their often tor- 
tuous anthers as well as by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes 
membranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less com- 
bined. Stigmas 2-3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albu- 
men. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. 
(Mostly tropical or subtropical.) 

Synopsis. 

1. SICYOS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, inde 

hiscent, 1-celled, 1 seeded. 

2. ECETKOCYSTI3. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Pod prickly 

2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top. 
8. MELOTHRLA. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulatc, 5-cleft. Berry 
smooth, many -seeded. 

1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Star-Cucumber. 

Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flauish 
corolla. Stamens 3-5 all cohering. Ovary 1 -celled, with a single suspended 



CUCURBITACE.E, (GOURD FAMILY.; 139 

ovule: style slender: stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by 
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. 

— Climbing annuals, with small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly 
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long- 
peduncled. (The Greek name for the Cucumber.) 

1. S« angltlatllS, L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped and 5-angled or 
lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant beset with clammy hairs. — River-banks. July - 
Sept. 

2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple. 

Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open 
spreading corolla. Stamens 3, separable into 2 sets. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 
erect ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit large, ovoid, fleshy, at length 
dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the 
inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, obovate-oblong. — An annual, rank, and 
tall-climbing plant, nearly smooth, with deeply and sharply 5-lobed thin leaves, 
and very numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound ra- 
cemes often 1° long, the fruitful in small clusters or solitary, from the same 
axils. (Name composed of ixjams^ a hedgehog, and kvcttis, a bladder, from the 
prickly covering of the at length bladdery fruit.) 

1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gr. (Sicyos, Michx. Momordica echinata, Muhl.) 

— Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July- 
Oct. — Fruit 2' long. 

3. ]?!EiOTHRIA, L. Melothria. 

' Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5- 
lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campan- 
ulate. Anthers 3 or 5, more or less united. Berry fleshy, filled with many flat 
and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from 
MrjkcoOpov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 

1. UI. pesidtila, L. Slender, climbing ; leaves small, roundish and 
heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers few in small racemes ; 
the fertile solitary, greenish, or yellowish; berry oval (J -1 ; long), green. 1J. 

— Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug. 



CfjcuMis sativus, the Cucumber; C. Melo, the Muskmelon, C. Ci- 
trullus, the Watermelon; Cucurbita Pepo, the Pumpkin, C. Melo- 
pepo, the Round Squash; C. verrucosa, the Long Squash; C. auran- 
tia, the Orange Gourd; and Lagenaria vulgaris, the Bottle Gourd, 
are the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family. 

Order 49. CRASSUlACE^E. (Orpine Family.) 

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz, the petals and 
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3— 20), and the stamens the same or 
double their number. — Sepals persistent, more or less united at the base 



140 CRASSULACE.fi. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 

Petals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct 
stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united t>elow in Pen- 
thorum), usually with a little scale at the base of each, forming pods (folli- 
cles) which open along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous : the straight 
embryo surrounded by thin albumen. Flowers usually cymose, small. 
Leaves chiefly sessile. 

Synopsis. 

# Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulacese.) 

1. TILL2EA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct. 

2. SEDUM. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5, distinct. Stamens 10-8. 

# * Pistils united below into a 5-celled many-seeded pod. 
8. PENTHORTJM. Sepals 5. Petals commonly none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked. 

1. TILLilA, L. Till^ea. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very 
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named 
in honor of 27///, an early Italian botanist. ) 

1. T. Simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1'- 2' high); leaves linear 
oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish- 
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the 
base of each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantucket to E. 
Penn. July - Sept. 

£• §£DUM) L. Stone-crop. Orpine. 

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded; a little 
scale at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, 
with the flowers cymose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to tbe 
manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.) 
* Flowers one-sided on the spreading branches of the cyme, forming a sort of spike, 

mostly with 4 petals, frc. and 8 stamens, while the central flower commonly has 5 

petals, Sfc. and 10 stamens. 

1. S. pillclielllim, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' high) ; leaves lin- 
ear, nearly terete, scattered ; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered ; petals 
rose-purple, lanceolate. — Virgina to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 

2. §• teruatum. (Three-leaved Stone-crop.) Stems spreading 
(3' -6 high); leaves fat, the lower whorled in threes, ivedge-obovate, the upper 
scattered, oblong ; cyme 3-spiked, leafy ; petals white, linear-lanceolate. Rocky 
woods, Penn., to Illinois and southward. May, June. Also in gardens. 

=fc * Flowers in close cymes, uniformly \0-androus: leaves flat. 

3. $. telepliioides, Michx. (Wild Orpine or Live-for-ever.; 
Stems ascending (6'- 12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, 
entire or sparingly toothed, scattered ; cyme small ; pdals flesh-color, ovate-lan- 
ceolate, taper-pointed ; pods tapering into a slender style — Diy rocks, Alleghany 
Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly in New Jersey 1 W. New 
York % and Indiana. June. 



SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 141 

4. S. Telephium, L. (Garden Orpine or Lite-for-ever.) Stems 
erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, serrate, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; 
petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly pointed with a short style. — Hocks 
and banks, escaped from cultivation, and spontaneous in some r. laces. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

5. Acre, L., the Mossy Stone-crop or Wall-Pepper, of Europe, — cul- 
tivated for edgings, — has become spontaneous in a few places near Boston. 

S. Ehodiola, a dicecious species, is indigenous in New Brunswick and 
northward ; and therefore may grow in Maine. 

3. PtiMHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop. 

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming 
a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled pod, which opens by the falling off of the 
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of 
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked 
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from 7reVre, 
Jive, and opos, a ride or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.) 

1. P. sed.oid.es, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Wet places, 
everywhere. July -Oct. — About 1° high, homely. 

Sempervivum tectorum, L., is the cultivated House-Leek. 



Order 50. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (Saxifrage Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with the pistils mostly fewer than the petals or divisions of 
the calyx (usually 2, united below and separate or separating at the top) ; 
and the petals with the (mostly 4-10) stamens inserted on the calyx, which is 
either free or more or less adherent to the 1- ^-celled ovary. — Calyx with- 
ering-persistent. Petals rarely none. Stamens sometimes indefinitely 
numerous. Pods several - many-seeded. . Seeds small, anatropous, with a 
slender embryo in fleshy albumen. — A large family, of which we have 
three of the suborders. 

Suborder I. SAXIFRAGES. The True Saxifrage Family. 

Herbs ; the petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx 

free or partly adherent. Stipules none or adherent to the petiole. 

* Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, rarely 3-4-eelled and beaked or pods 2 or 3. 
*- Stamens twice as many as the petals or sepals, 10, rarely 8. 

1. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Seeds few, and with a loose coat. Leaves decompouud. 

2. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Pod or follicles many-seeded Seed-coat close. 

+- +- Stamens as many as the petals or sepals, namely •". 

3. BOYKLNIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary. Seed-coat close, rough. 

4. SULLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. Seeds wing-margined. 

t * # Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae 

«- Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5. 
d. 1LEUCHERA. Calyx bell -shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. 



142 SAXIFKAGACE^:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

<- *- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10. 

6. MITELLA. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. 

7. TIARELLA. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. 

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. 

Suborder II. ESCALLONIEiE. The Escallonia Family. 

Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Petals usually 
valvate in the bud. 

9. ITEA. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 5 

Suborder III. HYDRANGIEiE. The Hydrangea Family. 

Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves and no stipules. 

10. HYDRANGEA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, the tube adherent to the imperfectly 2-celled ovary. 

Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging 

11. PHILADELPHUS Calyx 4 - 5-parted ; the tube adhering to the 3 - 5-celled ovary. Pet- 

als convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Styles united below. 

Suborder I. SAXIFHAGACJSiE. True Saxifrage Family. 

1. ASTILBE, Don. False Goatsbeard. 

Flowers diceeiously polygamous. Calyx 4 -5-parted, small. Petals 4-5, 
spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost 
free, many ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, 
each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. — 
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately compound ample leaves, cut-lobed 
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, 
which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of a privative and 
CTi\(3r], a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.) 

1. A. decstiiclra, Don. Somewhat pubescent ; leaflets mostly heart- 
shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Rich 
woods, Alleghanies of S. "W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating 
Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser, 3° - 5° high. 

2. §1IIFBAGA, L. Saxifrage. 

Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. 
Petals 5, entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 
2-ceiled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate 
follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with 
the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from 
saxwn, a rock, an&frango, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) 
*= Stems prostrate, leafy : leaves opposite: calyx free from the pod. 

1. S. ©ppositifdlia, L. (Mountain Saxifrage.) Leaves thick 
and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2 ; 
long) ; flowers solitary, large ; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 
5-cleft free calyx. — Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood), and north- 
ward. (Eu.) 



SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILi.) 143 

# =fc Stc :ns ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below with the pod, 

2. S. rivularis, L. (Alpine Brook Saxifrage.) Small ; stems 
weak, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the 
upper lanceolate ; petals white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, 
New Hampshire, Oakes. Very rare. (Eu.) 

3. S. aizoides, L. (Yellow Mountain Saxifrage.) Low (3' -5' 
high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate^ 
entire, fleshy, spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Wil- 
loughby Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Michigan ; 
and northward. June. (Eu.) 

4. S. tricuspid ata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above; 
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid pointed teeth at the sum- 
mit; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) 

# # Leaves clustered at the root : scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent, 

5. S. AiZOOil, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi- 
nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often 
spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Wil- 
loughby Mountain (Mr. Blake), and northward. — Scape 5' - 10' high. (Eu.) 

6. S. VirgillieilSiS, Michx. (Early Saxifrage.) Low (4' -9 

high) ; leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate- 
toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose- 
ly panicled ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong 
obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — 
Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April - June. 

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (Swamp Saxifrage.) Large (l°-2° 
high); leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base 
into a short and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus- 
tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo- 
late (•greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped: pods at length divergent. — 
Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June. — A homely species. 

8. S. erdsa, Pursh. (Lettuce Saxifrage.) Leaves oblong or oblanceo- 
late, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape 
slender (l°-3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender: 
calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals ; filaments 
club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn. 
sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies south- 
ward. June. See Addend. 

S. leucanthemif6lia, Michx., S. Careyana, Gray, and S. Carolini- 
ana, Gray, of the mountains of Carolina, may occur in those of Virginia. 

3, BOYi£INIA, Nutt. Boykinia. 

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. Sta- 
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white 
flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boy/cin of Georgia.) 



144 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

1. B. aconitifdlia, Nutt Stem glandular (6'- 20' high) ; leaves deep- 
ly 5-7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 

4. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. Sullivantia. 

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft 
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet- 
als. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the 
seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading pe- 
rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth leaves, on 
slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, 
raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx 
glandular : pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist 
who discovered the only species. 

1. S. OMdllis, Torr. & Gr. [Gray, Chloris Bor.-Am., pi. 6.) — Limestone 
cliffs, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June. 

5. HEIJCHERA, L. Alum-root. 

Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet- 
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1-celled, 
with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. 
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round 
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, 
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. 
Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish 
or purplish. (Named in honor of Heucher, an early German botanist.) 

# Flowers small, loosely panicled : stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular. 

1. H. villdsa, Michx. Scapes (l°-3° high), petioles, and veins of the 
acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx lj" long; petals 
spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, 
Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug. 

2. H. Americana, L. (Common Alum-root.) Scapes (2° -3° high) 
&c. glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with 
short rounded lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petals 
not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and 
southward. June. 

* # Flowers larger: calyx (3" -4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short : panicle 
very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly $ - 9-lobed. 

3. H. hispida, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc 
casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; stamens soon exserted, longer than 
the spatulate petals. (H. Richardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also 
Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May - July. — Scapes 2° - 4° high. 

4. H. pubescens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high), &c. granular-pubescent 
or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous, as are usually the rounded 
leaves ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — 
Mountains of Penn. to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July. 



SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145 

6. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap. 

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, 
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked, 
1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the 
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round 
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; 
those on the scapes opposite, if any. Plowers small, in a simple slender raceme 
or spike. (Name a diminutive from fiirpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form 
of the young pod. ) 

1. M. Ctipliylla, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5 
lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill 
sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — 
Plowers white, in a raceme 6 ; - 8 ; long. 

2. M« nuclei,) L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply 
and doubly crenate ; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4' -6' high). 
(M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.) — Deep moist woods with mosses, 
Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. — A delicate little plant, 
shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish. 

7. TIARELLA, L. Palse Mitre-wort. 

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, 
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1- 
celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal 
placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminutive 
from riapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which 
is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.) 

1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners 
heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; 
scape leafless (5' - 12' high) ; raceme simple; petals oblong. — Eich rocky woods ; 
common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun- 
tains. April, May. 

8. CHRYSOSPLtNIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. 

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. 
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. 
Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled, 
with 2 parietal placentas, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small 
smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed 
flowers. (Name compounded of xp y o~6s, golden, and criikrjv. the spleen, probably 
from some reputed medicinal qualities.) 

1. C Americamim, Schwein. Stems slender, diffusely spreading, 
forking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, ob- 
scurely crenate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish 
tinged with yellow or purple). %. — Cold wet places ; common, especially north- 
ward. April, May. 



146 SAXIFRAGACEJS. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

Suborder II. ESCAEEONIEJE. The Escallonia Family. 

9. I TEA, L. Itea. 

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than 
the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, 
tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded 

— A shrub, with simple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves, 
without stipules, and white flowers in simple dense racemes, (The Greek name 
of the Willow.) 

1. I. Vir gillie a, L. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the 
coast. June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. 

Suborder III. MYDRANGlAiE. The Hydrangea Family. 

10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Hydrangea. 

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 
4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Pod 
crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a 
hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, 
and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually 
sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and 
dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from vdcop, water, and ayyos, a vase.) 

1. H. arborescens, L. (Wild Hydrangea.) Glabrous or nearly 
so ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides ; cymea 
flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn., to 111., and southward, chiefly along the moun- 
tains. July. — Flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden 
Hydrangea. 

11. PHILADELPHUS, L. Mock Orange or Syringa. 

Calyx- tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread- 
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute 
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top. 
Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many 
pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pen- 
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, 
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered 
showy white flowers. (An ancient name applied by Linnaeus to this genus foi 
no particular reason.) 

1. P. iiiotldrus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, 
entire or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the 
diverging branches, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tuba 

— Mountains of Virginia and southward. 

Var. graiidifloras* Somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger ; calyx-lobes 
longer and taper-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains 



HA^IAMELACE^E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY). 147 

May-July. — A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches : often cultivated. 
P. coronarius, L., the common Mock Orange or Syringa of the gardens, 
has cream-colored, odorous flowers in full clusters: the crushed leaves have 
the odor and taste of cucumbers. 



Order 51. HAMAMELACE^E. (Witch-Hazel Family.) 

SJirubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers 
in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious ; the calyx cohering with 
the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 
2-beaked 2-celled woody pod opening at the summit, with a single bony seed 
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted 
on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. 
Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed 
into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, 
in sparing albumen : cotyledons broad and flat. — We have a single repre- 
sentative of the 3 tribes, two of them apetalous. 

Synopsis. 

Tkibe I. HAMAMELEJ3. Flowers with a manifest calyx and corolla, and a single 
ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 

1 HAMAMELIS. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. 

Tribe II. FOTHERGILLEiE. Flowers with a manifest calyx and no corolla. Fruit 
and seed as in Tribe I. 
2. FOTHERGILLA. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. Flowers spiked. 

Tribe HI. BAIjSAMIFLUJE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and 
no corolla, crowded in catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell. 

8. LIQUID AMB AH. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli- 
dated by their bases in a dense head. 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel. 

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet- 
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, 
very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect 
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top ; the 
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony 
seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with 
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From ap,a, 
like to, and p-rfkls, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or 
some other tree resembling the Apph, which the Witch-Hazel does not.) 

1. H. Virginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat 
downy when young. — Damp woods: blossoming late in autumn, when the 
leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. 



148 UMBELLIFERjB. (parsley family.) 

2. FOTHEROILLA, L. f. Fothergilla. 

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 
the summit truncate, slightly 5 - 7 -toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, 
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike: filaments very long, 
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base 
of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low 
shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the 
6ummit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by 
a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. Fothergill.) 

1. F. alllifolia, L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April 

3. LIQUID AM BAR, L. Sweet-Gum Tree. 

Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged 
in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute 
scales : filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked 
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less coher- 
ing and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods open- 
ing between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. 
Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed- 
coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous 
involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, am- 
ber ; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.) 

1. Li. §tyraciflua 9 L. (Sweet Gum. Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, 
deeply 5 - 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — 
Moist woods, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A large and 
beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark with corky ridges on the 
branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. 
The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust. 

Order 52. UMBELLXFER^. (Parsley Family.) 

Herbs, with the flowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adhering to the ovary, 
the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and sur- 
rounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. 
Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals mostly 
with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called meiicarps) cohering by 
their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other 
and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the 
axis (carpophore) : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, 
and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the interstices or inter- 
vals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittce), which are 
longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil 
(These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seeds solitary and 
suspended from the summit of each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo 



UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 149 

in hard, horn-like albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, 
mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Um- 
bels usually compound; when the secondary ones are termed umbellets : 
each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre and involucels). — 
A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with 
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all, 
— therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c, which like- 
wise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore a 
difficult one for the young student. See Addend. 

Synopsis* 

I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out). 

* Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes one growing from the summit of another. 

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flat. Leaves orbicular or rounded. 

2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves thread-shaped, fleshy and hollow. 

# * Umbels or umbellets capitate, imperfect : i. e. the flowers sessile in heads. 
& SANICULA. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Flowers polygamous. 
4. EBYNGIUM. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads, perfect. 

# * # Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays bearing umbellets. 
t- Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat. 
6. DAUCUS. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs. 

*■- ■*- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc- 
tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure). 

6. POLYTiENIA. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the 

fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back. 

7. HERACLEUM. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back : 

lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant. 

8. PASTINACA. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the 

marginal ones perfect, not radiant. 

9. ARCHEMORA. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral 

ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 

10. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical, 

hollow, with some cross partitions. 
^ ♦- +- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge, 
each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back. 

11. ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval. 

Seed not loose. 

12. ARCHANGELICA. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil- 

tubes in each interval, adhering to the loose seed. 

13. CONIOSELTNUM. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins. 
^ '«**• «- «- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbic- 
ular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs. 

14. jETHUSA. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single oil- 

tubes in the intervals. 

15. LIGUSTICUM. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with 

several oil-tubes in each interval. 

16. THASPIUM. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single oil- 

tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple. 
+»*■>+-.■+-*• Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless. 

17. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil- 

tubea 3 in each intervaL Leaves compound. 



150 CJMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

IS. BUPLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong : the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed 
Leaves all simple. 

19. D7SCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corky 

margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions. 

20. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin : the carpels strongly and equally 6- 

ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate. 

21. SLUM. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose: the carpels 6-ribbed. Leaves all simply 

pinnate. 

22. CJIYPTOTJENIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular 

II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute, 

so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.) 

23. CHiEROPIIYLLTJM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex : ribs broad. 

24. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly. 

25. CONIUM. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs prominent, wavy. 

26. EULOPIIUS. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs. 

III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at 

the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar. 

27. ERIGENIA. Fruit twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered. 

1. HYDBOCOTYLE, Tourn. Water Pennywort. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped , 
the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened 
margin: oil-tubes none. — Low and smooth marsh perennials, with slender 
stems creeping or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form 
leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either 
single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from vdap, water, and 
kotiXtj, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhar cup- 
shaped.) 

* Stems procumbent and branching : flowers 3-5 in a sessile cluster. 

1. H. Americana, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly crenate, 
somewhat lobed, short-petioled ; fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places ; com- 
mon northward. 

# * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles , arising, with the long-pet ioled leaves, from 
the joints of creeping and rooting stems. 

2. II. raimiiCUloicles, L. Leaves round-reniform, 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes 
crenate ; peduncles much shorter than the petioles ; umbel 5-1 0-flowered ; ped- 
icels very short ; fruit orbicular, scarcely ribbed. — Penn. and southward. 

S. II. interrupfa, MnhL Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular cre- 
nate ; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and sessile 
flowers inteiTuptedly along its length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the 
base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast. 

4. H. linibellata, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched 
at the base, doubly crenate; peduncle elongated (3' -9' high), bearing a many- 
flowered umbel (sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender; 
*ruit notched at the base and apex. Massachusetts and southward near the 
eoast. 



UMBELLJFERJS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151 

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Crantzia. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil- tube 
in each interval. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro- 
cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place of 
leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers 
white. (Named for Prof. Grants, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.) 

1. C lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) Leaves somewhat 
club-shaped, very obtuse (V -2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form- 
ing a corky margin. )J. — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward 
along the coast. July. 

3* SAKICULA, Tourn. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot. 

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating 
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil- 
tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the 
root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or 
yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. 
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.) 

1. §• Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile 
flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorten' than the 
prickles of the fruit. — Copses. June -Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin 
leaves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the 
lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet. 

2. S. Iff arilaildica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowers numerous, 
on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous, 
recurved. — Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2° -3° high; the leaves more 
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous 
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. 

4. ERYNGITJM, Tourn. Button Snakeroot. 

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered 
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly 
perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white 
bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, 
of uncertain origin.) 

1. E. yuccre folium, Michx. (Battlesnake-Master. Button 

Snakeroot.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristly- 
fringed; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. 1J. 
(E. aquaticum, L. in part; but it never gnrws in water.) — Dry or damp pine- 
barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 

2. E. Virgiiiiaillim, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked 
or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed, 
longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads. © — Swamps, New Jersey 
and southward near the coast. July. 

12 



152 UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

5. DAIJCUS, Toum. Carrot. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels 
scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of tlum 
on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones, 
each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of 
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- 
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.) 

1. I>. Car6ta, L. (Common Carrot.) Stem bristly; involucre pinnati- 
fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields in certain places. 
July - Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet 
abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a 
bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. POLYTiNIA, DC. Polyt^-ia. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky 
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each inter- 
val, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip, 
with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no involucres, 
bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from 7ro\vs, many, and 
raivia, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 

1. P. Nilttallii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest- 
ward. May. — - Stem 2° - 3° high. 

7. HERACLEU1, L. Cow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the 
carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely 
heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing 
2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. 
Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 - 2-ternately 
compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist 
rich ground; most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented 
plant, 4° - 8° high, in some places wrongly called Mastericort. 

§. PASTINACA, Tourn. Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the 
carpels minutely 5-ribbed ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral 
ones distant from them and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each inter- 
val running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none 
of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pin- 
nately-compound leaves. Involucre and involucels small or none. (The Latin 
name, from pastus, food.) 

1. P. sativa, L. (Common Parsnip.) Stem grooved, smooth; leaflets 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c 
July. (Adv. from Eu.) 



UMBELLIFEIkE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 153 

9. ABCHMOBA, DC. Cowbane. 

Calyx 5-tootlied. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish; 
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex 
back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4 - 6 on the inner face. — Smooth 
perennials, with rather rigid leaves of 3 - 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Invo- 
lucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. 
(Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to 
Archemorus, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.) 

1. A. rigidcb, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from 
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Yar. ambigua, 
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey and W. New York to 
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° -5° high. 

10. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. False Water-Dropwort. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the 
carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil- tubes one in each 
interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a 
hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the 
cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels 
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist, Prof. 
Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.) 

1 . T, teretifolia, DC. — Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug. 

11. ANGELICA, L. Angelica. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the 
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing, their 
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2 - 4 on 
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout herbs, more or less aro- 
matic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or ternately divided 
leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty 
or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish. 
Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic, from its cordial and 
medicinal properties.) 

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the 
divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut 
and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. 
% — Mountains of Penn. (Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle- 
ghanies. Aug. 

12, ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Archangelica. 

Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer- 
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which 
the species have been separated. 

1. A. Ilirsuta, Ton-. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high), 
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickishu 



154 UMBELLIFERJS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate; involucels as long as the utnbellets; pedun- 
cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. 1J. (Angelica triquinata, Nutt.) — Dry 
open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white. 

2. A. atropurpiirea, Hoffm. (Great Angelica.) Smooth; stem 
dark purple, very stout (4° -6° high), hollow; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound; 
the leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much 
inflated; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, winged. 1J. (Angelica triquinata, 
Michx.) — Low river-banks, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. 
June. — Flowers greenish- white. Plant strong-scented; a popular aromatic. 

3. A. pe re grips a, Nutt. Stem a little downy at the summit (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves 2 - 3-ternately divided, the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, 
glabrous ; involucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblcng with 5 thick 
and coi-hj wing-like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the 
others. 1J. — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. — 
Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally 
ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. It is A. 
Gmelini, of N* W. America. 

13. CONIOSELtNUM, Fischer. Hemlock Parsley 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly 
3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes 
m the substance of the pericarp, 1 - 3 in each of the intervals, and several on the 
inner face. — Smooth herbs, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves, 
inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any: leaflets of the 
involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and 
Selinum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.) 

1. C Canadense, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid; fruit longer than 
the pedicels, lj. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward 
in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock 

14. JETHl)SA, L. Fool's Parsley. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with 5 thick 
sharply-keeled ridges : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous 
herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin- 
nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWa>, to burn, from the acrid taste.) 

1. JE. Cynapium, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-larccolate ; involucre 
none ; involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New 
England, &c. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison 
Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted 
stem. (Adv. from Eu.) 

15. I.IGiJSTICUM, L. Lovage. 

Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or 
slightly flattened on the sides ; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or 
narrowly winged ridges : intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren- 



UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 155 

nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white 
flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the 
gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.) 

1. Lu Scoticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Very smooth; stem (2° 
high) nearly simple; leaves 2-temate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed 
or cut; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear; calyx-teeth distinct; 
fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt marshes, from Khode Island northward. Aug. — . 
Root acrid but aromatic. (Eu.) 

2. Li. actseifdliitm, Michx. (Nondo. Angelico.) Smooth; stem 
(3° -6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked 
somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf- 
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted; calyx -teeth 
minute; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, 
and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong 
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St. 
Lawrence, ,, is probably a mistake.) 

16. THASPIUI, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or 
contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat 
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings, 
the lateral ones marginal : oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs, 
with 1 - 2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no 
involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple 
flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of 
Thapsus.) — I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because what is apparently 
the same species has the fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name 
of Zizia for Z. integerrima, DC. 

* Stems loosely branched, 2° - 5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints : calyx short but 
manifest : corolla light yellow : leaves all ternately compound. 

1. T. barbifldcle, Nutt. Leaves 1 -3-ternate; leaflets ovate or lance- 
ovate and acute, mostly with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 
2-3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, 
6-10-winged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete.— 
River-hanks, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 

2. T. piimatsfidum. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifld, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong, 
narrowly 8- 10-winged (l^ 1 long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin- 
natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens 
of Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains. 

* * Stenis somewhat branched; the whole plant glabrous : calyx-teeth obscure. 

3. X. aurcum, Nutt. Leaves all 1 - 2-ternately divided or parted (or rarely 
some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong- 
lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep 
yellow ; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. Moist river-banks, &c v not 
rare. June. — Leaves of a rather firm texture. 



156 UAIBELLIFER^i:. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

Var. apterillll. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings. 
(Sn^rnium aureum, L. Zizia aurea, Koch.) — "With the winged form. 

4. T. tl'ifoliatUIll. Boot-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped; 
stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or S-parted ; the divisions or leaflets ovate-lance- 
olate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed; 
flowers deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid ', with 1 3 winged ridges. Rocky thickets, 
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare eastward. June. 

Var. at&'Opurpiireuni, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap- 
sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpureum, Nutt.) 
— From New York westward and southward. 

Var. apteruiii. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings. 
(Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form. 

17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (Zizia §T\eni'dia, Torr. & Gr.) 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the 
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular : 
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con- 
spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A 
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternately 
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen- 
der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named 
for I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.) 

1. Z. integerrima, DC. — Rocky hill-sides ; not rare. May, June. 

18. BUPLEUBUM, Toura. Thorough-wax. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat 
twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire 
leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from fiovs, an ox, and nXevpov, a rib ; it is 
uncertain why so called. ) 

1. B. rotukdif6lium, L. Leaves broadly ovate, perfoliate; involucre 
none; involucels of 5 large ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York, Penn., and Vir- 
ginia; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

19. DISCOPLEUBA, DC. Mock Bishop-weed. 

Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on 
the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : inter- 
vals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the 
leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre 
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from bio-Kos, a disk, and 7r\€vp6v, a lib.) 

1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbel few-rayed; leaflets of the involucro 
3-5-cleft; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fmit ovate in outline. — 
Brackish swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct. 

2. H. Nuttallii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre 
mostly entire and shorter; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and south 
ward. 



UMBELLIFEILE. {PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157 

20. CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock. 

Calyx minutely 5 -toothed. Emit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides, 
the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs: intervals with single oil-tubes.— 
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately 
compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in 
the notches. Involucre few-leaved: involucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 
(The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 

1. C maculata, L. (Spotted Cowbane. Musquash-root. Bea- 
ver-Poison.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps, common. Aug. — Plant 
3° - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison. 

2. C bulbifera, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper 
axils bearing clusters of bidblets. — Swamps ; common northward ; seldom ripen- 
ing fruit. 

21. SIUOT, L. Water Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted 
at the sides ; the carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs : intervals with 1 - several 
oil- tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with grooved 
stems, simply pinnate leaves, and lanceolate serrate leaflets, or the immersed 
ones cut into capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 
(Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water, from their habitation.) 

* Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal. 

1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering gradually to a sharp point, closely and very sharply serrate ; calyx- 
teeth scarcely any; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather 
wings ; oil-tubes 1 - 3 in each interval. — Swamps and brooks ; common. July 
- Sept. 

S. latifolium, L., of Europe, I have never seen in this region. 
* Pericarp of a thick texture, concealing the oil-tubes : ribs not strong, the lateral not 
quite marginal. (Berula, Koch.) 

2. S. angllSti folium, L. Low (9' -20' high); leaflets varying from 
oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft ; fruit somewhat twin. — Michigan 
and westward. (Eu.) 

22. CBYPTOTilKIA, DC. Honewort. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides ; the carpels 
equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and 
one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial 
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellets with very 
unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name 
composed of Kpv7rros, hidden, and raivta, a fillet, from the concealed oil-tubes.) 

1. C. Canadensis, DC. — Rich woods, common. June -Sept. — Plant 
2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed. 



158 umbellifer^e. (parsley family.) 

23 CHJEROPHYLLUM, L. Chervil. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed but not beaked, con- 
tracted at the sides ; the carpels 5-ribbed : inner face of the seed deeply furrowed 
lengthwise : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Leaves ternately decompound; 
the leaflets lobed or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels many-leaved. 
Flowers chiefly white. (Name from x a 'P°>> to gladden, and (pvWov, a leaf, 
alluding to the agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage.) 

1. C. prociimbens, Lam. Stems slender (6'- 18'), spreading, a little 
hairy; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong; umbels few-rayed (sessile 
or peduncled) ; fruit narrowly oblong, with narrow ribs. — Moist copses, New 
Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June. 

24. OSMORRHtZA, Raf. Sweet Cicelt. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards iato 
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels 
with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a deep 
longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick very aromatic 
roots, and large 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets ovate, pinnatifid- 
toothed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name from 
oo-jjLT], a scent, and p/fa, a root, in allusion to the anise-like flavor of the latter.) 

1. O. longistylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Styles slender, 
nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short- 
pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods, commonest north- 
ward. Mav, June. — Plant 3° high, branching: stem red. 

2. O. tore visty lis, DC (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Styles conical, not 
longer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit ; leaf- 
let* downy -hairy, taper -pointed, pinnati fid-cut. — Common. Root less sweet. 

25. CONiUM, L. Poison Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5 
prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar- 
row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound 
leaves. Involucre and involucels 3-5-leaved, the latter 1 -sided. Flowers 
white. (Kcoretoy, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and 
philosophers were put to death at Athens.) 

1. C maculatum, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati- 
fid; involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A large 
branching herb : the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised 
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.) 

26, EULOPHUS, Nutt. Eulophus. 

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ; 
the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner 
face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A 



ARALIACE/E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 159 

slender and smooth tall perennial, with the leaves 2-tcrnately divided into naiv 
row linear leaflets or lobes. Involucre scarcely any : involucels short and bristle- 
form. Flowers white. (Name from €u, well, and \6(f)os, a crttt, not well 
applied to a plant which has no crest at all.) 

1. E. Americaaras, Nutt. — Darby Plains, near Columbus, Ohio (Sul> 
Uvant), Illinois, and southwestward. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers. 

*27. ERIOENIA, Nutt Harbinger-of-Spring. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin ; 
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender 
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hol- 
lowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing 
from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided 
leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy bracted compound umbel. Flowers 
few, white. (Name from 7]piy€vr]s, born in the spring.) 

1. IE* 1ml1>d§a 9 Nutt. — Alluvial soil, "Western New York and Penn., to 
Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' - 9' high. 



The cultivated representatives of this family are chiefly the Parsley (Apium 
Petroselinum) , Celery (A. graveolens), Dill {Anlthum graveolens), Fennel (A. 
Fozniculum), Caraway (Carum Cdrui), and Coriander (Coridndrum sativum). 

Order 53. ARALJACEiE. (Ginseng Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferas, but 
with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a 3 - several-celled drupe. 
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals flat.) — Represented only by the genus. 

1. AEALIA, Tourn. Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla. 

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the 
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, 
imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the 
petals.. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short 
and united. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from 
the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as 
cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white 
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic. 
(Derivation obscure.) 

4 1. ARALIA, L. — Floivers monaiciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually 
in corymbs or panicles: styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 : stems 
herbaceous or woody : ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate. 

# Umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle : leaves very large, quinately or 
pinnately decompound. 
1. A. Spinosa, L. (Angelica-tree. Hercules' Club | Shrub, or 

a low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale 



160 CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 

beneath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward : common in 

cultivation. July, August. 

2. A. raceiaidsa, L. (SriKENARD.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched ; 
leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose- 
panicled; styles united below. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its 
spicy-aromatic large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of 
the leafstalks. 

=* * Umbels 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody. 

3. A. liispida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.) 
Stem (l°-2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several um- 
bels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky 
places ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. June. 

4. A. mulie&itlis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising 
out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, 
with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of 
the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; -with the same range as No. 3. May, June. 
— The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as 
a substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalks 1° high. 

§2. GfNSENG, Dccaisne & Planchon. (Panax, L.) — Flowers dioeciously po- 
lygamous : styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fruit 2w3: stem herbaceous, loiv, 
simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves (or per- 
haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a slen- 
der naked peduncle. 

5. A. qUUDUguefolia. (Ginseng.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often 
forked (4' - 9' long, aromatic) ; stem 1° high ; leaflets bong-stalked, mostly 5, large 
and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. (Panax 
quinquefolium, L.) — Rich and cool woods; becoming rare. July. 

6. A. triffolssa. (Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.) Root or tuber glob- 
ular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4 -8' high; 
leaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles 
usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, common northward, April, May. 



Hedera Helix, the European Ivy, is almost the only other representative 
of this family in the northern temperate zone. 

Order 54. CORNACEiE. (Dogwood Family.; 

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), icilh opposite or alternate simple leaves, 
the calyx-tube coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary its limb minute, the petah 
(yalvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy- 
nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a single anatropous ovule hang- 
ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1 -2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly 
the length of the albumen, with large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small 
family, represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa. 
(Bark bitter and tonic.) 



CORNACE.E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) v 161 

]• CORN US, Tourn. Cornel. Dogwood. 

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4- 
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style 
slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2 
seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Mowers small, 
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like 
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) 

§ 1. Flowers greenish, collected in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a 
large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white involucre : fruit bright red. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.) Steins 
low and simple (S'-T'high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather 
woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded 
into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the 
involucre ovate: fruit globuiar. — Damp cold woods, common northward. June. 

2. C. florida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) Leaves ovate, pointed, 
acutish at the base ; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (lj' 
long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods ; more common southward. May, June. — 
Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. 

§ 2. Flowers wliite, in open and flat spreading cymes: involucre none: fruit spherical, 
* Leaves all opposite : shrubs. 

3. C. cii'Cinata, L'Her. (Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.) 

Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly under- 
neath (4' -5' broad) ; cymes flat; fruit light blue. — Copses ; in rich soil. June. 
— Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species. 

4. C. sericea, L. (Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.) Branches pur* 
plish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical 
pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close; calyx- 
teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places ; common. June. — Shrub 3° - 
10° high. Mowers yellowish- white. 

5. C. Stolonifcra, Michx. (Red-osier Dogwood.) Branches, espe- 
cially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at 
the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on 
both sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, nearly 
smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. — Wet banks of streams ; common, especially 
northward. It multiplies by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms large 
dense clumps, 3° -6° high. June. 

6. C. asperifdlia, Michx. (Rough-leaved Dogwood.) Branches 

brownish; the branchlets, fyc. rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short 
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and owny beneath ; calyx- 
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June. 

7. C. Stricta, Lam. (Stiff Cornel.) Branches brownish or reddish, 
smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous^ 
of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flatt.ish ; anthers and fruit pale blue 

Swamps, &c. Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high. 



162 CORNICED. (dogwood family.) 

8. C. pailiciilata, L'Her. (Panicled Cornel.) Branches gray, 
smooth; I eaves' ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but 
not downy ; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit white, depressed-globose. — ■ 
Thickets and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° -8° high, very much branched, 
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms. 

* # Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches. 

9. C alter aifolia, L. (Alternate-leaved Cornel.) Branches 
greenish streaked with white, alternate; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at 
the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue. — Hill- 
sides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° -20° high, generally throwing 
its branches to one side in a flattish top, and with broad, very open cymes. 

2* NiSSA, L. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum-tree. 

Flowers diced® usly polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit 
of axillary peduncles. Stam. FL numerous in a simple or compound dense 
cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted 
on the outside of a convex disk : filaments slender : anthers short. No pistil. 
Pist. FL solitary or 2-8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the stam- 
inate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand- truncate or minutely 5-toothed 
limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5 - 
10, with perfect anthers, or imperfect. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic 
down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and 
grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone. — Trees, with entire or some- 
times angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end 
of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name 
of a Nymph : " so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.") 

1. N. multifldra, Wang. (Tupelo. Pepperidge. Black or Sour 
Gum.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes- 
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old 
(2' -5' long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; /rtu* 
ovoid, bluish-black (about J' long). (N. aquatica, L., at least in part; but the 
tree is not aquatic. N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, Willd, &e., &c.) — Rich 
soil, either moist or nearly diy, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April, 
May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat spray, 
like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained, and very unwedgeable, on account 
of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves 
turning bright crimson in autumn. 

2. N. imiflora, Walt. (Large Tupelo.) Leaves oblong or ovate, 
sometimes slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, 
pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' -12' long) ; fertile 
■flower solitary on a slender peduncle; fndt oblong, blue {V or more in length). 
(N. denticulata, Ait. N. tomentosa and angulisans, MicJix. N. grandidentata, 
Miclix. f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward 
April. — Wood soft : that of the roots verj light and spongy, used for corks 



CAPRIFOLIACE^C. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 163 



Division II. MONOPETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter 
composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.* 



Order 55. CAPRIFOUACE2E. (Honeysucexe Family.) 

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the 
calyx-tube coherent with the 2-5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as 
(or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and 
inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded. 
Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. IjONICERE J13. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style 
slender : stigma capitate. 

1. LENN2EA. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but 

only 1-seeded. 

2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular 

corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded. 
8. LONICERA. Stamens 5. as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular 

corolla Berry several-seeded. 
4. DEERYILLA. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, 

many-seeded. 
6. TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3 - 5-celled bony drupe. 

Tbibe IT. SAMBTTCEJE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. 
Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. 

6. SAMBUCU3. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 

7. VIBURNUM. Fruit a 1-celied 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple. 

1* !L I N N -3E A , Gronov. Linn^ea. Twin-flower. 

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost 
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of 
the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of 
the cells being empty. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, some- 
what haiiy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base 
into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at 
the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple 
and whitish, hair}' inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnceus, who first point- 

* In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c. the petals in some genera are nearly or quite 
separate. In Compositae and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales, 
or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The 
itudent might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis pre- 
fixed to the volume provides for all these anomalies, and will lead the student to the ordef 
vhore they belong. 



164 CAPRIFOLIACEJS. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

ed out its characters, and with whom this humble but charming plant was an 
especial favorite.) 

1. L*. bore a lis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs; common 
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and 
along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.) 

2. SYMPHOBICARPl[§, Dill. Snowberry. 

Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5- 
lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-cellcd, only 
2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. 
Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petiolcd 
leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the 
young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or 
clusters. (Name composed of avpcpopeo*, to bear together, and Kapnos, fruit ; 
from the clustered berries.) 

1. S. occidentalis, R. Brown. (Wolfberry.) Flowers in dense 
terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and style 
'protruded; berries white. — Northern Michigan to Wisconsin and westward.— 
Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next, 
which it too closely resembles. 

2. S. raceiUOSUS, Michx. (Snowberry.) Flowers in a loose and 
somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded in- 
side ; berries large, bright white, — Rocky banks, from W. Vermont to Penn- 
sylvania and Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June - Sept. Berries re- 
maining until winter. 

3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Indian Currant. Coral-berry.) Flowers 
in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly 
bearded ; berries small, dark red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to 
Illinois, and southward : also cultivated. July. 

3* LONICEBA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. 

Calyx-teeth veiy short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the 
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovaiy 2-3-celled. 
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. 
(Named in honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.) 

\ 1. CAPRIF6LIUM, Juss. — Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled 
clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, and forming interrupted 
terminal spikes : calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry. 

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularly and equally 5-lobed. 
1. Ij. senipervirens, Ait. (Trumpet Honetsuckle.) Flowers in 
somewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, smooth; the lower petioled, the upper- 
most pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to Vir- 
ginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -Oct. — Leaves 
deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, scarlet or deep red 



CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.; 165 

outside, yellowish within : a cultivated and less showy variety has pale yellow 
blossoms. 

* * Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed. 

2. JL. grata, Ait. (American Woodbine.) Leaves smooth, glaucous 
beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the axils of 
the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth (whitish with a 
purple tube, fading yellowish), not gibbous at the base, fragrant. — Rocky wood 
lands, New York, Penn., and westward : also cultivated. May. 

3. Ij. flava, Sims. (Yellow Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth, very pale 
and glaucous both sides, thiclcish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper pairs united into 
a round cup-like disk ; flowers in closely approximate whorls ; tube of the 
smooth (light yellow) corolla slender, somewhat gibbous; filaments almost or 
quite smooth. — Rocky banks. Catskill Mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin 
(a variety with rather short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany 
Mountains. June. 

4. Ju. parviffdra. Lam. (Small Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth, ob- 
long, green above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile; 
flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla gib- 
bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yellow tinged with dull purple), short (§' 
long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. May, 
June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° -4° high. 

Var. l>Ollg*l«isii« Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when 
young; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) — Ohio to 
Wisconsin northward. 

5. Hum llirsuta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Leaves not glaucous, 
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull, 
broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap- 
proximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy -pubescent corolla gibbous at 
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward. 
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species. 

§ 2. XYL6STEON, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs : leaves all distinct at the base : 
peduncles axillary, single, 2-bracted and 2-Jlowered at the summit ; the two baries 
sometimes united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent. 

6. Jum ciliata, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3° - 
5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute ; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at 
the base (greenish-yellow, |' long), the lobes almost equal ; berries separate 
(red). — Rocky woods; New England to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, north- 
ward. May. 

7. Jum ceeriiiea, L. (Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle.) Low (l°-2° 
high); branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; 
bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries of the two flowers, which are united into one 
(blue) beiry. (Xylosteum villosum, Michx.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Mas 
Bttchusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and northward : also Wisconsin May. 
— Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8. (Eu.) 



166 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

8. L*. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches 
upright ; leaves oblong, downy when young, smooth when old ; peduncles lon/j and 
slender; bracts almost none; corolla deeply 2-Hpped ; berries (puiple) formed by the 
union of the two ovaries. — Bogs, N. New York to Wisconsin. June. — Shrub 
2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla ^ long, yellowish-white. 

L. TatArica, the Tartarian Honeysuckle ; L. Caprie6lium, the 
Common Honeysuckle ; and L. Periclymenum, the true Woodbine, are 
the commonly cultivated species. 

4. DIEBVILLA, Tourn. Bush Honeysuckle. 

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent 
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, 
pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, with 
ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-flowered pedun- 
cles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. Dierville, 
who sent it from Canada to Tournefort.) 

1. I>. triiida, Mcench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; 
peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Muld.) — • 
Rocks; common, especially northward. June -Aug. — Flowers honey-color, 
not showy. - 

D. sessilif6lia, Buckley, of the mountains of Nortn Carolina, may occur 
in those of S. W. Virginia. 

5. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian. 

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous 
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as 
many angled and ribbed 1 -seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, 
leafy to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but 
connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or clustered in 
the axils. (Name from rpels, three, and ocrreov, a bone, alluding to three bony 
seeds, or rather nutlets.) 

1. T. perfoliatlim, L. Softly hairy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly 
narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers dull brownish-purple, mostly clustered. 
— Rich woodlands ; not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, J' long. 

2. T. aifigllSiifdliaim, L. Smaller ; bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, 
tapering to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — 
S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May. 

6. SAMBtCUS, Tourn. Elder. 

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla um-shaped, with a broadly spread- 
ing 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con 
taining 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when 
bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white 



CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 167 

flowers in compound cymes. (Name from o-a/xjSvK^, an ancient musical instru- 
ment, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood.) 

1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely woody 
(5° -10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, oblong, smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes 
flat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, m open places. June. — Pith white. 

2. §. pubeilS 9 Michx. (Red-berried Elder.) Stems woody (2° - 
18° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes 
panicled, convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods ; 
chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening 
in June. — Pith brown. 

7, VIBURNUM, L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 
1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a crustaceous flat- 
tened stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound 
cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages like stipules. Leaf-buds 
naked, or in No. 9 scaly. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 

§ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or black, glaucous.) 
* Leaves entire, or toothed, not lobed. 

1. V. nndum, L. (Withe-rod.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or 
lanceolate, dotted beneath, like the short petioles and cymes, with small broivnish scales, 
smooth above, not shining, the margins entire or wavy-crenate ; cyme short-peduncled ; 
fruit round-ovoid. — Var. 1. Clayt6ni has the leaves nearly entire, the veins 
somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts 
near the coast to Virginia and southward. Yar. 2. cassinoides (Y. pyrifo- 
lium, Pursh, fyc. ) has more opaque and often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold 
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. , May, June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. 

2. V. pmnitdlaum, L. (Black Haw.) Leaves broadly oval, obtuse 
at both ends, finely and shaiply serrate, shining above, smooth ; petioles naked ; 
cymes sessile; fruit ovoid-oblong. — Diy copses, S. New York to Ohio, and 
southward. May. — A tree-like shrub, very handsome in flower and foliage. 

3. V. LentagO, L. (Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.) Leaves 
ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very shaiply seirate, smooth, the long margined 
petioles with the midrib and branches of the sessile cyme sprinkled with rusty 
glands when young ; fruit oval. — Copses, common. May, June. — Tree 
15° -20° high, handsome; the fruit J' long, turning from red to blue-black, 
and edible in autumn. 

4. V. Ofoovatlim, Walt. Leaves obovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, gla- 
brous, thickish, small (V-\^ long), shining; cymes sessile, small. — River-banks, 
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high. 

5. V. deiltattim, L. (Aerow-wood.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate, 
coarsely and sharply toothed, strongly straight-veined, on slender petioles ; cymes pe- 
duncled; fruit (small) ovoid-globose, blue. — Wet places; common. June. — 
Shrub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark; the pale leaves often with hairy tufts 
in the axils of the strong veins. 



68 RUBIACE.fi. ^MADDER FAMILY.) 

6. V. i>ul>6sceilS, Pursh. (Downy Akkotv-wood.) Leaves ovate or 
oblong-ovate, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strongly straight-veined, 
the lower surface and the vei^y short petioles velvety -downy ; cymes peduncled ; fruit 
ovoid. — Rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June. — Shrub 
straggling, 2° -4° high. (V. molle, Miclix. is probably a form of this.) 

* * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish ; the lobes pointed. 

7. V, acerifolium, L. (Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Dock> 
mackie.) Leaves 3-ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at the base, downy under- 
neath, coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ; cymes long- 
peduncled, many-flowered ; fruit oval ; filaments long. — Rocky woods, common. 
May, June. — Shrub 3° - 5° high. 

8. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves mostly trun- 
cate and 5-ribbed at the base, with 3 short lobes at the summit, unequally seriate 
throughout; cymes small and simple, peduncled; filaments shorter than the corolla. — 
Cold woods, mountains of N. Hampshire and New York ; Wisconsin and north- 
ward. ( V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oakes.) — A low straggling shrub, with 
larger leaves than No. f, serrate all round, and less deeply lobed than in No. 9. 

§2. OPULUS, Tourn. — Marginal flowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and 
pistils, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of 
ray, as in Hydrangea. 

9. V. Opulus, L. (Cranberry-tree.) Nearly smooth, upright; leaves 
strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobes 
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles bearing stalked 
glands at the base; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus and Y. 
6dule, Pursh.) — Shrub 5° -10° high, showy in flower. The acid fruit is used 
as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cranberry-bush, &c. 

— The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder-Rose, is a cultivated state, 
with the whole cyme turned into large sterile flowers. (Eu.) 

10. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Hobble -bush. American Wayfar- 
ing-tree.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely 
serrate, many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath, along with the stalks 
and branchlets, very scurfy with rusty-colored tufts of minute down ; cymes sessile, 
very broad and flat ; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish. — Cold moist woods, 
New England to Penn. and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May. 

— A straggling shrub ; the long, procumbent branches often taking root. Elow^ 
ers handsome. Leaves 4' - 8' across. 

Order 56. RUBIACE^E. (Madder Family.; 

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by inteiposed stipules, 
or rarely in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2 -4- 
celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (3 - 5), 
and inserted on its tube. — Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitro- 
pous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very 
Urge family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such ad 



RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169 

the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders. 
To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants 
which are exactly Eubiaceae except that the calyx is free from the ovary. 

Suborder I. STELLATE. The True Madder Family. 

Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent 
with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs. 

1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separating 

into 2 indehiscent carpels. 

Suborder II. CINCHONEiE. The Cinchona Family. 

Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them. 
Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free. 

* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. 
*~ Elowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 

2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe 

into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open. 

3. DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels. 

4- #- Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 
£. CEPHALANTHUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-seeded. 

4- ■*- h- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry. 
6 MITCHELL A. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb. 

* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod. 

6. OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal. 

Suborder III. LOGANIEiE. The Logania Family. 

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca- 
lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud. 

7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylos 

separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many. 

8. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded. 

9. POLYPEEMUM. See Addend. 

Suborder I. STELLATE. The True Madder Family. 

1. GALIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta- 
mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat- 
ing when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. — Slender 
herbs, with small cymose flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots 
often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from yaka, milk, which some 
species are used to curdle.) 

* Annual: leaves about 8 in a whorl: peduncles 1 -2-flowercd, axillary. 
1. O. Aparinc, L. (Cleavers. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and 
reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, taper- 
ing to the base, short-nointed, rough on the margins and midrib (I' -2' long^ * 



170 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

flowers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubt- 
ful if truly indigenous in our district. (Eu.) 

* * Perennial: leaves 4-6 (in the last species 8) in a whorl. 
-*- Peduncles axillary and terminal, few-flowered: flowers white or greenish. 

2. O. asprcllum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw.) Stem weak, much 
branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3° -5° 
high) ; leaves in whorls of 6, or 4- 5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, pointed, with 
almost prickly margins and midrib ; peduncles many, short, 2-3 times forked; 
fimt usually smooth. — Low thickets, common northward. July. — Branchlets 
covered with numerous but very small white flowers. 

3. O. conciniuim, Torr. & Gr. Stems low, diffuse, with minutely 
roughened angles ; leaves all in whorls of 6, linear, slightly pointed, reinless, the 
margins upwardly roughened; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, somewhat 
panicled at the summit; pedicels short \ fruit smooth. — Penn. and Michigan to 
Kentucky. June. — Plant 6'- 12' high, slender, but rather rigid, not turning 
blackish in drying, like the rest.- 

4. O. trifidiisn, L. (Small Bedstraw.) Stems weak, ascending 
(5' -20' high), branching, roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves in whorls 
of 4 to 6, linear or ohlanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ; peduncles 

1 -3-flowered ; pedicels slender ; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3 ; fruit smooth. 
— Var. 1. tinct6rium : stem stouter, with nearly smooth angles, and the parts 
of the flower usually in fours. Var. 2. latif6lium (G. obtusum, Bigel.) : 
stem smooth, widely branched ; leaves oblong, quite rough on the midrib and 
margins. — Swamps ; common, and very variable. June - Aug. (Eu.) 

5. CS-. trifldrimi, Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.) Stem weak, 
reclining or prostrate (l°-3° long), bristly-roughened backwards on the angles, 
shining ; leaves 6 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly 
roughened margins (V-2 r long) ; peduncles 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled; 
fruit bristly with hooked hairs. — Kich woodlands, common. July. — Lobes of 
the greenish corolla pointed. (Eu.) 

•*- -*- Peduncles several-flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish (rarely cream-color) ; 
petals mucronate or bristle-pointed : fruit densely hooked-bristly. 

6. O. pildsum, Ait. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in 
fours, oval, dotted, hairy (1' long), scarcely 3-nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice 

2 - 3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled. — Dry copses, Rhode Island and Vermont 
to Illinois and southward. June -Aug. — Var. puncticulosum is a nearly 
smooth form (G. puneticulosum, Michx.) : Virginia and southward. 

7. G. circ£ezans 9 Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) Smooth or downy, 
erect or ascending (1° high) ; leaves in fours, oval, varying to ovate-oblong, 
mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, ciliate (l'-lj 7 long); peduncles usually once forked, the 
branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers 
on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit ; lobes of the corolla hairy outside 
above the middle. — Kich woods; common. June -Aug. — The var. monta 
NUM is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods. 

8. <j}» laiiceolatum, Torr. (Wild Liquorice.) Leaves in fours 



RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 171 

lanceolate 01 ovate lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2 r long) ; corolla glabrous : 
otherwise like the last. — Woodlands ; common northward. 
-« — -i — h — Peduncles many -flowered : flowers in open cymes, dull purple : fruit smooth* 
9. O. latifdiium, Michx. Stems erect (l°-2°high), smooth; leaves 
in fours, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the midrib and margins rough ; 
flowers all on long and slender spreading pedicels ; corolla-lobes bristle -pointed. 
— Dry woodlands, Alleghany Mountains from Maryland southward. July. 
S. Penn. 

-t- -*--*- -i- Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicles. 

10. O. fooreale, L. (Northern Bedstraw.) Stem upright (l°-2° 
high), smooth ; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved ; panicle elongated ; 
flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky banks of 
streams; common, especially northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

11. O. verum, L. (Yellow Bedstraw.) Stem upright, slender ; leaves 
in eights, linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed ; flowers yellow, crowded; fruit 
smooth. — Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 



Ktjbia tinct6ria, L., the cultivated Madder, — from which the order is 
Darned, — has a berry-like fruit ; the parts of the flower 5. 

Suborder II. CINCHONEJE. The Cinchona Family* 

2. SPERIACOCE, L. Button-weed. 

Calyx-tube short ; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or 
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. 
Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one 
of them carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on 
the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a 
bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into sessile axillary 
whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded of cnrepiM, 
seed, and ukcokt], a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.) 

1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading (9' -20' long) ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding the 
calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and style 
hardly any. lj. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug 

3. DIOD3A, L. Button-weed. 

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; the crustaceous 
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise nearly as in 
Spennacoce. (Name from biodos, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by 
the way-side.) 



* In several genera, such as Mitchella, Oldenlandia, &c, the flowers, although perfect, aro of 
two sorts in different individuals ; — one sort having exserted stamens, borne in the throat of 
the corolla, and short included styles ; the other having included stamens inserted low down In 
the corolla, and long, usually exgerted styles. Such we call di&ciouxly dimorpJimis. 



172 RUBIACE.E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

1. D. Virginica, L. Either smooth or hairy; stems spreading (l°-2° 
long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers 1 -3 in each axil; 
corolla white (J' long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 
^-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx- 
teeth. \ — River-banks, Virginia and southward. May- Oct. 

2. !>• teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent ; stem spreading (3'- 9' 
long), nearly terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; flowers 1-3 
in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not 
exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate-turbi- 
nate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. ® — Sandy fields, from 
New Jersey and Illinois southward. Aug. 

4. CEPHALMTHUS, L. Button-bush. 

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4- 
toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. 
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled, 
separating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. — Shrubs, 
with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flowers 
white. (Name composed of Kecpdkr), a head, and avBos, a flower.) 

1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate- 
oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. 
— Wet places ; common. July - Aug. 

5. 1ITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry. 

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the 
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, 
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and 
seed-like bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with 
round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers 
often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry hemes, 
which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or 
sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early cor- 
respondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) 

1. M. repeilS, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com- 
mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. 

6. OLDENLANDIA, Plum., L. Bluets. 

Calyx 4- (rarely 5-)lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel- form, salver-form, 
or nearly wheel-shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod globular, ovoid, or 
obcordate, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded, 
opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face. — 
Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, purple, or 
blue. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician 



RUBIACE.^. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173 

and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. Houstonia, made 
a section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English 
botanist of the days of Linnaeus who collected in Central America.) 

§ 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla wheel-shaped (or funnel-form), shorter or 
scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes : anthers short : pod wholly enclosed in and co- 
herent with the calyx-tube : seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flowers 
lateral or terminal.) 

1 . O. glomerata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stems branched 
and spreading (2'- 12' high); leaves oblong (^ '-§' long); flowers in sessile 
clusters' in the axils ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than 
the calyx. ® (0. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.) — Wet places, S. 
New York to Virginia near the coast, and southward. 

§ 2. H0UST6NIA, L. Corolla salver form or funnel-form, with the tube longer 
than the calyx-lobes : anthers linear : upper half or the summit of the pod free and 
projecting beyond the tube of the calyx : the teeth of the latter distant : seeds rather 
few (4-20) in each cell, saucer-shaped, with a ridge down the middle of the hol- 
lowed inner face. (Flowers of two forms, diozciously dimorphous ; p. 171, note.) 

# Corolla funnel form, often hairy inside : stems erect : stem-leaves sessile : flowers 
mostiy in terminal small cymes or hose clusters, purplish. (Connects Houstonia 
and Oldenlandia.) 

2. 0. purpurea* Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying 
from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half free 
globular pod. 1}. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. varians, Michx.) — Woodlands, 
W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May - July. — Varying wonderfully, 
into : — 

Var. lotlgifdlia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar- 
rowed at the base, 1 -ribbed; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod : stems 5'- 
12' high. (Houstonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward. 
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is H. tenuifolia, Nutt. 

Var. ciliolata* More tufted stems 3' -6' high; root-leaves in rosettes, 
thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata, 
Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin. 

3. O. angllStifdlia, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root 
(6' -20' high) ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1 -ribbed, many of them fascicled; 
flowers crowded, short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; 
pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first 
across the top, at length splitting through the partition. 1[ (Houstonia angus- 
tifolia, Michx. Hedyotis stenophylla, Toir. Sr Gray.) — Plains and banks, from 
Illinois southward. June - Aug. 

* ■# Corolla salver form, mostly blue : pod flattish laterally and notched at the broad 

summit, or somewhat twin : plants commonly small and slender. 

4. O. minima. Scabrous, at length branched and spreading (£'-3' 
high) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spatxdate leaves ; pod barely J free; seeds 
smoothish. CD® (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — Dry hills, &c. Illinois and 
southward . March - Ma v. 



174 valerianace^e. (valerian family.) 

5. O. creriilea* (Bluets.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly 
branched (3'-5 / high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3" -4" long) ; peduncles JUi- 
form, V-2$ t long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted, (g) (Housto- 
nia cserulea, L. Hedyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places ; common. May - 
Aug. — A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue 
flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye. 

0. serpyllif6lia (Houstonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) may probably be found 
in the high mountains of Virginia; and 0. rotundif6lia in the southeastern 
part of the same State. 

Suborder III. JLOG-ANIEiE. The Logania Family. 

7. MITREOLA, L. Mitre-Wort. 

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovaiy free from the calyx, 
except at the base, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the 
stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or 
mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual 
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small 
white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. 
(Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 

1. BI. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti- 
oled. — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant l°-2° high. 

8. SPIOELIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 
5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style 
6lender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat- 
tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici- 
dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of 
the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof, 
Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.) 

1. S. Marilasitlica, L. Stems upright, simple (6'- 15' high); leaves 
F.essile, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; spike 3 - 8-flowercd ; tube of the corolla 4 times 
the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted, 1J. — 
Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July. — Corolla 
1^ long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known ofticinal anthel- 
mintic, and a showy plant. 

Order 57. VALERIANACE^E. (Valerian Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube coherent with 
the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones ; 
the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted 
en tts tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5* 



VALERIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 175 

lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1-8. Fruit 
indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), 
or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, 
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled 
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre- 
sented by only two genera. 
• 

1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian. 

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled 
up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma- 
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly 
regular. Stamens 3.— Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, 
and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious, 
or dimorphous. (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal 
qualities.) 

* Root fibrous : leaves thin. (Stems l°-3° high) 

1. V. pancifldrsft, Michx. Smooth, slender ; root-leaves ovate, heart- 
shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-leaves 
pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme few- 
flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender ( J ; long). — Woodlands, 
Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, S. Illinois, &a. June. 

2. V. sylvatic» 9 Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves 
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11 
oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many- 
flowered; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color). — Cedar swamps, W. 
Vermont and New York to Michigan, and northward. June. 

# Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6'- 12' long) : leaves thickish. 

3. W edtllis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young ; stem 
straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely 
ciliate, those of the root mostly spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately 
parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow in- 
terrupted panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2" long). (V. 
ciliata, Torr. fy Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. 
June. — Root with the strong smell and taste of Valerian : it is cooked and 
eaten by the Oregon Indians. 

2. FEBIA, Gaertn. Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce. 

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally 
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells 
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1 seeded. — Annuals and 
biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves 
(entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered 
and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all 
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and arc so much alike in aspect, flowers, 
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have 

13 



176 DIPSACEjE. (teasel family.) 

a rather short tube to the corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, 
and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) 
Valerianella. 

1. F. olit6ria, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than 
long, with a corky or spongy mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the 
(often confluent) empty cells ; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn. to Virginia : rare. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

2. F. Fagopyriim, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved 
between the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior angle, and are 
much smaller than the broad and fat fertile one ; flowers white. — Low grounds, 
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant 
1°_2° high. 

3. F. radiata, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and 
unequally somewhat A-angled; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a 
deep groove between them, rather narrower than the flattish fertile cell. — Low 
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' -15' high. 

4. F. lllllbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated 
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish fertile one, contiguous, and 
when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular 
depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili- 
ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.) 

5. F. palellaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk- 
like, slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely diver- 
gent, much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it 
when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high, 
resembling the last, but with a very different fruit. 

Order 58. DIPSACEiE. (Teasel Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in 
dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but 
the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented 
by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus 

1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teasel. 

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bract* 
among the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like in- 
volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with 
the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 
4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse 
biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from diyj/da), 
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some 
species hold water.) 

1. I>. stlvestris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; 
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head ; bracts (chaff) tapering 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177 

into a long flexible awn with a straight point. — Road-sides : rather rare. (Nat 
from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of 

D. Full6num, the cultivated Fuller's Teasel, which has a shorter invo- 
lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap 
upon woollen cloth. 

Order 59. COMPOSITE. (Composite Family.) 

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon 
a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens 
inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). — Calyx- 
tube united with the 1 -celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning 
its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c, or cup-shaped, or 
else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter 
chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the 
lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium), dry, con- 
taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense 
family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect, 
polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap- 
shaped (ligulate') corolla are called rays or ray-flowers : the head which 
presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The 
tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is 
6aid to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex- 
ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re- 
ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting, 
the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phamogamous plants, 
divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre- 
sented in the Northern United States. 

Suborder I. TUBULIFLORiE. 

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) 
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are 
either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil) . 

The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tubuliflorcp,, 
taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will 
not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded 
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The 
numbers are those of the genera.) 

Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder. 

$ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none : corollas all tubular. 

* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. 

•*- Pappus composed of bristles. 

Pappus double ; the outer composed of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . No. X 

Pappus simple ; the bristles all of the same sort. 



178 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE family.) 

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster. . No. 2. 
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. 

Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy 67,68,70. 

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. . . . . 69. 

Receptacle naked. 

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 4. 

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. . . . . f . 6. 
Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . . . . 6, 7, 8, 20. 

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. 62, 68. 

■•*- ■*- Pappus composed of scales or chaff. 
Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . ....... 3. 

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. . . 45. 

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 49. 

■H *•" *■ Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . . . 41, 42. 
« !#»*-«•- Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . .56. 

* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head. 
Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66. 
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. 
Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. .... 60. 

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. 

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 23, 58, 59. 

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14, 61. 

Pappus obsolete or none. 

Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre 11. 

Achenia not exceeding the involucre • . . 29, 56, 57. 

* * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate. 

Heads dioecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 24, 59. 

Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-fiowered and closed. Pappus none. . . . 30, 3L 

§ 2. Rays present; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. 
* Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.) 

Rays occupying several rows, ... 9, 10, 14 

Rays in one marginal row, and 

White, purple or blue, never yellow. . . . . . . 12-16. 

Yellow, of the same color as the disk. 

Pappus double, the outer short and minute 21. 

Pappus simple. 
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63. 

Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Leaves opposite 64. 

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22. 

* # Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44. 

# * # Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. 

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60. 

Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked 13. 

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. .."... 48. 

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked. 46, 47. 

* # * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding 
with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. 

*- Receptacle naked. 

Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. ... 16 

Achenia flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. ..... 17. 

Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish. .... 64. 

Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conicaL . 65. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1*79 

+- +- Receptacle chaffy. 
Boys neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. 
Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and 

Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none. . No. 51, 

Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all. . .86-40. 

Receptacle flat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42. 

Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. 

Achenia much flattened laterally, 1 - 2-awned. 43. 

Achema flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53. 

Achenia 3 - 4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless. 

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. .... 52. 
Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple. 

Achenia obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup. 32. 

Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 35. 

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. 33, 34. 

Bays pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect;. 

Receptacle chaffy 25-28. 



Systematic Synopsis. 

Tribe I. VERNONIACEJ:. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu- 
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly- 
hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. 

1. VERNONIA. Heads several - many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- 

pus of many capillary bristles. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of 

8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. 

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEJE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu- 
bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style 
thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent ; the 
stigmatic lines indistinct. 

Subtribe 1. Eupatorie.2B. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. 

* PappuS a row of hard scales. 

8. SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled. 

* * Pappus of slender bristles. 

4. LIATRIS. Achenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corol- 

las red-purple, 5-lobed. 

5. KUHNIA. Achenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corollas 

whitish, 5-toothed. 

6. EUPATORIUM. Achenia o-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the invo- 

lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat. 

7. MIKANIA Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4. 

8. CONOCLINIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical. 

Subtribe 2. Tussilagine2B. Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monoecious or dioecious 
at least of 2 sorts in the same head, 

* Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless. 

9. NARDOSMIA. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary. 

10 TUSSILAGO. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillarv. 

* * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy. 
11. ADENOCAULON. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none. 

Tribe HI. ASTEROIDE^E. Heads discoid, with the flowers all alike and tubuiar ; or 
radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Branches of the stylo in the peifiect flow- 



180 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

ers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi- 
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage 
which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (des- 
titute of chaff) in all our species. 

Subtribe 1. Asterinejb. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal ones 
ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base. 

* Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow. 

r- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat. 

12. SERICOCARPUS. Heads 12 - 15-flowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, 

imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenia short, narrowed downwards, silky. 
13 ASTER. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flattish. 

Pappus simple. 
14. ERIGERON. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of nearly equal narrow scales, almost in 

one row. Achenia flattened. Pappus simple, or with an outer set of minute scales. 
16. PIPLOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double ; the 
outer obscure, of minute stiff bristles. 
+- •*- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical. 

16. BOLTONIA. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short. 

17. BELLIS. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. 

* * Ray -flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all. 

18. BRACHYCILETA. Heads 8 - 10-flowered, clustered : rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute 

bristles shorter than the achenium. 

19. SOLIDAGO. Heads few - many-flowered : rays 1-16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen- 

der and equal capillary bristles. 

20. BIGELOYIA. Heads 3- 4-flowered: rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple, 

a single row of capillary bristles. 

21. CHRYSOPSIS. Heads many-flowered : rays numerous. Pappus double ; the outer of 

very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of capillary bristles. 

Subtribe 2. Ixule.e. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtribe 1. 

22. INULA. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary. 

Subtribe 3. Baccharide.e & Tarchonanthile. Flowers of the head all tubular, either 
dioecious or monoecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in different 
heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flowers a 
very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit. 

23. PLUCHEA. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many 

pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary. 

24. BACCHARIS. Heads dioecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants. 

Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary. 

Tribe IY. SENECIONIDEjE. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile 
flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the 
apex (where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued 
beyond into a bristly-hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate. 

Subtribe 1. MelampodinejE. Flowers none of them perfect, but either staminate or pistil- 
late ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. Pappus, 
if any, never of bristles. 
* Heads containing two kinds of flowers, radiate ; the ray -flowers pistillate, the central and 
tubular staminate flowers having a pistil, but always sterile. Receptacle chaffy. 

25. POLYMNIA. Achenia thick and turgid, roundish. Pappus none. 

26. CHRYSOGONUM. Achenia flattened. Pappus a one-sided 2 - 3-toothed chaffy crown. 

27. SILPHIUM. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows : rays deciduous 

28. PARTHENIUM. Achenia flat, slightly margined, bearing a pappus of 2 chaffy scalea and 

the very short persistent ray -corolla. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181 

* * Heads with two kinds of flowers, discoid ; pistillate flowers with a small tubular corolla. 
29. IV A. Pistillate flowers 1 - 5 in the margin. Achenia thickish. Pappus none. 

« * * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on 
the same plant ; the pistillate only 1-2, in a closed involucre resembling an achenium or 
a bur ; the staminate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre. 

80. AMBROSIA. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled. 

81. XANTHIUM. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered. 

Sabtribe 2. Helianthejs. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; the rays ligulate, the disk- 
flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappus 
none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several 
uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite. 

* Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 -4-sided, slightly if at all flattened. 
•*- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup. 

82. TETRAGONOTHECA. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. 

•*- +- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. 

33. ECLIPTA. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none. 

34. BORRICHIA. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown. 

35. HELIOPSIS. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border. 

» * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none ; 
achenia 4-angular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, the 
chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge. 

+- Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown. 

86. ECHINACEA. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided. 

87. RUDBECKIA. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless. 

88. LEPACHYS. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined. 

-♦- +► Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned. 

89. HELIANTHUS. Rays neutral. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very decid- 

uous chaffy scales. 

40. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, or sometimes none. Achenia flat, wing-margined, bearing 

2 persistent awns. 

• * * Rays sterile, neutral : achenia obcompressed, i. e flattened parallel with the scales of the 
involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading 
and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. 

41. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or 

barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a crown. 

42. BIDENS. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns. 

* * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none) : achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned. 

43. VE11BESINA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Achenia sometimes winged. 

Subtribe 3. Tagetinms. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers all 
perfect and fertile. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup. 
Pappus various — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted 
with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil. 
44 DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. 

Subtribe 1. Helenie^;. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect. 
Pappus of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless. 

* Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed). 
i5 HYMENOPAPPUS. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored. 

46. HELENIDM. Rays pistillate, 3-6-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed 

47. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46. 

* * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb. 

48. BALDW1NIA. Rays numerous, neutral. Involucre imbricated. 



182 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

* * ♦ Receptacle chaffy. 
49. MARSHALLIA. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales. 
60. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate chaffy scales. 

Subtribe 5. Antheitide^. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes infeiv 
tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other* 
wise nearly as Subtribe 4. 

* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part : rays ligulate. 

51. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none. 

52. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none. 

53. ACHILLEA. Rays pistillate, shor*. Achenia flattened and margined. 

* * Receptacle naked. 

54. LEUCANTHEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate oi 

ribbed Pappus none. 

55. MATRICARIA. Rays pistillate or none ; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conicaL 

Pappus crown-like or none. 

66. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the top. 

Pappus a short crown. 

67. ARTEMISIA. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at 

the top. Pappus none. 

Subtribe 6. Gxaphalixe^;. Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas ; those of the fertile 
flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles. Floc- 
culent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate. 

58. GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate 

flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender. 

59. ANTENNARIA. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the 

staminate flowers t hickened or club-shaped at the summit. 

60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil- 

lary, of the outer often none. 

Subtribe 7. Sen-ecione.e. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. Anthers 
tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly in a 
single row. ) 
* Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas. 

61. ERECHTHITES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish. 

* * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only. 
•*- Leaves alternate. 

62. CACALIA. Heads 5 - many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream-color. 

03. SENECIO. Heads many -flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft. 

*- -»- Leaves opposite. 
64. ARNICA. Heads many -flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles. 

Tribe Y. CTNARE^E. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or 
6ome of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate. Style 
thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without 
any appendage, often united below. (Heads large.) 

* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile. Pappus not plumose. 
66. CENTATTREA. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral 
flowers commonly enlarged. 

66. CNICUS. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorte* 

rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous. 

* * Flowers all alike in the ovoid or globular head. 

67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed witfl 

long and soft bristles. 

68. CARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No. 67. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 

89. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plumose. Kecep- 
tacle honeycombed 

70. LAPPA. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep- 

tacle bristly. 

Suborder II. LIGULIFLOR^E. 

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- 
fect. — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 

* Pappus none. 

71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales In a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. 

* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 

72. CICIIORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double. 

73. KRIGIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 bristles. 

74. CYNTHIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of 

numerous long capillary bristles. 

# # # Pappus plumose. 

75. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base. 

# * # * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. 
■*- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked. 

76. HIERACIUM. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of the 

involucre unequal. 

77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales 

of the involucre equal. See Addend. 

■*- +- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium. 

78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris- 

tles, some of them rigid. 

79. TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white. 

80. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny 

81. LACTUCA. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, fiat. Pappus soft and white. 

82. MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue. 

83. SONCHUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow. 

1. VEBNOIIA, Schreb. Iron-weed. 

Heads 1 5 - many-flowered, in corymbose cymes ; flowers all perfect. Invo- 
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. 
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer 
of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor 
of Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 

1. V. NovefooracensiS, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped ivith a 
long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn; in some varieties 
merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river- 
banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall 
coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 

2. V. fascicttlala, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) 
rounded and obtuse, without appendage. — Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis- 
consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heada 
mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1. 



184 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

2. ELEPHAi^TOPUS, L. Elephant's-foot. 

Heads 3 - 5-flowered, clustered into a compound head : flowers perfect. Invo- 
lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus 
of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves 
and purplish flowers. (Name composed of eXe^ay, elephant, and irovs, foot.) 

1. E, Caroliniaims, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; 
leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 

3. SCL,EROL,EFIS, Cass. Sclerolepis. 

Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, 
in 1 - 2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of 
almost homy oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple 
stems, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and 
terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from vKknpos, hard, and 
\emsi a scale, alluding to the pappus.) 

1. S» verticillata, Cass. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 
Aug. 

4. LIATRIS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star. 

Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im- 
bricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender, 
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles, 
which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often 
resinou c -dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves, and heads of handsome rose- 
purple flowers, spicate, racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer 
or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 

$ 1. Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish conn or tuber 
(which is impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy : leaves narrow or grass-like 
\-b-nerved: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the 
corolla long and slender. 

* Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate 

spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers. 

1. L. elegants, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves 
short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Barren soil, Vir- 
ginia and southward. 

* *= Pappus very plumose : scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri- 

cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not' petal-like: corolla hairy within. 

2. L. squarrdsa, Willd. (Blazing-Star, &c.) Often hairy (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few (1' long) ; scales of the involucre mostly 
with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois 
and southward. 

3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6'- 18' high) ; leaves 
linear ; heads few (£' - f long) ; scales of the involucre all with short and rounded 
appressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and southwestward. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 

* * # Pappus not plumose to the naked eye : corolla smooth inside. 

4. lr. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2° -5° high), pubescent or hoary ; 
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong -lanceolate or 
obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ; 
scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry 
apd scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to 
Wisconsin, and southward. — A widely variable species : heads 1 ' or less in 
diameter. 

5. L*. pildsa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; leaves 
linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of the 
top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very 
obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Bare and 
obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of L. spicata ; but the flowers themselves 
as large as in No. 4. 

6. L<. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy 
(2° -5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered (£'- 
£' long), crowded in a long spike ; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre 
oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, ivith slight margins ; achenia pubescent or smoothish. 

— Moist grounds, common from S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. — 
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth. 

7. JL. graiiiiilifdlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3°high) 
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved ; heads several or numerous, 
in a spike or raceme, 7-12-flowered; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre 
spatulate or oblong, obtuse or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenia hairy. — 
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in 

Var. cl tibia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often 
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 

8. \j. pycaiOStacliya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish : stem stout (3° -5° 
high), veiy leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike 
very thick and dense (6'-20 / long) ; heads about 5-flowered (J' long); scales of the 
cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recwued or spreading colored tips. — 
Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward. 

$ 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or pan- 
icled, 4 - 10-flowered : involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: pappus 
not plumose. 

9. It* odoratissima, Willd. (Vanilla-plant.) Very smooth; leaven 
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed. 

— Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of 
Vanilla when bruised. 

10. L*. panicillata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or 
lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir- 
ginia and southward. 

Carphephorus, Cass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff amcng the 
flowers ; and 0. toment6sus perhaps grows in S. Virginia. 



186 COMi'OSIT^E. (composite family.) 

5. KUIINIA, L. Kuhnia. 

Heads 10-25-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and 
loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenia cylindrical, 
many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A peren- 
nial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu- 
late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of 
Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.) 

1. K.. eupatorioides* L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and 
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. Sept. 

6. EUPATOBIU1, Tourn. Thoroughwort. 

Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell- 
shaped. Receptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a 
single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often 
sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, 
bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to 
Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) 

* Heads cylindrical, 5 - 10-flowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated 
in several roivs, of unequal length, slightly striate : stout herbs, with ample mostly 
whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers. 

1. E. purpureum, L. (Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.) Stems 
tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 - 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, point- 
ed, very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies 
greatly in size (2°- 12° high), &c, and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted 
6tems, &c, — including many nominal species. — Low grounds, common. 

# * Heads 3 -20 -flowered: involucre of 8- 15 more or less imbricated and unequal 

scales, the outer ones shorter : flowers white. 
«- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panicled, very small, 3 - 5-flowered. 

2. E. fCEHlculaceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, paniculately 
much-branched (3° - 10° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Vir- 
ginia, near the coast, and southward. 

■•- ■*- Leaves mostly opposite and sessile : heads 5 - S-flowered, corymbed. 

3. E. tiyssopifdlium, L. Minutely pubescent (l°-2° high) ; leave* 
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 - 3-nerved, entire, or the lower 
sparingly toothed, often crowded in the axils or whorled, acuU at the base ; scales 
of the involucre obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky 
and southward. 

4. E. leucdlepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nerved, obtuse, seirate, rough both 
sides; corymb hoary; scales of the involucre with white and scar ious acute tips.— 
Sandy bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. 

5 E. parvifldrum, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2° 
3° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong } triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILT.) 187 

middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short invo- 
lucre obtuse. (Leaves sometimes 3 in a whorl, or the upper alternate ) — Damp 
soil, Virginia and southward. 

6. E. aiiissiismm, L. Stem stout and tall (3° -7° high), downy; leaves 
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the 
middle, the uppermost alternate ; eoryrnhs dense ; scales of the involucre obtuse, 
shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and Kentucky. — 
Leaves 3' -4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago, 

7. E. alfelim, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarse- 
ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely 
imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer 
than the flowers, — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia and southward. 

8. E. teucrifdlium 9 Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2° -3° high); leaves 
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple- 
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed toivards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches 
of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong -lanceolate, rather obtuse, 
at length shorter than the flowers. (E. verbengefolium, Michx.) — Low grounds, 
Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes 
cut into a few very deep teeth. 

9. E. rotuildifolilim, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; leaves round- 
ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate- 
toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1'- 2' long); corymb large and dense; 
scales of the (5 flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, 
Rhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 

10. E. pub£scens 9 Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly 
truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny; scales of the 
7 - 8-flowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to 
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger. 

11. E. scssilifolium, L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (4° -6° 
high), smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the 
rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3'- 6 ; long) ; corymb 
very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5 -12-?) flowered involucre oval 
and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to 111., and southward 
along the mountains. 

«- •♦- -k- Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long and widely spreading : 
heads 10 - 15-flowered : corymbs very compound and large. 

12. E. resiBlOSUm, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves 
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the 
point, slightly veiny beneath (4'- 6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. 
— Wet pine barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules 
of the leaves. 

13. E. pcrfo1iatum 9 L. (Thorotjghwort. Boneset.) Stem stout 
(2° -4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate- 
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy 



188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

beneath (5'- 8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds j 
common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered. 
♦-■•-<-«•- Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, long-pdioled: heads \2-\b -flowered, 
in compound corymbs. 

14. E. ser6tiniim, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched 
(3° -6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and 
veiny, coarsely serrate (5'- 6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial 
around, Illinois and southward. 

# * * Heads 8 - 30-flowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one 
row : leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted : 
flowers white. 

15. E. ageratoides, L. (White Snake-root.) Smooth, branching 
(3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long -petioled, 
thin (4' -5' long); corymbs compound. — Rich woods and copses; common, 
especially northward. 

16. E. aro mil tic 11 III, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly 
simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. 
— Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lower 
and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads. 

7. MI MANIA, Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed. 

Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and 
achenia, &c, as in Eupatorium. — Climbing perennials, with opposite com- 
monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored 
flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.) 

1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat trian 
gular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along 
streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July - Sept. 

8. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Mist-flower. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal linear-awl- 
shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical ! Otherwise as in 
Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet- 
purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of k&vos, 
a cone, and k\lvtj, a bed, from the conical receptacle.) 

1. C. ccelestinum, DC. Somewhat pubescent (l°-2° high); leaves 
triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich 
soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 

9. NABDCS1IA, Cass. Sweet Coltsfoot. 

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single 
row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the 
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular 
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in c ne row. Receptacle flat 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 

Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer anc copious in the 
fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all frojn the rootstock, 
the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish 
fragrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from vdpdos, spikenard, and 6a}*rj, odor.) 

1. N. palntata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white- 
woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. 
(Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bigel.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass. to 
Michigan and northward : rare. May. — Full-grown leaves 6 ; - 10 ; broad. 

10. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot. 

Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in 
many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre 
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. 
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori- 
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring, 
bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed 
leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from 
tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) 

1. T. Farfara, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, northern parts of New 
England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.) 

11. ADENOCltJLON, Hook. Adenocaulon. 

Heads 5-10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the 
marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre 
equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with 
stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate 
thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few 
small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, 
from a$r]v, a gland, and KavXos, a stem). 

1. A. folcolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu- 
lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of L. Superior. 
and northwestward. 

12. SEKICOCARPUS, Nees. White-topped Aster. 

Heads 12-15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre 
somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales closely imbricated in several 
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread- 
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py- 
ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren- 
nial tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and 
small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb Disk-flowerg 
pale yellow. (Name from o-rjpucos, silky, and Kapnos. fruit.) 

1. S. SOliclagineilS, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, ol> 
tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow (3' r long). 



190 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

in close clusters, few-flowered; pappus white. — Thickets, S. New England to 
Virginia, near the coast. July. 

2. S. COliyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong -lanceolate 
or the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather 
loosely corymbed, obconical (4''- 6" long) ; pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground ; 
common. July. 

3. S. tOl'tsfolillS, Nees. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves obovate or oblong-spatu- 
laie, short (£'-1' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads 
rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long) ; pappus white, — Pine woods, 
Virginia and southward. Aug. 

Galatella HYSSOPIF&LIA, Nees, is omitted, because it has not been found 
in our district, and probably is not an American plant. 

13. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. 
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf- 
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened. 
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with 
corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads. Kays white, purple, or blue : the disk 
yellow, often changing to purple. (Name aorrjp, a star, from the appearance 
of the radiate heads of flowers.) • 

$ 1. BIOTIA, DC. — Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated 
in several rows, oppressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips : rays 6-15 (white or 
nearly so) : achenia slender : lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely ser- 
rate : heads in open corymbs. 

1. A. COrym1>OSllS, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin, 
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed ', 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on 
slender naked petioles ; rays 6-9. — Woodlands ; common, especially north- 
ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°- 2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, 
rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves, than the 
next ; not rough, but sometimes pubescent. 

2. A. Hiacrop!iyllu§ 9 L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high); leaves 
thickish, rough, closely senate, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4'- 10' 
long, 3' -6' wide), long-pctioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar- 
gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). — 
Moist woods ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., 
Sept. — Involucre J' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the 
innermost much larger and thinner. 

§ 2. CALLlASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several 
rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous spreading tips: rays 12-30, violet: achenia nar- 
row (smoothish): pappus of rigid bristles of unequal thickness: stem-leaves all 
sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped: heads few, large and showy. (Allied to 
§ 1, and to Sericocarpus.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 

3. A. Radtila, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth, 
many-leaved (l°-3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the 
middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2 / -3 / long), nearly 
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and 
slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achenia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds, 
Delaware to Maine and northward, near the coast. Aug. — Rays light violet. 
Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. 

4. A, SlirculdsiBS, Michx. Stems slender (J°-l° high), from long and 
siender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping subterranean shoots or suck- 
ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves 
roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate ; involucre 
obconical or bell-shaped (J'-^ long)> the whitish and coriaceous scales with short 
herbaceous tips, the outer ones shorter ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Var. graci- 
lis (A. gracilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical invo- 
lucre successively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips, 
resembling a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and 
southward. Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, £ ; long. — Perhaps runs into the 
next. 

5. A. spectabiliS, Ait. Stems (l°-2° high) minutely rough and glan- 
dular-pubescent at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed, 
tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear- 
oblong, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outermost scarcely shorter ; 
achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near 
the coast, and southward. Sept. -Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus, 
though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly 
1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre J 1 long and wide. 

$ 3. ASTER proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with 
herbaceous or leaf like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceons : rays numerous: 
pappus soft and nearly uniform : achenia flattened. (All flowering late in sum- 
mer or in autumn.) 

* Leaves silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate : involucre imbri- 
cated in 3 to several rows : rays showy, purple-violet. 

6. A. sericeias, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short silvery branchlcts ; scales of 
the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous 
base, silvery; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin 
to Kentucky and southward. — An elegant silvery species ; the large heads with 
20-30 rays of J' or more in length. 

7. A. COHLCOlor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves crowded, ob- 
long or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple or 
compound wand-like raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in 
several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenia silky. — Dry sandy 
soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, l°-3° 
high, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky and of the sair« 
bus both sidea, Rays bright violet-purple. 



192 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

* # Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by 
a heart-shaped or auricled base: heads showy: scales of the inversely conical or bell- 
shaped involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively shorter, 
oppressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips : rays large, purple or blue. 

8. A. p&tcns, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1°- 3° 
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating 
the slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted 
below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-shaped base, rough, especially 
above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre 
with spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. phlogifolius is a form 
which the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin 
scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, 
mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground, common, especially 
southward. Heads ^ broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays. 

9. A, l£evis 9 L. Very smooth throughout; heads in a close panicle ; leaves 
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less 
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-obovoid or hemi- 
spherical involucre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth. A 
variable species, of which the two best-marked forms are : — 

Var. IsevigaXus. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or ob- 
long ; involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate or linear, with nar- 
row and acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. lasvis, L. A. 
laevigatus, Willd.) — Dry woodlands ; rather common. 

Var. cy s\ SIC US. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; the 
upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; invo- 
lucre nairowcd at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter 
and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Hoffm., &c.) — Border of woodlands; common, 
especially northward. — A very elegant species, with showy flowers. 

10. A. furMtiellUS, Lindl. Very smooth ; stem slender, paniculately 
branched ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; in- 
volucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (^ long) ; the scales linear, with 
very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenia nearly smooth. — Dry 
hills, &c, Illinois and southwestward. 

* * * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, the upper sessile or petioled: invo- 
lucre imbricated much as in die last division, but the heads smaller, very numerous, 
racemose or panicled. 

-*- Leaves entire or slightly serrate : heads middle-sized : rays bright-blue. 

11. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound 
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; leaves rough; the lower ovate-lance- 
olate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin- 
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses 
and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — A handsome species; the in- 
volucre much as in No. 9, but much smaller, and slightly pubescent; the rays 
bright blue. 

12. A. Sliortii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing 
very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 

underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp 
point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked peti- 
oles ; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. — A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3-5' long. 

13. A. undulatUS, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; 
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy under- 
neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted 
into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or direct- 
ly sessile by a heart-shaped base ; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius, Michx.) 
— Dry copses, common. 

*- ■*- Leaves conspicuously serrate: heads small : rays pale blue or nearly white. 

14. A. CorclifdlilSS, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or 
diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads ; lower leaves all heart- 
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely coni- 
cal involucre all appressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. — 
Woodlands ; very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, 
roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads produced in great profusion, 
but quite small. 

15. A. sa.gitfifdliu§, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches 
bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower 
heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, 
pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped 
slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and 
Kentucky. — Usually more or less hahy or downy; the heads rather larger 
than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, LindL, which probably 
grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is apparently only a downy-leaved 
variety of this. 

* ■* * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, ncarow, rigid, 
entire : involucre imbricated in several rows : the coriaceous scales appressed and 
whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads 
small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose : rays white. 

16. A. eriCOldes, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1°-1J° high); the 
simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like 
spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong -spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others 
linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre 
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. vill6sus is a 
hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry 
open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. 

17. A. multiflorilS, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (i^ 
high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading 
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar- 
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasjnng at the base ; scales of the invo* 
lucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer 
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil ; common. 



194 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

***** Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; tJiose of the steih tapering at the base^ 
sessile; involucre imbricated ; the scales of unequal lengthy with short and narrow 
appressed or rather loose greenish tips : heads small or middle-sized: rays white or 
pale bluish-purple. 

+- Heads small. (Involucre \ r - j[ long.) 

18. A. dliniOSUS, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the 
scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear 
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ; 
scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. — 
Thickets, in dry or moist soil; common. — A variable species, l°-3° high, 
loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely con- 
ical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the suc- 
ceeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next. Runs into several 
peculiar forms. 

19. A. Tradescailti, L. Smooth or smoothish ; the numerous heads closely 
racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves 
lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely sen-ate in the middle with 
fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated 
in 3 or 4 rows. — Var. fragilis has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the 
lowest, and the heads more scattered. — Moist banks, &c, very common. — 
Stems 2° - 4° high, bushy : heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. 
Rays white or nearly so. 

20. A. miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the branches 
usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads; leaves lanceolate or ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; 
scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. — 
Thickets, fields, &c, very ^common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger 
than in either of the preceding (2 f - 5') ; the involucre intermediate between them, 
as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white. 

•*- +- Heads middle-sized. (Involucre i'-§ ! long.) 

21. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much 
branched ; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit ; 
leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, 
loosely and sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Rays pale. 
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. 

22. A. temiifd litis, L. Nearly smooth ; stem much branched (2° -3° 
lngh) ; the heads somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves nairotcly lanceolate, 
tapering into a long slender point (2' -6' long), with rough margins, the lower some- 
what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl-shaped, 
very slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated. — Low grounds, New York to 
Wisconsin, and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish. 

23. A. carneilS, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent ; 
leaves lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping; 
heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scales of the obovate invo- 
lucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricated. — Moist soil; common. Leaves 
firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 194 

violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older 
names will be found and verified for this and No. 21, which here cover a mul- 
titude of forms. A. mutabilis, L., is probably one of them. 
* * # # * # Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the Jiem- 
ispherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herbaceous 
tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous: heads middle-sized or large: rays blue 
or purple, (The species of this group are still perplexing.) 

24. A. sestlVUS, Ait. Stem slender, rough, bushy-branched; leaves nar- 
rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads 
corymbose, loose; scales of the involucre linear, loose; rays large, apparently light 
blue. (A. laxifolius, Nees.) — Var. l^tifl6rus has veiy slender branches 
and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. — 
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. Heads about as large 
as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves 
4'- 7' long, i f to y wide. 

25. A. Novi-Helgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, pale, or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end; 
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tips ; 
rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state. 
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 23 and No. 26. — Heads 
smaller and less showy than in the next. 

26. A. lOiagifoSius, Lam. Smooth or nearly so; stem branched, corym- 
bose-panicled at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lance- 
olate, entire or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above ; scales 
of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows, linear, with acute or awl-shaped spreading or 
recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist 
places, along streams, &c, common eastward. — Plant l°-5° high, with large 
and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform 
varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Hoffm., A. laxus, Wittd. (a form with more 
leafy involucres), A. prsealtus, Poir., A. elodes, Torr. Sr Gr., &c. 

27. A. pilissceias, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines, 
usually jDurple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auri- 
cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle with appressed teeth, rough above, nearly 
6mooth underneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose, 
equal, in about 2 rows ; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in 
shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, ir 
open grounds rough with rigid bristly hairs. 

Var. vim i lie US (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through- 
out ; growing in shade. 

28. A. prenanthoicles, Muhl. Stem low (l°-3° high), corymbose- 
panicled, hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, very smooth underneath, ovate-lan- 
ceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering 
below in a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an auricled- 
heaji-shaped clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved- 
spreading tips ; rays light blue. — Borders of rich woods, W. New York and 
Penn. to Wisconsin. 



196 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

*###=*** Leave,", entire, those of the stem sessile, the base often clasping: heads 
solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbed, large or middle-sized, showy ; 
scales of the involucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly 
foliaceous tips, usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, frc. 
-»- Involucre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks. 

29. A. graildiflorilS, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs ; stems slender, 
loosely much-branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (i'-l f long), oblong- 
linear, obtuse, rigid ; the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical 
squarrose many-ranked involucre ; rays bright violet (1' long) ; achenia hairy. — 
Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy. 

30. A. ObloilgifolillS, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much 
branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (l°-2°high); leaves narrowly ob- 
long or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1'- 2' long by 
2 n -5" wide) ; scales of the involucre broadly linear, appressed at the base, 
rays violet-purple; achenia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Penn. (Hunting- 
don County, Porter!) and Virginia to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers not 
half as large as those of the next. 

A. amethystinus, Nutt., of Eastern Massachusetts, is a still wholly obscure 
species. 

•*- •*- Involucre of many very slender equal scales appearing like a single row. 

31. A. Novae-Allgfliae, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbeu 
at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping , 
clothed with minute pubescence : scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, loose, glan- 
dular-viscid, as well as the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, sometimes rose-purple 
(A. roseus, Desf), very numerous ; achenia hairy. — Moist grounds ; common. 
— Heads large, corymbed. 

*^#^^^^^c Head and imbricated involucre with leafy tips as in the preceding 
group ; but the foliage as in * # #. 

32. A. and mains, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubescent ; stems slendei 
(2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lance- 
olate, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper 
small and almost sessile ; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in 
several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenia smooth. — 
Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Missouri), Engelmann. — Heads as large as 
those of No. 30 : rays violet-purple. 

§ 4. 0RITR6PHIUM, Kunth. — Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and 
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous: pappus of soft and uniform capil- 
lary bristles : mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads. 

33. A. graminifdlius, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6'- 12' 
high) ; leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slendei 
naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads ; rays rose-purple or whitish. — 
New Hampshire, about the White Mountains [Mr, Eddy in herb. Tuckerman) 
L. Superior, and northward. 

{ 5. ORTHOMERIS, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, 
unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely destitute of herbaceous 
tips : pappus of soft and vnequal capillary bristles. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197 

34. A. acuminatll§ 9 Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem (about 1° high) 
simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves 
oblong -lanceolate , conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and en- 
tire at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lan- 
ceolate, pointed, thin (3"- 5" long) ; heads few or several; rays 12-18, white, 
or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods, common northward and southward along 
the Alleghanies, Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the 
White Mountains of New Hampshire. 

35. A. nemoralis. Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender, 
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small (1'- 
lj 7 long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the 
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into 
awl-shaped bracts ; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New 
Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of 
New Hampshire ; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept. 

36. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- 
tered (6' -15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering 
to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in a flat 
corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white 
(2-" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, 
Illinois, and northward. Aug. 

$ 6. OXYTHIP6LIUM, DC — Scales of the involucre imbricated, without herba- 
ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft 
and capillary: achenia striate. 

37. A, fleXROSUS, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6' -20' high) ; the 
branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; 
scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many rows, ovate-lanceolate with 
awl-shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes, on the 
coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept. 

38. A, lillifdlillS, L. Stem much branched (6' -24' high), the branches 
bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear -lanceolate, pointed, 
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl- 
shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, 
more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, Miclix.) — Salt 
marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. - 

14, ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays 
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and 
almost in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia flattened, usually 
pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter 
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy 
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary 
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow: ray white or purple. (Name from fa 



198 COMPOSITE. (composite family.; 

spring, and yepcov, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearmce of some of 
the vernal species.) 

§ 1. CiENOTUS, Nutt. — Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, sccrcely longer than 
the pappus: disk-corollas 4-tooihed : pappus simple : annuals and biennials: heads 
very small, cylindrical. 

1. E. Canadense, L. (Horse-weed. Butter-weed.) Bristly- 
hairy; stem erect, wand-like (5' -5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire; those 
from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous, panicled. — Waste places ; a com- 
mon weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Oct. — Ligules much 
shorter than their tube, white. 

2. E. divaric it twill, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3'- 6' high) ; leaves 
linear or awl-shaped; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1. 
— Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 

§ 2. EUERiGERON, Torr. & Gr. — Rays elongated, crowded in one or more 
rows : pappus simple. (Erect perennials : heads somewhat corymbed.) 

3. E. bcllidifdlium, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain.) Hairy, producing 
offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large 
heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly 
toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; 
rays (about 50) rather broadly linear, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist 
banks ; common. May. 

4. E. Flliladelphicum, L. (Fleabane.) Hairy ; stem leafy, cor 
ymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ; 
the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest 
spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very nairow, rose-puiple or flesh-color. 
(E. purpiireum, Ait.) — Moist ground; common. June -Aug. 

$ 3. STENACTIS, Cass. — Some of the outer bristles of the pappus short and 
minute, or rather chaffy : otherwise as § 2. 

5. E. glabellwm, Nutt. Stem (6' -15' high) stout, hairy above, the 
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the 
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or 
partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple) 
more than twice the length of the hoary -hispid involucre. — Plains, St. Croix 
River, Wisconsin, and northward. June. 

§ 4. PIIALACROLOMA, Cass. — Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row, 
conspicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chaffy-bristle-form 
scales ; the innei* of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely want- 
ing in the ray : annuals and biennials. 

6. E. a nil it a ill, Pers. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.) Stem 
stout (3° -5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs: leaves coarsely and 
sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper 
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, 
tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly int olucre. (E. hetero- 
phyllum, MuJd. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places - r a very 
common weed. (Nat. m Europe.) June -Aug. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199 

7. E. Strigosum, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Stem panicled-corym- 
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hm'rs, or almost 
smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest 
oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length 
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifolium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. ; com- 
mon. June - Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller 
heads but longer rays. 

§ 5. ERIGERiDIUM, Torr. & Gr. — Bays about 30, in a single row, rather 
broad: pappus simple: achenia mostly ^-nerved: not perennial. 

8. E. verailim, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the root, 
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (l°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small 
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low 
grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May. 

15. DIPLOPAFPU§, Cass. Double-bristled Aster. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo- 
lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1 -nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous 
tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer 
of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as 
the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yel- 
low ; rays white or violet. (Name composed of 3ltt\6os 1 double, and 7ra7T7roy, 
pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster. ) 

$ 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated, 
achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike. 

1. D. liaiariifdlitas, Hook. Stems (6' -20' high), several from the 
same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, 
strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins. — Dry soil; common. 
Sept., Oct. 

S 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbiicated 
in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of 
them thickened at the tip : leaves large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire. 

2. I>. limbellaUiS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° 
high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -6' 
long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre 
rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets ; common, especially north- 
ward. Aug. 

3. D. anaygdsfilinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu- 
cre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and south- 
ward. Aug. — Very near the last, usually lower, rougher, and with broader and 
shorter leaves. 

4. D. COrnifdlillS, Dark Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few 
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously point- 
ed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa- 
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July- Sept. 

14 



200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; 

16. BOLT6NIA, L'Hei. Boltonia. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numeious, pistillate. Scales of llie 
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow 
membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache- 
nia flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in 
the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and fre- 
quently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, 
pale green, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire. Heads 
loosely corymbo*se or panicled: disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedi- 
cated to I. Bolton, an English botanist.) See Addend. 

1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broadly cval ; 
pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams. 
Pennsylvania (Bartram) .and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. — 
Plant usually 6° high. 

2. B. glastifoHa, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending, often turned 
edgewise by a twist ; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short 
bristles and, especially in the disk, of 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich moist soil 
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high. 

17. BiBliliiS, Tourn. Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; tho rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. 
Achenia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs 
(all but one species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true 
Daisy, B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is our species. (The Latin name, 
from bellus, pretty.) 

1. B. iiitegTifolia, Michx. (Western Daisy.) Diffusely branched 
and spreading (4' -9' high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower 
spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. Q @ 
— Prairies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March -June. 

1§. BRACHYCHJSTA, Torr. & Gr. False Golden-rod. 

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row 
of minute rather scale-like bristles shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb, 
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small 
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name cum 
posed of (3pa.)(ys, short, and x atT7 ?> bristle, from the pappus.) 

1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills, 
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less 
pubescent. 

19. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. 

Heads few - many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales of 
the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1). 
Receptacle small, not chaffy Achenia many-iibbed, nearly terete. Pappus 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201 

simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like 
stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed 
or clustered: flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name 
from solido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to its reputed vulnerary quali- 
ties.) Flowering Aug. - Oct. See Addend. 

$ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the much imbricated rigid in- 
volucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate ra- 
cemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike. 

1. S. sqiiarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves 
large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, 
serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky wooded hills, 
Maine and W. Vermont to Penn., and the mountains of Virginia. 

§ 2. VIRGAUREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips : 
rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pedicelled. 

# Heads in close clusters or short clustered racemes in the axils of the feather-veined 

leaves. (Rays 3-6.) 

2. S. 1)icolor 9 L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ; 
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and 
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of 
the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ; rays small, 
cream-color or nearly white. — Var. concolor has the rays yellow. — Dry copses 
and banks, common : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. 

3. §. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or 
paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and 
sharply sen-ate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3 ; -6' long); heads in 
very short axillary sessile clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the 
branches. — Moist shaded banks, in rich soil ; common northward, and along 
the mountains. 

4. !§• c&sia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much 
branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, 
sessile ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled 
on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands ; common. Heads rather smaller than 
in the last. 

* ■* Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and 

panicled, not one-sided : leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.) 
'•*- Heads small: leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost. 

5. S. virgata, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, 
wand-like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire apprcssed lanceo- 
late-oblong leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the 
lowest oblong-spatulate, all thickish and smooth ; heads crowded in a very narrow 
compound spicate raceme ; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia and southward. 

6. S. p liber 111 a, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and 
panicle very minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, ac ite, tapering to the base, 
smooth ish; the lowe*' wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very mi* 



202 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

merous, crowded in compact erect-spreading shoii racemes, forming a prolonged and 
dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped ', ap- 
pressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near 
the coast. 

7. S. Stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering gradually into winged peti- 
oles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; 
racemes much crowded and oppressed in a dense wand-like panicle; scales of the 
involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Wis- 
consin and northward. Root-leaves 6 r - 10' long. It flowers earlier than its 
allies, beginning in July. 

h- 4- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant. 

8. §. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thiclcish 
smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong- 
lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat 
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsi form pan- 
icle ; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre 
oblong, obtuse; rays about 5, large. — Yar. angustXta is a dwarf form, with 
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound 
spike. — Copses, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. — A very hand- 
some species ; the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms. 

9. S. Virgxa-atirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem low (6' -18' 
high) and simple; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate or elliptical- 
obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes 
thyreoid or simple, narrow ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ; 
rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- 
em regions. (Eu.) 

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large 
heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves 
thickish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ; 
rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, 
and New York ; and shore of Lake Superior. 

Var. Immilis. Low (6'- 12' high) and smooth, bearing several or nu- 
merous loosely thyreoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c, are 
mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays 6-8, short ; 
leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and 
serrate. (S. humilis, Pursh, Torr. $* Gr.) — Rocky banks, W. Vermont, Lakes 
Huron and Superior, and northward. At the base of the White Mountains of 
New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the mi- 
nutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and 
the heads veiy numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally 
almost white. 

10. S. tliyrsoidea, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4° high), wand-like, pu- 
bescent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely ser- 
rate with sharp salient teeth, large (l'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly 
contracted into long and margined petiole* heads large (5" -6" long), many* 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 

flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle 
(2 / -18 / long); scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper- 
pointed; rays 8-10, elongated; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S. 
leiocarpa, DC.) — Wooded sides of high mountains of Maine to New York (south 
to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward. 

# * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, showy : leaves thiclc- 

ish, mostly feather-veined from a strong midrib. 

11. S« rigida., L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence; 
stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; the short compact clusters densely cor- 
ymbed at the summit ; leaves oval or oblong, the upper closely sessile by a broad 
base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; heads large, 
about 34-flowered; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Wisconsin and 
southward. 

12. S. Oflioensis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, 
slender, leafy (2° - 3° high) ; stem-leaves oblong -lanceolate, flat, entire, closely 
sessile, the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate towards the apex, 
somewhat veiny, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous in a 
flat-topped compound corymb, on smooth pedicels, 16-20-flowered; the rays 
6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — 
Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to V-2 ! , with rough margins, like the 
rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this section, scarcely one third the 
size of those of No. 11. 

13. S, Riddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the 
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance- 
olate, elongated (4 ; -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli- 
cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long 
keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggre- 
gated in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24-flowered ; the rays 
7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, and Illinois. — Heads larger 
than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the 
base, then gradually recurved-spreading. 

14. S. Hong alt 6 alia, Torr. & Gray, ined. Smooth ; stem rather low and 
slender (1°-1^° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire 
tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined peti- 
oles ; heads several, crowded in a small nearly simple corymb, 20 - 30-flowered ; 
the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michigan; collected in the Michigan 
State Survey. Aug. — Leaves smooth, but not shining, rough-margined, 3' - 5- 
long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very obscurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely 
pubescent. Heads large, nearly £' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, mi- 
nutely ciliate. 

* # * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves 

veiny, not S-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple- nerved. 
■ Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny : heads rather large. 

15. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (l°-8° high); leaves 
fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower lanceolate oblong, obscurely 
triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less 



204 composite, (composite family.; 

brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear- lanceolate leaves, tapering 
to each end, with more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or 
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy: the golden rays 8-10. 
*- -»- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly triple- 
nerved; heads middle-sized. 

16. S. elliptic:*, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high), very leafy; 
leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly 
sen-ate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; .heads in dense 
spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and 
achenia strigose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, New 
Jersey, Carey. Rhode Island, Olney. Sept., Oct. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the 
rays 8-12. 

17. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2° -3° high); 
leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute 
and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering 
into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elon- 
gated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. — 
Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the 
racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 

18. S. patlilel, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves 
(4 ; -8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pate, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the 
upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on 
the spreading branches. — Swamps ; common. 

19. S, argtitci, Ait. Smooth throughout (1° - 4° high) ; radical and lower 
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, shaiyly seirate with spreading teeth, pointed, 
tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly 
triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at 
length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 
8-12, small. — Var. 1. juncea has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or 
all the upper entire. — Var. 2. scabrella is somewhat roughish-pubescent 
(Wisconsin, &c). — Copses and banks, common, especially the first variety. — 
Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed 
rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as 
even the root-leaves are seldom very sharply toothed. 

20. §. Mllhlenbei^ii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large 
and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser- 
rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubescent, 
spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6-7, large. — Copses and 
moist woods, N. Hampshire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than 
in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender. 

21. S. lilioides, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' -20' high)* 
leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the 
lower tapering into margined ciliate petioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes 
short, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided panicles (3 / -4 / long) ; heads small 
and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi- 
dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 

4- *• +■ Lec.ves broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply serrate^ 
copiously feather-veined ; veinlets conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short. 

22. S. altissima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2° -7° high) ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes pani- 
cled, spreading ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6 - 9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7. 
— Borders of fields and copses ; very common, presenting a great variety of 
forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the 
lowest of the common Golden-rods. 

23. S. 1*1 ftlli folia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, 
eSiptical -ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be- 
set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the 
involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses ; common. — Too 
near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves. 

24. S. Driimmdlldii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower sur- 
face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety •pubes- 
cent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the 
involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and 
southwestward. 

4^ ••-««- «t- Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure. 

25. S. pildsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread- 
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy 
beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong 
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram- 
idal panicle; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of New 
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

26. S* odora, Ait. (Sweet Golden-eod.) Smooth or nearly so through- 
out; stem slender (2° -3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin- 
ing, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle ; rays 3-4, 
rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to 
Kentucky, and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor. 
*_ .»_ -♦_ +- ^_ Leaves grayish or hoary, thickish, feather-veined and slightly triple- 
nerved, obscurely serrate or entire ; heads middle-sized. 

27. §• neniorallS, Ait. Clothed ivith a minute and close grayish-hoary 
(soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (2°-%° 
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate- 
toothed and tapering into a petiole ; racemes numerous, dense, at length re- 
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is 
usually turned to one side ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed ■ 
rays 6-9. — Dry sterile fields; very common. In the West occur less hoary 
and rougher forms. &(K5fl£ v ; 

# * * * * Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample 

panicle : leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed. 

4- Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, with somewhat greeii' 

ish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining. 

28. S. Stiortii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (l°-3° high), minute- 
ly roughish-pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply serrate 



206 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

above the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a crowded 
panicle; achenia silky -pubescent. — Rocks, at the Falls of the Ohio, &c. — A 
handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow. 

29. S. MiSSOUrieilSlS, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high) ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very 
rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate; heads and dense crowded racemes 
nearly as in No. 19 ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Illinois south- 
ward and westward. — Heads lJ' , -2" long. 

*- ■*- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous : racemes mostly elon- 
gated and numerous, forming a crowded ample panicle. (These all present inter- 
mediate forms, and perhaps may be reduced to one polymorphous species.) 

30. S. rupestriS, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); leaves 
linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire, or nearly so ; 
panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Rocky river-banks, Ken- 
tucky and Indiana. 

31. S. Canadensis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3° -6° high) ; 
leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less 
vubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short. — Borders of thick- 
ets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of 
the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate ; 
— in var. pr6cera, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. scabka also very 
rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined. 

32. S. serotina, Ait, Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high), 
often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except 
the veins underneath, which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low 
grounds ; common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and 
rays, between the last and the next. 

33. S. giganfea. Ait. Stem stout (3° -7° high), smooth, often glaucous; 
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex- 
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather 
long. — Copses and fence-rows ; common : — presenting many varieties, but with 
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall. 

$ 3. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. — Corymbosely much branched: heads small, sessile iu 
little clusters which are crowded in flat-topped corymbs ; the closely oppressed scales 
of the involucre somewhat glutinous : receptacle flmbrillate : rays 6-20, short, more 
numerous than the dish-flowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded. 

34. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, Z-5-nerved, the nerves, 
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- 
c) r lindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c. in 
moist soil ; common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5 ; long. 

35. S. tenilifoSia, Pursh. Smooth, slender ; leaves very narrowly linear, 
mostly I -nerved, dotted; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 
3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to 
Illinois, and southward ; common near the coast. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 

20. BICrEL^VIA, DC. Rayless Golden-rod. 

Heads 3 - 4-fl owered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays none. Invo- 
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely 
imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation 
in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of 
capillary bristles. — A perennial smooth herb; the slender stem (l°-2° high) 
simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bear- 
ing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, 
oblanceolate or linear, 1 - 3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob 
Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical 
Botany. ) 

1. B. lllidata, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 
Sept. 

21. €HR¥§6f§I§, Nutt Golden Aster. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, Achenia 
obovate or linear oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus of all the flowers double, 
the outer a set of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated 
capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather 
large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers 
yellow. (Name composed of xp vc >o c i 9°^ an( l oipig^ aspect, from the golden, 
blossoms.) 

* Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear : achenia linear. 

1. C granriiilifolia 9 Nutt. Silvery -silky, with long close-pressed hairs ; 
stem slender, naked above, the few heads closely corymb ed ; leaves lanceolate or 
linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware to 
Yirginia, and southward. July - Oct. 

2. C. falcata, Ell. Stems (4' - 10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded, 
linear, rigid, about Z-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or 
smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on tho 
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket, Massachusetts. Aug. 

* # Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not 
nerved ; achenia obovate, flattened. 

3. C. Ooss^piaia, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves oblong, obtuse, 
(1/-2' long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Yirginia and 
southward. Aug. - Oct. 

4. C Mariana, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old 
smoothish; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular penduncles. — Dry bar- 
rens, from New York and Lancaster, Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.- 
Oct. 

5. C. villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely 
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves nar- 
rowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre),' bristly -ciliate 
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west- 
ward. July - Sept. 



208 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

22. INULA, L. Elecampane. 

Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided. 
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Oth- 
erwise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. I. Helenium, L. (Common Elecampane.) Stout (3° -5° high); 
leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the 
others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. 1J. — Road-sides, escaped from 
cultivation. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Adv. from Eu.) 

23. FETICHE A, Cass. Marsh Fleabane. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile, 
few, with a 5-clcft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, 
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achenia 
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular, 
emitting a strong and disagreeable or camphoric odor, the heads in close com- 
pound corymbs. Flowers purplish, (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluche.) 

1. P. campl&oratsi, DC. (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Minutely vis- 
cid, pale (l°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thick- 
ish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. ® (Con^- 
za camphorata, Bigel. C. Marylandica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massachusetts 
to Virginia and southward. Aug. 

2. P. jf<£titfla, DC. Almost smooth (2° -4° high) ; leaves distinctly petioled, 
veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled ; invo- 
lucre smooth. }]. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

24. BACCHAEIS, L. Groundsel-Tree. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and 
staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri- 
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the 
staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of 
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile 
plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu- 
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow. (The name of some shrub anciently dedi- 
cated to Bacchus.) 

1. B». Iialimifdlia, L. (Sea Groundsel-Tree.) Smooth and some- 
what scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely 
toothed, or the upper entire ; heads scattered or in leafy panicles ; scales of the 
involucre acutish. — Sea beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. 
Sept.-Oct. — Shrub 6°-12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by 
its veiy long and white pappus. 

2. B. glomerulifldra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong ; heads larger, 
sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader 
and very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, Virginia near the 
coast, and southward. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 

25. POLYMNIA, L. Leaf-Cup. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several, pistillate and fertile; the 
disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer 
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membranaceous, 
partly embracing the thickened round-obovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, with a 
membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren- 
nial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, oppo- 
site, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules 
at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow. (Dedi- 
cated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the plants are coarse 
and inelegant.) 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Clammy-hairy ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, 
the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3 - 5-lobed or angled, petioled ; rays feiv, 
ebovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist shaded 
ravines, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. 
July - Sept. 

2. P. XJvedalia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4° - 10° high) ; leaves broadly 
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly 
narrowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15, 
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil, 
W. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. 

26. CHRYSOGOMM, L. Chrtsogonum. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the 
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong 
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave 
scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia all 
in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the 
short scale of the involucre behind it ; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap- 
pus a small chaffy crown, 2 - 3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low 
(2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the 
flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, crenate, 
long-pctioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name com- 
posed of xp v(r os, golden, and yow, knee.) 

1. C. Virgiaiaaiium, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mercersburg, 
Porter) and Illinois southward. May -Aug. — Rays J' long. 

27. SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-Plant. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their 
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 K>ws ; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. 
Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, broad and 
with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which are small and resem 
ble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed, 
surrounded by a wing which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 
2 teeth confluent with the winged margin : achenia of the disk sterile and stalk- 



210 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice, 
and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2i\<fiiov, the ancient 
name of a plant which produced some gum-resin (assafcetida?), was transferred 
by Linnaeus to this American genus.) 
* Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root vei~y large and thick), 

1. S. laciiliatlfllll, L. (Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.) Very rough- 
bristly throughout ; stem stout (3° -6° high) ; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but 
dilated and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut- 
lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (l'-2 ; broad), somewhat racemed ; 
scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points ; achenia 
broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thence 
southward and westward. July. Lower leaves 12 ; -30' long, ovate in outline; 
on the wide open prairies, said to present their edges uniformly north and south, 
and hence called Compass-Plant. i 

2. §• terebintliinaceum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slen- 
der (4° -10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads, 
leafless except towards the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart- 
shaped, seirate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (l°-2° long, and on 
slender petioles) ; scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenia nar- 
rowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. pinnatifidum has the 
leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies 
and oak-openings, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July- Sept. 

=fc * Stem terete oi slightly ^-angled, leafy : leaves undivided (not large). 

3. S. trifoliatlim, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4° - 6° 
high), branched above, stem-Zeaues lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, 
rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely 
panicled ; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — 
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 

4. S. AsteriSCUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the 
lower in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely tootJied, 
rarely entire, rough-hairy, the upper sessile ; heads nearly solitary (large) ; ache- 
nia obovate, winged and 2-toothed. — Diy sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 

5. S. iiitegrifdlium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high), 
rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire, 
tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, 
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' -5' long) ; heads in a close forking 
corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Var. 
LkvE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to 
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. 

* * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6' -15' long). 

6. S. per folia turn, L. (Cup-Plant.) Stem stout, often branched 
above (4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their 
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged 
petioles which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; achenia winged 
and variously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and 
southward ; common. July. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 

2§. PARTHMIUM, L. Parthenium. 

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very 
short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil- 
late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo- 
lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle 
conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen- 
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 
small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers 
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from rrapBevos-, virgin.) 

1. P. ifiltegrifdliMm, L. Rough-pubescent (l°-3°high); leaves ob- 
long or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cut-lobed below the 
middle ; heads many, in a dense flat corymb. 1| — Dry soil, Maryland to Wis- 
consin, and southward. 

29. IV A, L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub. 

Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate 
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a 
small tubular corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Scales 
of' the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among: 
the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or 
shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small 
greenish-white heads on short recurved peduncles in the axils of the leaves or 
of bracts. (Derivation unknown.) 

1. I. fruteSCCllS, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high); 
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper 
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, forming 
leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt 
marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 

2. I* CilmtJl, Willd. Annual (2° - 8° high) , rough and hairy ; leaves ovate, 
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliaie petioles ; heads in dense 
panicled spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales 
of the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois south- 
ward. Aug. - Oct. 

30, AMBROSIA, Tourn. Ragweed. 

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the 
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the 
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, 
composed of 7 - 12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stami- 
nate flowers; with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Fertile involucre (fruit) 
oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns 
near the top in one row, enclosing a single flower which is composed of a pistil 
only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappus 
none. — Chiefly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lebed or dis 



212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

sected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. ('ApPpotria, the 
food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for these worthless and coarse weeds.) 

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre 
with the truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, 
recurved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and ^-angled. 

1. A. bideiltata, Michx. Hairy (l°-3° high), very leafy; leaves al- 
ternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth 
on each side near the base. (J) — Prairies of Illinois and southward. Aug. 

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular. 
* Leaves opposite, only lobed: sterile involute 3-ribbed on one side. 

2. A. ti'ifida, L. (Great Ragweed.) Stem square, stout (4°-12 y 
high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceo- 
late and serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 6-ribbed and tubercled. © 
— Var. integrif6lia is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves or all of 
them undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks ; common. Aug. 

* # Leaves many of them alternate, once or twice pinnatifid. 

3. A. artemisia^folia, L. (Roman Wormwood. Hog-weed. Bit- 
ter-weed.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ; 
leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo- 
void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. Q). — "Waste 
places everywhere. July - Sept. — An extremely variable weed, with finely 
cut leaves, embracing several nominal species. 

4. A. psilosiacliya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough 
and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the 
lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuber- 
cles or with very small ones, pubescent, (l) (A. coronopifolia, Torr. $> Gr.) — 
Prairies and plains, Illinois and south westward. Aug. 

31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebor. Clotbur. 

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the 
latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile 
involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile invo- 
lucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to 
form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a 
slender thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat ; destitute of pappus. — 
Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and brandling stout stems, and 
alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves. (Name from £dv6os, yellow, in aliu 
sion to the color the plants are said to yield. ) 

1. X. strumarilim, L. (Common Cocklebur.) Rough; stems un- 
armed; leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles, 
toothed and cut or obscurely lobed ; fruit oval or oblong {\ - f long), pubes- 
cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong 
and usually straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu ) — 
Varies into forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (§'-!' long), 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY., 213 

which is cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longer and 
the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — River-banks, &c, com 
mon westward ; apparently indigenous. And tkis passes into 

Var. eclliaiattuni. (X. echinatum, Murr., &c.) Emit turgid (1' long), 
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- 
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an 
immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of the world. 

2. X. spinosttm, L. (Thorny Clotbur.) Hoary-pubescent ; stems slen- 
der, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate* 
lanceolate leaves ; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often 
2 -3-lobed or cut ; fruit (J' long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places 
on the sea-board. Sept. -Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 

32. TETRAOONOTHECA, Dill. Tetragonotheca. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the 
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins 
into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as 
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or 
conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia 
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb, 
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong 
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale 
yellow flowers, on tenninal peduncles. (Name compounded of TtrpdycDvos, 
four-angled, and 6r]Kr}, a case, from the shape of the involucre.) 

I. T. lieiiaiifltoides, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June 

33. ECLIPTA, L. Eclipta. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers per- 
fect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lan- 
ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. 
Achenia short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the 
sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — 
Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or 
oblong leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name 
from eK\ei7TG), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.) 

1. E. procii Habeas, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs ; stems 
procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each 
end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles many times longer than the head. - 
Var. brachypoda has the peduncles not more than twice the length of die 
heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June- Oct. 

34. BO R HI €11 1 A, Adans. Sea Ox-eye. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical 
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- 
sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 -4-angled. Pappus a short 



214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with 
opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow 
flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 

1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence 
(6'- 12' high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the 
base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 

35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-ete. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the 
involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner 
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- 
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. 
Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches Leaves opposite, 
petioled, triple-ribed, sen-ate. Flowers yellow. [Name composed of tJXlos, 
the sun, and o^ls, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.) 

1. II. IfCViS, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4°high); leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late or oblong-ovate. — Yar. scXbba has roughish foliage, and the involucre 
somewhat hoary . — Banks and copses ; common. Aug. 

36. ECHINACEA, Moench. Pcrple Coxe-flo-tveb. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but 
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle 
conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the 
disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. 
— Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter- 
minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Kays 
rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^Iwy, the 
Hedgekoq, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 

1. E. purpurea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest 
ovate, b-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri- 
cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough- 
bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio 
southward and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 
l'-2 ; long. Poot thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med- 
icine under the name of Black Sampson. 

2. E. an gUSti folia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, 
bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- 
cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis- 
consin southwestward. June -Aug. 

37. RIJDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre 
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or column ai , the short 
chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, fiat at the 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 

top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, 
with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the 
rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors 
Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.) 

* Dish columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut. 

1. R. laciaiiata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves 
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper 
leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper- 
most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ; 
rays linear (l / -2 / long), drooping. — Low thickets; common. July -Sept. 

* # Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented. 

2. R. Sllbtomentdsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high), 
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; 
heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin, 
Illinois, and southward. 

# ^ * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3. 

3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches 
Blender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 
3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serr&te (those from the root pinnately parted 
or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple disk smooth, 
awned. @ — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small, 
but numerous and showy. 

4. R. Specidsa, Wender. Roughish-hairy (l°-2° high), branched; the 
branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ; 
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 - b-nemed, coarsely 
and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon- 
gated (l'-l^') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil, 
W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 

5. R. fulgida. Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- 
ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, 
the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; 
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn. to 
Kentucky and southward. — Variable, l°-3° high: the rays orange-yellow. 

6. R. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple 
or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single 
large heads; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower 
spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the 
involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W. 
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, in meadows, 
of recent introduction, with grass-seed from the West. June — Aug. Coarser 
and less showy than the preceding, variable in the size of the rays. 

3§. LEPACHYS, Raf. (Obeliscaria, DC.) 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre 
few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar : the chaff truncate. 



216 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined 
achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate 
leaves ; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single 
showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping ; the disk gray- 
ish. (Name from Xe7ns, a scale, and Tra\vs, thick, referring to the thickened tips 
of the chaff.) 

1. Li. piliiiata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen- 
der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much 
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). — 
Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (Sartwell), to Wisconsin and 
southward. July. — The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised. 
Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 

39. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre 
Imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 
4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar- 
gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awned scales on the principal 
angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse 
and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and 
yellow rays : flowering towards autumn. (Name from rfXtos, the sun, and avOos, 
a flower. ) — All our wild species are perennial. 

# Disk convex, dark purple : leaves opposite, or the upper alternate. 
•*- Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading lierbaceous tips. 

1. H. ailgUStifdlius, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high); leaves long and 
linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1 -nerved, pale beneath ; heads 
(small) loosely corymbed, long-peduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to 
Kentucky and southward. 

■*- -t- Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, ovate or broadly 
lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, destitute of herbaceous tips. (Leaves nearly all opposite.) 

2. H. atrdrubens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2° -5° high), smooth, 
and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped 
(3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined j3etiole ; heads small, 
corymbed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illi- 
nois, and southward. 

3. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly 
branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, 
usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ; 
heads nearly solitary, pretty large; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often 
several small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward. 

* *= Disk convex, yellow : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, 
with somewhat spreading arid acute (but not foliaceous) tips : leaves chiefly opposite. 

4. H. lsetifldrus, Pers. Stout and rough (3° -4° high), branching above; 
leaves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, seirate, taper- 
pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 

ou naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate -lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — 
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward — Leaves almost as thick as 
iD No. 3. Rays showy, l'-2' long. 

5. IS. OC€ideiltaJiS» Riddell. Somewhat hairy; stem slender, simple, 
naked above (l°-3° high, and sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 
small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved, 
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy peti- 
oles ; the upper small and remote (all opposite), entire; scales of the involucre 
oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, 
and southward. 

6. M. Cine reus, var. §llllivdiatii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close 
roughish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a 
narrowed base, acute, obscurely serrate; the upper small and remote; peduncles 
filender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli- 
vant. Stem 2° - 3° high, bearing few heads as large as those of the next. 

7. IS. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy to 
the top (2° -4° high); leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base, 
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under- 
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio 
to Illinois, and westward. 

#^* * Heads small : scales of the involucre few, shorter than the yellow disk, irregu- 
larly imbricated, appressed, the outer with spreading foliacepus pointed tips : rays 
5 - 8 : leaves all but the uppermost opposite. 

8. H. niflCffOCepfialuS, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° -8° high), with 
numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, some- 
what serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pedun- 
cles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. 
— Thickets, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Heads §' broad, the rays 
nearly V long. 

9. IS. laevigaXllS, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or 
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly 
serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm 
Springs of Virginia, and southward. 

* ^ # * Heads middle-sized or large: scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated \ 
loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer. 

■«- Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed. 

10. H. gig&llteilS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° -10° high), branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath, 
narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile; scales of the involucre long, 
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. amui"guus has most 
of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No. 
13. — Low thickets and swamps ; common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the 
pale yellow rays 15-20. 

11. H. fjrosse-serratns, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least 
below (5° 10° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper 



218 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioled, rough 
above, hoary and downy beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slight- 
ly ciliatc. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward — Probably runs 
into the last. 

12. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5 7 -12 
long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath; scales of the in- 
volucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy, the chaff and tips of the disk- 
flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16, 1' long.) — Rich woods, Illi- 
nois 1 Virginia and southward along the mountains. 

+- 4- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed. 

13. H. Strain 6 SUS, L. Stem rather simple (3° -4° high), smooth be* 
low ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small oppressed 
teeth, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and 
naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate 
with spreading tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. mollis has the 
leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses ; common, espe- 
cially westward. 

14. H. divaricattss, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the 
top (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3- 
nervedfrom the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point 
(3' -6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides ; scales of the involucre lanceolate 
from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. — Thickets and bar- 
rens ; common. — Disk J' wide; rays 1' long. 

15. II. Mrsutus, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1°- 2° high), 
bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly 
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ; 
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about 
12. — Dry plains, &c, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last. 

16. H. tfi'aclieliifdlillS, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy; 
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, 
smoothish or roughish-pubescent both sides, contracted into short petioles ; scales of 
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed- 
ing the disk ; rays 12-15. — Copses, Penn. ? Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — 
Probably runs into the next. 

17. M. decapetalllS, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smooth be- 
low; leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate, 
pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre 
lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ; 
rays about 10. — Var. frond6sus has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or 
changing to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams ; common, especially 
northward. (H. multifloms, L., is probably a cultivated state of this.) 

18. H. doroniCOides, Lam. Stem stout (5° -9° high), branching, 
rough-hairy above ; leaves ovate or oblong lanceolate, pointed, senate, strongly triple- 
veined, rough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 

and on margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, 
scarcely exceeding the disk; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and 
southward. — A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves 
(the lower often 1° long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most 
probably the original of 

H. tuber6sus, L., the Jerusalem Artichoke, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital- 
ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem), 
which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into 
fence-rows in some places. 

H. anntjus, L., the Common Sunflower, which sometimes sows itself 
around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat 
heads and a brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North 
America. 

40. ACTINOMEBIS, Nutt. Actinomeris. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- 
volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, 
chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) 
and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- 
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and 
mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow, (Name 
from djcrtV, a ray, and fiepis, a part ; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of 
the rays.) 

1. A. SQliarrdsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8° 
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point- 
ed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 
2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, refiexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad- 
ly winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sartwell) to Michi- 
gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 

2. A. lieliailtlioides, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged 
by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- 
hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rays 8-15, 
regular, narrow; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile brist.y 
awns; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south- 
ward. July. 

41. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. 
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- 
what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. 
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia 
flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not 
beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at tne 
summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite 
leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from ko>>»s, 
a bug, and etyes, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) See Addend. 



220 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

\ 1. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow : branches of the style tipped with a pointea 

or acute appendage. 
Achenia wingless , wedge-oblong, fiat, 2-awned or 2-toothed : scales of the outer invo- 
lucre leafy, reflexed: leaves opposite, petioled, generally pinnately or ternately com- 
pound, the leaflets serrate : biennials ? (Plants with the aspect of Bidens, but 
the awns barbed upwardly.) 

+-Rays wanting. 

1. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, diffusely branched; leaves ter- 
nately divided ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads panicu- 
late-corymbed ; outer involucre of 3 - 5 foliaceous bracts usually much longer than 
the heads ; achenia hairy ; the awns or teeth as long as the corolla, barbed upward. 
Swamps, 111., Ohio and southward. July -Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high. 

2. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Dwarf diffusely branched, smoothish ; leaves 
lanceolate-linear, cut-toothed, tapering into a petiole ; awns slender, upwardly 
barbed, much longer than the corolla or the bristly young achenium. — Near Phil- 
adelphia, Nuttall. — A very obscure species. 

■t- *- Rays conspicuous (golden-yellow and showy). 

3. C. tricliosperma, Michx. (Tickseed Sunflower.) Smooth, 
branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5 - 7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut- 
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled- 
corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly-ciliate above, crowned with 2 
triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near 
the coast. Sept. 

4. C. aristdsa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately 
5 - 7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifld ; heads pani- 
cled-corymbose ; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia oblong-obovate, 
obscurely margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2-4 long and slender diverging awns (in 
one variety awnless). — Swamps, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. 
* * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing 

minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than 
the inner, all united at the base : rays obtuse, entire : leaves opposite, petioled, 3 - 
5 -divided : perenn ial. 

5. C tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4°- 
9° high), corymbed at the top ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysostem- 
ma. Less.) — Penn, and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Heads 
exhaling the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning brownish. 

=* *= # Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the sum- 
mit : scales of the outer involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all united at 
the base : rays mostly entire arid acute : leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, 
therefore appearing as if whorled: perennial (l°-3° high). 

6. C. senifdlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceo* 
late entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft- 
pubescent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July. 

Var. Stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; the leaves narrower. (C. stellata, 
Nutt.) Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221 

7. C deiplftimfdlia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided in- 
to 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 - 5-parted, their divisions lance-linear (I" - 3" broad), 
rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July. 

8. C verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets 
which are 1 - 2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp 
soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also in gardens. July - Sept. 

9. C palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge- 
shaped, deeply 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3- 
lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July. 

* # * # Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous 
tubercle on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chaff-like denticu- 
late teeth : outer involucre about the Ungth of the inner : rays large, coarsely 3-5- 
toothed: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked peduncles. 

10. C. atari CM I sit a, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1°- 4° high, 
branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3 - 5-lobed or 
divided ; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. 1J. — Rich 
woods and banks, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept. 

11. C. lailCCOlata, L. Smooth or hairy (l°-2° high) ; stems short, 
tufted, branched only at the base ; leaves all entire, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest 
oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles; scales of the outer involucre 
ovate-lanceolate. 1J. — Rich or damp soil, Michigan to Virginia, Illinois, 
and southward. July. Also cultivated. — Heads showy : rays 1 ' long. 

§ 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color : disk yellow. 

12. C rosea, Nutt. (Rose-flowered Coreopsis.) Stem branching, 
leafy, smooth (6' -20' high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire; heads small, some- 
what corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothcd ; 
achenia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-like border. 1J. — Sandy 
and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, and southward : 
rare. Aug. 

C. tinct6ria, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with 
the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, is now everywhere 
common in gardens. 

42. BSDEN§, L. Bur-Marigold. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre dou- 
ble, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish, the chaff 
deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the invo- 
lucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns 
which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite van 
ous leaves, and mostly yellow flcwers. (Latin bidens, two-toothed.) 
■*. Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals ?) 

1. Bi frond osa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Smooth or rather 
hairy, tall (2°-6 c high^ and branching; leaves 3-b-divided; the leaflets lanceo- 



222 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

late, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer leafy involucre much longer 
than the head, ciliate below ; rays none ; achenia wedge-obovaie, 2-awned, the mar* 
gins ciliate with upward bristles, except near the summit. — Moist waste places, a 
common coarse weed, very troublesome ; the achenia, as in the other species, 
adhering by their rctrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of ani- 
mals. July- Sept. — In Western New York, Dr. Sartwell has found it with 
one or two small rays ! 

2. B. con-nata, Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Smooth (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering 
into margined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3- 
divided ; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; scales of 
the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; rays 
none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) awned, and with downwardly barbed 
margins. (B. tripartita, Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more petioled form is B. petio- 
lata, Nutt. — Wet grounds, New York to Illinois, and southward. 

3. B. ceraim, L. (Bur-Marigold.) Nearly smooth (5' -10' high); 
leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate ; heads nodding, 
with or without (light yellow) rays ; outer involucre longer than the head ; ache- 
nia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places, 
New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — Hays, when present, smaller than 
in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf- 
like. (Eu.) 

4. B. ctirysantliemoicies, Michx. (Bur-Marigold.) Smooth, 
erect or reclining at the base (6' -30/ high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both 
end3, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously 
radiate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow (1' long) rays; 
achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns 
2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Probably runs into No. 3. 

* # Achenia linear-4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit. 

5. B« Beckif, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic, smooth; sterna 
long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dissected into fine 
capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ; 
heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden-yel* 
low) rays ; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (J* long), bearing 4-6 stout diver- 
gent awns which are 1' long, barbed only towards the apex. y. — Ponds and 
slow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and Wisconsin. 

6. B. bipinnata, L. (Spanish Needles.) Smooth, branched (19- 
4° high) ; leaves 1 - 3-p innately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly 
wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of 
linear scales, nearly as long as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender, 
4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 - 4-awncd. (J) — Dry soil, Connecticut 
to Illinois, and southward. 

43. VERBESINA, L. Crownbeard. 

Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none. 
Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 

rather convex, the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged 
or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent 
on the stem. ("Name altered from Verbena.") 

1. V. Siegesbecliia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate, 
triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and 
thin) ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate; ache- 
nia wingless. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July. 

2. V. Virgillica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy- 
pubescent , like the Iowa' surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves; 
heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia narrowly 
winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania 1 Illinois, and southward. Aug. 

44. DYSODIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold. 

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one 
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep- 
tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4- 
angled. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. 
— Herbs, -dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; the heads 
terminating the brunches : flowers yellow. (Name ovcrcodia, an ill smell, which 
the plants possess.) 

1. I>. clirysaiitfiemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched 
(6'- 18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly- 
toothed or cut ; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. (T) — Road sides, 
banks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed. Aug. -Oct. 

Tagetes patula, L., the French Marigold of the gardens, belongs to 
the same group as the foregoing. 

45. H¥IENOPAPPTJ§, L'Her. Hymenopappus. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- 
volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). 
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes. Achenia top- 
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales 
in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vprjv, membrane, 
and ircnnrvs, ptappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis- 
sected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers. 

1. H. Scal>iOSK?llS, I/Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young 
(l°-3° high) ; leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales 
of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and 
southward. May, June. 

46, HELENIUM, L. False Sunflower. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 - 
5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl- 
shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed. 
Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle 

15 



221 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled 
stem and branches, which are terminated by single or eorymbed (yellow, rarely 
purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resinous globules. 
(Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 

1. H. aiituiimale, L. (Sneeze-weed.) Nearly smooth ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. }J. — Alluvial river-banks ; 
common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: the 
eorymbed heads showy. 

47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Leptopoda. 

Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helenium. — In the true species (of 
which L. puberula and L. brevifolia may be found in S. Virginia) the stems are 
simple, naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head (whence 
the name, from Xctttos, slender, and 7rovs,foot) ; but the following is leafy to the 
top, and branched. 

1. ."L. bractiypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem eorymbed at the summit (1° 
-4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular, 
brownish; rays pretty large (J'- J' long), yellow, or in one variety brownish- 
purple, sometimes with an imperfect style. 1J. — Damp soil, from Illinois south- 
ward. June - Aug. 

4§. BALDWINIA, Nutt. Baldwixia. 

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shapea 
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep 
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong siiky-villous achenia. 
Pappus of 7 -9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, 
with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, 
and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Rays yellow 
(l r long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. 
William Baldwin.) 

1. B. unifldra, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward 
Aug. 

49. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. Marshallia. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the 
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. 
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flowers. 
Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pap- 
pus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low 
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re- 
sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem 
or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry 
Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of one of the earliest works on the trees and 
shrubs of this country.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.^ 225 

i. Ma latifolia. Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. lanceolata and M. an- 
GUSTifolia may occur in S. Virginia.) 

50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pav. G alinsoga. 

Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. 
Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff 
among the flowers, Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed 
chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved 
thin leaves, and small heads : disk-flowers yellow : rays whitish. (Named for 
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.) 

1. G. parvifl6ra, Cav. Smoothish (l°high); leaves ovate, acute, some- 
what toothed ; scales of ,the pappus 8-16. — Waste places ; Cambridge, Mass., 
New York, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 

51. MA RUT A, Cass. Mat-weed. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small 
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing 
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. 
Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnately 
divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon 
reflexed; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.) 

1. M. Cotula, DC. (Common Mat-weed.) Scales of the involucre 
with whitish margins. — Road-sides ; very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

52. AN THEMIS, L. Chamomile. 

Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri- 
ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or 
6trong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single 
heads. Rays white, the disk yellow. ('AvOefjLis, the ancient name, given in 
allusion to the profusion of the flowers.) 

1. A. arvensis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Pubescent ; leaflets or divisions 
linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit ; chaff 
lanceolate, pointed, membranaceous ; achenia crowned with a very short some- 
what toothed margin ; those of the ray sometimes sterile. (5) — Fields, N. Eng- 
land and New York, sparingly introduced. — Much resembles the May- weed. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

A. nobilis, L., the officinal Chamomile, is said to be somewhat natural- 
ized in Delaware. 

53. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated. 
Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus 
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its 
virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 



226 COMPOSITE. ^COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

1. A. Millefolium, L. (Comjion Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stems 
simple; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the divisions linear, 3-5-eleft, crowded; 
corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblong; rays 4 - 5, short, white (some- 
times rose-color). — Fields and hills ; common northward. Aug. (Eu.) 

2. A. Ptarmica, L. (Sneezewort.) leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply 
Berrate with appressed teeth; coiymb loose; rays 8-12, much longer than the 
involucre; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

54. LEUCAWTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the 
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flattish, 
naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray sim- 
ilar, striate, destitute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatifid 
leaves, and large single heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays white ; 
disk yellow. (Name composed of Xevicos, white, and avO-efiov, a flower, from 
the white rays.) 

1. L<. vulgXre, Lam. (Ox-eye or White Daisy. White-weed.) 
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above ; root-leaves spatulate, pctioled, the 
others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatind-toothed ; scales of the involucre with 
rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) — Fields and 
meadows; too abundant. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and 
showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with short rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 

55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile. Feverfew. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the invo- 
lucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical or only convex, 
naked. Disk-flowers flattened or terete. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus 
a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs, 
with divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white : disk yellow. 
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.) 

1. M. Parthenium, L. (Feverfew.) Leaves twice-pinnately divided; 
the divisions ovate, cut ; heads corymbed, with rays. 1J. (Pyrethrum Parthenium, 
Smith.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. M. discoidea, DC. Low (6'-9' high) ; leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted 
into short linear lobes ; heads rayless ; scales of the involucre oval, with broad 
margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; pappus obsolete. (J) (§) — Illi- 
nois, opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon 1 (Eu. ?) 

56. TANACEIUM, L. Tansy. 

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly 
pistillate and 3 - 5-toothcd. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recepta- 
cle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a 
short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs, with 1 - 2-pinnately dis- 
sected leaves and rather large corymbed heads. Flowers yellow. (Name said 
to be a corruption of dCavacria, undying, from its durable flowers.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227 

1. X. vulgare, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem erect, smooth; leaves 
ewice-p innately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole cut-toothed ; cor- 
ymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. crlspum has the 
leaves more cut and crisped. 1J. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. T. Muronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-3° 
high); leaves 2 - 3-pinnately dissected, the lobes oblong; heads large (.y-f 
wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3 - 5-cleft ; pappus toothed. 
ij.— Shores of L. Huron, St. John's River, Maine, and northwestward. 

57. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood. 

Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal 
ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre 
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na- 
ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby 
plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes. 
Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Diana.) 

§ 1. Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers sterile. 

1. A. borealis, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly 
smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-clefl at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted, 
the lobes lanceolate or linear ; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or 
racemed. \ — Shore of Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.) 

2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Canada Wormwood.) Smooth, or 
hoary with silky down (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the 
upper 3 - 7-divided ; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large in pani- 
cled racemes. 1J. — Shore of all the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.) 

3. A. caudata, Michx. (Slender Wormwood.) Smooth (2° -5° 
high ) ; upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 - 3-pinnately divided ; the divisions 
thread-form, spreading ; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle. — 
Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to New Jersey; and in Elinois. 

§ 2. Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. 

4. A. Ludoviciaiia, Nutt. (Western Mugwort.) Whitened-wooU 
ly throughout, branched (l°-5° high) ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly cut- 
toothed or pinnatifid, the upper mostly entire, the upper surface often becoming 
naked and smooth with age ; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, disposed in narrow 
leafy panicles. 1[ — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and westward; 
especially the var. gnaphal6des, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves 
very woolly both sides. # 

5. A, vulgaris, L. (Common Mcgwort.) Branches and lower sur- 
face of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with the lobes variously cut 
or entire, linear-lanceolate ; heads ovoid, in open leafy panicles. 1J. — Waste places, 
near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 

6. A. biennis, Willd. (Biennial Wormwood.) Smooth, simple (1° 
3° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, 

acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes, which ara 



228 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

crowded in a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. ® — River-banks, Ohio to 
Illinois, and northward-. Aug. 

§ 3. Receptacle hairy : flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate. 
7. A. Absinthium. L. (Common Wormwood.) Rather shrubby, silky- 
hoary; leaves 2 -3-pinnately parted; the lobes lanceolate ; heads panicled, nod- 
ding. — Road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv from Eu.) 

See .Addend. 

58. GWAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the outer pistillate and very 
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or 
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single 
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, 
and clustered or corymbed heads. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from 
yvd<pa\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.) 

* Achenia nearly terete: pistillate flowers occupying several rows. 

1. G. deciirreilS, Ives. (Everlasting.) Stem stout, erect (2° high), 
branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing 
numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, 
decurrent; scales of the (yeDo wish-white) involucre oval, acutish. 1J. — Hill- 
sides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine and northward. Aug. - Sept. 

2. G. poiyccplialum, Michx. (Common Everlasting.) Stem 
erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at tlw base, with undulate margins, not 
decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose 
branches, ovate-conical before expansion, thenobovate; scales of the (whitish) 
involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. Q) — Old fields 
and woods ; common. — Plant fragrant, 1° - 2° high. 

3. O. ttligpfiidsum, L. (Low Cudw^eed.) Diffusely branched, woolly 
all over (3' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) 
in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales of the involucre ob- 
long. (T) — Low grounds, and ditches by the road-side ; introduced ? (Eu.) 

4. O. purpt&reiini, L. (Purplish Cudweed.) Stem simple, or 
branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly; leaves oblong-spatu- 
late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool m> 
derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the 
wand-like summit of the stem ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, tawny-white, 
the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to 
Virginia, and southward. * 

* * Achenia flattish : pistillate flowers in a single marginal row. 

5. O. Snpinum, Villars. (Mountain Cudweed.) Dwarf and tufted; 
leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked .on the slender simple 
flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acuie. ]\. — Alpine 
summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : rare. (Eu.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229 

59. AHTENNASIA, Gaertn. Everlasting. 

Heads man /-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil- 
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or col- 
ored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row 
of bristles, which in the fertile flowers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened 
and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, 
with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. 
(So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennce of many 
insects.) 

1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (Pearly Everlasting.) Stem 
erect (1° -2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect 
staminate flowers in the centre; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or 
rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug. 

2. A. plaiitagtnifdlia, Hook. (Plantain-leaved Everlasting.) 
Spreading by offsets and runners, low (4' -10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when 
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape- 
like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval- 
spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales 
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower 
in the fertile plant. — Var. monocephala has a single larger head. (Phila- 
delphia, Mr. Lea.) — Sterile knolls and banks, common. March -May. 

00. FILAGO, Tourn. Cotton-Rose. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but 
often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the 
involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the 
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the 
proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the 
central flowers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual, low, branch- 
ing woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name 
froii-fllum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.) 

1. F. Germanic A, L. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed with 
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly 
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, 
and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if 
the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry 
fields, New York to Virginia. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

61. ERECHTHITES, Eaf. Fireweed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis 
till ate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single 
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. 
Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white 



230 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of a rank smell, with alternate simple 
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name 
of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erccldheus.) 

1. E. llieracifdlia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy ; stem grooved ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cuKoothed, sessile ; the upper often with an 
auricled clasping base. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Moist woods; common, 
especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned 
over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. — Plant 1° - 5° high, with some- 
what the aspect of a Sow-thistle. 

62, CACALIA, L. Indian Plantain. 

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the 
involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. 
Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil- 
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled 
leaves, and rather large heads in flat coiymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An 
ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) 

* Involucre 25-30-floicered, with several bracts at its base: receptacle flat. 

1. C. SliaveoleiSS, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); leaves triangular- 
lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles. 
— Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Sept. 

* * Involucre 5-leaved and b-flowerred, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing a 
more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. 

2. C reniformis, Muhl. (Great Indian Plantain.) Stem (4°- 
9° high) grooved and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the low- 
est kidney-form (l°-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti- 
oled; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, Penn. to Illinois, 
and southward along the mountains. Aug. 

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (Pale Indian Plantain.) Stem terete 
(3° -6° high), and with the palmately veined and angulate-lobed leaves glaucous; 
lower leaves triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhom- 
boid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and 

southward. Aug. 

4 C tuberosa, Nutt. (Tuberous Indian Plantain.) Stem angled 
and grooved (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, 
thick, strongly 5-7-nerved; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering 
into long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed 
at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

63. SErVECIO, L. Groundsel. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with the 
marginal ones radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single 
row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of 
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 

with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow, 

(Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many 

species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) See Addend. 

* Rays none : root annual. 

1. S. vulgaris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Nearly smooth (6'- 12' 
high); leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping; heads loosely corymbed. — 
Waste grounds, E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.j 

* # Rays present : root perennial : heads corymbed. 

2. S. aureus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw-aveed.) Smooth, or 
fioccose-woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the lar- 
ger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyre- 
shaped, upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb 
umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Yar. 1. 
obovatus, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — 
Var. 2. BALSAMiTiE, with the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, 
sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Yar. 3. lan« 
ceolatus, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and un- 
equally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the 
upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Rob- 
bins.) — Common everywhere ; the primary form in swamps. May, June. 

3. S. !EUi6ttii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often 
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obovate or roundish, 
narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- 
rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Eich soil, Virginia and southward 
along the mountains. May. 

4. §. tomentosus, Michx. (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed with scarce- 
ly deciduous hoanj wool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed, 
on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. — 
Mountains of I^enn. (Pursh), Virginia and southward. May. 

5. canus, Hook., which too closely resembles the last, probably occurs 
within our Northwestern borders. 

64. ARNICA, L. Arnica. ' 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped 
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillatc. 
Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly 
roughcncd-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and 
cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large 
heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption 
of Ptarmica.) 

1. A. mtillis, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5 
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, 
closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of 
the involucre pointed; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, &c, White 
Mountains of N". Hampshire and mountains of N. New York : Lake Superior, 
Prof. Whitney; and thence northwestward. July. 



2S2 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

2. A. nildicaulis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (l°-3°high); 

leaves thich'sh, 3-5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire; those of the 
laked stem small and only 1 or 2 pairs ; heads several, coryrnbed, showy. — 
Damp pine barrens, Virginia and southward. April, May. 

65. CENT A UREA, L. Star-Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal mostly falsely 
radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales 
margined or appendagcd. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few 
bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the 
Centaur, Chiron.) 

1. C, CtanuSj L. (Bluebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre 
fringe-margined ; false rays large, pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or 
toothed at the base. Q — Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers 
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. C. nigra, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular involucre appen- 
daged, and with a stiff black fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves 
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough. 1J. — Waste places, E. New Eng- 
land. Aug. — Elowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. C. Calcitrapa, L. (Star Thistle.) Stem diffusely much branched ; 
leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the 
ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple. © — Norfolk, Virginia. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

C. Americana, Nutt., a showy species of the Southwestern States, — the 
only one which belongs to this country, — is cultivated in gardens. 

66. C NIC US, Vaill. Blessed Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the 
rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, 
appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re- 
ceptacle clothed. with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate, 
crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated 
rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. — An 
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid-cut leaves and large 
bracted heads. Elowers yellow. (Name from kvi£<d, to prick.) 

1. C. benedictus, L. — Road-sides ; scarcely naturalized. (Adv. from Eu.) 

67. CircSIUITI, Tourn. Common or Plumed Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely 
Imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in 
many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with 
soft bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Papp is of numer- 
ous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 

Herbs, with pcssile. alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large, 
terminal. Flowers reddish-purple or cream-color. (Name from Kipaos, a swelled 
vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.) 

■¥? Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles. 

1. C lanceoiAtum, Scop. (Common Thistle.) Leaves decurrent on 
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, 
woolly with decidous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple, (g) — Pas- 
tures and road-sides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Scales of the involucre appressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy. 

-»- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above : outer scales of the involucre 

successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles. 

2. C Pitcfieri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem stout, 
very leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divis* 
ions, with re volute margins ; flowers cream-color. 1J. — Sandy shores of Lakes 
Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 

3. C iradulatum, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, 
leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid, with prickly 
lobes ; flowers reddish-purple. (2) — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ; 
thence westward. July. 

4. C discolor, Spreng. Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy; leaves 
all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, whitened with close wool be' 
neath ; the diverging lobes 2 - 3-cleft, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; flowers pale 
purple. (D — Meadows and copses ; not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° - 6° 
high : heads 1 ' or more in width. 

5. C altissmilim, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads: 
leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate, 
sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those 
from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, dfong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purple, 
H.? — Fields and copses, Penn. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — 
Plant 3° - 10° high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last. 

G. C Virginianum, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly 
branched, the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green above, 
whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with pricldy bristles, entire or sparingly 
sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the 
involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio, 
and southward. July. — Plant 1°- 3° high ; the heads seldom more than half 
as large as in the last. 

Var. filipeiiclllllllll. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched 
above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en- 
larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and south westward. 
««~ ♦- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath : scales of the 
involucre scarcely prickly-pointed. 

7. C. muticiim, Michx. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3° - 8° high), 
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and 
bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, 



234 comtositje. (composite family.) 

whitened with hose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions 
lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and ylutinous invo- 
lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple, ty.— 
Swamps and low woods ; common. Aug. 

8. C. pii mi III fill, Spreng. (Pasture Thistle.) Stem low and stout 

l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (\^ f broad), which are some- 
what leafy-bracted at the base ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green, 
somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly -margined lobes; outer 
scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or 
rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (5) — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the 
coast. Also Illirjois and westward ; commoD. July. 

9. €. fcorridiilum, Michx. (Yellow Thistle.) Stem stout (1° - 4° 
high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, 
lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very sjriny with yellowish 
prickles ; heads large (1'- lj' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl 
of leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed 
scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple in fading. — 
Sandy fields, &c, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. 
June - Aug. 

* # * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed : filaments nearly 
smooth: heads imperfectly dioecious. 

10. C arvense, Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Low, branched ; roots ex- 
tensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly 
beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; heads small and numerous ; flow- 
ers rose-purple. 1J. — Cultivated fields and pastures ; common at the North : a 
most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug. 
(Nat from Eu.) 

68. C\BDIJUS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle. 

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. 
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. C. ntjtans, L. (Musk Thistle.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; 
heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. @ — Fields near Harrisburg, Penn., 
Prof Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 

69. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. 

Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, 
tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. 
Achenia 4-an^led, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, 
slender, not plumose, united at the base into a homy ring. — Coarse, branching 
herbs, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed 
somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large : flowers purple. 

1. O. acAnthium, L. Stem (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales 
linear-awl-shaped. ® — Road-sides. New England. (Adv. from Eu.) 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY".) 235 

TO, LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. 

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular; 
the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt 
and spreading awl-shaped hook-poinied appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache- 
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough 
bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very 
large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat 
woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered: flowers purple, rarely white. 
(Name from Xa/3eiz/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds 
tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 

1. Li. major, Gsertn. (Common Burdock.) Upper leaves ovate, the 
lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, L.) — Waste 
places in rich soil and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L. 
tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, is occasionally seen. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

Suborder II. IAGVLJWJL&RM. (Cichorace^e.) 

71. LAIPSAIA, Tourn. Nipple-wort. 

Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one 
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch- 
ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads : 
flowers yellow. (Name from Xa7rro>, to purge. It should rather be Lapsana, as 
written by Linnseus.) 

1. Li. communis, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre- 
shaped. (J) — Road-sides, near Boston. (Adv. from Eu.) 

72. CICHOEIUI, Tourn. Succory or Cichory. 

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading 
scales, the inner of 8 -10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very 
small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep 
roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright 
blue, showy. ? Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 

1. C. Intybus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the 
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ; 
common near the coast, especially in Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

73. K.RI&IA, Schreber. Dwarf Dandelion. 

Heads 15- 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows. 
Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 
broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- 
tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly 
radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes or 
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani 
cal collector in this country.) 



236 COMPOSITE (composite family.) 

1. K.. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several, forking during the 
season (1 ; - 10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often 
pinnatifid. — Var. dichotoma is a branched and leafy summer state. — New 
England to Illinois and southward, mostly near the coast. April - Aug. 

•74. CYNTHIA, Don. Cynthia. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. 
Achcnia short, striate. Pappus double; the outer of numerous very small 
chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low pe- 
rennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves; 
the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy 
single heads. Flowers yellow. (Probably named after Mount Cynthus.) 

1. C. Vil'giaiica, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lance- 
olate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged peti- 
oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2 - 5. — Moist banks, New York 
to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more. 

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6'- 15' 
high) ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few- 
lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March - July. 

75. LEONTODON, L., Juss. Hawkbit. Fall Dandelion. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- 
lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, 
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. 
— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes 
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from XeW, a lion, and odovs, a tooth, 
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus 
Oporinia, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 

1. L*. autumn ale, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves more or less pin- 
natifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with 
small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides; common in E. New England. 
Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

76. HIERACIIM, Tourn. Hawkweed. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong 
or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile capil- 
lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan- 
icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from Upa£, a hawk.) 

# Heads large and broad : involucre imbricated : achenia tapering towards die base. 
1. H. Canadense, Michx. (Canada Hawkweed.) Stems simple, 
leafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or 
ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the 
uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and 
northward. Aug. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 

* ^ Heads small: involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. 

2. H. scabrum, Michx. (Rough Hawkweed.) Stem rather stout 
(P -3° high), leafy, rough-hairy; the stiff flexuous panicle at first racemose. 
at length rather corymbose ; the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40 - 50-flow- 
ered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not 
tapering at the summit ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open 
woods ; common, especially northward. Aug. 

3. H. loiBgipililUi, Torr. (Long-bearded Hawkweed.) Stem wand- 
like, simple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and. 
bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob- 
long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright 
bristles ; peduncles with the 20 - 30-nowered involucre glandular-bristly; achenia 
spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west- 
ward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles 
straight and even, as if combed, often 1' long ! 

4. H. Grondvii, L. (Hairy Hawkweed.) Stem wand-like, mostly 
simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow 
panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles 
and the 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenia spindle- 
shaped, ivith a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil; common, especially south* 
ward. Aug. — Varies from l°-4° high; with small heads and almost beaked 
fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest 
naked-stemmed states from the next. 

5. H. veitdsuill, L. (Rattlesnake-weed.) Stem or scape naked or 

with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ; 
root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, 
purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with 
purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not 
tapering above. — Var. subcaulescens has the stem more or less leafy next 
the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high. 

6. H. pailictlfiolimi, L. (Panicled Hawkweed.) Stem slender, 
leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at. 
both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen- 
der diverging peduncles, 12- 20-flowered; achenia short, not tapering at the sum- 
mit. — Open woods ; rather common. 

TY. NABALUS, Cass. Rattlesnake-root. 

Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in 
a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stii- 
ate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or 
brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems 
arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and 
racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or creanv 
color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from vafi\a, a harp, in allu- 
sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of 
Prenanthes, L. See Addend. 



238 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

# Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - 12-fowered. 

1. r¥. albus, Hook. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) 

Smooth and glaucous (2° -4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit: 
leaves angulatc or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, oi 3-5-cleft; the 
uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12- 
flowered; pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Var. SerpentAria is a form with deep- 
ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich 
soil ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than 
the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads ^' long. 

2. IV. altissimus, Hook. (Tall White- Lettuce.) Smooth; stem 
tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose 
clusters forming a long and wand-like leaf y panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all 
pctioled, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with 
naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or 
again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5 - 6-Jlowered ; pappus dirty 
white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward. 
Aug., Sept. 

3. N. Fraseri, DC. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-tiie-earth.) Nearly 
smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- 
toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 - 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper 
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur- 
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-floivercd ; pappus dull 
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. integrif6lius has the thick- 
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New 
England to Virginia and southward. Sept. 

4. N. Slfsnas, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5' -10' high); the 
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle ; leaves triangular- 
halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre 
(livid) 10 - 13 flowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones y 
v;hich are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus dark straw-color. — Alpine 
summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New 
York. Aug. - Oct, 

5. N. Booftii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5' -6' high), pubescent at the 
summit ; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped 
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering 
into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10- \8-flowered, of 10- 15 very obtuse 
proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of the 
former; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of 
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. Aug. 

6. N. virgatus, DC. (Slender Rattlesnake-root.) Smootn, 
slightly glaucous ; stem very simple (2° -4° high); produced above into a naked 
and slender spiked raceme (l£°-2° long), the heads clustered and mostly unilat- 
eral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the 
lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12-fowered; 
pappus straw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virgmia, and south- 
ward Sept. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239 

* * Involucre 12 - 40-Jlowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles. 

7. N racemdsus, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smooth, 
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering 
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatiiid), the upper partly clasping; heads in 
clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about 
\2flowered; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and northward. 
Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. Sept. — Plowers flesh-color. 

8. N. asper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough- 
pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads 
in small clusters (mostly erect) disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme ; 
involucre 12 - 1 ^-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio 
to Illinois, and southward. Sept. — Mowers larger than No. 7, cream-color. 

9. N. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high), 
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the conjmbose-panicled 
branches; leaves large (6' -12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, 
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20 - ^-fiowered ; 
pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Involucre 
blackish ; flowers cream-color. 

78. TBOXOION, Nutt. Troximon. 

Head many -flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo- 
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed, 
not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal 
rather rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards 
the base. — Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted root-leaves, and a sim- 
ple naked scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from Tpooi-opai, 
to eat, first applied to a plant with an edible root.) 

1. T. cnspidatum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to 
a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp- 
pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N, 111., and westward. April, May. 

70. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. 

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner 
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia oblong, ribbed, and rough- 
ened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bear- 
ing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, 
producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked 
hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from 
rapdo-o-Qi, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to its medicinal properties.) 

1. T. Dens-ledniS, Desf. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at 
first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere: 
probably indigenous in the North. April - Sept. — After blossoming, the inner 
involucre closes, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the 
fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the 
naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) 



240 COMPOSITE. (composite favily.) 

§0. PYRBHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion. 

Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum ; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, 
and with a villous ring at the top cf the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial 
herbs, often branching and leafy-stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi- 
nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. 
(Name composed of nvppos, flame-colored, and 7r<nnr6s, pappus.) 

1. P. CarolillianilS, DC. Stem branching below (l°-2° high), 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly 
clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April - July. 

81. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lettuce. 

Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets 
of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- 
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and 
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy -stemmed 
herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name 
of the Lettuce, L. sativa; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) 

1. L<. elougata, Muhl. (Wild Lettuce.) Stem tall and stout (2°- 
9° high, hollow) ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate 
and entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow naked 
panicle ; achenia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ; 
the leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves: — the var. integri- 
f6lia is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel- 
low or bluish (L. integrifolia, Bigel.) : — the var. sanguinea is smaller, mostly 
hairy, and with runcinate leaves, and the flowers very variously colored (L. san- 
guinea, Bigel.}. — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &c. July -Sept. 

§2. MULGEDIUM, Cass. False or Blue Lettuce. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally 
compressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak 
or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which 
bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy- 
stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed 
or panicled; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.) 
* Pappus bright white: flowers blue. 

1. UI. acuminatum, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3°-C T nigh) ; 
stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, merely toothed, sometimes hairy on 
the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole ; the lowest 
often sinuate; heads loosely panicled. © — Borders of thickets, New York to 
Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next. 

2. M. Florid a nil III, DC. Nearly smooth (3° -6° high) ; leaves all ly- 
rate or runcinate, the divisions sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan- 
icle. @ — Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &c. — 
Rich soil, S. Penn., and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 



LOBELIACEJE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241 

* # Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 

3. M. leucopllcieiOll, DC. Nearly smooth ; stem tall (3° -12° high), 
very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, 
the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle 
® — Low grounds ; common. Aug. — Lower leaves often 1 ° long. 

M. pulchelltjm, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in 
Wisconsin* 

83. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less* 
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus 
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- 
stemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate 
heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.) 

# Annual : flowers -pale yellow. 

1. S. oleraceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate- 
pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping 
by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache- 
nia striate, wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around 
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. asper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves mostly 
undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round- 
ed ; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last, 
and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.) 

■*■ # Perennial : flowers bright yellow. ( Heads large. ) 

3. §• arvensis, L. (Corn Sow-Thistle.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatind, 
spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse ; peduncles 
and involucre bristly; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex 
County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey : rare. Sept. (Adv. 
from Eu.) Cayuga Lake, &e. New York, II. B. Lori. 

Order 60. LOBELIACEjE. (Lobelia Family.) 

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular 
monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side ; the 5 stamens 
free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and 
always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. 
Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, 
in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only 
by the genus 

1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on 
the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the 
lower spreading and 3-clcft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at tha 



lobeliace^e. (lobelia family.) 

top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or 
chiefly in bracted racemes. (Dedicated to Lobel, an early Flemish herbalist.) 
■* Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 

1. 1*. cardinalis, L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (2° -4° high), 
smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 
1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds; 
common. July -Oct. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in- 
tensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), 
or even to white ! 

# # Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white. 
*- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate: 
sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deflexed auricles : flowers crowded in a long 
spike or dense raceme. 

2. Lu syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin, 
acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi- 
celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of 
the corolla, the short tube hemispherical. 1J. — Low grounds; common. Aug., 
Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 

3. Ii# |>uberilla, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves i hid: ish, obtuse (V - 
2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; calyx-lobes {and ovate 
bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. 1| — Moist grounds, 
New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug. — Corolla bright blue, \ l long. 

4. 5j. 9e|>t^§taeliy§9 A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, 
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme 
spike-like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the 
auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. 
1J. — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3" -4" long. 
*- h4 Stems leafy, mostly simple (l°-2j° high) : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late : calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles : flowers pretty large 
(I'—' 1' long) and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: anthers sometimes beard" 
ed on the back. 

5. L*. glaildulosa, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent ; leaves, bracts, 
and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube densely 
hispid, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. 1J. — Moist places, Virginia and south- 
ward. Aug., Sept. 

6. Lu amdena, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves 
and bracts scarcely glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. 1J. — Shady 
moist places, Virginia and southward. Sept. 

*~ 4- «i- Stems leafy : calyx-tube ovoid or tapering to an acute base, no auricles or ap- 
pendages at the sinuses: flowers small (4' -J' long), racemed. 
++ Paniculately much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial. 

7. "L. ifiiflata, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Somewhat pubescent (9'- 18' 
high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed; lobes of the calyx equalling 
the corolla (2" -3" long), the tube and the inflated pod ovoid. — Dry open soil ; 
common. July - Sept — A virulent poison and quack medicine. 



OAMPANULACEitt. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 243 

++ -m Simple or sparing!}/ panicled, slender : leaves entire or nearly so, the upper 
reduced to linear or awl-shaped bracts : root perennial or biennial. 

8. Li. Spicata, Lam. Minutely pubescent; stem wand-like, simple (1°- 
3° high) ; stem-leaves obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; raceme long and spike-like, com- 
monly dense. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis- 
consin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers pale blue. 

9. La. Nuttallil, Rcem. & Sen. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), minute- 
ly roughened, mostly simple ; root-leaves obovate ; those of the stem oblong-linear ; 
flowers loosely scattered in a small wand-like raceme ; the thread-form pedicels 
longer than the bract, shorter than the flower, usually with minute bractlets near the 
base ; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New 
Jersey, and southward. July - Sept. Much resembles the next. 

10. It. Kalfllii, L. Stem slender, branching (4'- 18' high), smooth ; root- 
leaves oblong-spatulate ; those of the stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered , pedi- 
cels shorter than the linear leaf -like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract- 
lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to 
Wisconsin along the Great Lakes. Also Penn, Porter. July -Sept. 

+- -»- -H- 4- Stem simple and nearly leafless, except at or near the base : flowers in a 
simple loose raceme: leaves fleshy : calyx-tube acute at the base ; auricles none. 

11. Li. palllddsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (l°-2j° high); 
leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, den- 
ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the 
middle. 1J. — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers J-' long, light blue. 

12. Lt. Dortmanna, L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth; scape 
thickish (5'- 12' high) , few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, 
with a partition lengthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly 
hairy. 1J. — Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July 
- Sept. — Flowers J' - §' long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.) 

Order 61. CAMPANULACE.E. (Campanula Family.) 

Herbs, ivith milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx 
adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the 
bud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be- 
set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 - several-celled, 
many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy 
albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy — Sparingly represented 
in America, in the Northern States by only tw T o genera. 

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bellflower. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate, 
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the 
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or 
holes. — Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the Italian 
campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla,) 



244 campanulace^:. (campanula family.) 

* Flowers panicled (or rarely solitary), long-peduncled : pods nodding. 

1. C. rotuildifdlia, L. (Harebell.) Slender, branching (5'-12< 
high), 1 -10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovale, mostly toothed or 
crenate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or nar- 
rowly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from £ to § the 
length of the bright-blue corolla. U — Rocky shaded banks ; common north- 
ward, and along the mountains. July. — A delicate and pretty, but variable 
species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely 
conspicuous. Corolla £' - §' long. (Eu.) 

Var. Imifoiia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves 
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate; corolla f'-l' long. (C. linifo- 
lia, Lam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) 

2. C aparinoides, Pursh. (Marsh Bellflower.) Stem simple 
and slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough back- 
wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lance- 
olate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the 
length of the bell-shaped (nearly white) corolla. UMC. erinoides, Mull.) — 
Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. July. — Plant with somewhat the 
habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely 4' long. 

3. C clival*! cat a, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°- 
3° high) ; leaves oblong -lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and shaiyly toothed; 
flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl- 
shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small ( £') corolla ; style protruded. 
% — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 
July - Sept. 

* # Fcowers numerous, nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike: 
corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed: pods erect. 

4. C. Americana, L. (Tall Bellflower.) Stem mostly simple 
(3° -6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly 
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2^ , -6 / long); the slender style 

. protruded and curved. 1J. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and 
southward. July. — Spike J°-2° long. Corolla blue, 1' broad. 

C. Medium, L., the Canterbury Bells, and some other species, are com- 
mon in gardens. C. glomerata, L., has escaped from gardens at Danvers, 
Mass. 



2. SPECULABIA, Heist. Venus's Looking-glass. 

Calyx 5- (or 3-4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sep 
arate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 
3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral 
valves. — Low annuals ; the lower flowers in the American species (§ Triodal- 
lus, Raf.) fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their imperfect 
corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common Euro- 
pean species.) 



ERICACE.fi. (HEATH FAMILY.) 245 

1. §• perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy; leaves roundish or ovate, 
clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary or 2 - 3 to- 
gether in the axils ; the upper and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding 
(purple-blue) corolla; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Dry hills 
or open fields ; common. May - Aug. 

Order 62. ERICACEiE. (Heath Family.) 

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so: the stamens 
as many or twice as many as the 4-5-lobed or 4 - h-petalled corolla, free 
from but inserted with it: anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged or open- 
ing by terminal chinks or pores: style 1 : ovary 3 -10-celled. Seeds small, 
anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A 
large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well- 
marked suborders, as follows : — 

SubordePw I. VACCINIE2E. The Whortleberry Family. 

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry- 
like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. Pollen 
compound (of 4 united grains). — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with 
scaly buds. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 8 -10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried 

drupe with 8 - 10 small nutlets. 

2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4 - 5-celled (or imperfectly 8 -10-celled by false partitions), many- 

seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 
8. CIHOGENES. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged 
into a tube, but each 2-pointed. 

Suborder II. ERICINEiE. The proper Heath Family. 

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or rarely nearly or 
quite polypetalous, hypogynous. Pollen of 4 united grains. — Shrubs or 
small trees. 

Tribe I. ARBUTEJE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 
4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn -shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 -10-seeded. 
Tribe II. ANDROMEDEJ). Fruit a pod opening loculicidally. Corolla deciduoui. 
* Anthers upright in the bud, the cells opening lengthwise. Corolla salver-shaped. 

6. EPIGiEA. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. Anthers not appendaged. 

* * Anthers upright in the bud, opening only at the top. Corolla monopetalous, either glob- 
ular, urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical. 
*- Calyx enlarged and berry -like in fruit. 
8. GAULTIIERIA. Calyx 6-cleft, in fruit enclosing the small many -seeded pod. Anthers 4- 
awned at the top. 

*- «- Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. 

7. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod de- 

pressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 

8. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod splitting when 

ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. 



246 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

9. CASSIOPE. Caljx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 -5-cleft. Pod 
globular-ovoid, 4 - 5-valv«d, the valves 2-cleft. 

10. ANDROMEDA. Calya valvate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds 

mostly hanging 

11. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal 

Seeds all ascending. 

• # * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud, afterwards upright ; the cells opening only 

by a hole at the top. Corolla of 5 separate petals. 
13. CLETHRA. Sepals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved. 

Tribe III. RHODORE^B. Fruit a pod opening septicidally. Corolla deciduous. 
* Anther-cells opening by a pore at the top. 

■»- Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 

13. PIIYLLODOCE. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. 

14. KALMIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches. Leaves bro I. 

+■ +- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 

15. MENZIESIA. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduout 

16. AZALEA. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous. 

17. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped or short funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens >. 

Leaves evergreen. 

18. RHODORA. Corolla irregular, ringent, two of the petals nearly separate from the rt I 

Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous. 

19. LEDUM. Corolla regular, of 5 nearly distinct petals. Leaves evergreen. 

# * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Buds not scaly. Leaves evergreen. 

20. LOISELEURIA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. 

21. LEIOPIIYLLUM. Corolla of 6 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. 

Suborder in. PYROLE^. The Pyrola Family. 

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pollen, &c. 
as in the preceding. Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular cov- 
ering much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous ; with evergreen 
foliage. 

22. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not spreading. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers 

scarcely 2-horned. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges. 

23. MONESES. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid- 

dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigmas 5, radiate. 
Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. 

24. CIIDIAFIIILA. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments 

dilated in the middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and or- 
bicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. 

Suborder IV. MONOTROPEJE. The Indian-Pipe Family. 

Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or III., but the plants herbaceous and 
entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beechdrops. 
Seeds as in Suborder III. Pollen simple. 

* Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-cellrd. 

25. PTEROSPORA. Corolla ovate, 6-toothed, withering-persistent. Anthers 2-horned on the 

back, opening lengthwise. 

26. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top. 

* * CoroUa of 4 or 5 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like. 

27. MONOTROPA. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 247 

Suborder I. VACCINIEJI2. The Whortleberry Family. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. 

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-eleft. Stamens 10 : an- 
thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening 
by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. 
— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with 
resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted 
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) 
■% Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-doited. 

1. O. "foractiycera, Gray. (Box-leaved Huckleberry.) Very 
smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly 
6essile; pedicels very short ; corolla, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry woods, Per- 
ry County, Penn., near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia. 
May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box. 

* # Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms. 

2. O. dlimdsa, Torr. & Gr. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Somewhat hairy 
and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-ob- 
long, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes 
elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or 
glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. hirtella has the 
young branehlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine 
to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 

3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gr. (Blue Tangle. Daxgleberry.) 
Smooth (3° -6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, 
blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid- 
uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit 
dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New 
England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 

4. G. rcsindsa, Torr. & Gr. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched, 
rigid, slightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high) ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or 
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining 
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length 
of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous; corolla ovoid- 
conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom 
(pleasant). — Woodlands and swamps; common. May, June. — The common 
Huckleberry of the North. It sometimes occurs with white fruit. 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Cranberry. Blueberry. Bilberry. 

Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical ; the limb 4 - 5-eleft, revolute. 
Stamens 8 or 10 : anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate 
and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4- 5-celled, 
many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the 
back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs wil's solitary, clustered, or racemed 
flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (An ancient Latin name, cf obscure 
derivation.) 

16 



248 ERICACE.fi. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

§ 1. 0XYC6CCUS, Toum. — Ovary 4-celled : corolla 4-paried, the long and nar- 
row divisions revolute: anthers 8, awnless, tapering upwards into very [ong ttbes 
pedicels slender. 

# Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever- 
green : pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored Jlower nodding on their summit : 
corolla deeply 4-parted : berries red, acid. 

1. V. Oxycoccws, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender 
(4' -9' long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2 ff -3" long) ; 
pedicels 1-4, terminal; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. 
(Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis- 
consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, spotted when young, sel- 
dom sufficiently abundant to be gathered for the market. (Eu.) 

2. V, macrocarpon, Ait. (Common American Cranberry.) 
Stems elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, 
obtuse, glaucous underneath, less revolute (4 ,, -6 // long) ; pedicels several, be- 
coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (0. ma- 
crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north- 
ward. June. — Berry ^' - 1 ' long. 

* * Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary 

and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cleft : berries turning purple, insipid. 

3. V. erytfirocarpORl, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°- 
4° high ) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded 
hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. 

§ 2. VITIS-IDJEA, Tourn. — Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4- 5-lobed: 
anthers 8-10, awnless : filaments hairy: flowers in short and bracted nodding ra- 
cemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple. 

4. V. Vitis-Id&a, L. (Cowberry.) Low (6'- 10' high); branches 
erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with .revolute margins, dark 
green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under- 
neath ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also 
on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. 
June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) 

§ 3. BATOD^NDRON. — Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- 
tions : corolla spreading '-campamdate, b-lobed : anthers 2-aivned on the back : fila- 
ments hairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds : flowers soli- 
tary on slender pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy 
racemes. 

5. V. stamineiim, L. (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.) 
Diffusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, 
pale, whitish underneath, deciduous ; tubes of the anthers much longer than the 
corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear-shaped, greenish. — Diy woods, 
Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June. 

(V, arboreum., Michx., the Farkle-berry, a tall species of this section, 
with coriaceous and shining oval leaves, anthers included in the white corolla, 
and black berries, is found in S. Illinois by Dr. Vasey.) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 249 

§ 4. EUYACCf NITJM. — Ovary 4 - 5-celled, with no trace of false partitions : co- 
rolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 - 5-toothed : anthers 2-awned on the back: filaments 
smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2-3 together : berries blue or black : northern 
alpine plants, with deciduous leaves. 

6. V. csespitdsilill, Michx. (Dwarf Bilberry.) Dwarf (3' -5' 
high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth 
and shining, serrate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly 
urn -shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Ramp 
shire \ and high northward. 

7. V. Uligiiiosum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading (4'~8' 
high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes- 
cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost 
sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiefly 8. — Alpine tops of the high 
mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.) 

§ 5. CYANOC6CCUS. — Ovary more or less completely 10-ceIled by false parti- 
tions : corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, 
awnless : filaments hairy : berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : flowers in 
clusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding 
the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the 
Northern species or proper Blueberries.) 

8. V. Peonsylvaniciim, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Dwarf 

(6 ; -15' high), smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong , distinctly serrulate with bristle- 
pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib 
underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Yar. angustif6lium is 
a high mountain or boreal form, 3' - 6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. 
(Y. angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north- 
ward. — Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet, 
ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market. 

9. V. Caiiadeiise, Kami. (Canada Blueberry.) Low (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves oblong -lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides , as well as the 
crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or moist 
woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 

10. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low Blueberry.) Low (1°- 2J° high), 
glabrous : leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute- 
ly ciliolate-seiTulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, 

.the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil, 
common from Massachusetts and Yermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow- 
ish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 8. 

11. V. corymbdsum, L. (Common Swamp-Blueberry.) Tall 
(5° -10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying 
from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblcng-cylindrical. — Swamps 
and low thickets, everywhere common. — This yields the common blueberry or 
blue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves 
entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets* 
The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men- 



250 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

tioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to be 
regarded us a species 

Var. gjfabrum. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; leaves entire. 

Var. a nice mi m* Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, 
beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amcenum, Ait., &c.) 

Var. pallidum* Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, espe- 
cially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.) 

Var. atrococcilim. Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even 
when old, as also the branchlets ; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V. 
fuscatum, Ait. ? Sr Ed. 1.) 

3. CHIOOENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. 

Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; the limb 4-parted. 
Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8- 
toothed epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate- 
oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at 
the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob- 
ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A 
trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, 
and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute 
margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid 
rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe- 
duncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from x L< ^ v, > snow > an <l 
yeuos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 

1. €• tlispidula, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Gaultheria 
serpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muhl.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain 
woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in 
the Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxberry, Win- 
tcrgreen, or Birch. Leaves J' long. Berries \' broad, bright white. 

Suborder II. ERICIrVEJE. The proper Heath Family. 

4. ABCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry. 

Corolla ovate and um-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 
10, included: anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening 
by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs with 
alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or 
clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of apKTos, a bear and (TTa(f>vXrj y 
je grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.) 

1. A. Uva-isrsi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Trailing; leaves thick and 
evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth : fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, L.) 
— Rocks and bare hills ; New Jersey to Wiscon sin , and northward. May. (Eu. ) 

2. A. alpina, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and de- 
pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate , 
fruit black. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount 
Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 251 

5. EPIGiEA, L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. 

Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate 
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender fila- 
ments : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Pod depressed-glol alar, 
5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, 
bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped 
alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axil- 
lary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of im, upon, and yrj, the earth, 
from the trailing growth.) 

1. E. repens, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially 
in the shade of pines, common in many places. — Flowers appearing in early 
spring, and exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England called May- 
flower. 

6. OAULTHERIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen. 

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5 toothed. Stamens 10, in- 
cluded : anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. 
Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by 
the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red 
berry ! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves 
and axillary (nearly white) flowers : pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by 
Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec; Linn. Amcen. Acad. 3, p. 15 ; very likely 
the same person as the M. Gautier who contributed a paper on the Sugar-Maple 
to the Memoirs of the French Academy ; but it is too late to alter the original 
orthography of the genus.) 

1. O. procnmbens, L. (Creeping Wintergreen.) Stems slender 
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches as- 
cending, leafy at the summit (3' - 5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely 
serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, 
mostly in the shade of evergreens : common northward, and southward along 
the Alleghanies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the 
foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the 
interior of the country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. East- 
ward it is called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, 
the latter especially so), and Boxberry. 

7. LEUC6THOE, Don. Leucothoe. 

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor 
fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or eylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: an- 
thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. 
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobcd, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick- 
ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short 
columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs, with petiolcd and serrulate leaves, and 
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemos. 
(A mythological name.) 



252 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

§ 1. LEUCOTHOE proper. — Anthers awnless; the cells sometimes cbscurely 2- 
pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, b-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced at 
the time of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shining per- 
sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlets 
at the base of the short pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, wing-like.) 

1. jL. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or 
acute, somewhat spinulosc-serrulate, on very slvort petioles; sepals broadly ovate. 
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low coun- 
try, and southward. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 

2. JL. Catesl>ft?i« Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with cili- 
ate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3' -6' long); sepals ovate- 
oblong, often acute. (Andr. Catesbsei, Walt. A. axillaris, Michx. A. spinu- 
losa, Pursh. L. spinulosa, Don.) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the 
mountains, and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, with long spreading 
or recurved branches. Flowers unpleasantly scented. 

§ 2. E"0"BOTRYS, Nutt. — Anthers awned : stigma simple: bractlets close to the 
calyx, and, like the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: placentas 
merely spreading : flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes, which 
mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the flower-buds 
not completing their growth and expanding till the following spring : bracts awl- 
shaped, deciduous : leaves membranaceous and deciduous, semdate, the midrib and 
veins beneath pubescent. 

3. !*• reciirva. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; hares lanceo- 
late or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate; anther-cells l-awned ; pod 5-lobed; seeds 
flat and cellular-winged. (Andr. recurva, Buckley.) — Diy hills, Aleghanies of 
Virginia and southward. April. -Lower and more straggling than tj e next. 

4. I*, racemdsa* Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaA r es oblong or 
oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-aivned ; pod not 
lobed ; seeds angled and wingless. (Andr. racemosa & A. paniculata, L.) — Moist 
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June 
— Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical. 

8. CASSANDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf. 

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, ana 
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta- 
mens 10 : anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the 
apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 layers, 
the outer 5-valved, and later the cartilaginous inner layer 10-valved. Seeds 
flattened, wingless. — Low and much-branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen 
and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, 
in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes ; the 
flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next spring. ( Cas- 
sandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) 

1. C. calycuiata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda 
calyculata, L.) — Bogs, common northward. (Eu.) 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 253 

9. CASSIOPE, Don. Cassiope. 

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in 
tbe bud, Corolla broadly campamilate, deeply 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 : 
anthers fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal 
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5- 
celled, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft : placentae many-seeded, pendulous from 
the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or 
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, 
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the 
mother of Andromeda.) 

1. C» liypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (l'-4' 
high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft; style short and coni- 
cal. (Andromeda hypnoides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Moun- 
tains, New York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Mount 
Katahdin, Maine (Mr. Young), and high northward. (Eu.) 

10. ANI>R6]TIEI>A, L. (in part. ) (Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyonia, 
Nutt., & Pieris, Don.) 

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the 
early bud, but very early separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : 
anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod glob- 
ular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit or 
middle of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbclled, clustered, or panicled and 
racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnaeus for A. poli- 
folia, in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.) 

§ 1. ANDROMEDA proper. — Corolla globular -urn-shaped : filaments bearded, 
not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending 
awn : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat : flow- 
ers in a terminal umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts : 
leaves evergreen. 

1. A, polifdlia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6'- 18' high) ; leaves thick, 
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. — 
Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.) 

§2. PORTtlNA, Nutt. — Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and 5-angled : filaments not 
appendaged : anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a, long reflexed awn near the in- 
sertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat : flowers in axillary 
and teivninal racemes, which are formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding the 
following spring: pedicels l-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets: leaves thick 
and evergreen. 

2. A, floriblliHla, Pursh. Branches bristly when young; leaves lance- 
oblong, acute or pointed (2' long), petioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes 
dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia 
southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2° -10° high, bearing abundance of 
handsome flowers. 



254 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

$ 3. PIERIS, Don. — Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : filaments slender and 
aid-shaped, appendaged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side at or below 
the apex : anthers oblong, awnless : sutures of the 5-angular pod with a more or less 
thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the pod opens : seeds 
turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose reticulated coat : flowers 
in umbel-like clusters variously arranged. 

3. A. Mariana, L. (Stagger-bush.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves decid- 
uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding, 
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of 
the preceding year; sepals pretty large, leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — 
Sandy low places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward. 
May, June. — Shrub 2° - 4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves. 

(A. nitida, Bartram, the Fetterbush, belongs to this group, and may 
grow in S. Virginia.) 

§ 4. LYONIA, Nutt. — Calyx 5-cleJl : corolla globular, pubescent : filaments and 
anthers destitute of awns or. appendages: pods prominently ribbed at the sutures, the 
ribs at length separating or separable : seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and 
thin cellular coat : flowers small, mostly in clusters which are racemose-panicled : 
bracts minute and deciduous : leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath. 

4. A. Hgrusti'isia, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when 
old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-panicled on 
branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, N. England along 
the coast to Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 

11. OXYDEIDRUI, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood. 

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corol- 
la ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10 : anthers fixed near the base, linear, 
awnless, the cells tapering upwards, and opening by a long chink. Pod oblong- 
pyramidal, 5-cclled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentas at the base of the cells. 
Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both 
ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate 
and pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers 
in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, which terminates the 
branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage sour 
to the taste (whence the name, from 6£vs, sour, and devdpov, tree). 

1. O. arfodreuill, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Ftich woods, from 
Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanics. June, July. — Tree 
40° - 60° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach. 

12, CLE THIS A, L. White Alder. Sweet Pepperbush. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong 
petals. Stamens 10, often exsertcd : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted 
and reflsxed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style slender, 
8-clcft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. 
Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in termi- 



EBICACILE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 255 

nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (K\r)8pa, the ancient Greek name of the 
Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.) 

1. C alnifolia, L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards 
the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, 
panicled; bracts shorter than tlie flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine 
to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered in 
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties 
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath. 

2. C. acuminata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely 
serrate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than 
the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia 
and southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree. 

13. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. Phyllodoce. 

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless, 
shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-cclled, septiti- 
dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath- 
like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves. 
Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the 
branches. ("A mythological name.") 

1. P. taxifolia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth; 
style included. (Menziesia cserulea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the White 
Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdin, Maine (Young). July 
Shrub 4' - 6' high, tufted. (Eu.) 

14. KALMIA, L. American Laurel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers arc severally lodged until 
they begin to shed their pollen : filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled, 
many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite 
entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bracted. Flower-buds 
naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus who travelled in this 
country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) 

4 1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbel-like corymbs: calyx smaller than the pod, 
persistent : leaves glabrous. 

1 K.. latifdlia, L. (Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon- 
wood.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti- 
cal, tapering to each end, petioled; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- 
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, rather 
common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° - 8° high ; but in the 
mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-like 
(10° - 20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep 
rose-color, clammy. 

2. K. angUStifolfa, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.) Leaves com* 
manly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly 



256 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

vblong, obtuse, pctioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the branches of the 
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth. — 
Hill-sides, common. May - July. — Shrub 2° -3° high, upright: the flowers 
more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the last. 

3. K. gftauca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edged ; leaves oppo- 
site, nearly sessile, oblong, ivhite-glaucous underneath, with revolute margins ; corymbs 
terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ros- 
marinif6lia has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and 
mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high. 
Flowers J' broad, lilac-purple. 

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy, 
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter- 
nate and opposite) and branches bristly-Imiry. 

4. M.. liirsttta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" 
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- 
ward. May - Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 

15. MENSIESIA, Smith. Menziesia. 

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- 
urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : 
anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low shrub, with 
the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like 
those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers 
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish- 
white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Menzies, who in Vancouver's 
voyage brought the species from the Northwest Coast.) 

1. M. ferrilgisiea, Smith: var. giobillaris. Corolla rather shorter 
and broader perhaps than in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. 
Pennsylvania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves tipped with a gland. 

16. AZALEA, L. False Honeysuckle. Azalea. 

Calyx 5-parted ; often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, slightly irregu- 
lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually 
declined, as well as the similar style : anthers short, opening by terminal pores, 
pointless. Pod 5-cclled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright 
shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire, 
ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often 
glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large scaly-imbri- 
cated terminal buds. (Name from d^aXeos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap- 
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) 

=fc Flowers appearing after the leaves, 

1 A. arborcscens, Pursh. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth; 
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the 
margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx4obes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy; 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257 

3tamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and 
southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- 
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 

2. A. viscdsa, L. (Clammy Azalea. White Swamp-Honeysuc- 
kle.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo- 
vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much 

longer tlian the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted 

Var. glauca has the leaves paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both 
sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. nit id a is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves 
green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast. 
June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers, 
white or tinged with rose-color. 

# # Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 

3. A. midiflora, L. (Purple Azalea. Pinxter-flower.) Branch- 
lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short ; 
tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens 
and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia, 
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° -6° high, with very showy flowers 
varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, 
some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens. 

4. A. calenduliacea, Michx. (Flame-colored Azalea.) Branch- 
lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous; 
tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. 
— Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — 
Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of 
large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 

17. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose-bay. 

Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- 
form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- 
monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with 
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal 
corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. (Podoftevdpov, rose-tree; the 
ancient name.) 

1. R. maximum, L. (Great Laurel.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or 
lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo- 
lute margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng- 
land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the 
mountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Leaves 
4' - 10' long, very thick. Corolla 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green- 
ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. 

2. R. Catawtoiense, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, 
smooth, pale beneath (3'-5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac- purple ; 
pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south- 
ward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 

3. R. L.app6iiicum, Wahl. (Lapland Rose-bay.) Dwarf pros- 



258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

trate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted both sides (like the branches) with rusty scales ; 
umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; sta-mens 5 - 10. — Alpine 
summits of the high mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. 
July. — Shrub 6' high, forming broad matted tufts ; the leaves £' long. Corolla 
violet-purple . ( E u . ) 

18. BMOBOKA, Duham. Rhodora. 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip usu 
ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. 
Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea. 
(Name from poBov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 

1. R. Canadensis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England 
to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub, 
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy 
rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in clusters on short peduncles, rather earlier 
than the leaves. 

19. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea. 

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct 
petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, 
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placentae borne on the summit 
of the columella. — Low evergreen shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves 
clothed with rusty wool underneath, the margins revolute : slightly fragrant 
when bruised. Flowers white, handsome, in terminal umbel-like clusters from 
large scaly buds, bracts caducous. (Arjftov, the ancient Greek name of the Cis- 
tus, transferred by Linnaeus to this genus.) 

1. L«. latifdlilini, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes 
6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England 
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° - 5° high. — 
(L. paltjstre, L., grows in British America, but is not known to occur in the 
United States. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly 10 stamens, 
and ova! peds. ) (Eu. ) 

20. LOISELEURIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea. 

Calyx 5-partcd, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft 
regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening length- 
wise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 - 3-celled, many-seeded, 2 - 3-valved ; the valves 
2-cleft from the apex: placentae borne on the middle of the columella. — A 
dwarf and prostrate evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth, 
with small and coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revo- 
lute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a ter- 
minal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. Named for Loiseleur 
Delong champs, a French botanist.) 

1. Li. prociimbeiis, Desv. (Azalea procumbens, L.) — Aipine sum- 
mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.) 



EKICAOE.fi. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259 

21. LEIOPHtLLUinf, Pers. Sand Myrtle. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta- 
mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from 
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the 
aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves often alter- 
nate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. 
(Name from Xelos, smooth, and (pvWov, foliage, in allusion to the smooth and 
ehining leaves.) 

1. JL. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and 
mountain-tops in Virginia ? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high, with 
the oval or oblong leaves jf - £' long. 

Suborder in. PYROU3JE. The Pyrola Family. 

22. PYROLA, L. False Wintergreen. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, 
deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers turned out- 
wards and inverted in the bud, soon erect, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely 
(if at all) 2-homcd apex, more or less 4-celled. Style long and generally turned 
to one side : stigmas 5, either projecting or confluent with the ring or collar 
which surrounds them. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from 
the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds mi- 
nute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated 
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, 
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple 
raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright scaly-bracted scape. (Name a dimin- 
utive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage, 
which is not obvious.) 

# Stamens ascending : style declining and curved, at length longer than the petals : 
stigmas narrow, soon exserted beyond the ring : leaves denticulate or entire, 

1. P. rotlllldifolia., L. (Round-leaved Pyrola.) Leaves orbicu- 
lar, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated, many- 
flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spread- 
ing tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate nearly spreading 
(chiefly white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Damp or sandy 
woods; common, especially northward. June, July. — Scape 6' -12' high, 
many-bracted : flowers %' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, such as Var. 
incarnata, with flesh-colored flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. — 
Var. asarif6lia, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and triangular-ovate 
calyx-lobes of about J the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. (P. asari- 
folia, Michx.) Common northward. — Var. uliginosa, with roundish-ovai or 
somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (l'-lj' wide), and ovate acute calyx- 
lobes £ the length of the reddish or purple petals ; flowers rather smaller, few or 
several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. $- Gr.) Cold bogs, N. New England to Wiscon- 
sin, and northward. (Eu.) 



260 ERICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. (Shin-Leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or 
oboiate-oial, usually longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx- 
lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (green- 
ish-white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Rich woods, 
New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward ; common. June. 
— Scape and flowers nearly as large as in No. 1. 

3. P. clilorautlia, Swartz. (Small Ptrola.) Leaves small (1' long), 

roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole ; scape few -flowered, naked (5' -8' high), 
calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical petals converging (greenish- 
white); anther<ells pointed; style strongly deflexed, scarcely exserted. (P. 
asarifolia, Bigel., frc.) — Open woods, New England to Pennsylvania, and north- 
ward. June. (Eu.) 

# * Stamens and style straight : stigmas thick, united with the expanded ring: i. e. 
stigma peltate, 5-rayed. 

4. P. secimda, L. (One-sided Ptrola.) Leaves ovate, thin, longer 
than the petiole, scattered, fi nely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, with the 
numerous small ( greenish- white) flowers all turned to one side; calyx-lobes ovate, 
very much shorter than the oblong and erect petals ; style long and exserted. — 
Rich woods ; common eastward and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 3' - 6' 
high. (Eu.) 

5. P. minor, L. (Lesser Ptrola.) Leaves roundish, slightly crenu- 

late, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; raceme spiked ; calyx- 
lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style 
short and included. — Woods, at the base of the White Mountains, New Hamp- 
shire. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, white or 
rose-color. (Eu.) 

23. MONESES, Salisb. One-flowered Ptrola. 

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, 
naked : anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned at the apex, 2-celled. 
Style straight, exserted : the 5 stigmas long and radiating. Valves of the pod 
naked. Otherwise as in Pyrola. — A small perennial, with the rounded and 
veiny serrate thin leaves clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterra- 
nean shoots ; the 1 - 2-bracted scape bearing a single terminal flower. Parts of 
the flower sometimes in fours. (Name fiovos, single, and rjo'is, desire, probably 
in allusion to the handsome solitary flower.) 

1. M. unifldra. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, Pennsyl- 
vania to Maine, Lake Superior, and northward. June. — Plant 2' -4' high, 
6mooth; the corolla §' broad, white or slightly rose-color. (Eu.) 

24. CHI MAP HIE A, Pursh. Pipsissewa. 

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en 
larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but nearly 2-celled, some- 
what 2-horned at the apex. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed 
in the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261 

disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the 
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous 
plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining 
leaves somewhat whoried or scattered along the short ascending stems : the 
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal pe- 
duncle. (Name from x*'/ 10 ? winter, and </)tXe<», to love, in allusion to one of the 
popular names, viz. Winter green.) 

1. C. umbellate!, Nutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.) Leaves 
wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4-7- 
flowered. — Dry woods; common. June. — Plant 4' -10' high, leafy: petals 
flesh-color : anthers violet. (Eu.) 

2. C maculata, Pursh. (Spotted Wintehgeeen.) Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface vaiiegated with 
white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — Dry woods, most common in the Middle 
States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high. 

Suborder IV. MONOTROFE^E. The Indian-Pipe Family. 

25. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 
10 : anthers 2-celied, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short : 
stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the 
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to 
each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger 
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes- 
cent herb (l°-2°high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with 
scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding 
(white) flowers, like those of Andromeda, in a long bracted raceme. (Name 
from 77rep6p, a wing, and anropd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by 
the seeds.) 

1. P. Audromedea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic on the roots 
apparently of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Penn- 
sylvania northward and westward : rare. 

26. SCIIWEINITZIA, Ell. Sweet Pine-sap. 

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla 
persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. 
Stamens 10 : anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit 
awnless ; the 2 sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with 
a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A 
low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, 
scaly -bracted. the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, 
exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schiceinitz.) 

1. S. odorata, EH.— "Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland 
and southward : rare. April. 



262 GALACINE^fi. (GALAX FAMILY.) 

27. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pip*. Pine-sap. 

Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 
separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or 
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments awl- 
shaped : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, opening across the top. 
Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-grooved, 4-5- 
celled, loculicidal : the very thick placentas covered with innumerable minute 
seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or 
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a 
Fungus ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, 
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 - several-flowered ; the flow- 
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of fio*>u9- one, 
and rpofro?, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.) 

$ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. — Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petalled and 10- 
androus flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts: anthers 
transverse, opening by 2 chinks; style short and thick. 

1. 91. miilloia, L. (Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant.) Smooth, waxy- 
white (turning blackish in drying, 3' -8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich 
woods : common. June- Aug. (Also in the Himalayas !) 

§ 2. HYP6PITYS, DHL — Plead commonly fragrant : flowers several in a scaly 
raceme; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and 10-androus, while the rest are 4- 
petalled and S-androus ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals : anthers 
opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and ap- 
pearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow. 

2. M. Mypopitys, L. (Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.) Some- 
what pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4'- 12' high) ; pod globu- 
lar-ovoid or oval ; stigma ciliate underneath. — The more pubescent form is M. 
lanuginosa, 2Iichx. — Oak and pine woods ; common. June- Aug. (Eu.) 

Order 63. GALACINEJB. (Galax Family.) 

Character that of the following genus ; the true relationship of which is 

still unknown. 

1. GALAX, L. Galax. 

Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obo 
vate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united 
in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth 
opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round- 
ish 1 -celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short : 
stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valvcd : columella none. 
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight 
m fleshy albumen, more than half its length. — A smooth herb, with a thick 
matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up 



AQUIFOLIACE-E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 263 

iX)iind-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on 
slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, l°-2° high, bearing a wand-like 
spike or raceme of small and minutely.-bracted white flowers. (Name from 
yaXa, milk, — of no application to this plant.) 

I . €r. aphylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June. 

Order 64. AQUIFOEIACE^E. (Holly Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 - 6-merous flowers, a minute calyx 
free from the 4 - 6-celled ovary and the 4 - Q-seeded berry-like drupe, the 
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - 6-petalled corolla 
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated 
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-6, or united into 
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, 
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. 
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only two 
genera, since we include Prinos under Hex. 

1. ILEX, L. (Ilex & Prinos, L.) Holly. 

Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous, but many of them perfect. 
Calyx 4 - 6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or 
obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 
4-8 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, 
and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin 
name of the Holly-Oak rather than of the Holly.) 

$ 1. AQULF6LIUM, Tourn. — Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes 
in fives or sixes, most of them perfect : drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one- 
grooved on the back : leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen. 
* Leaves armed with spiny teeth : trees. 

1. I. optica., Ait. (American Holly.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy 
margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of 
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, 
Maine to Penn. near the coast, and more common from Virginia southward. 
June. — Tree 20° - 40° high ; the deep green foliage less glossy, the berries not 
so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European Holly. 

* # Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs. 

2. I. CaSSine, L. (Cassena. Yaupon.) Leaves lance-ovate cr elliptical, 
crenate (l'-l J' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth obtuse. 
— Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea, as 
they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. 

3. I. myrtifdlia. 9 Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly 
and sharply serrate or entire (V long) ; peduncles slender and 3-9-flowered, or 
the more fertile shorter and 1 -flowered, smooth; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast of 
Virginia and southward. May. 



264 aquifoliace^:. (holly family.) 

4. I. DallOOIl, Walt. (Dahoon Holly.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong^ 
entire, or sharply seirate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long), 
the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia 
and southward. June. 

§ 2. PRINOIDES. — Parts of the (polygamous) flowers in fours or fives (rarely in 
sixes) : drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-ribbed (the dorsal ribs nearly simple) : 
leaves membranaceous and deciduous : shrubs. 

5. I. <leci«llia, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate, 
downy on the midrib beneath ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the 
petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir- 
ginia, Illinois, and southward. May. 

6. I, montlCOla,* Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3' -5' long), smooth, 
sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua, 
Torr. I. montana, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconic 
and Catskill Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward. 

§ 3. PRINOS, L. — Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the 
fertile flowers -commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights) : nutlets smooth 
and even : shrubs. 

# Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile clusters or solitary : fruit scarlet. 

7. I* verticillata. (Black Alder. Winterberry.) Leaves obo- 
vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the 
veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled. (Prinos verticil latus, L.) — Low 
grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June. 

8. I. laevigata* (Smooth Winterberry.) Leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be- 
neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncled. (Prinos laevigatas, Pursh.) 
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger 
than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn. 

* =& Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fruit 
black. (Winterlia, Mcench.) 

9. I. glabra* (Inkberry.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar- 
ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (J' long) of the sterile 
flowers 3-6-fiowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri 
nos glaber, L.) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and 
southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 

2. NEIOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Holly. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de- 
ciduous teeth ; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, widely 
spreading, distinct. Stamens 4 - 5 : filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony 
nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and 
oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. 
Flowers oh long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered. 
(Name said by the author of the genus to mean " flower with a filiform pedun- 



styracace^e. (storax family.) 265 

cle," therefore probably composed of vrjpa, a thread, tvovs, a foot, and avSos, 
a flower.) 

1. N. Canadensis, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, Michx.) — Damp cold 
woods, from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chiefly north- 
ward. May. 

Order 65. STYRACACEiE. (Storax Family.) 

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- 
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ova- 
ry ; the corolla of 4 - 8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base ; the 
stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or poly- 
adelphous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - 5-celled, the cells 
commonly 1-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the 
albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. 
Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its 
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm 
countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes. 

Tribe I. ST YR ACEiE. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as many as 
the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovnles or part of them ascend- 
ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 

1. STYRAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celied ovary. Corolla mostly 6- 

parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

2. IIALESIA. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 - 4-celled ovary, which is 2 - 4- 

winged and 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed 

Tribe n. SYMPXiOCrXEiE. Calyx 5 cleft. Stamens usually very numerous : an- 
thers short, innate. Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 

3. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base. 

1. STYBAX, Tourn. Storax, 

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with 
the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- 
parted), large ; the lobes mostly soft-do wny, various in the bud. Stamens twice 
as many as the lobes of the corolla : filaments flat, united at the base into a short 
tube : anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per- 
sistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, 
erect, with a hard coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous 
leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping 
peduncles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (17 2rvpa£, the ancient Greek name 
of the tree which produces storax.) 

1. £• graildLifdlia, Ait. Leaves obovatc, acute or pointed, white-tomen- 
tose beneath (3' -6' long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla (J' long) 
convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April. 

2. S. p 111 ve rule nta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovat(; (about 1' long), 
above spanngly puberulent, and scurfy -tomentose beneath ; flowers (%' long) 1 -3 to- 



266 EBENACEJE. (EBONY FAMILY.) 

gether in the axils and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia 
(Pursh) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high. 

3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1' -3' 
long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3 - 4-flowered 
racemes (J' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lseve, Ell.) — 
Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. . 

2. IIAL«ESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree. 

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4- 
celled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open 
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 : fila 
ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base 
of the corolla: anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and 
dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin- 
drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, 
and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra- 
cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. 
(Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 

1. H. tetrslptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks 
of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Sho7-t), 
and southward. Fruit lj' long. 

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. § H6PEA, L. Sweet-Leaf. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. 
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu- 
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen- 
der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. 
— Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and 
furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. 
(Name (tu/xttAokos', connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedi- 
cated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.) 

1. S. tilictdria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-ob- 
long, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent 
and pale beneath (3'-5 f long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, 
odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, 
greedily eaten by cattle. 

Order $6. EBENACE^G. (Ebony Family.; 

Trees or shrubs, ivith alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow- 
ers which have a calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary ; the stamens 2-4 
times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their 
anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, 
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropcus, mostly single in 
each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo 



8AP0TACEJE. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 267 

shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. 
Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored. No 
milky juice. — A small family, chiefly subtropical, represented here by 

1. DIOSPYROS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon. 

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- 
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. 
Berry large, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4 - 8-celled, 
4 - 8-seeded. — Flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, 
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Atos, of Jove, and rrvpos, grain.) 

1. J>. Yir§i3iiaiia, L, (Common Persimmon.) Leaves ovate-oblong, 
smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla between 
bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. — 
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward. 
June. — A small tree with thickish leaves, a greenish-yellow leathery corolla, 
and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when 
green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost. 

Order 67. SAPOTACE^E. (Sappodilla Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate 
leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually 
in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com- 
monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite 
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and 
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 2-celled, with 
a single anatropous ovule in each cell ; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ; 
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — 
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, and 
some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus 

1. BUMELIA, Swartz. Bumelia. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each 
sinus. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, 
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem- 
bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish 
scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves. 
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. 
(The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) 

1. B. lycioides, Gajrtn. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10°- 
25° high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often 
acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous both sides (2' -4' long); clusters densely many- 
flowered; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, S. Illinois and southward. May, June. 

2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10° -40° high); leaves oblong-obovate 
or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse ( 1 J' - 3' long) ; clusters 6-1 2-flowered ; 



TLANTAGINACE-fi. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 

fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo* 
site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty 
beneath (B. oblongifolia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July. 

Order 68. PL.ANTAGINACEJE. (Plantain Family.) 

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens 
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopeialous 
corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus 

1. PLAKTAGO, L. Plantain. Kibgrass. 

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry membranaceous margins. 
Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or 
rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fuga- 
cious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1- several ovules 
in each cell. Pod 2-cclled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse 
line, so that the top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the 
peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed. 
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. 
(The Latin name of the Plantain.) 

\ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike: corolla glabrous, the lobes reflexed or spreading: 
stamens 4, with long capillary f laments : pod 2-celled, 2-18-seeded: seeds not hol- 
lowed out on the inner face : perennials, with several-ribbed (broad) leaves. 

1. P. major, L. (Common Plantain.) Smooth or hairy; leaves ovate, 
oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a chan- 
nelled petiole; spike cylindrical; pod 7 -16-seeded. — Moist grounds, especially 
near dwellings. June- Sept. Very much varying in size. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. P. corci&ta, Lam. Very glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate 
(3'- 8' long), long-petioled, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loose- 
ly flowered ; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2 - ^-seeded. — Along rivulets, New 
York to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April- June. ^,- y: v^ 

§ 2. Flowers all perfect and alike : corolla joubescent below : stamens 4, with long 
filaments : pods 2-celled and 2-seeded, or incompletely 3 - ^-celled and 3 - 4-seeded : 
seeds not hollowed on the face : perennials, ivith linear thick and fleshy leaves. 

3. P. maritima, L. (Seaside Plantain.) Leaves flat or flattish 
channelled, entire or rarely few-toothed, glabrous ; spikes cylindrical or oblong ; 
bracts ovate, convex, about the length of the broadly ovate or oval scarious se- 
pals, which have a thick keel, that of the posterior sepals crested. — Var. jun- 
coides is usually more slender, the flowers often sparser, and the keel crestless. 
— Salt marshes on the coast from New Jersey northward ; the var. only north- 
ward. Our plant is an annual. (Eu). 

$ 3. Flowers all perfect and alike; the 2 anterior scarious sepals generally united into 
one: corolla, stamens, frc. as in the flrst group: seeds (and ovules) 2, hollowed on 
tlie face : leaves flat, lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed. 



PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 2 GO 

4. P. ianceolata, L. (Ribgkass. Ripplegrass. English Plan 
tain.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, slender (l°-2° high), much 
longer than the leaves; spike short and thick. )\. — Dry fields, mostly east 
ward. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 4. Flowers all perfect atul commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants, some 
with small anthers on short filaments, others with large anthers on long -exser ted fila- 
ments : corolla glabrous, the broad round lobes widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in 
each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hollowed on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow 
woolly or hairy leaves, 

5. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked ; leaves 
1 - 3-nerved ; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense ; sepals very obtuse, scarious, 
with a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.) 

Var. gnaplialioides* White with silky wool ; leaves varying from 
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (4'-4' long), woolly; bracts not 
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry 
plains, W. Wisconsin ? and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and 
var. nuda into 

Var. aristata* Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; bracts 
awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Miclix., &c.) — Illinois 
and southward. 

$ 5. Flowers diozciously polygamous, or of '2 sorts ; the mostly sterile ones with the usual 
large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the corolla reflexed or 
spreading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included filaments and the 
corolla closed over the fruit in the form of a beak : stamens 4 : pod 2-celled: seeds 1 
or rarely 2 in each cell, nearly flat on the face : annuals or biennials, with rather 
obscurely and few-ribbed leaves. 

6. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2' -9' high); leaves 
oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, slightly or 
coarsely and sparingly toothed ; spike dense, often interrupted or loose below ; 
sepals ovate or oblong. (Includes many nominal species.) — Sandy grounds, 
Rhode Island to Illinois and southward. May - Sept. 

§ 6. Flowers of 2 sorts as in § 5, but the stamens only 2, and the corolla of the truly 
fertile not so much closed : pod 2-celled : seeds 2-19 in each cell, not hollowed 
on the face : small annuals or biennials, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped and 
obscurely l-ribbed leaves. 

7. P. pusflla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (l'-4' high); leaves entire; 
flowers crowded or scattered ; pod short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx 
and bract. — Dry hills, New York to Illinois, and southward. April -Aug. 

8. P. heterophil la, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or den 
ticulate, or some of them below 2 - 4-lobed or toothed ; scapes 2' - 8' high, in- 
cluding the long and slender spike of often scattered flowers ; pod oblong-amoidal, 
10 - 28-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla, 
Decaisne, in DC.) — Low or sandy grounds, from Maryland southward. April - 
June. 



270 plumbaginace^e. (lead wort family.) 

Order 69. PLUMBAGINACEjE. (Leadwort Family.) 

Maritime herbs, chiefly stemless, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited 
calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, 
and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hinging from a long cord 
which lises from the base of the cell. — The Static:^ or Marsh-Rose- 
mary Tribe alone is represented in our region by the genus 

I. STATICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary. 

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1 -sided on the branches, 2 - 3-bracted. 
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or 
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases. 
Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded, in 
the bottom of the calyx. Embiyo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren- 
nials, with thick and stalked leaves ; the flowering stems or scapes branched 
into panicles. (Iranid), an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on 
account of its astringency.) 

1. S« L.im6iiiuni 9 L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 
1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, 
corymbose-panicled (l°-2° high); spikelets 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx-tube hairy 
on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. — 
Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.) 

Var. Carolinian a (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c), the plant of the North- 
ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered 
flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending 
northward (where it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 



Armeria vulgaris, the Thrift of the gardens, is a native of Northern 
Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper. 

Order 70. PRIMULACEiE. (Primrose Family.) 

Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, 
the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous {rarely polypetalous) 
corolla and inserted opposite them on the tube, and a 1-celled ovary with a 
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. — 
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none 
in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Seeds 
with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the 
middle, except in Tribe 4. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. PRIMUIjE.a£. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by values or teeth. 
* Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root. 

1. PRIMULA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included. 

2. ANDROSACE. Eorolla short, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. 



PRIMULACE.fi. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 271 

8. DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, &-parted Stamens exserted ; filaments mi" ted. 
* * Stems leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none). 

4. TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit. 

5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Stems leafy. 

6. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla of 5 or 6 petals, with intermediate teeth. 

7. GLAUX. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like. 

Tjsibe II. ANAGALiIiIDEiE. Pod free from the calyx, opening all round by a trana 
verse line, the top falling off like a lid. 

8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5 parted. Leaves opposite. 

9. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft. Leaves alternate. 

Tribe III. SAMOLEJE. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves. 

10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. 

Tribe IV. HOTTONXEiE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves. 
Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. 

11. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected. 

1. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Cowslip. 

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the 
insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. 
Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 
teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and 
simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, 
from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.) 

1. P. farindsa, L. (Bird's-eye Primrose.) Leaves elliptical or 
obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3 - 20-flowered involucre, fyc. covered 
with, a white mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes 
St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July. — Scape 3' - 10 ; high. (Eu.) 

2. P. Mistassifiiica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin 
and veiny, not meahj ; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla 
broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked 
Lake (Sartwell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and 
Vasey), Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, frc), and northward. May. — 
A pretty species, 2' - 6' high. (Eu.) 

P. veris and P. vulgaris are the Cowslip and Primrose of Europe, 
from which various cultivated varieties are derived. 

2. AKDROSACE, Tourn. Androsace. 

Cal) x 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube 
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 
and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-Icave3 
and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An old name, composed of 
dvftpos, of man, and adicosy a shield : unmeaning. ) 

1. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2'-4 r high), 
many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; 
calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. Q — 
Hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 

17 



272 primulace^e. (primrose -family.) 

3. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with u very 
short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed limb ; the divisions long 
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and 
linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous 
roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu- 
crate at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, usually nodding 
on slender peduncles. Corolla purple-rose-color, or sometimes white. (jSTame 
fancifully assumed from SebSeKa, twelve, and Beoi, gods. ) 

1. D. IVIeadia, L. — Rich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and 
southwestward. May, June. — Veiy handsome in cultivation. In the West 
called Shooting-Star. 

4. TBIEIVTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen. 

Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla 
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in 
a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. 

— Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate 
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny 
leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate 
white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, 
alluding to the size of the plant.) 

1. T« Americana^ Pursh. (Star-flower.) Leaves elongated-lan- 
ceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods; 
common northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 

5. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5-parted 
limb. Stamens 5 : filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose, 
5 - 10-valved, few - many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes.) 

— Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemed flowers : corolla 
mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from Xwls, a release 
from, pax 1 !) strife.) 

$ 1. TRIDYNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and 
golden-yellow corolla streaked with, dark lines : filaments mostly unequal, plainly 
monadelphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5- 
valved, ripening only 2-5 seeds. 

1 . Tj. Stricta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves oppo- 
site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedi- 
cels in a long raceme (5'- 12'), which is leafy at the base ; or, in var. producta, 
leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ; 
common. June-Arg. — Stems 1°- 2° high, often bearing oblong or monili- 
form bulblets in the axils. 



PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 273 

2. Iu. quadrifdlia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2°high); 
leaves ivhorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 
on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla 
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil; common. June. — A variety has the 
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to 
bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.) 

§ 2. STEIRONEMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at 
the base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : 
corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with 
undidate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals: filaments nearly 
equal, scarcely monaddphous, with the rudiments of a stenle set interposed at the 
base in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod 
5- 10-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10-20-seeded. 

3. Tj, cilmto., L. Stem erect (2° -3° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3' -6' 
long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long 
and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets ; 
common. July. 

4. Lj. radicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch- 
es often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on 
slender petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, 
W. Virginia (Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half 
smaller than in the last. 

5. L<. lanceolala, Walt. Stem erect (10' -20' high); leaves lanceolate, 
varying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering 
base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Yar. hybrida is the 
broader-leaved form. Var. angustif6lia (L. angustifolia, Lam.), a slender 
branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute 
at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug. 

6. Ij. loilgifdlia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (l°-3° high), 
often branched below; stem-/eai:es sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2'-4' long, 
2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little 
revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (§ ; -|' 
broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta, 
Nutt.) — Wet banks, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July- Sept. 

6. NAUMBIIBGIA, Moench. Tufted Loosestrife. 

Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the 
base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between 
each. Filaments exsertcd, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim- 
ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which are dotted, like the yellow 
flower, &c, with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked 
spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S. 
Naumburg, an early German botanist.) 

1. N. thyrsifldra, Reichenb. (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. L. capitate 
Pursh) — Cold swamps -; common northward. June. (Eu.) 



274 PRIMULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

7. (xLAUX, L. Sea-Milkwort. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- 
mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few- 
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses« 
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. 
(An ancient Greek name, from ykavicos, sea-green.) 

1. O. maritima, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod 
northward. June. (Eu.) 

8. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. Pimpernel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer 
than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod mem- 
branaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, 
spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli- 
tary flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1 A. arvensis, L. (Common Pimpernel.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short- 
er than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth. ® 
— Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, some- 
times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; 
whence the popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.) 

9. CEWTtTNCUIiUS, L. Chaffweed. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, 
with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod 
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5 : filaments beardless. — Very 
small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in 
their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 

1. €. miniums, L. Stems ascending (2'-5 ; long); leaves ovate, obo- 
vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. 
lanceolatus, Miclix.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.) 

10. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat 
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens 
5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many- 
seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in 
racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as 
slanlus in Celtic, the healing-herb") 

1. S. Valeriana!, L. Stem erect (6'- 12' high), leafy; leaves obovate; 
bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx- 
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) 

Var. America litis. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra- 
cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, and 
pods smaller. (S. floribundus, H. B. K.) — Wet places ; common. June - Sept 



LENTIBULACE.E. (BLADDER WORT FAMILY.) 275 

11. HOTTONIA, L. Featherfoil. Water Violet. 

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short 
tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valved ; 
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base, 
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate ; and the 
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at 
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a 
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) 

1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered 
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe- 
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints ; pedicels, corolla, an- 
thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and 
southward. June. — The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as 
one's finger. 



Order 71. L.ENTIBUL.ACEJE. (Bladderwort Family.) 

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with {confluently) one-celled anthers, 
and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro- 
pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary 
free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger 
and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular- 
ly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — A small family, consisting mostly of the 
two following genera : — 

1. UTRICULARIA,!. Bladderwort. 

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate 
on the lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. — Aquatic and im- 
mersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which are filled 
with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and 
sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 -few-flowered. (Name 
from utriculus, a little bladder.) 

# Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large 
bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing 
little bladders : rootlets few or none. 

1. TJ. inflata, Walt. (Inflated Bladderwort.) Swimming free ; 
bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, 
bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow); the appressed 
spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, 
and southward, near the coast. Aug. 

* * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed Iranching stems, 
which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaves furnished with small 



27G LENTIBULACEiE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 

air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, 
propagated from year to year by a sort^f buds.) 

<- Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme : pedicels nodding in fruit. 

2. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater Bladderwort.) Immersed sterna 
(l°-3° long) crowded with 2 - 3-pinnately many-paiied capillary leaves, bearing 
many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6 ; - 12' long) ; lips of the corolla closed, the 
sides reflexed ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it. 
— Ponds and slow streams; common. June -Aug. — Corolla ^' - J' broad; 
the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Eu.) 

3. U. minor, L. (Smaller Bladderavort.) Leaves scattered on the 
thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short ; scapes weak, 3 - 7-flow- 
ered (3'-7 high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed pal- 
ate ; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New 
York to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu.) 

■»- *- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- 
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy 
stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and 
never expanding. 

4. U. claildestilia, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed 
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- 
der (3 f -5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader 
and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. — 
Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey. 
July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7. 

4-^-4- Flowers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit. 
++ Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels filiform. 

5. "U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 
2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely 
bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep- 
arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; spur 
conical-oblong, acute, oppressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow 
pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June, July. — 
Leafy stems 3' - 6' long. Scapes 3' - V high. Elowers \ ] broad. (Eu.) 

6. U. Striata, Le Conte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im- 
mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, bleidder-bearing ; flowers 2 - 5, on loEg 
pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu- 
late, concave, plaited-striate in the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching 
and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island, 
New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Scape 8' - 12' high. Elowers \f broad. 

7. IT. gibba, L. Scape (l'-3' high), l-2-fiowcrcd, at the- base furnished 
with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like 
leaves, with scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly 
equal ; the lower with the sides reflexed (4" - 5" long), exceeding the approximate 
thick and blunt gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Illinois, and south- 
ward aloDsj the mountains. June - Aug. 



BIGN01NTACEJE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277 

++ ++ Corolla violet-purple. 
8 U. purpurea, Walt. (Purple Bladderwort.) Leaves whorled 
along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, 
bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (^' wide) ; spur appressed to the lower 
3-lobed 2-saccate lip of the corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to 
Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Scape 3 ; - 6' high, not scaly below. 
* # # Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in 
the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water, 
commonly few or fugacious : air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none. 
■*- Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 

9. U. restipinaXa, Greene. Scape (2' -8' high) 2-bracted above; leaves 
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ; 
spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote 
from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape. 
— Sandy margins of ponds, Maine (Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Ehode 
Island. Aug. 

-*- h- Flowers 2-10, yellow : leaves entire, rarely seen. 

10. U. subuiata, L. (Tiny Bladderwort.) Stem capillary (3'- 
5' high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins re- 
curved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, 
straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy 
swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co- 
rolla 3"- 4" broad. 

11. U. cornu&a, Michx. (Horned Bladderwort.) Stem strict 
(^° - 1° high), 2 - 10-flowered ; pedicels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the 
corolla large and helmet-sliaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the 
sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped, 
turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or 
sandy swamps ; common. June -Aug. — Plowers close together, large. 

2. PINGUICULA, L. Butterwort. 

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy 
or spotted palate. — Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, 
with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, 
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 

1 P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little 
pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur 
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. 
July. (Eu.) 

Order 72. BIGNONIACEiE. (Bignonia Family.) 

Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian- 
drous, icith the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two placenta or 
of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a flat embryo 
and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or 



278 bignoniace^e. (bignonia family.) 

bell-shaped, o-.obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous; the low- 
er lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or posterior one, 
and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2 
diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. 
— Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large 
and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within 
our limits. It includes two suborders, viz : — 

Suborder I. BIGNONIE^. The True Bignonia Family. 

Woody plants, with 1 - 2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating 
from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; 
the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends. 

1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 

2. TECOMA. Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition. Leaves compound 

3. CATALPA. Pod as in No. 2. Leaves simple. Fertile stamens only 2. 

Suborder II. SESAMEiE. The Sesamum Family. 

Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Seeds attached by one 
end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire. 

4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked. 

1. BIGNONIA, Toura. Bignonia. 

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed 
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod 
long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds 
transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climhing by 
tendrils. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.) 

1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets 
and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem- 
bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia, 
Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a trans- 
verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' 
long. Seeds with the wing 1^' long. 

2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. 
Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex 
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves. 
(Abridged from the Mexican name.) 

1. T. radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Climbing by rootlets ; 
leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 - 11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; sta- 
mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (Bignonia radi 
cans, L.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated 
farther north. July. — Corolla 2' -3' long, orange and scarlet, showy. 



OROBANCHACEuE. (BRO OM -RAPE FAMILY.) 279 

3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. Catalpa. Indian' Bean. 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed 
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ; 
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly 
cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds broadly winged 
on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.) 

1. C B bignonioides, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy beneath ; 
flowers in open compound panicles. — Cultivated in the Northern States : a well- 
known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, winch are white, 
slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat, 
opening in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. (Adv. 
from S. W. States ?) 

4. MABTYNIA, L. Unicorn-plant. 

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and 
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, and with the 
inner part soon woody, terminated by a long beak, which at length splits into 
2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled, 
owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or pla- 
centae, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the 
walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a 
thick and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhal- 
ing a heavy odor : stems thickish: leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed, 
large. (Dedicated to Prof. Martyn, of Cambridge, a well-known botanist of 
the last century.) 

1. UI« pkoboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or undu- 
late, the upper alternate ; the woody endocarp crested on one side, long-horned. 
— Escaped from gardens in some places. Corolla dull white, tinged or spotted 
with yellow and purplish. (Adv. from S. W. States. Native on the Mississippi.) 



Order 73. OROBANCHACEJE. (Broom-rape Family.) 

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-jmrasites) , monopetalous, didyna- 
mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placental ; pod very many- 
needed: seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx pe« « 
sistent, 4-5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, 
ringent, persistent and withering ; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low- 
er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla: 
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style 
which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved ; the 
valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu- 
merous, minute, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transpar- 
ent albumen. — Low thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leai es, 
lurid yellowish, or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. 



280 OROBANCIIACE^. (BROOM- KAPE FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers of two sorts. 

1. Ef IPHEGTJS. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the 

corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. 

* * Flowers all alike and perfect. 

2. CONOrnOLIS. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, split on the lower side. Stamens 

protruded. Corolla 2-lipped. 

8. PHELIPJEA. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, regularly 5-cleft. Co. 
rolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 

4. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla al- 
most regular. Stamens included. 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nmtt Beech-drops. Cancer-root. 

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with 
a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a 
very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the 
growth of the pod ; the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma 
capitate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae 
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, 
with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of cVi, vpon, 
and (prjyos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt.) — Common under the 
shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. - Oct. — Corolla of the 
upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6' -8" long, curved, 4-toothed. 

2. COIVOPHOLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. Cancer-boo*. 

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg- 
ularly 4 -5-toothed calyx ; the tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu- 
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the 
summit ; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma 
depressed. Pod with 4 placenta?, approximate in pairs on the middle of each 
valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each 
other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from 
ko>i>oc, a cone, and <po\is, a scale). 

1. C. Americana, "Wallroth. (Orobanche Americana, L.) — Oak woods; 
aot rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular 
plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 
3-6' long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard. 

3. PHELIP^A, Toum. Broom-rape. 

Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair 
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 -5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped; the 
upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary 
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placentae, two on the 
middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. § J. Pheli- 
•peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort.) 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281 

1. P. I^udoviciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3' -12' 
high) ; the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the 
leDgth of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois 
[Mr. E. Hall) and westward. Oct. 

4. A P II Y Li Li O IV, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape. 

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets. 
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor- 
der, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3 
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with 
4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and 
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes mi- 
nutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and (pvXXov. foliage, allud- 
ing to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipaea. 

1. A. nnifldram, Torr. & Gr. (One-flowered Cancer-root.) Stem 
subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending 
up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3'-5 r high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-awl- 
shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods; 
rather common. April, May. — Corolla 1 ' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in 
the throat, the lobes obovate. 

2. A. fasciculi* tilill, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3' -4' 
out of ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx 
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes. 
(Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt.) — Islands in Lake Michigan {Engelmann^) N. 
Illinois. (Vasey,) and northward. May. 

Order 74. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (Figwort Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with didynamous or diandrous (or very rarely 5 perfect) sta- 
mens inserted on the tube of the '2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the 
lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-celled and usually many- 
seeded pod with the placental in the axis : seeds anatropous with a small em- 
bryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves 
and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine rep- 
resentatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish, some of them nar- 
cotic-poisonous plants, represented by two great groups (which are not differ- 
ent enough to be classed as suborders*) ; — to which an anomalous genus 
(Gelsemium) is appended : but that belongs to Loganiese, p. 169. 

* The technical distinction between the so-called suborders is principally in the aestivation 
of the corolla, which is not likely to be entirely constant. Some years ago, my former pupil, 
Mr. Henry James Clark, showed me that in Mimulus one or both of the lateral lobes of the 
lower lip are occasionally exterior in the bud, and I have since noticed a similar exception in 
species of Pen f stemon. 

The plants of Tribes 8, 9, and 10 (which incline to turn blackish in drying), are most, if not all, 
of them partial root-parasites. This has been for some time known in Tribe 10 ; and has lately 
been shown to b« the case in Gerardia also, by Mr. Jacob Stauffer, of Mouut Joy, Pennsylvania. 



282 scrophula&iace^e. (figwort family.) 

Synopsis* 

1. ANTIRRHINIDE^. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in 

the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c). Pod usually 
septicidal. 

Tribe I. VERJJASCE.3E. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or 
raceme. Leaves all alternate. 

3. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of them with bearded filaments. 

Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEJE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, 
the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple 
racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. 

2. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat. 

3. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate at the base ; the palate closing the thro&e. 

Tribe m. CHELOXE^. Corolla tubular, or deeply 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate 
below. Pod 2 - 4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence compound ; the flowers in 
small clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the Clusters spiked or 
racemed. (Stamens 4, and the rudiment of the fifth.) 

4. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one 

spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale. 
6. COLLINSIA. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; tho middle lobe of 
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens. 

6. CHEL0NE. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others 

Seeds winged. 

7. PENTSTEMON. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as loiig as the rest. Seeds wingless. 

Tribe IV. GRATIOIjE^E. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-valved. 
Inflorescence simple ; the flowers single in the axil of the bracts or leaves, the peduncles 
bractless. Leaves all or the lower opposite. 

# Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar. 

8. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated. 
9 CONOBEA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. 

10. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla shorn. 

# * Anther-bearing stamens 2 : sometimes also a pair of sterile filaments. 

11. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none. 

12 ILYSANTIIES. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded. 

13. HEMIANTIIUS. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile filaments none. Corolla irregular. 

II. RHINANTHIDE^. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla 
covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal. 

Tribe V. SIBTHORPIE-3E. Corolla wheel-shaped or bell- shaped. Leaves alternate, 
or (with the axillary flowers) fascicled in clusters. 

14. LIMOSELLA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens 4. Leaves fleshy. 

Tribe TI. DIGITALE^E T Corolla tubular or somewhat bell-shaped Leaves alter 
nate. Flowers in a spike or raceme. 

15. SYNT1IYRIS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, rarely 4. 

Tribe VII. VERONICEiE. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped. Stamens not ap- 
proaching each other. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers in racemes. 

16. VERONIC i. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla somewhat irregular. Stamens 2. 

Tribe VIII. BUCHIVEREJE. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate in 
pairs : anthers 1-celied Upper leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike. 



SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 283 

17. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the salYer-shaped elongated corolla 5- 

cleft. 

Tribe IX. GERARDIE-E. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly 
unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. Leaves op- 
posite, or the uppermost alternate. 

18. SEYMERIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes. 

Stamens nearly equal. 

19. GERARDIA. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Stamens strongly unequal. 

Tribe X. EUPHRASIEJ5E. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip narrow, erect or 
arched, enclosing the 4 strongly didynamous stamens. 

* Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many-seeded. 

20. CASTLLLEIA. Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. 

* * Anther-cells equal. Pod many - several-seeded. 

21. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest. 

22. EUPHRASIA Calyx 4-cieft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong. 

23. RHINANTHUS. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged. 

84. PEDICULARIS. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless. 
# * * Anther-cells equal. Pod 1 - 4-seeded. 

25. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique. 

*** GELSEMlNEiE. 

26. QELSEMIUM. Corolla equally 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2, two-parted. 

1. VEBBASCUM, L. Mullein. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes 
broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5 ; all the filaments, or the 3 
upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. — 
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem 
Bessile or decurrent. Elowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral. (The 
ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.) 

1. V. ThApsus, L. (Common Mullein.) Densely woolly throughout ; stem 
tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ; 
flowers (yellow) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike ; lower stamens 
usually beardless. — Fields, &c. ; common. (A white-flowered variety was gath- 
ered at Montrose, Penn., Mr. Riley.) (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. V. Blattaria, L. (Moth Mullein.) Green and smoothish, slender; 
lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper 
partly clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Road- 
sides ; rather common. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

3. V. Lychnitis, L. (White Mullein.) Clothed with a thin powdery 
woolliness ; stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, 
greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments 
with whitish wool. — Road-sides, Penn , rare, and sandy fields at the head of 
Ofteida Lake, New York ; — where it hybridizes freely with the common Mullein* 
(Adv. from Eu.) 



284 SCROPHULAKIACEiE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

2. L. IN ARIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly 
closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod 
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks, toothed. Seeds 
many. — Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate. (Name from 
Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.) 

* Leaves sessile, narrow. 

1. JL. Canadensis, Spreng. (Wild Toad-Flax.) Smooth; stem slen- 
der, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots 
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue (very small), in 
a slender raceme, short-pedicelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting). 
® © — Sandy soil ; common, especially southward. June - Aug. 

2. L. vulgaris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Butter-and-eggs. Kamsted.) 
Smooth and pale, erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lance- 
olate, acutish; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, yellow, pretty large (1' long) ; 
spur awl-shaped; seeds flattened and margined, lj. — Old fields and road-sides; 
common eastward : a showy but pernicious weed. Aug. — The Peloria state, 
with a regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, lias been ob- 
served in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlington. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. L. genistif6lia, Mill. Very smooth and glaucous, paniculate-branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller 
than in No. 2); seeds angled and wrinkled. 1J. — Road-sides, New York, near 
the city (H. J. Clark, Lesquereux). (Adv. from Eu.) 

# * Leaves petioled, broad, veiny. 

4. L. Elatine, Mill. Hairy, branched, procumbent ; leaves alternate, ovate 
and halberd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers 
small, yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. (J) — Fields and 
banks, E. Massachusetts to Virginia; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. Snapdragon. 

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. 
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly 
show, resembling the face of an animal or a mask ; whence the name (from 
avrif in comparison with, and pw, a snout). 

1. A. Orontium, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high) ; leaves lance-linear; spikes 
loosely few-flowered ; sepals longer than the purplish corolla, (a) — Fields, 
Virginia, &c. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

A. majls, L., is the common cultivated Snapdragon. 

4. SCROPHUJLARIA, Tourn. Figwort. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper 
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. 
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one ; the 
vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285 

of the corolla. Pod many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, 
and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal 
narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.) 

1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth (3° -4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, 
oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base. 
H. (S. Marilandica, L., and S. lanceolata, Pursh.) — Damp copses and banks. 
July. (Eu.) 

5, COLIitNSIA, Nutt. Collinsia. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at 
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly 
folded backwards; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclos- 
ing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment. Pod 
many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome 
party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorlcd in the axils of 
the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an 
accurate botanist.) 

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6'- 20' high) ; leaves ovate; the lower pe ti- 
ded ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; 
whorls about 6-flowered ; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the 
length of the calyx. — Rich shady places, W. New York to Wisconsin and Ken- 
tucky. May, June. 

2. C. parviUdra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, peti« 
oled ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire ; whorls 2 - 6-flowered ; flowers 
short-peduncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. — South 
shore of Lake Superior (Pitcher) ; thence westward. 

C. BfcoLOR, Benth., a showy Californian species, has become common in 
cultivation. 

6. CHELOfE, Tourn. Turtle-head. Snake-head. 

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the 
mouth a little open ; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, 
notched at the apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, 
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly 
heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds 
many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op- 
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile 
in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts 
and bracelets. (Name from xikcovr], a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape 
the head of a reptile.) 

1. C, glabra, L. Leaves very short-pctioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong, 
pointed, variable in width, &c. ; the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. Also 
C. obliqua, L., &c. — Wet places ; common. July - Sept. — Called also Shell- 

FLOWER, BaLMONY, &C. 



286 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue. Pentstemon. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, either decidedly 
or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, 
declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile filament usually a8 
long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless. — Pe- 
rennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper 
sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers showy, thyrsoid-panicled. (Name from 
TTtvre, Jive, and (tttjiacdv, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicu- 
ous, although sterile.) 

* Sterile filament bearded down one side : flowers in a loose panicle, somewhat clam- 
my, white or bluish ; peduncles slender. 

1. P. ptlbescens, Solander. More or less pubescent (l°-3°high); 
stem-leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla 
2-lipped, gradually widened upwards, flattened and one-ridged on the upper side, 
and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; lower lip longer 
than the upper. — Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous, 
when it is P. lsevigatus, Soland., &c. — Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin, 
and southward. June- Sept. 

2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high); stem-leaves ob- 
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla slightly 2-lipped, 
abruptly inflated and almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless. — Moist 
ground, Illinois and southward. — Flowers larger than in the last, showy. 

* # Sterile filament nearly smooth : flowers pwple, racemose. 

3. P. gTaildlflorilS, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous ; stems sim- 
ple (l°-3° high) ; leaves thick, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping; flowers 
(showy, 2 r long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than 
panicle ; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular. — Prairies, W. Wisconsin ? 
(Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham. Dubuque, Iowa, Dr. Hor.) 

§. MIMUEUS, L. Monkey-flower, 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu- 
lar; the upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 
3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. — 
Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary 
peduncles. (Name from jlu/ao>, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.) 
* Erect, glabrous : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple. 

1. M. ringfeilS, L. Stem square (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the 
flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed. 1J. — Wet places; common. July -Sept. 
— Flower l'-lj' long. 

2. Iff. SllatUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leaves oblong- 
ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very 
short and abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds^ Con- 
necticut to Illinois, and southward. 



SCROPHULAKIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 

* * Diffusely spreading : leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow. 

3. M. Jamesii, Torr. Smooth ; stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves 
round or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; calyx ovate, 
inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw, 
Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small. 

M. ltjteus, with its varieties, and M. moschAtus, the Musk-plant, from 
Oregon, are common in cultivation. 

9. CONOBEA, Aublet. ( Capr ari a, Mkhx. ) 

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. 
Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes 
wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unexplained.) 

1. C. umltfficla, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely 
pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the divisions linear-wedge-shaped ; 
corolla (greenish- white) scarcely longer than the calyx. (J) — Sandy river- 
banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept 

10. HERPESTI§, Gaertn. Herpestis. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very 
narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. 
Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. 
Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from 
fprrrjcrTrjs, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.) 

■% Upper lip of the blue cwolla merely notched : leaves many-nerved. 

1. H* rotund i folia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round- 
obovate, half clasping [j' -I' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx, 
the upper sepal ovate. 1J. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. Aug. 

2. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base; 
leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; upper sepal heart-shaped. 
1J. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward. Aug. — Aromatic when bruised. 
* # Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-clefl, the upper lip being 2-parted: stamens 

almost equal : leaves nearly nerveless. 

3. H. Moainiera, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping ; leaves obo- 
rate or wedge-shaped ; peduncles rather long, 2-bracted at the apex. ]J. — 
"River-banks, Maryland and southward along the coast. 

11. GBATIOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. 

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the 
corolla entire or 2-clef't, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, poste- 
rior ; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped 
at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennial, with 
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bract- 
lets at the base of the calyx. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of 
its supposed excellent medicinal properties.) 



288 



SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 



k 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: steins mostly diffusely 

branched, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth. 

# Sterile filaments minute or none : corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish. 

1. O. Virginia na, L. Stem rather clammy-pubescent above, loosely 
branched (4' -6' high); leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly 
toothed ; peduncles almost equalling the leaves (J 1 -! 1 long) ; pod ovoid (2' r long). 
— Wet places ; very common. June -Aug. 

2. O. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5'- 10' high) ; leaves 
lance-ovate or oblong, toothed, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the 
large (3") globular pod. — Wet places, Virginia? Illinois, and southward. 

* Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (%' - V long). 

3. O, vi5CO§a 9 Schweinitz. Clammy -pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla 
whitish, yellow within. — Wet places, Kentucky and southward. July. — Stems 
4'- 10' high from a rooting base, as in the next. 

4. G. ail re a, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong -linear, 
entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden yellow (J' long). — Sandy swamps, 
Vermont ? New Hampshire, to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. 

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid 
stems: sterile filaments tipped with a bead. 

5. Cr. pildsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile 
(2' ~ l r l° n g) J flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx 

—Low ground, Maryland and southward. 

12. ILYSANTHES, Kaf. (Lindernia, Muhl.) 

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; 
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; 
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without 
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth- 
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small 
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the 
upper racemed. (Name from Ikvs, mud or mire, and av8os,fiower.) 

1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (False Pimpernel.) Much branched, 
difFusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly 
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; pod ovoid-oblong. (J) (Capraria 
gratioloides, L. Lindernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Muhl.) — Low grounds, 
and along rivulets ; common. June - Sept. 

13. HE MI A N THUS, Nutt. Hemianthus. 

Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip very short, entire , 
the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe elongated and spreading. Stamens 2, 
anterior, with a scale at the base of the filaments : sterile filaments none. Style 
short. Pod globular, membranaceous, the thin partition vanishing. Seeds 
rather numerous. — A very small and inconspicuous annual, creeping and root- 



SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 289 

ing on the wet muddy banks of rivers, with crowded opposite round leaves, and 
minute solitary flowers sessile in their axils. \ Name from q/u, half, and avSos, 
flower, in reference to the unequally divided ccrolla.) 

1. H. micrantliemoides, Nutt. — Low banks of the Delaware below 
Philadelphia. (Perhaps only Micranthemum.) 

14. LIMOSELLA, L. Mudwort. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, 
nearly regular. Stamens 4 : anthers connuently 1 -celled. Style short, club- 
shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small 
annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender run* 
Hers, without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around 
the simple 1-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a 
diminutive of limits, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.) 

1. Ttm acpiatica, L. : var. fenuifdlia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no 
blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tcnuifolia, Nutt, 
L. subulata, Ives.) — In brackish mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug. — 
Plant 1'- 2' high. (Eu.) 

15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Synthyris. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 - 4-lobed or cleft. 
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the 
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther- 
cells not confluent into one. Style slender : stigma simple. Pod flattened, 
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), 
many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the columella. — 
Perennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract- 
like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crcnate. Flowers in 
a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of avv, together, and 
6vpis, a little door ; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.) 

1. S. HoilgtltOiiiana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart- 
shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5'- 12') ; corolla not longer than the calyx, usu- 
ally 2-3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapliam. 
Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the 
most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower 
than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; often 3-parted, with the upper lip notched 
or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others. 

16. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted 
(rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than 
the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted : 
anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma single. Pod flattened, 
usually obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few - many-seeded. — Chiefly 



290 SCROFHULARIACEJE. (figwort family.) 

herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite or whorled ; the flowers blue, flesh-color, 
or white. (Name of doubtful derivation; perhaps the flower of >St. Veronica.) 

§1. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, dense, spiked: 
bracts very small : tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the 
calyx. (Leptandra, Nutt.) 

1. V. Virginica, L. (Culver's-root. Culver's Physic.) Smooth 
or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours 
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled; 
stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : 
often cultivated. July. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not 
notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. 

§ 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves : flowers in axillary opposite ra- 
cemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod rounded, notched, rather many-seeded. 

2. V. AnagaKliS, L. * (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and 
rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped 
base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2 f -3 long); pedicels spreading; 
pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward ; not so com- 
mon as the next. June - Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.) 

3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth, 
decumbent at the base, then erect (8 r -15' high) ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or 
oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; 
the slender pedicels spreading ; pod turgid. (Y. Beccabunga, Amer. authors.) 

— Brooks and ditches ; common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers as in the 
last ; the leaves shorter and broader. 

§ 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves 
opposite : racemes axillary , from alternate axils :. corolla wheel-shaped : pod strongly 
flattened, several-seeded. 

4. V. SClitellata, L. (Marsh Speedwell.) Smooth, slender and 
weak (6' -12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes 1 or 
2, very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or 
reflexed pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends. 

— Bogs; common northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

5. V. Officinalis, L. (Common Speedwell.) Pubescent; stem p>ros- 
irate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob- 
tuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod 
obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods; certainly in- 
digenous in many places, especially in the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.) 

§ 4. Leaves opposite : flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the 
stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped : pods flat, several-seeded. 

* Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying). 

6. V. alpina, L. (Alpine Speedwell.) Stem branched from the 
base, erect, simple (2' -6' high); leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire 
or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; pod obovate, 
notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. (Eu.) 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291 

7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Paul's 
Betony.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches as- 
cending and simple (2' -4' high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the 
lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme 
loose; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Road-sides and 
fields; common: introduced and indigenous. May -July. — Corolla whitish, 
or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.) 

■* =fc Annuals : floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flovjers appear axillary 
and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx. 

8. V. peregriim, L. (Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.) Near- 
ly smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched ; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, 
thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer 
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many- 
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds ; common : appearing like an intro- 
duced weed. April - June. 

9. V. arvensis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched 
(3' -8' high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, 
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped, 
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds ; rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 5. Annuals (prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite (all petioled), the 
upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils : corolla wheel- 
shaped : pod flat : seeds cup-shaped. 

10. V. agrestis, L. (Field Speedwell.) Leaves round or ovate, ere- 
nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun- 
cles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu- 
lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields ; rare. (Adv. from Eu. ) 

11. V. Buxbaumii, Tenore. Leaves' round or heart-ovate, crenately cut- 
toothed (|'-1' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly j' wide, 
blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; pod obcordate-triangular, 
broadly notched, 16 - 24-seeded. — Waste grounds, Philadelphia : rare. Milton, 
Massachusetts, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) 

12. V. heder^:f6lia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedw t ell.) Leaves rounded 
or heart-shaped, 3 - 1 -toothed or lolyed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some- 
what heart-shaped ; flowers small ; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2 - 4-seeded. — Shaded 
places, Long Island to Pennsylvania ; scarce. April -June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

17. BtJCHNERA, L. Blue-Hearts. 

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a 
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb : the lobes oblong or 
wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs : anthers one- 
celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod 
2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasites), 
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the 
flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in 
honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist. ) 



292 S0ROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY ) 

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high) ; 
lower leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly 
and coarsely toothed, veiny ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; spike in. 
terrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple 
pubescent corolla. — Moist places, W. New York to Illinois, Kentucky, and 
southward. June - Aug. 

18. SEYilIERIA, Pursh. Seymeria. 

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-eleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not 
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 
4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-cellcd ; the cells 
equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the leaves 
mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract- 
like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named by Pursh af- 
ter Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) 

1. S. macropliylla, Nutt. (Mullein-Foxglove.) Bather pubes- 
cent (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly 
lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised ; the upper lanceolate ; tube of the 
corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ; 
style short, dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river- 
banks, Ohio, Illinois, and southwestward. July. 

19. GEBABDIA, L. Gerardia. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped -funnel-form, or 
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, 
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di- 
dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells par- 
allel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened 
at the apex. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (clan- 
destine root-parasites), with the stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, 
the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, which 
often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow. (Dedicated 
to the celebrated herbalist, Gerard.) 

$ 1. GERARDIA proper. — Calyx-teeth short: corolla purple or rose-color: an- 
thers all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. (Our species are all branch- 
ing annuals.) 
* Peduncles shorter (or in No. 3 only twice longer) than the calyx : stem erect. 

1. G. purpurea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) Stem (8' -20* high) with 
long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined ; 
flowers large (l f long), bright purple, often downy); calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, 
shorter than the tube. — Low grounds ; most common eastward and near the 
coast. July, Aug. 

2. O. iliaritinia, Raf. (Sea-side Gerardia.) Low (4' - 12' high), 
with shorter branches ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the shod calyx -teeth ; 
corolla ^ long. — Salt marshes along the coast. Aug. 



scrophulariacejE. (figwort family.) 293 

3. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2° high) ; leaves long 
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which 
has lanceolate acute teeth nearly as long as the tube ; corolla larger than in No. 1. 
— Damp grounds, Illinois and northwestward. Aug. 

* ■* Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely 
branched, slender (8'-20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" -7" long. 

4. O. feilllifdlia, Vahl. (Slender Gerardia.) Leaves narrowly lin- 
ear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute / 
pod globular, not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods ; common. Aug. 

5. Cr, setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the 
lower linear ; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous 
teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, 
and southward. Aug. 

$ 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf . -+• Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed: corolla yellow; 
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all 
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base : leaves rather large, all of 
them or the lower pinnatifid or toothed. (Perennial.) 

6. O. flava, L. partly. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent with a 
fine close down ; stem (3° -4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; peduncles very 
short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods ; 
common, especially in the Middle States. Aug. — Corolla lj' long. 

7. O. quercifolia, Pursh. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Smooth and 
glaucous (3° -6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the upper 
oblong -lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, the lance- 
linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — Rich 
woods ; common, especially southward. Aug. — Corolla 2' long. 

8. O. i ate gri folia. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (l°-2° high) mostly 
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncles 
shorter than the calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) — 
Woods and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. 
Aug. — Corolla 1' long. fg. 

9. O. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°- 
3° high, very leafy) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed; 
•pedicels longer than the hairy calyx. — Diy copses ; common. Aug. — Corolla 1' 
or more in length. 

§ 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes unequal : corolla pur- 
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens: 
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller than the others. {Annual?) 

10. O. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple 
(9' -20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower entire ; 
the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers 
nearly sessile in the axils. — Low grounds, Penn, to Michigan, Illinois, and 
southward. Aug. — Corolla nearly 1' long. 



294 SCROPHULARIACE>iC. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

20. €ASTILIiEIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup. 

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on 
the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in- 
cluded in the calyx ; upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened 
laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower short, 3-lobed. Anther- 
cells objong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. 
Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (parasitic on roots), with alternate entire or cut- 
lobed leaves ; the floral ones dilated, colored, and usually more showy than the 
pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish 
botanist.) 

1. C. coccinca, Spreng. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Hairy; stem 
simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem lanceolate, mostly incised ; the 
floral 3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit ; calyx almost equally 2-cleft, the 
lobes nearly entire, about the length of the greenish-yellow corolla. (l) ® 
(Euchroma coccinea, Nutt. ) — Low grounds ; not uncommon. May -July. — 
A variety is occasionally found with the bracts dull yellow instead of scarlet. 

2. C. pallida., Kunth. (Mountain Painted-Cup.) Smooth or sparingly 
hairy, the stem woolly ; leaves lanceolate, often incised ; the flower oblong or 
obovate, incised or toothed, whitish, rarely tinged with purple; calyx cleft 
more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleft. the ovate-oblong lobes mostly shorter 
than the whitish corolla , lower lip of the corolla not very short. U (Bartsia 
pallida, Birjel.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains. New Hampshire, and 
Green Mountains, Vermont ; also northward. August. (En.) 

3. C. seSStlifldra, Pursh. Hairy, low (6' -9' high); leaves mostly 3- 
cleft, with naiTow diverging lobes ; the floral broader and scarcely colored: spike 
many -flowered, crowded ; calyx deepei' cleft in front, the divisions 2-clcfl, shorter 
than tho tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which has the 
lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, half the length of the upper. — Prairies, 

Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long. 

i 

21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed. 

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed : the posterior tooth much 
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the 
corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an- 
ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many- 
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu- 
bescent upright herb, with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of 
rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, 
entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into narrow bracts. Pedi- 
cels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbej 
an obscure Outch botanist.) 

I. §. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, from Sandwich, Massachusetts, 
fnU New Jersey, southward, near the coast ; rare. May- July. — Plant 1° - 2° 
high. 



SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY ) 295 

22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Eyebright. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely arched, 
2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes 
obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anther-cells equal, pointed 
at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching 
stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name 
ev(f)pacria, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 

1. E. officinalis, L. Low; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, the 
lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, 
yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. Q) — Alpine summits of the White 
Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), L. Superior, and northward. A dwarf 
variety, 1/-5 1 high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.) 

23. BHINANTHUS, L. Yellow-Rattle. 

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper 
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur- 
nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. 
Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the 
cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. 
— Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves ; the lower oblong or linear; the 
upper lanceolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ; 
the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one- 
sided spike. (Name composed of piv, a snout, and avdos, a flower, from the 
beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.) 

1. R. Crista-gfalli, L. (Common Yellow-Rattle.) Leaves oblong 
or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the large inflated 
calyx, whence the English popular name). — Moist meadows, Plymouth, Mass. 
(introduced?), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) 

24. PEDICULABI§, Tourn. Lousewort. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, variously 2-5-toothed, and more or less cleft 
in front. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often 
beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; the 
lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, 
under the upper lip : anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate 
or lanceolate, .mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly 
pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. 
(Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.) 

1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.) 

Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5'- 12' high) ; leaves stuttered; the lowest pin* 
natehj parted; the others half -pinnatifid ; spike short and dense; calyx split in 
front, otherwise almost entire, objique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow 
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; pod flat \ some- 
what sivord-shaped. — Copses and banks ; common. May -July. 

18 



296 ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (l°-3° high), nearly simple, 
mostly smooth : leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed ; spike 
crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla 
incurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as 
nearly to close the throat; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. pallida, 
Pursh. ) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept. 

25. MELA1PYBUM, Tourn. Cow-Wheat. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the corol- 
la cylindrical, enlarging above ; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front ; 
the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the 
upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal cells 
minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flat- 
tened, oblique, 1 -4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, 
the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the 
base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our 
species. (Name composed of /xeXay, black, and irvpos, wheat ; from the color 
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.) 

1. WL Americaimin, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-perioled, the 
lower entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few 
bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender 
tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratense, var. Americanum, 
Benth. ) — Open woods ; common. June-Sept. — Plant 6-1 2' high. Corolla- 5" 
long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple. 

26? GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat oblique ; the 
lobes almost equal, the posterior outermost in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong 
sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-jSarted ; the di- 
visions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, 
septicidally 2-valved, the valves keeled : cells each ripening 5 or 6 large fiat and 
winged seeds. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons 
much shorter than the slender radicle. — A smooth and twining shrubby plant, 
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate shining nearly persistent leaves, 
on very short petioles, and large and showy very fragrant yellow flowers, 1-5 
together in the axils. ( Gelsemino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 

1. O. sempervireilS, Ait. (G. nitidum, Michx.) — Rich moist soil 
along the coast, "Virginia and southward. March. 

Order 75. ACANTHACEiE. (Acanthus Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, 
inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which 
are convolute in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled, 4-1 2-seeded pod ; seeds anatro- 
pous, without albumen, usually flat, supported hy hooked projections of the 



ACANTHACE^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 297 

placenta. — Flowers much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form : 
stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the 
valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and 
slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the tropics, represented in 
the Northern States only by two genera. 

1. DIANTHEBA, Gronov. Water-Willow. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the 
lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-eelled, the ceils placed one 
lower down than the other. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into 
a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water, with narrow and 
entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name 
from diij double, and duBrjpd, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance 
of two anthers on each filament.) 

1. D. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ; spikes ob- 
long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia peduneulosa, Michx.) — Borders of 
streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. 
July -Sept. 

2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. ( Ruelli a partly, L.) 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample limb almost 
equally and regularly 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, didynamous : cells of the 
somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod somewhat flat- 
tened, and stalked at the base, 8 - 12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat- 
ing. — Perennial herbs, not aquatic, with ovate or elliptical nearly entire leaves, 
and large and showy blue or purple flowers, solitary, few, or clustered in the axils, 
with a pair of leafy bracts (whence the name, from ftiirrepos, two-winged, and 
aicavOos, the Acanthus). 

1. D. CilidsilS, Nees. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°-3°high); 
leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l^'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost 
sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla (1'- lj' long) fully twice the length of the 
setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh. R. hybridus, 
Pursh., is only a Southern variety of this.) — Dry soil, Michigan to Illinois, and 
southward. June - Sept. 

2. 1>. StrepeilS, Nees. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4°high); 
leaves narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2 y - 5' 
long); tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, 
slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Plowers 1-5 in each axil, 
rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometimes many and closely 
crowded, and mostly fruiting in the bud, the corolla small and not expanding 
(when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. fy Gr.). — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wis- 
consin, and southward. July - Sept. 

DiCLfrTERA brachiata, Spreng. (Justicia brachiata. Pursh), probably 
grows in the southern part of Virginia. 



298 VERBENACE.E. (VEKVAIN FAMILY.) 

Order 76. VERBENACEJE. (Vervain Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular 
corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2 - 4-celled fruit dry or drupaceous, 
usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets ; differ- 
ing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style there- 
fore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. — 
Seeds with little or no albumen ; the radicle of the straight embryo point- 
ing to the base of the fruit. — Mostly tropical or nearly so; represented 
here only by some Vervains, a Lippia, and a Callicarpa ; to which we may 
still append Phryma, which has been promoted into an order (of a single 
species), because its ovary and fruit are 1 -celled and 1-seeded, and the 
radicle points to the apex of the fruit. 

1. VERBENA, L. Vervain. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co- 
rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-eleft. 
Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender : 
stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in 
single or often panicled spikes, bracted. (The Latin name for any sacred herb : 
derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids. 

i I . Anthws not appendaged : erect herbs, with slender spikes. 
*= Leaves undivided : root perennial. 

1. V. angustifdlia, Michx. Low (6'- 1 8' high), often simple; leaves 
narrowly lanceolate, tapeuing to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed; 
spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry 
soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept. 

2. V. liastata, L. (Blue Vervain.) Tall (4°-6°high); leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and 
sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed 
or panicled. (V. paniculdta, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and 
waste grounds, common. July -Sept. 

3. V. urticifolia, L. (Nettle-leaved or White Vervain.) Rather 
tall ; haves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes very slender, at 
length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white. 
— Old fields and road-sides. 

4. V. Strict a, Vent. (Hoary Vervain.) Downy with soft whitish hairs ; 
stem nearly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes 
thick and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Ban-ens, Ohio to 
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers blue, pretty large. 

* * Leaves cleft or pinnatifld, narrowed at the base : root perennial ? 

5. V. officinalis, L. (Common Vervain.) Erect, loosely branched 
(l°-3° high) ; leaves pinnatifld or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, 
the lobes cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts small, much 



VERBENACEJi. (VEHVAIN FAMILY.) 299 

shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Road-sides; 
scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. V# bractedsa, Michx. Widdy spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves 
wedge4anceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely 
flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple 
flowers. — Waste places Wisconsin to Kentucky. Aug. 

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage. 

7. V. Alibletia, L. Rather hairy, spreading or ascending ; leaves obo- 
vate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid; spikes 
peduncled, flat-topped in flower ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers showy, 
light purple. ® — Prairies, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. July. 

2. L, IP PI A, L. (Zapania, Juss.) 

Calyx often flattened, 2 - 4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped : 
upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style 
slender : stigma obliquely capitate. Pruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to 
Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 

1. Ii* la.nceoia.ta, Michx. (Fog-fruit.) Procumbent or creeping, 
roughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; pedun- 
cles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white 
flowers; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. (Zapania lanceolata, & Z. 
nodiflora, N. Amer. authors.) — River-banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and 
southward. July - Sept. 

3. CALLICABFA, L. Callicarpa. 

Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly 
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex. 
Style slender, thickened upwards. Pruit a small drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs, 
with scurfy pubescence and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of 
icaXXos, beauty, and Kapnos, fruit.) 

1. C. Americana, L. (Prench Mulberry.) Leaves ovate-oblong 
with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; 
fruits small, violet-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July. — 
Shrub 3° high. 

4. PHBYMA, L. Lopseed. 

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the 
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much 
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Pruit ob- 
long, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards : 
cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch- 
ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small 
opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and 
bent close against the common peduncle. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color 
(Derivation of the name unknown.) 



300 labiate, (mint family.) 

1. P. Leptostacliya, L. — Rich copses, common July. — Plant 2° - 
3° high : leaves 3'- 5' long, thin. (Also in the Himalaya Mountains !) 



Ordek 77. LABIATE. (Mint Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2- 
lipped corolla, diclynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary y 
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, or achenia, surrounding the base 
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filed with a sin- 
gle erect seed. — Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scu- 
tellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2- 
lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens, as in all the al- 
lied families, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the 
apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, which are often aggre- 
gated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small 
glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aro- 
ma of most of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abun- 
dant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many 
of the species are merely introduced plants.) 

Synopsis. 

Tbibe I. AJUGOIDE^. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually 
projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed coroll*. 
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base. 
* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted. 

1. TEUCRITJM. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. 

2. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique. 

* # Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamen3 nearly included. 

3. ISANTHTJS. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla. 

Tribe II. SATUREIEiE. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant, 
straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled. Lobes of the 
corolla flat and spreading Nutlets smooth or minutely roughened, fixed by the base. 

* Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4rlobed. Stamens erect, distant. 

4. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 

6. LTCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. 
* * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked within. 
+- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair. 

6. CUNILA. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. 

+- ■*- Stamens 4, all with anthers. 

7. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Stamen* 

exserted, diverging. 

8. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10 - 13-nerved, naked in the throat, 

equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. 

9. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Stamens 

diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 
10. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10 - 13 nervecl, # 2-lipped. 
Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very smalL 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 301 

1L 8ATUREIA. Caly* bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5- toothed. Sta- 
mens somewhat ascending. 

12. CALAMINTHA. 'Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of 

the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip. 

13. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flattish on the upper side. Tube of the 

corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip. 
+- -»- -t- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments. 

14. HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. 

• * # Corolla 2-lipped, with a bearded ring inside at the bottom Of the enlarged throat. Sta- 
mens 2 or 4, long, diverging. 

15. COLLINSONIA. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped Lower lobe of the corolla 

much larger than the other four. 

Tribe III. MONARDEJJ. Stamens 2 (sometimes with mere rudiments of the upper 
pair), ascending and parallel : anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped. 
Nutlets as in Tribe II. 

16. SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing 

a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect one on the lower. 

17. MONARDA. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells conflu- 

ent into one : connective inconspicuous. 

18. BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in No. 17. 

Tribe IY. 3VEPETEJE. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior! 
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower 
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. Nutlets as in Tribes II. and III. 

19. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as- 

cending : anther-cells nearly parallel. 

20. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length 

widely diverging. Calyx curved. 

21. DRACOCEPHALUM. Stamens nearly as in No. 20. Calyx straight, the upper lip or tooth 

commonly larger. 

22. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. 

Tribe Y. STACHYDEJE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the inferior (outer) 
pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33. Anthers usually approximate in pairs. 
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 5-10 nerved. Nutlets as in 
the preceding. 

* Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell -shaped in fruit. 

23. SYNANDRA. Calyx 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely diverging from each other. 

24. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Anther-cells parallel. 

* * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 
25 BRUNELLA. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 

26. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire. 

# # * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed 
*- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.- 

27. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth 

•*- -*- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla. 
■h- Anthers opening transversely by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate. 

28. GALEOPS1S. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. 

+* ++ Anthers opening lengthwise. 

29. STACIIYS. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shed- 

ding the pollen often turned downward. 

30. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading Nut- 

lets truncate and acutely 3-angled at the top. 

31. LAMIUM. Calyx-teeth not spiny pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top. 



302 LABIATE. (MINT EAlCUfT.) 

32. BAlLLOTA. Calyx iomewhat funnel-form, the 5 - 10-teeth united at the base into a spread- 

ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 

33. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, the 6 short and broad teeth abruptly atfned. Upper lip of the 

corolla arched. 

1. TEUCRIU1, L. Germander. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned 
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger. 
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : 
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 

1. T. Canadeiise, L. (American Germander. Wood Sage.) 
Herbaceous, downy; stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath ; the floral scarcely longer 
than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in 
a long and simple wand-like spike. 1J. — Low grounds; not rare. July. — 
Corolla pale purple, rarely white. 

Ajuga Cham^epithys, L., the Yellow Bugle of Europe, gathered in 
Virginia by Clayton, has not been noticed since. 

2. TBICHOSTEMA, L. Blue Curls. 

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and 
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob- 
long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- 
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, 
curved : anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some- 
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly 
solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the 
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, 
namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur- 
ple, rarely white, small. (Name composed of Bpl^ hair, and crnj/za, stamen, 
from the capillary filaments.) 

1. T. ctichotomimi, L. (Bastard Pennyroyal.) Leaves lance- 
oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, 
New England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. July - Sept. — 
The curved stamens £■' long. 

2. T. line a re, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens 
of New Jersey, and southward. — Kather taller and less forked than the last 
(8'- 12' high), the corolla larger. 

3. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Pennyroyal. 

"Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than 
the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading 
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, in curved-ascending, scarcely exceeding 
the corolla. — A low, much branched, annual herb, clammy-pubescent, with 
nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on short 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 303 

axillary 1 -3-flowered peduncles. (Name from ?o~os, equal, and av6os, flower, 
referring to the almost regular corolla.) 

1. I. caeruleilS, Michx. — Gravelly banks, Maine to Illinois, and south- 
ward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long. 

4. MENTHA, L. Mint. 

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a 
short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper 
lobe broadest, entire or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant 
(either exserted or included in different individuals of the same species). — Odor- 
ous herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capi- 
tate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes. Corolla pale purple 
or whitish. (MtvBrj of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to 
have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.) 

1. ITI. viridis, L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth ; leaves almost sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate ; whorls of flowers approximate in loose pani- 
cled spikes. \ — Wet places; common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. Ma piperita, L. (Peppermint.) Smooth leaves peticled, ovate-oolong, 
acute, serrate ; whorls crowded in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base. 1J. 
— Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the last. Aug. — Mul- 
tiplying, like the Spearmint, by running under-ground shoots. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. HI. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Stem Ivairy downwards; leaves peti- 
oled, ovate or oblong, serrate ; the flon*al similar and longer than the globose 
remote whorls of flowers. 1(. — Fields, Penn. and Ohio : rare. — Odor like 
that of decayed cheese. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. M. Canadensis, L. (Wild Mint.) Stems ascending (l°-2° 
high), whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, tapering to both ends, the upper- 
most lanceolate ; flowers crowded in globular axillary whorls. ( Odor like Penny- 
royal). Var. glabrata, Benth., is smoothish, the leaves usually less tapering 
at the base, "the smell pleasanter, more like that of Monarda" (Porter). (M. 
borealis, 3fichx.) 1J. — Wet banks of brooks, New England to Kentucky, aud 
northward. July - Sept. 

5. L, YC OPUS, L. Water Horehound. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 -5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, 
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the 
upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened mar- 
gins. — Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pin- 
natifld leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary 
whorls of small mostly white flowers. (Name compounded of Xu/coy, a wolf, and 
froOf. foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.) 

1. L.. Virginicus, L. (Bugle-weed.) Stem obtusely 4-anglcd (6'- 
18' high), producing long and slender runners from the base j leaves oblong or 
ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4, 



304 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

ovate, bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places ; common, especially north- 
ward. Aug. — Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very 
small flowers. 

2. L. Europ&US, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-3° high), with or 
without runners from the base ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinu- 
ate-toothed or pinnatifid, more or less petioled ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx- 
teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or 
glandular-roughened at the top) equalling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.) 
— Includes several nominal species, among them in our district is 

Var. SlimatUS. (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Ell.) 
Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly 
more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed 
to pinnatifid. — Common in wet grounds. July, Aug. 

Var. infegTifolillS. Stems more simple, often producing slender run- 
ners ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, 
Nutt, &c), much acuminate at both ends (2' -4' long), sharply serrate. — 
Common westward. 

6. C XT NIL, A, L. Dittany. 

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- 
lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. 
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with 
small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient 
Latin name, of unknown origin. ) 

1. C. Mariana, L. (Common Dittany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely 
much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or cordate 
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (1' long) ; cymes peduncled; calyx striate. — 
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 

7. HYSSOP US, L. Hyssop. 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 
short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with 
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren- 
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and 
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) 

1. H. officinalis, L. — Road-sides, Michigan, &c. ; escaped from gardens. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

8. PICNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil 

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the 
three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more 
or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; 
the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower 
pair rather longer: anther-cells parallel. —Perennial upright herbs, with a pun- 
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral leaves often 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 805 

whitened; the ma ay-flowered whoils dense, crowded with bracts, and usually 
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips 
mostly dotted with purple. Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted 
or included in different flowers. (Name composed of ttvkvos, dense, and avSefjLov, 
a blossom ; from the inflorescence.) 

* Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed, 
rigid, naked, as long as the corolla : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads : 
leaves rigid, slightly petioled. 

1. P. aristatltm, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (l°-2° high); 
leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate 
(V -2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. 

Var. hyssopi folium. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly- 
entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward. 

# # Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which, 
with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in 
dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit : 
leaves membranaceous, petioled. 

2. P. iiiCo.nlim 9 Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, 
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened 
both sides ; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more 
or less awn-pointed. — Kocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and 
southward. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, the taste intermediate between that of 
Pennyroyal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable. 

3. P. cliliopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely 
toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower 
as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted; bracts and calyx-teeth short subu- 
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses Penn. &New 
York. Aug., Sept. — Perhaps an extreme state of No. 2. 

# # # Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed: flowers crowded in loose heads or dense 
clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils ; the bracts shorter 
than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile. 

4. P. Torreyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly 
6implc (2° -3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 
2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts 
canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York and New Jersey. Aug. — Intermediate in 
aspect between No. 3 and No. 7. 

5. P. pi 1 6 Sll an, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs, 
much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute tt both ends, or the lower ovate' 
lanceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, and with the bracts hoary-haired. — Dry hills and plains, W. Penn., 
Ohio, to Illinois, and southward in the Alleghanies. July- Sept. — A smoother 
form of this, approaching the next, is, if I mistake not, Brachystemum verticil- 
latum, Michx. (Mountains of Penn. and southward.) 

6. P. UlllticilIIl, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or almost smooth, 
corymbosely mich branched (l°-2^° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceo 



306 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.; 

late, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at 
the base,, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green 
when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular-ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with 
a fine close down. — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. 
— Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, 
the others pointless. 

* # *= * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fasci- 
cled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts 
rigid, closely appressed, shorter than the flowers : lips of the corolla very short : 
leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils. 

7. P. laJACeolaltBHl, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); 
leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; heads downy ; calyx-teeth short 
and triangular. — Dry thickets ; common. July - Sept. 

8. P. linifdlilim, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so (l°-2° high); leaves 
narrower and heads less downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance- 
awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Thickets, S. New England to Illinois, 
and southward. July - Sept. 

* ■% * * ■% Calyx equally 5-toothed : flowers collected in few and solitary large and 
globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petioled 
leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. 

9. P. moiltaiuim, Michx. Stem (l°-3°high) and ovate- or oblong- 
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer- 
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and 
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. July. — Flavor warm and 
pleasant. Foliage and heads like a Monarda. 

9. ORIGANUM, L. Wild Marjoram. 

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the 
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect ana 
slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 
4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish 
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which are imbricated with col- 
ored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be from opos, a mountain, and 
ydvos, delight.) 

1, O. vulgAre, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti- 
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish — Dry banks, sparingly intro- 
duced eastward. June - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 

10. THYMUS, L. Thyme. 

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed, 
spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla 
short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ; 
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low pe- 
rennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.; 807 

flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from Ova, to burr 
perfume, because it was used for incense.) 

1. T. Serpyllum, L. (Creeping Thyme.) Prostrate ; leaves green, 
flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — 
Old fields, E. New England and Penn. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

T. vulgaris, L., is the Garden Thyme, or Standing Thyme. 

11. SATUREIA, L. Savory. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleffc. 
Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, 
often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an- 
cient Latin name.) 

1. S. hortensis, L. (Summer Savory.) Pubescent; clusters few-flow- 
ered ; bracts small or none. @ — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the 
Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 

12. CALAIINTHA, Mcench. Calaminth. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, 
distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire ; the lower spreading, 3- 
parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the 
anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or 
whitish flowers : inflorescence various. (Name composed of nakos, beautiful, 
and pivda, Mint.) 

§1. CALAMlNTHA Proper, Benth. — Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the 
base : clusters of flowers loose and peduncled in the axils of the leaves, and forming 
a raceme at the summit : bracts minute. 

1. C Nepeta, Link. (Basil-Thyme.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°- 
3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3 ;/ long) 
about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

$2. CALOMELfSSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorls few-several-floio- 
ered,. sessile; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or 
oblong, leaflike. 

2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (l°-2° 
long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base 
(§'-1' long, or the largest lJ'-2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire; 
clusters 6 - 10-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5"- 6" long) fully twice the length 
of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michx. Mi- 
cromeria, Benth.) — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and 
southward. June. 

Var. Nutfallii. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high), 
with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile 
the runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only %' - 5" long. (C. Nut- 



808 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

tailii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Tojt.) — Wet limestone 
rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sidlivant), and southwestward. 
July- Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Southwestern forms. &c. 

i 3. CLLNOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous below : clusters sessile ana 
many -flowered, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. 
3. C. Clinop6didm, Benth. (Basil.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves 
ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters ; hairy 
bracts as long as the calyx. ( Clinopodiurn vulgare, L.) — Borders of thickets 
and fields. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

13. MELISSA, L. Balm. 

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the 
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose, 
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from 
fieXtcrcra, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 

1. WLm officinalis, L. (Common Balm.) Upright, branching; leaves 
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons ; the corolla white 
or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped* from gardens. (Adv. from Eu>) 

14. HE BE 6 MA, Pers. Mock Pennyroyal. 

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, 
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co- 
rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread- 
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or 
wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters 
of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 'HSuooyior, 
an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) 

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branch- 
ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar; whorls 
few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile 
filaments tipped with a little head. ® — Open barren woods and fields ; com- 
mon. July - Sept. — Plant 6'- 10' high, with nearly the taste and odor of the 
true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. 

2. H» lli§pi(lcl 9 Pursh. Erect hairy (2 , -5 / high); leaves sessile, ler.ear, 
entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than 
the ciliate hispid calyx. (T) — Blinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward. 

15. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Balm. 

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and 
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the 
throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower mnch 
larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 
4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging : anther-cells divergent. — 



LABIATE. (mint family.) 309 

Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on 
slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of 
Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus, 
and who introduced this plant into England.) 

1. C Canadensis, L. (Rich-w^eed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth 
(l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -9 long); panicle loose, 
many-flowered; stamens 2. — Rich moi?t woods, New England to Michigan, 
Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept. — Corolla §' long, exhaling the odor 
of lemons. 

16. SALVIA, L. Sage. 

Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the 
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe- 
shaped, entire or barely notched ; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, the 
middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated 
transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a 
linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing an im- 
perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Elowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, 
racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the 
reputed healing qualities of Sage.) 

1. S. lyrata, L. (Lyre-leaved Sage.) Low (10' -20' high), someivhat 
hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sinuate- 
pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller 
and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls loose 
and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes- 
cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. }J. — Woodlands and meadows, New 
Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. June. 

2. S. urticifdlia, L. (Nettle-leaved Sage.) Downy with clammy 
hairs, leafy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart- 
shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar; 
whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the 
length of the lower; style bearded. 1J. — Woodlands, from Maryland south- 
ward. — Corolla J' long; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched. 

S. officinalis, L., is the well-known Garden Sage. Several scarlet 
species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament. 

17. MONARDA, L. Horse-Mint. 

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy 
in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 
2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, en- 
tire or slightly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral 
lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta- 
mens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla: anthers lin 
ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with 
entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely 
surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an early Spanish totanist.) 



810 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

# Stamens and style exserted beyond the very narrow aid acute upper lip of the coroh 

la : root perennial. 

1. M. didyma, L. (Oswego Tea.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves petioled. 
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; the floral 
ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly 
naked in the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated (2' long), bright red. — Moist 
woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the 
Alleghanies : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm). July.— 
Plant 2° high, with very showy flowers. 

2. M. fistltldsa, L. (Wild Bergamot.) Smoothish or downy ; leaves 
pctioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; the upper- 
most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; calyx slightly 
curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost white, smooth 
or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, W. Yennont to Wisconsin, and south- 
ward, principally westward. July -Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2°- 
5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last. 

3. 3H« Rradbliriitim, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, round- 
ed at the base, clothed with long soft hears, especially underneath ; the floral and the 
outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above, 
very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped aivned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded 
at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish, 
the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, 
and westward. May — July. 

=& *= Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the shod corolla. 

4. M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mint.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high) ; 
leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at 
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and 
rigid, awnless ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur- 
ple, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New 
York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Very odorous and pungent. 

18. BLEPHILIA, Raf. Blephilia. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the 
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, entire ; the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than 
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi- 
ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Pe- 
rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish 
purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls 
(Name from fiXecpapis, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and 
calyx-teeth.) 

1 . B. eili&ta, Raf. Somewhat downy ; leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, 
narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts ovate, acute, col* 
ored, ciliate, as long as the calyx. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry open places, 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 811 

Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant l°-2° high, less branched 
than the next, the hairy corolla shorter. 

2. S5. llirsuta, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed , 
rounded or heart-shaped at the base ; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost 
and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B. nepe- 
toides, Raf. Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, N. New York to 
Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches, 
and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with 
darker purple spots. 

19. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather 
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed : 
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, 
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that 
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioied 
serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name 
from \cxpos-, a crest, and avBos, a floiver.) 

1. I*, nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, some- 
what pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2' -4' long) ; calyx-teeth ovate, rather ob- 
tuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, W. 
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Stem stout, 4° -6° high, 
sharply 4-angled. Spikes 2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts. 

2. I*. scropluilariaefoliilS, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and 
lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or 
less pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 
4' - 15 long) : otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range. 

3. Em anisatus, Benth. (Anise Hyssop.) Smooth, but the ovate 
acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, 
acute. — Plains, Wisconsin? and northwestward. — Foliage with the taste and 
smell of anise. 

20. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint. 

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the 
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the low- 
er spreading, 3-cleft. the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 
4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers approximate 
in pairs; the celts divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to 
be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) 

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-fiowered, forming interrupted spikes or 
racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract-like. 

1. N. Cat Apia, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart- 
shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dot- 
ted with purple. — Manured and cultivated grounds, a very common weed 
July, Aug. (Adv. from- Eu.) 



312 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

§ 2. GLECHOMA, L. — Leaves all alike; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowerea\ 
2. rV. Glech6ma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill.) Creeping and trailing ; 
leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice 
the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Shaded, waste 
grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. — Anthers with the cells diverging at a 
right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.) 

21. DBACOCEPHALUM, L. Dragon-head. 

Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually 
much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the 
end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An- 
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly 
spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from 
dpaKcDv, a dragon, and K€<fia\r], head, alluding to the form of the corolla.) 

1. I>. parvifldrtllll, Niitt. Stem erect, leafy (8' -20' high); leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal 
head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small 
slender corolla, (g — Kocky places, Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties, 
New York ; shore of Lake Superior, and northwestward. May -Aug. 

22. CEDRONELLA, Mcench. Cedronella. 

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at 
the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed; the lower 3- 
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair 
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish 
flowers. (Name a diminutive of Kedpiov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves 
of the originial species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) 

1. C COrdata, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly 
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few- 
flowered, approximate at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy 
inside (lj' long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracocephalum corda- 
tum, Nutt.) — Low shady banks of streams, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and south- 
ward along the mountains. June. 

23. SYNAKDRA, Nutt. Synandra. 

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 
4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ; 
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate 
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending 
filaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two 
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with 
each other (whence the name; from <rvv, together, and dvrjp, for anther). 

1 . S. grandiflora, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- 
ward. June. — A perennial ? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 318 

broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin; the floral sessile, gradually reduced 
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla lj* long, yellowish- white. 

24. PHYSOSTEGU, Benth. False Dragon-head. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell- 
shaped, enlarged, and more or less inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form with a 
much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect, concave, nearly 
entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and 
rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approxi- 
mate; the cells parallel. — Perennial smooth herbs, with upright wand-like 
stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large 
and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in sim- 
ple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from (pvcra, a bladder, and o-reya), 
to cover, on account of the inflated corolla and fruiting calyx.) 

1. P. Virgiiliaaia, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L., &c.) — 
Low or wet banks of streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. 
July- Sept. — Varies from 1°- 4° high, stout or slender; the leaves from ob- 
long-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed 
to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded, imbricated, or scattered ; the in- 
flated fruiting calyx varying from obovate or ovate to globular ; the corolla from 
6" or 7 " to 12" long : no definite marks are yet found for distinguishing two or 
more species. 

25. BRUCELLA, Tourn. (Prunella, L.) Self-heal. 

Calyx tubular-bell -shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened 
on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascend- 
ing, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed-sprcading, 3-clcft ; 
its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens 
4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower 
tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. 
— Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers 
sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbri- 
cated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune, 
a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy. ) 

1. K. vulgaris, L. (Common Self-heal or Heal-all.) Leaves 
ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or 
flesh-color) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields; 
common. June — Sept. (Eu.) 

26. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. 

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper 
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back {the 
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, tjie upper lip usually fall- 



314 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the 
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral kmes 
mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe or lip 
spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under tho 
upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the lower 
stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter pe- 
rennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flowers ; the 
short peduncles chiefly opposite, 1 -flowered, often 1 -sided. (Name from scutella, 
a dish, in allusion to the form of the appendage to the fruiting calyx.) 
* Flowers (blue) in terminal racemes; the floral leaves, except the lower ones, being 

small, and reduced to bracts. 

«*■ Lips short, nearly equal in length ; the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as 

long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles. 

1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c. 
partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3°high); leaves ovate or round- 
ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, Very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced 
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra- 
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. 
July. — Corolla |' long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- 
spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower 
as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. ? pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller 
form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper's Ferry, Aikin, Wood.) 

2. S. SaxatifilS, Riddell. Smooth sit or slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend- 
ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong 
and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l / -2 / long), thin, obtuse; upper 
bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, 
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co- 
rolla §' long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. 

*~ ■*- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or 
incurved upper lip, and connected with it : stem erect : leaves moderately petioled, 
except in No. 6. 

3. S. caiiesceilS, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high), above, with the 
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance- 
ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves, whitish ivith fine 
soft down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper 
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and 
southward. July. — Corolla §' long. 

4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple 
CIO _ 30 high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves senate, acuminate at 
both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla 
equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below tharr in the last 
which this resembles). — Woods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July. 

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly sim- 
ple (1° -3° high); leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to 
roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioied, 
the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315 

short, often branched; corolla (£'-§' long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little 
shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New 
York to Michigan and southward. June -Aug. 

6. S. ifitegTiiolia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness; stem com- 
monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, 
very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (!' long) much enlarged above, 
the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from Bridgewater, 
Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. June -Aug. 

# * Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly 

sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones. 

+•- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx ; the short lips nearly 

equal in length, the upper lip concave. 

7. S. nervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10'-20 f 
high); lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped 
(l'long); the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; the nerve-like veins promi- 
nent underneath. (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois 
and Kentucky. June. 

8. S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched 
and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all 
entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (J'.-f long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) — 
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 

■*- *- Corolla (§' - f ' long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and rather longer than 
the somewhat arched upper lip. 

9. Sk galericillata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the 
base (l'-2' long). — Wet shady places; common everywhere northward. 
Aug. (Eu.) 

* # ^ Flowers small (blue, 3 ;/ long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided 

racemes ; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper' small and bract-like. 

10. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, round- 
ed at the base, petioled (2 / -3 / long). — Wet shaded places; common. Aug. 
— A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, 
this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. 

27. MARBIIBIUM, L. Hokehound. 

Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or 
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, 
notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, 
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter- 
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, 
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from 
the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) 

1. M. vulgXre, L. (Common Horehound.) Stems ascending; leaves 
round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved 



816 LABIATiE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens 
into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 

28. GAJLEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bcll-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- 
tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; 
the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely 
heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under 
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly- 
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, 
and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly 
like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaXen, a weasel, and fyis, resem- 
blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 

1. O. Tetrahit, L. (Common Hemp-Nettle.) Stem swollen below the 
joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated, 
about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. grandifl6ra, 3-4 times the 
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — 
Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. Cr. Ladanum, L. (Red Hemp-Nettle.) Stem smooth or pubescent ; 
leaves oblong -lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the throat 
often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach, 
near Boston, Bigelow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 

29, STACHYS, L. Hedge-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth 
united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip 
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually 
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after 
flowering) : anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — 
Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence 
the name, from ardxys, a spike). 

■* Root annual : stems decumbent, low. 

1. S. arvensis, L. (Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, ob 
tuse, crenate, heart-shaped at the base ; axillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant ; 
corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. — 
Waste places, E. Massachusetts ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* # Root perennial : stem erect. 

2. S. palustlis, L. Stem 4-angled (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with 
spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower 
ghort-pctioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- 
shaped at the base, dovny or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper 
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6- 10-flowered, the up- 
per crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid, the lance -subulate teeth 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 

somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet 
banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) — To this, for 
the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them 
rre : — 

Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the 
sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, 
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often 
slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more 
awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into 

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppL cat. Ohio pi 1836.) More slen- 
der, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or 
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun- 
cate at the base, all petioled. — W. New York (Sartwell) to Michigan and south- 
westward. 

Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, I. c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttleiv.) Stem 
beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong, 
heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth some- 
times shorter. — Common westward and southward. 

3. §. liyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems 
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, o? 
narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered, 
rather distant ; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangu- 
lar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. % — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to 
Michigan, and southward : rather rare. July. 

Betoxica officinalis, the Wood Betony of Europe, — of a genus hard- 
ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton, 
Massachusetts. 

30. JLEON1JRUS, L. Motherwort. 

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, 
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper Up of the corolla 
oblong and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its mid- 
dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the 
valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-anglcd. — Upright herbs, with 
cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Xea>j>, 
a lion, and ovpd, tail, i. e. Lion' s-tail .) 

1. Ij. Cardiaca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall; leaves long-peti- 
oled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 
3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 1J. 
— Waste places, around dwellings, &c. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. L*. MarrueiAstrum, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves 
oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth; 
the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. @ — Road-sides, Pennsylvania : 
rare. (Adv. from Eu/» 



318 LABIATJ2. (MINT FAMILY.) 

31. LAMIUM, L. Dead-nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed 
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, 
narrowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched 
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the 
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap- 
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. 
— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the 
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses- 
sile, subtending the axillary whorled clusters of flowers. (Name from \aiuo$, 
the throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) See Addend. 

1. L. AMPLEXiCAtJLE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, 
the tipper ones clasping ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower 
Bpotted ; lateral lobes truncate, (i) — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. Li. PURpfjREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- 
toothed, all petioled. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) 

32. BALLOTA, L. Fetid Horehound. 

Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 1 0-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading 
regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co- 
rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek 
name, of uncertain origin.) 

1. S. nigra, L. (Black Horehound.) More or less hairy, but green, 
erect ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long- 
er than the tube of the purplish corolla. \ — Waste places, Massachusetts 
and Connecticut : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

33. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. 

Calyx tubular, 5- 10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the 
corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- 
imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl- 
shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c. : anther- 
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- 
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, 
of obscure derivation.) 

1. P. tubek6sa, L. Tall (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate- 
heart-shaped, eremite, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped, 
hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the 
inside. % — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester, Prof. Hadley, Prof. Dewey. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the 
Sweet Basil (Ocymum Basilicum) ; the Lavender [Lavandula vera); and 
the Sweet Marjoram (Origanum Major ana). 



BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 819 

Order 78. BORR AGIN AGILE. (Borage Family.) 

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and 
symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except 
in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed 
ovary (as in Labiatae), ivhich forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a 
single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex: radicle pointing 
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- 
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one 
side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end, 
and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci- 
laginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of many species yielding a 
red dye.) A rather large family. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. BORRAGEJE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded 
nutlets in fruit ; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.) 

* Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets fixed 

by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar fiat. 

1. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded. 

* * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, fixed by their base (separate 

from the style) ; the scar broad and hollowed out. 

2. LYCOPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy. 

3. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl-shaped. 

* * # Corolla naked and open, or with folds rather than scales in the throat, regular. Nutlets 

not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style) : the scar very small and flat. 
4- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud. 

4. ONOSMODIUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect. 

5. LITHOSPERMUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded. 

6. MERTENSIA. Nutlets rather fleshy, oblique. Lobes of the corolla rounded. 

*r *-. Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud. 

7. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all of them, or all but the lowest, bract- 

less. 

* * * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central 

column or the base of the style. 

8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin. 

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over. 

Tribe II. HELIOTROPEjE. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style: Uaa 
fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets 

10. HELIOTROPIUM. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled. 

11. HELIOPHYTUM. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled. 

1. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss 

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal 
spreading 5-lobed border ; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta- 



* In the descriptions we call these clusters racemes or spikes, for convenience, since they 
to closely imitate them. But the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts when these are 
present. 

19 



820 borraginacejE. (borage family.) 

mens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or 
wrinkled, fixed. by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e'xts, a viper.) 

1. E. vulgare, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly; stem erect (2° high), 
mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short 
lateral spikes, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple 
changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). © — Road-sides and meadows : rather 
rare northward ; a troublesome weed in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. LYCOPSIS, L. Bugloss. 

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the 
throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. 
Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, hollowed out at the base, 
— Annuals. (Name from \vkos, a wolf, and o\jris, face.) 

1. L«. arvensis, L. (Small Bugloss.) Very rough-bristly (Thigh); 
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy racemes ; calyx as long as the tube of the 
small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia : scarce. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. 

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ; 
the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens in- 
cluded : anthers elongated. Style thread form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed 
by a large hollowed base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened mucilagi- 
nous roots ; the nodding racemes either single or in pairs. (Name from <rvfx(pciv^ 
to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.) 

1. S. officinale, L. (Common Comfrey.) Hairy, branched, winged 
above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a 
petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish- white, rarely purplish. — Moist 
places; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. False Gromwell. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular- 
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5 
acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- 
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much 
exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base ; the scar minute, not 
hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and 
sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length 
elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to Onosmodium 
Proper, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ; 
the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re- 
semblance to the genus Onosma.) 

1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed 
bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly oblong , or oblong- 



borraginace^e. (borage family.) 321 

lanceolate (1 -2|'long), the lower narrowed at the base; corolla rather longer 
than the calyx (3" long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristleg 
outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (0. 
hispidum, Michx. Lithospermum Virginianum, L.l) — Banks and hill-sides, 
S. New England to Virginia and southward. June - Aug. 

2. O. Caroliiiiamim, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.) Clothed all over with 
long and spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate- 
lojiceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ; corolla twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes 
deltoid-ovate, obtusish ; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (0. 
molle, Beck, &c. Lithosp. Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York, 
Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Stouter and larger-leaved 
than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs. 
Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart- 
shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. This has been confounded by some 
authors with No. 1 ; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles. 

3. O. molle, Michx. Hoary with fine and close strictly appressed hairs ; 
leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, soft -downy underneath; corolla longer than the calyx, the 
lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute ; anthers linear, much longer than the verti- 
cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rathei 
larger than in the last ; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle. 

5. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon. 

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or 
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each 
lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost 
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, 
fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly 
red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed leafy-bracted 
flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p. 
171, &c). (Name compounded of \l6os-, stone, and cnvepp-a, seed, from the hard 
nutlets.) 

$ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the 
{nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages. 

1. Ii. arvense, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary; stems 
erect (6'- 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer 
than the calyx. (J) — Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl- 
vania and Michigan. May -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores : 
corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct 
pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.) 

2. L.. angTlStifdlium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish, 
much branched, erect or spreading (6' -15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, 1 -nerved , 
corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; 
nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin 
ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 



BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

3. !«• officinale, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above, 
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct 
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx; nutlets 
very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. JL. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high), 
rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 
2 f - 4 ; long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the 
root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth 
or sparingly impressed-punctate, sinning, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, 
Michigan to Kentucky. June. 

§ 3. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange- 
yellow, somewhat pubescent outside: the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the 
throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielditig a red 
dye.) (Batschia, Gmel.) 

* Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer 
than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe- 
cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 

5. !<• Mt'tUHl, Lehm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Hispid with bristly hairs 
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches 
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis- 
tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx [h 1 long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. 
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Michx.) 
— Dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest- 
ward. April - June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla § ' - 1 broad. 

6. \jm canescens, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon or Alkanet.) Softly 
hairy and more or less hoary (6 f -15' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the 
upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap- 
prcssed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx 
(3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) — 
Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest- 
ward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than 
in the last. 

# # Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx, and of its erose-toothed or 
crenulate lobes ; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo- 
phus, A. DC.) 

7. 1L. longifldrum, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple 
(6'- 18' high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx 
(f'-l^ long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus 
longiflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin 
westward. May, 

6. MERTENSIA, Koth. Smooth Lungwort. 

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longer than the deeply 5- 
cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in 
the open throat; the spreading border 5-lobed. Stamens pro trading from the 



BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323 

throat : filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped 
anthers. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth 
or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle ; the 
scar small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, 
and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled 
or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender. 
(Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.) 

$ 1 . Corolla perfectly naked in the throat ; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5 
lobed : filaments narrow, much longer than the anthers. 

1. M. Virginica, DC. (Virginian Cowslip or Lungwort.) Very 
smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root 
(4' -6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, l'long, many times exceeding 
the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — Allu- 
vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 
May. — Cultivated for ornament. 

$ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply 
lobed : filaments shorter and broader. 

2. Itt. maritinia, Don. (Sea Lungwort.) Spreading or decumbent, 
smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa- 
pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; nutlets 
smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell), Maine ? and 
northward. (Eu.) 

3. M. panic lllata , Don. Boughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2° 
high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co- 
rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (J' long) ; 
nutlets rough-wrinkled when dry. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.) — Shore of 
Lake Superior, and northward. 

7. MYOSOTIS, L. Scorpion-Grass. Forget-me-not. 

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, 
the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded 
lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila- 
ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar minute. — Low 
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and 
with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion- 
ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened 
in fruit. (Name composed of fivs, mouse, and ovs, euros, ear, in allusion to the 
aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is 
Mouse-ear.) 

* Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked nor glandular. 
1. M. palustris, With. (True Forget-me-not.) Stems ascending 
from an obliquely creeping base (9' -20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ; 
leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx moderately 
5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in the genuine 
plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. 1J. — Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into 



3-4 BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

smaller-flowered forms, among >vhich high authorities rank M. casspitosa, and 
(vvitli yet more reason) the intermediate 

Var. laxa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers 
£ or £ smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward. 
May -Aug. (Eu.) 

* * Calyx closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of 
them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex. 

2. M. arvensis, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as- 
cending (6'- 15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the 
base and stalked ; corolla small, blue (rarely white) ; pedicels spreading in fruit 
and larger than the 5-cleft equal calyx. ® (2) (M. intermedia, Link. M. scor- 
pioides, var. arvensis, L.) — Fields, &c. ; not very common. (Indigenous'?) 
May -Aug. (Eu.) 

3. 9L verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'- 
12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes 
leafy at the base ; corolla very small and white, with a short limb ; pedicels in 
fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the 
apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid 
calyx. (J) @ (M. inflexa, Engelm. M. stricta, ed. 1. M. arvensis, Torr. f. 
N.Y.) — Dry hills, &c, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. May- 
July. 

8. EC MINOS PERM UH, Swartz. ■ Stickseed. 

Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud , 
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed 
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, 
,the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the 
apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow- 
ers in bracted racemes. (Name compounded of e^o?, a hedgehog, and cr7rep/xa, 
seed, from the prickly nutlets.) 

1. E. LXppula, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (l°-2° high); tho 
short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double 
row of prickles at the margins, and tubercled on the back. (J) (* — Waste 
places; common. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

9. CYNOGLOSSUm, Tourn. Hound's-Tongue. 

Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; the 
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included. 
Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the 
style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, 
with a strong unpleasant scent, and mostly panicled racemes which are naked 
above but usually bracted at the base. Lower leaves petiolcd. (Name from 
way, a dog, and yAcocrora, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) 

1. C officinale, L. (Common Hound's-Tongue.) Clothed with short 
soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a 
rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla reddish- 



BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325 

purple (rarely white, Sartwell) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat 
margined. ® — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome 
weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. C YirgiiiictlRl, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Roughish with spreading 
bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-ob 
long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on 
a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. 1J. 
— Rich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward. 
June. — Elowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next. 

3. C M orisdni, DC. (Beggar's Lice.) Stem hairy, very broadly 
branched, leafy (2° -4° high); leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering 
at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pani- 
cled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy -bracted at the base ; corolla white or pale blue 
(minute) ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed 
points, u (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echinospermum, Lehm.) — Copses; com- 
mon. July. — A vile weed. 

10. HELIOTBOPIUI, Toura. Heliotrope. 

Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the 
bud; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short: stigma conical. 
Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-celled ovary, 
but separating when ripe, each 1 -seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the 
small flowers in 1-sided spikes. (The ancient name, from fjXios, the sun, and 
Tponrj, a turn.) 

1. H. Europium, L. Erect (6' -18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, 
long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in 
fruit, hairy, g) — Waste places, Maryland, Virginia, &c. in a few places. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

H. Curassavicum, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably 
brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis. 

H. Peruvian um, L., is the well-known Sweet Heliotrope in cultivation. 

11. HELIOPIIYTUM, (Cham.) DC. Indian Heliotrope. 

Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled 
(i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides : other- 
wise nearly as in Hcliotropium. (Name composed of rfkios, sun, and (pvroi/, 
plant.) 

1. It. £ndicum, DC. Erect, hairy; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and 
somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, splitting into 
2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at 
length separable again into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets, (l) (Hcliotropium 
Indicum, L.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward. 
(Adv. from India.) 

Borrago officinalis, L., the cultivated Borage, is sometimes snonta- 
neous in gardens. 



826 HTDROPHYLLACEiE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 

Order 79. HYDROPHYLLACEJ]. (Waterleaf Fam.) 

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-lobed leaves, regular 
b-merous and b-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next 
order; but the ovary ovoid and entire, l-celled, icith 2 parietal 4-many- 
ovuled placenta?. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved, 
4 - many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, amphitropous, with a small 
embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one- 
sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young, 
and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no 
marked properties, some of them cultivated for ornament.) See Addend 

Synopsis. 

* Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our 

plants only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp. 

*- Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 

2. NEMOPHILA. Stamens included : anthers ovoid. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses, 

somewhat enlarged in fruit. 

+- *-, Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 

3. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. 

* # Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less. 

4. PHACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of 

appendages. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. 

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open 
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the 
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which 
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec- 
tariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less 
bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae 
expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the 
walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner 
face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with petioled am- 
ple leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of 
vda>p, water, and (frvXkov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.) 

* Calyx naked or occasioncdly with minute appendages at the sinuses : rootstocfes 
creeping, thickish, scaly-toothed. 

1. H* liracrophylllim, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate , and 
pinnatifd; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very 
long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky, 
shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leave* 
1° long : cyme globular, crowded 

2. II. Yirgiilicuau, L. Smoothish (l°-2°high); leaves pinnately di- 
vided ; the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, 



HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 327 

the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than the 
petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx -lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate. 
— Damp rich woods, Maine to Virginia and westward. June. — Peduncles 
forked : clusters rather dense. 

3. H. CaBiadeilSe, L. Nearly smooth (1° high) ; leaves palmately 5-7- 
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root 
sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; peduncles much shorter 
than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short 
pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, 
W. New England to the mountains of Virginia, and northward. June, July. — 
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases 
of the stout petioles : leaves 3' -5' broad. 

* # Calyx with a small reflexed appendage in each sinus : stamens sometimes not ex- 
serted [probably two forms of flowers, as in some Boiraginacece, p. 321, $*c). 

4. H. appeildicillatuin, Michx. (Hairy Waterleaf.) Hairy; 
stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the 
lowest pinnately divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length 
slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — Open woods, W. New York to the Alle- 
ghanies of Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June. 

2. NEMO Fill I, A, Nutt. Nemophila. 

Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more 
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes 
convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta- 
mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentas (bearing each 2-12 
ovules), pod, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum ; the embryo larger. — Dif- 
fuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed 
leaves, and one-flowered peduncles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with pur- 
ple. (Name composed of vefios, a grove, and (^tAe'co, to love; from the place of 
growth they affect.) 

1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubes cent ; stems 
diffusely spreading (2'-8 / long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round- 
ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter- 
nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ; 
flowers minute; corolla white (lj" long), longer than the calyx ; placentas each 
2-ovuled ; pod 1 -2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, 
Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward. 
April - June. 

N. iNsfGNis, N. maculata, &c. are showy Califomian species, now com- 
mon in gardens. 

3. ELLISIA, L. Ellisia. 

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol- 
la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobcd above ; the lobes imbricated 
to the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. 



828 HYDR0PHYLLACE2E. (wATERLEAF FAMILY.) 

Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllunr — Delicate 
and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and 
small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a 
correspondent of Linnaeus.) 

1. E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently 
branched (6'- 12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- 
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- 
site the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point, 
nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom- 
ing almost £' long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton, 
New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward. May- 
July. 

4. PHACELIA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br.) 

Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; tiia 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) 
exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentae ad- 
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often 
forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2- 
30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple, 
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) 
flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from <paK€\os. a fascicle ; the flowers 
or racemes being often clustered.) 

$ 1. PHACELIA Proper. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta) 
corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire. 

1. P. bipitiBiatffida, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hairt 
(l°-2°high); leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions o* 
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or 
pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent • 
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. 1J. ? — Shaded 
banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun- 
tains. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, J' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal 
folds. Stamens bearded below . these, with the style, are either somewhat in- 
cluded (P. brevistylis, Buckley) or exserted in different individuals. 

§ 2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC, 
in part.) — Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within; its lobes beautifully 
fringe-toothed : filaments vtilous-bearded below: leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp- 
ing at the base : flowers long-pedicelled. 

2. P. Purstlii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, 
branched (8'- 12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute , 
raceme many flowered ; calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla blue (about ^' in diameter). 
(J) (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte, $'c.) — 
Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April- Jane. 

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or 
ascending (5'-8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5- divided into roundish 



POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 329 

leaflets; the upper 5-7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-10-flow* 
ered; calyx-lobes linear -oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (£'-i' 
broad). Q) — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. 

§ 3. EtrTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many, 
rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous 
folds or appendages within, its lobes entire. 

4. P. parvifldra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading 
(3' - 8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes ; 
racemes solitary, loosely 5 - l5-flowe?*ed ; pedicels filiform, at length several times 
longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish or white (J'- J' broad) ; pod 
few-seeded. ® — Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June. 

5. P. Franklinii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout; 
leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are 
crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an 
oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod many-seeded. (T) (Eutoca 
Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Joy, frc.) ; thence north- 
ward and westward. 

Order 80. POLEMONIACE2E. (Polehonium Family.) 

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular b-merous and b-androus 
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, 
a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style ; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few- 
many-seeded: the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central 
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when 
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co- 
pious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a 
5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. (Insipid 
and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.) 

Teibe I. POLEMONIEJE. Calyx o-cleft. Corolla with the lobes convolute in the 
bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel, 
opening lengthwise. 

1. POLEMONIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 

2. PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally 

inserted filaments. 

Tribe II. DIAPENSIEjE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in 
the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the cells 
opening transversely. 

3. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 

4 PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across. 

1. POLEMOIVIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian. 

Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short 
tube of the open-bell-shaped corolla ; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen- 
daged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al- 



&30 POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 

teraate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or 
white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from ttoXcjaos, 
war, of doubtful application.) See Addend. 

1. P. 1'eptasiS, L. (Jacob's Ladder.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched 
(6' - 10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; 
flowers (blue) nodding; calyx-lobes acute; pods about 3-secded. 1J. — Shady 
river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Smaller and 
much fewer-flowered than the P. c^ittJLEUM, which is common in gardens. 

2. PHLOX, L. Phlox. 

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- 
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the 
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren- 
nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. 
Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the 
upper axils. (^>Xo|, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this 
North American genus.) 

# Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowei^ed : peduncles and 

pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire . 

1. P. paniculate, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves ob- 
long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the 
upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-conjmbed ; calyx- 
teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Yar. acuminata (P. acuminata, 
Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, 
which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — Rich 
woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Common in gar- 
dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white. 

2. P. mactilata, L. (Wild Sweet-William.) Smooth, or barely 
roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2°high); lower leaves 
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the 
broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle natrow, oblong, leafy 
below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple 
(sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani- 
cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, 
Smith. — Rich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan, 
Kentucky, and southward : very common in gardens. June. 

* * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal 
corymbed cymes : the whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round 
and entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. 

3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (£°-2° high), often from a pros- 
trate base ; leaves oblong -lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes 
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ; 
calyx-teeth acute. — Var. ovXta, Benth., has broad leaves (P. ovata, L). Var. 
nitida, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh.), and verges to the next. 
— Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July.--' 
Corolla 1' long; the limb 1' broad, pink-purple. 



POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMON. JM FAMILY.) 331 

4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3 C high) ; leaves linear* 
lanceolate, or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes 
revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3'-4 / long); cymes few- 
flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth 
sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open 
woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. 

* # # Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, 
more or less clammy -pubescent, as well as tlie calyx and the oltong, lance&'.ate, or 
linear leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduncled: calyx deeply 
cleft, the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous. 

5. P. pildsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (l°-lj° high), usually 
hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear haves, which commonly taper to a sharp 
point; cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer 
than the tube ; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata, 
Michx. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and 
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves 1' - 2' 
long, li" -3" wide. 

Var. ? Waltes*!. Stems ascending (h° - lj° high), mostly simple; leaves, 
broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (l'-lj' long, on 
sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme compact and sessile, leafy-br acted ; calyx-teeth 
rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ell., 
Benth. in part, not of L.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south- 
ward. May. — Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linnasan P. 
pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux. * 

6. P. reptasiS, Miehx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth- 
ish and thickish leaves ; flowering stems (4' - 8' high) and their oblong or ovate 
obtuse leaves (^' long) , clammy-pubescent ; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth 
awl-shaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-pur- 
ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward : 
also cultivated. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla V long; 
limb 1' broad. 

7. P, divariCata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent 
base (9'- 18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (lj' long), 
acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles 
slender ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the 
pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often 
entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), £'-§' long, equalling or longer than the tube, 
with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of 
Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 

8. P, bifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves lin- 
ear, becoming nearly glabrous (-£'- lj' long, 1 J" wide) ; flowers few, on slen- 
der peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the 
pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (£' long), equalling the tube, the 
divisions linear-oblong . — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May. 

* * # * Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short flowering shoots ascend 
ing glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled 



CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVALUS FAMILY.) 

9. P. subulata, L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed; leaves 
awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (£'-£' long); cymes few-flowered; 
calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker 
centre (sometimes white), the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P. 
setacca, L.) Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan and 
southward. April, May. — Commonly cultivated ; the broad matted tufts very 
handsome in blossom. 

P. Drummondii, Hook., a showy annual from Texas, is now common in 
gardens. 

3. DIAPENSIA, L. Diapensia. 

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes 
rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses > 
short : anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening 
therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi- 
nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpme dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense 
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat- 
ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a nearly naked scape-like 1-flow- 
ered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (^' wide). (The an- 
cient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by 
Linnaeus to this plant.) 

1. I>. Lapponica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New 
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 

4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Pyxidanthera. 

Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. 
Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, 
with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly 
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers 
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from nv^ls, 
a small box, and dvBrjpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid. ) 

1. P. barblllata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and 
southward. April, May. 

Order 81. CONVOLVULACEjE. (Convolvulus Fam.) 

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate 
leaves (or scales) and regular b-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated 
sepals ; a 5-plaited or h-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- 
celled (rarely ^-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of 
erect ovides in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be- 
tween the seeds, so becoming A-ceUed ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in 
mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - 6-seeded pod. Flowers most- 
ly showy : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for 



CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 333 

ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots : those 
of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders, 
or rather strongly marked tribes. 

Synopsis. 

Tbibe I. CONVOI/VULEiE. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled 
in the seed. Ovary 2-3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal — Leafy plants. 

* Style 1, undivided. 
h- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts. 

1. QUAMOCLIT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border. 

Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. 

2. 1P0MCEA. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of- 

ten 2 - 3-lobed. Pod2-3-celled; cells 2-seeded. 

3. CONVOLVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2. 

•*- +- Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts. 

4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. 

* * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3. 

5. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple : stigma depressed-capitate. 

Tribe LL DICHOKDREJE. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe I. 

6. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded. 

Tbibe III. CUSCUTIWEJE. Embryo spiral, slender, destitute of cotyledons. Ovary 
2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners. 

7. CUSCUTA. The only genus of the group. 

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-Vine. 

Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small 
spreading border. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. 
Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1 -seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowera 
(An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 

1. Q* coccinea, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or 
angled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1' long). (Ipomcea coccinea, 
L.) — River-banks, &c, Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. 
Amer. or Ind.) 

Q. vulgaris, the cultivated Cypress-Vine, is becoming spontaneous in 
the South. 

2. IPOMfEA, L. Morning-Glory. 

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c. Stamens 
included. Stigma capitate, often 2 -3-lobed. Pod 2-cellcd, or in one group 3- 
celled; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, ex L. from iS//*, Ittos, a Bindweed [which it is 
not], and ofioios, like.) 

$ 1. PHAllBITIS, Choisy. — Pod 3- {rarely 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded. 
1. I. purpurea, Lam. (Common Morning-Glory.) Stems retrorsely 
hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire ; peduncles long umbellately 3-5- 
flowered ; calyx bristly-hai y below ; corolla funnel-form (2 long), purple vary- 



334 convolvulacejE. (convolvulus family.) 

ing to white. ® (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis hispida, Cttoisy.) — 
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.j 

2. I. Nil, Roth. (Morning-Glory.) Stems retrorscly hairy ; leaves heart' 
shaped, 3-lobcd, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long, 
1 - 3-flowcred ; calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale 
blue. Q) (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from 
Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?) 

§ 2. IPOMCEA, Choisy.— Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded. 

3. I* lacillidsa, L. Rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slen- 
der ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed, long-petioled ; pedun- 
cles short, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly -ciliate or hairy, half 
the length of the sharply 5-lobcd (white) corolla; pod sparingly hairy. Q) (C. 
micranthus, Riddell.) — Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois, Virginia, and south- 
ward. Aug. — Corolla J' - £' long. 

4.1. panclurata, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.) 
Smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves regularly 
heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as 
to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals smooth, 
ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in 
the tube. lj. — Sandy fields and dry banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and 
southward. June -Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge thick root, which 
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine. 

I. sagittAta (Conv. sagittifolius, Michx.) is said by Pursh to grow in 
Virginia; but it has not lately been met with so far north. — I. commutata, 
Rcem. fr Sch. (I. triconearpa, Ell.) with purple flowers larger than those of No. 3, 
is likely to occur in S. Virginia and Kentucky. 

BatAtas edulis, Choisy (Conv. Batatas, L.), is the cultivated Sw r EET 
Potato. 

3. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. 

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens included. 
Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. — 
Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening 
at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) 

1. C arvensis, L. (Bindw t eed.) Stem procumbent or twining, and 
low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; pe- 
duncles mostly 1 -flowered; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (f long) white or 
tinged with reddish. 1J. — Pields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble 
some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. CALYSTEGIA, E.Br. Bracted Bindweed, 

Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal. 
Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobe .1 or entire. Stamens in- 
cluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Poc imperfectly 2-celled or 1 
celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped pr arrow-shaped leaves, and 



CONVOLVULACEiE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 335 

axillary 1 -flowered peduncles. (Name from Kakv£, calyx , and oreyo), to cover, 
alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.) 

1. C. septum, R. Br. (Hedge Bindweed.) Smooth; stem twining; 
leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the 
base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed ; peduncles 4-angled ; co- 
rolla white, or rose-color (l£'-2' long). (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Var. 
kepens (Convolvulus repens, L.) is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged 
with pink; a form growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds; common. 
June, July. Yar. pubiescens. Illinois and westward. (Eu.) 

2. C. Spitliamsea, Pursh. (Low Bindweed.) Downy; stem low and 
mostly simple, upright or ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with a more or 
less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex ; peduncles 
usually longer than the leaf; corolla white (2' long). Open sandy woods and 
plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July. 

5. STYilSMA, Raf. Sttlisma. 

Styles 2 (rarely 3), distinct and simple, or united to above the middle: stig- 
mas (small) depressed-capitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus. 
— Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat 
downy outside. (Name compounded of orvXos, style, and tar p.a, foundation ; per- 
haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.) . 

1. S. evolvuloides, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate, 
or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (f'-lj-' 
long), short-petioled ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; bracts awl-shaped, shorter than the 
pedicels; styles distinct or nearly so. lj. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. C. tri- 
chosanthes, Michx. C. tenellus, Lam., frc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Riddell (?), 
Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. — Corolla 5" - 8 ;/ long. 

2. S. Pickeringii* Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear, 
narrowed at the base, scarcely petioled; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered ; bracts re- 
sembling the leaves, equalling the flower ; styles united to far above the middle. 1). 
(Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.) — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey (and N. 
Carolina) . July - Sept. — Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3" - 5" long. 

6. DICHONDBA, Forst. Dichondra. 

Calyx 5-^arted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. 
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 -2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. — 
Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, 
and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. 
(Name composed of 6\'s, double, and x^pos, grain, or roundish mass ; from the 
fruit.) 

1. D. repeus, Forst. : var. Caroline usis, Choisy. Leaves round- 
kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides ; corolla not exceeding the calyx 
(1" - 1 \ u long). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nor- 
folk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere. ) 



836 CONVOLVUIACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

7. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. 

Cahx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-um-shaped, bell- 
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens 
furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2- 
celled, 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Em- 
bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of 
cotyledons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule ?) : 
germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish 
or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place 
of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of 
herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of 
papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, 
mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) 

The following account of our species is contributed by Dr. Engelmann. 

§ 1. Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly abound the base by circumcissile dehis- 
cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.) 

1. C Epilixum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender ; flowers 
6essile in dense scattered heads ; corolla globular, 5-parted, cylindrical, scarcely 
exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the 
pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate, 
shorter than the globose ovary. — In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very 
injurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehisceni, rarely bursting irregularly. 

# Flowers more or less pedicelled : bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - b-cleft. 

*- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 

2. C. tenilifldra, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored , 
flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven- 
tricose after flowering) twice the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate 
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobos of 
the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cephalanthi, 
Engelm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward; on Cephalanthus and various tall 
herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species. 

3. C. umbrdsa, Beyrich. Flowers peduncled in umbel-like cymes ; tube 
of the (mostly 4-cleft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate 
ei'sct inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute and few-toothed, 
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, 
covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm.) — 
Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs 
or herbs ; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward. 

•*- +- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod. 

4. C arveiisis, Beyrich (in herb. Berlin). Low ; flowers small, 5- 
parted, peduncled in loose umbel-like cymes ; tube of the corolla included in or 
attle exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate 



CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 337 

spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ; 
scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose, 
thin, yellowish. (C. pentagona, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from 
Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri ; on smaller herbs, 
and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems 
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and 
quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) : 
with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispheri- 
cal one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa, 
Engelm. (Texas). 

5. C. clllorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored ; flowers mostly 4- 
cleft, short-pedieelled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube 
nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens as long as the 
lobes ; scales small, appressed, incised ; the thick styles as long as the large 
depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygon 6rum, Engelm.) 
— Low grounds on Polygonum and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow- 
ers much larger than in any of the preceding species ; the ovary usually pro- 
truding from the tube of the corolla. 

6. C Cvrondvii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers mostly 
5-cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, 
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire 
spreading lobes ; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the 
base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga, 
Engelm. C. umbrosa, Ton.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; 
everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east- 
ward : chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Eubus, Cephalanthus, and other shrubs. 
Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States ; the 
loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers 
was collected in Connecticut. C. Saururi, Engelm. , is a form with more open 
flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley. 

7. C FOStrata, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers 
(large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes ; corolla deep bell-shaped, the 
tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse 
entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles 
slender, as long as the acute ovary; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist val- 
leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs, 
rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2" -3" long) and fruit larger than in any other 
of our species. 

* * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate 
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts ; remains of the corolla borne on the 
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm.) 

8. C« compact*!, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, 
concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- 
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading 
lobes of the latter; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base. 
C. coronata, Beyrich., (C. compacta, Choisy,) is the Eastern and Southern form 



338 solanace^e. (nightshade family.) 

with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla ; C. (Lepidanche) adpressa, 
Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla. 
Both grow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first in the Alkghanies, from Pennsyl- 
vania southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and 
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2' in 
diameter. 

9. C gionierata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming 
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated 
with searious oblong bracts with recurved-spreading tips; sepals nearly similar, 
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long 
as the oblong-Ian eeolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla; scales 
large, fringed-pinnatifid ; 6tyles slender, longer than the pointed ovary ; the 
pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Engelm.) — Moist 
prairies, from Ohio and Michigan southwestward : growing mostly on tall Com- 
posite . — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coil9 
of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems. 

Order 82. SCXLANACEiE. (Nightshade Family.) 

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu- 
lar b-merous and b-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla plaited- 
imbricate, plaited-convolute, or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a 
2-celled (rarely 3 - b-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campy- 
lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy 
albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the 
corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting 
far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic, 
often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige- 
nous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceae, from which the 
plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. 

Synopsis, 

* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft ; the lobes valyate with the margins turned inwards 

in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. 
1. SOLANTJM Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. 

* # Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funnel-form, somewhat 5-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud. 

Anthers separate. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry. 
2 PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Berry juicy, 2-celled. 

3. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Eerry dry, 3-5-celled. 

* * * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 5-lobed or toothed, plaited in the 

bud. Anthers separate. Fruit a dry pod. 
*- Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid. 

4. HYOSCYAMUS. Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal. 

«- ■•- Pod opening lengthwise. Corolla elongaied. 
6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, more or less 4-celled, raked. 
6. NICOTIAXA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft. Pod smooth, enclosed in the calyx, 
2-celled. 



SOLANACEJS. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 339 

i'« SOLAIUM, L. Nightshade. 

Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted), 
the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes induplicate. Sta- 
mens exserted, converging around the style : filaments very short : anthers 
opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or 
shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral 
(rameal) one y- the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of 
unknown derivation.) 

* Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly.) 

1. S. Dulcamara, L. (Bittersweet.) Stem somewhat shrubby , climbing ; 
nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two 
ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers (purple) in small cymes; berries oval, scarlet. 

— Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Annual, low, much branched 
and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers 
(very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries 
globular, black. — Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug. — A 
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) 

^ % Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.) 

3. S. Carolineiise, L. (Horse Nettle.) Perennial, low (1° high); 
stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, 
roaghish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ; 
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes ; berries globular, 
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil ; Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June- 
Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) 

S. mamm6sum, L., is not a native of our district. 

S. tuberosum, L., is the cultivated Potato, and S. Melongena, L., the 
Egg-Plant. 

Ltcopersicum esculentum, Mill., is the Tomato, now separated from 
Solanum. 

2. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. 

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- 
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla spreading- 
bell-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5 
concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed. 
Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- 
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1 -flowered nodding pe- 
duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with 
brownish spots in the throat. (Name, <pvo-a\is, a bladder, from the inflated 
calyx.) 

* Root annual : anthers blue or violet. 

1. P. unglllata, L. Glabrous, erect, much branched (2° -3° high); 
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often very sharply toothed ; corolla somewhat 5* 



310 SOLANACEJE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 

lobed, small (3" -4" long), not spotted; calyx with broadly triangular-subulate 
teeth as long as the tube, in fruit conical-ovate and sharply 5-angled (l'-l-J-' 
long). — Light soils, not rare southward. Perhaps introduced. 

Yar. ? Pllilad£lphica. Nearly glabrous ; calyx-teeth shorter and broader, 
less closed or open at the summit in fruit ; corolla sometimes brownish in the 
throat. (P. Philadelphia, Lam., &c.) — New England? to Illinois and south- 
ward. July - Sept. 

2. P. pilbeSCeilS, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy, diffusely much branched 
w at length decumbent; leaves ovate or heart-shaped (very variable); corolla 
(4' - 5" long) dark brown in the throat ; calyx with triangular-lanceolate acute 
teeth, in fruit ovate-pointed. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michx. in part, 
&c.) — Low grounds ; common southward and westward. 

•* =fc Root perennial: anthers yellow. ( Corolla ^ - § long.) 

3. P. viscdS£L 9 L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and 
widely spreading, or at first erect (J°-2° high) ; leaves ovate or slightly heart- 
shaped, sometimes oblong, often roughish-downy underneath, repand-toothcd, 
obtusely toothed, or entire ; corolla almost entire, brownish in the throat ; teeth 
of the clammy-hairy calyx ovate-lanceolate. (P. Pennsylvanica, L., P. hetero- 
phylla, Nees, and P. nyctaginea, Dunal, appear to be only states of this.) — 
Light or sandy soils, New England to Wisconsin and southward ; very common. 
July - Sept. — Corolla §' - 1' broad when expanded. 

3. MICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. 

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and 
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3 - 5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla 
open-bell-shaped, the plaited border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Phy- 
salis. — An annual smooth herb (2° -3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or 
angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. 
(Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.) 

1. N« physaloides, Gasrtn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings. (Adv. 
*rom Peru.) 

4. HYOSCYAIUS, Tourn. Henbane. 

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with 
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en- 
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the 
apex, which fills off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with 
lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of 
us, vos, a hog, and Kvapos, a bean ; the plant said by ^Elian to be poisonous to 
swine.) 

1. H. niger, L. (Black Henbane.) Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed 
and angled ; lowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; corolla dull yellowish, 
strongly reticulated with purple veins. Q — Escaped from gardens to road- 
sides. (Adv. from Eu.) 



GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 341 

5. DATURA, L. Jamestown -Weed. Thorn- Apple. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely abore the base in fruit, 
the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 
5 - 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved, 
2-celled, with 2 thick placentae projected from the axis into the middle of the 
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the 
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placentae seemingly borne on the middle 
of the alternate partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic- 
poisonous, with a rank odor, bearing ovate angular-toothed leaves, and large 
and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. (Al- 
tered from the Arabic name Tatorah.) 

1. D. Stram6nium, L. (Common Stramonium.) Leaves ovate, smooth ; 
stem green; corolla white, with 5 teeth. — Var. Tatula has the stem and 
corolla tinged with purple. (£ — Waste grounds ; a well-known weed, with 
large flowers (3' long). July -Sept. (Adv. from Asia or Trop. Amer.) 

6. NICOTIANA, L. Tobacco. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- 
ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2- 
celled, 2 -4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, 
mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and lurid racemed or pani- 
cled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the 
Tobacco into Europe.) 

1. N. rustica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Leaves ovate, petioled; tube of 
the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, 
the lobes rounded. © — Old fields, from New York westward and southward : 
a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

N. Tabacum, L., is the cultivated Tobacco. 



Atropa Belladonna, L. (Deadly Nightshade), a plant with pur- 
plish-black poisonous berries, has escaped from gardens in one or two places. 

Ltcium Barbarum, L. (Barb art Box-thorn, or Matrimont-vine), 
a slightly thorny trailing shrubby vine, well known in cultivated grounds, is yet 
hardly spontaneous. 

Capsicum annuum, L., is the Cayenne, or Red Pepper of the gardens. 

Order 83. GENTIANACEjE, (Gentian Family.) 

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and 
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the 
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im- 
bricated, and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal 
placenta; the fruit mostly a 2-valved (a*pticidal) many-seeded pod. — Flow- 
ers solitary or cvm**°*» Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-per 



342 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

sistent; (lie stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute 
embryo in fleshy albumen, sometimes covering the entire face of the peri- 
carp ! (Bitter-tonic plants.) 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. GEXTIAXE^:. Lobes of the corolla convolute (twisted to the right) In tho 
bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), in Obohiria imbricated. Leaves almost always 
opposite or whorled, entire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, 
with a cellular coat ; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds 
co?ering the whole face of the pericarp. 

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous. 

1. SABBATIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-12-parted : anthers curved. 

2. ERYTIlRiEA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4-5-cleft : anthers spiral. 

* # Style (if any) and stigmas persistent: anthers straight. 
■i- Corolla with a glandular spot or hollow spur to each lobe. 

3. FRASERA. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped, spurless. Pod flat 

4. HALENIA. Corolla 4-5-cleft, bell-shaped, and with as many spurs from the base. 

*■ ■*- Corolla without glands or spurs. 

5. GENTLANA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla mostly with plaited folds at the sinuses. 

6. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, with no plaits at the sinuses. 

7. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed. with no plaits, the 

lobes imbricated in the bud ! 

Tribe II. MENYAKTHEiB. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edgee 
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony. 

8. MENYANTIIES. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 

9. LBINANTIIEMUM. Corolla 6mooth above. Leaves simple, rounded. 

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. 

Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel- 
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Bien- 
nials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panieled handsome (white or 
rose-purple) flowers. (Dedicated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) 

# Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 1 -parted. 
•w Coi'olla white, often turning yellowish in drying : cymes corymbed, many-flowered 

1. S. paniCUlata, Pursh, Ell. Stem brachiately much-brand ted (l°-2° 
high), rather terete, hut angled with 4 sharp lines; haves linear or the lower ob- 
long, obtuse, \-nerved, nearly equalling the intcrnodes ; calyx-lohes linear-threads 
form, much shorter than the corolla.— Damp pine woods, Virginia and south- 
ward. June - Aug. 

2. S. lailCCOlata, Torn & Gr. Stem simple (1°- 3° high) bearing a flat- 
topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much 
shorter than the intemodes ; calyx-lobes longer than in No. 1 ; the flowers lar- 
ger. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens, 
from New Jersey southward. June, July. 

+- -4- Corolla rose-color or pink, rarely white, mostly with a yellowish or greenish eye. 
•w Erect, pyramidally many-flowered : branches opposite, erectish : peduncles short. 

3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves linear and linear -oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few 



GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMTLT.) 34.3 

flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx -lobes J or J shorter than the corol- 
la. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia, Indiana 
( Wood), and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla 1 ' - \% broad ; the lobes nar- 
rower than in the next. 

4. §• aaigTllariS, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched 
above (l°-2^° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a 
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes £ to ^ the length of the corolla. 
• — Dry river-banks, &c, New York to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — 
Corolla l^ J wide, deep rose-purple; the lobes obovate. 

++ ++ Erect or soon diffuse, loosely branched ; the branches alternate or forking (steins 
terete or slightly 4-angled) : peduncles elongated and 1 -flowered. 

5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking (J°-l° high), pale; leaves 
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (lg- / -2 / long); calyx-lobes foliaceous, 
spatulate-lanceolate (§'-!' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes, 
coast of Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. 

6. §. Stellaris 9 Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5' -15' high); 
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, 
varying from half to nearly the length of the bight rose-purple corolla, — Salt marsh- 
es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — This may run 
into the next. 

7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched 
(l°-2° high) ; the branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the 
lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the 
rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes and river- 
banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Cooley) to Virginia, and southward. 
June - Sept. 

# =fc Corolla 9 - \2-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Griseb.) 

8. §• claloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (l°-2° high), loosely 
panicled above; the peduncles slender, 1 -flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; 
calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol- 
la. — Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and 
southward. July - Sept. — One of our handsomest plants. 

2. EBYTHRiEA, Pers. Centaury. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-iorm, 
with a slender tube and a 4 -5-parted limb, which in withering twists on the 
pod. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma 
capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose- 
purple or reddish flowers ; whence the name, from ipvBpos, red. (All our 
Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur only in a 
few localities.) 

1. E. Centaurium, Pers. (Centaury.) Stem upright, corymbosely branched 
above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cymes clus- 
tered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile ; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) 

20 



344 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New York, near the 
old fort. July. —Plant 6'- 12' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. E. RAMOsfssoiA, Pers., var. pulchella, Griscb. Low (2' -6' high); 
stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or 
oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the 
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb., as to Penn. 
plant. £xacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. 
Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. E. spicata, Pers. Stem strictly upright ; the flowers sessile and spiked 
along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong, 
rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla 
scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii, Oakes.) — 
Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, Rugel). 
— Plant 6'- 10' high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. 
(Nat. from Eu.?) 

3. FBA§ERA, Walt. American Columbo. 

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division 
with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped, 
usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style 
persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large 
and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly 
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open 
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John 
Fraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the 
close of the last century.) 

1. F. CarolinensiS, Walt. Smooth, tall (3° -8° high) ; leaves mostly 
in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate (1° long), veiny; panicle pyramidal, 
loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the 
narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their 
middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. 1| @ ? — Rich dry 
soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July. — 
Root very thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked 
with brown-purple dots. 

4. KALEIVIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian. 

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or 
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are 
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish 
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- 
ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 

1. H« deflexa, Griseb. Leafy (9' -18' high), simple or branched above; 
leaves 3 - 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong- 
lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the 
length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (J) (2) ( Swertia corniculata, L., partly.) 



GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILT.j S45 

—Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin, and north 
ward. July, August. 

5. GENTIAM, L. Gentian. 

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate 
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or 
none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds 
either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cov- 
ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark !) — Flowers solitary 
or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some spe- 
cies medicinally.) 

$1. AMARELLOtDES, Torr. & Gr.— Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without 
crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked : anthers separate, fixed by the 
middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsdy reversed after the flower opens : seeds 
wingless: annuals. 

1. Cr. quinquefldra, Lam. (Five-flowered Gentian.) Stem rath- 
er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp- 
ing and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches 
racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft 
calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle- 
pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Yar. occtden- 
tAlis has linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half 
the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south- 
ward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the 
Western States. Aug., Sept. — Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1' long; in 
the variety proportionally shorter. 

$ 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Frcel. — Corolla funnel form, gland-bearing between 
the bases of the fi laments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed 
on the margins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed 
with little scales : annuals or biennials. 

2. G-. criiiita, Frcel. (Fringed Gentian.) Flowers solitary on long 
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate- 
lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx 
unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue 
corolla, the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the sum- 
mit ; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon- 
sin; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward. 
Sept. — Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long. 

3. O. detonsa, Fries. (Smaller Fringed Gentian.) Stem simple 
or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; 
leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, 
ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate- 
oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum- 
mit; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin 
(Lapham), and northwestward. Sept. (Eu.) 



346 GENTIANACEJS. (GENTIAN' FAMILY.) 

S 3. PXEUMOXAXTHE, Necker. — Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed, 
with plaited Joels which project into appendages in the sinuses : anthers erect, fixed 
by the deep sagittate base, extrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a 
ring or tube, stalked . seeds commonly winged: perennials. 

# Flowers nearly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, ''1-bracteolate. 
*~ Anthers entirely separate: seeds wingless. 

4. G. ocliroleiica, Frcel. (Yellowish-White Gentian.) Stems 
ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also 
in axillary clusters ; leaves obovate-ollong , the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, 
the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, 
unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open co- 
rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes 
ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; 
pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir- 
ginia, and common southward. Sept., Oct. 

*- -t- Anthers cohering with each other more or less firmly : seeds winged. 

5. €r. alba, Muhl. Cat. ! (Whitish Gentian.] Stems upright, stout, 
very smooth j flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus- 
ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from 
a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes 
ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of 
the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or 
yellowish, inflated-club-shaped , at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly 
twice the length of the toothed appendages : pod nearly included ; seeds broadly 
winged. (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., G 

in part, &c) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. Xew York to Virginia along the 
Alleghanies, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &e. July -Sept. 

6. O. Andre wsii, Griseb. (Closed Gextian.) Stems upright, 
smooth; flowers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a nairower base, gradually pointed, rough-mar- 
gined ; calvx -lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, 
and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped blue corolla, which is closed at the 
mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe- 
toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out of the persistent 
corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Frccl., Src, not of L.) — Moist 
rich soil; common, especially northward. Sept. — Corolla 1' or more long, 
blue fading to purplish, striped inside; the folds whitish. 

7. O. Saponaria, L. (SoArwoRT Gextiax.) Stem erect or ascend- 
ing, smooth ; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the ax- 
ils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate , with rough margins, nar- 
rowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceed- 
ing the tube, half the length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell -shaped light-blue 
corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer 
than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly 
winged. (G. Catesblei, Walt.) — Moist woods, S. Penn. ? Maryland, to Virginia, 
Illinois, and southward, principally in the Alleghanies. Aug., Sept, 



gentianace^e. (gentian family.) 347 

Var. linearis* Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or 
lance-linear (2' -3' long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and less 
cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumonanthe, Amer. auth. Sp ed. 1 : also G. Sapo- 
naria var. Frcelichii. G. linearis, Fred.) — Mountain vret glades of Maryland 
and Penn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), 
and Maine (near Portland). Aug. 

8. €r. puberilla, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8'- 16' high), most- 
ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo- 
late to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (V-2 1 long); flowers clustered, rarely 
solitary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the 
bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut- 
ish and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbasi, 
Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to 
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Corolla large for the size of the 
plant, l£'-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls, 
as they do in the rest of this division. 

# * Flower solitary and terminal, peduncled, mostly bractless. 

9. O. atlgnstifdlia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' -15' 
high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-fun- 
nel-form, azure-blue (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx- 
lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ; 
the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and south- 
ward (where there is a white variety). Sept. -Nov. 

6. BARTOrVIA, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.) 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. 
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface 
of the pod ! — Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl- 
shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. 
(Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof Barton, of Philadelphia.) 

1. B. teaiella, Muhl. Stems (3' -10' high) branched above; the branches 
or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, 
rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 
4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vir- 
ginia and southward ; common. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri. Griseb., is only a 
variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2 f -6' high) 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the co- 
rolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong; 
ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 
3" -4" long, larger than in No. 1. 

7 OBOLABIA, L. Obolaiua. 

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- 
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age 



348 GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, 
short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, the cell 
cruciform: the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very 
smooth purplish-green perennial (3'- 8' high), with a simple or sparingly 
branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish 
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile. 
(Name from o/3o\oy, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this 
plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 

1. O. Virgfinica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am., t. 3.)— Rich soil, in 
woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward : rather rare. 
April, May. 

8. IENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole 
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. 
Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, 
many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate- 
leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous 
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ; 
the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. 
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from \xr\ v, month, and av6os, a flower, 
some say from its flowering for about that time.) 

1. M. trifoliata, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, 
and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 

0. LIM1VANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Heart. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-partcd, the divisions fringed 
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a 
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per- 
sistent. Pod few -many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat 
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, 
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) 
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting 
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous 
stolons. (Name compounded of \ifivrj, a marsh or pool, and avOefiov, a blossom, 
from the situations where they grow.) 

1. L«. la.CUIl0SUlH 9 Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick- 
ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel- 
lowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style 
none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, £'//.) — 
Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward. 
June -Sept. — Leaves l'-2' broad, entire, on petioles 4'- 15' long, according 
to the depth of the water. 

L. trachtspermum of the South has roughened seeds as its name denotes, 
and is entirely distinct. 



APOCTNACEJE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.; 349 

Order 84. APOCYNACEJE, (Dogbane Family.) 

Plants with milky acrid juice, entire {chiefly opposite) leaves without sti- 
pules, regular o-merous and b-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla 
convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, 
and the pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which 
are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig- 
mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large 
straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). 
— Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our 
district by three genera. 

Synopsis, 

1. AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla vrith the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the 

filaments Leaves alternate. 

2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- 

der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 
8. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, 
broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 

1. AMSONIA, Walt. Amsonia. 

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- 
side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than 
the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like 
membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- 
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, wita 
alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be 
named for a Mr, Charles Amson.) 

1. A. Taberaiaemontaiia, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather 
obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A. 
latifolia, Michx.) — Damp grounds, Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia ? and south- 
ward. May. 

A. ciliata, with linear leaves, and A. salicif6lia, with lanceolate leaves 
may be expected in Virginia and Illinois. 

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Forsteronia. 

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not 
appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, 
included : filaments slender : anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adher- 
ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slendet, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, 
with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite 
leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr, T. F. Forster, an English 
botanist.) 

1. F. difforims, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval- 
lanceolate, acurrinate, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow 



350 / asclepiadace^e. (milkweed family.) 

(Echites difformis, Walt.) — Damp grounds, S. E. Virginia, S. Illinois, and 
southward. April. 

. 3. APO€¥NUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cieft, bearing 5 trian- 
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter tban the arrow-shaped ^mthers, 
which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad- 
herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- 
lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. ^Seeds comose with a long tuft of 
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, witV upright branching stems, oppo- 
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose 
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of 
wo, from, and kvcop, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 

1. A. aiidrosaeimioliiim, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) Smooth, 
branched above ; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ; 
yyjnes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, J' 
broad) open-bell-sliaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed 
divisions of the calyx. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy underneath. — Bor- 
ders of thickets; common, especially northward. June, July. — Pods 3' -4' 
long, pendent. 

2. A. csB.ama!t>i£mm 9 L. (Indian Hemp.) Stem and branches up- 
right or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are 
usually shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, 
the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. glaberri- 
mum, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but 
manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var. 
pubescens, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some- 
times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. hy- 
pericif6lium. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very short 
petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) — River- 
banks, &c. ; common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° - 3° high, much more upright 
than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size. These different varieties evi- 
dently run into one another. 

Vinca minor, the common Periwinkle, and Nerium Oleander, tne 
Oleander, are common cultivated plants of this family. 

Order 85. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (Milkweed Family.; 

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or wliorled (rarely scattered) entire 
leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers connected with the stigma, sensible 
properties, fyc.jusl as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com- 
monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers icith the 
stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c, as 
explained under the first and typical genus. 



ASCLEPIADACE.*:. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 351 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. ASCLEPIADEiE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy, 
fixed to the stigma by pairs, pendulous and vertical. 

1. ASCLEPIAS. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Ciown of 5 hooded fieshy bod- 

ies (nectaries, X,.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each. 

2. ACERATES. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but 

without a horn inside. 
8 ENSLENIA. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous bodies, flat, terminated 
by a 2-cleft tail or awn. 

Tribe II. GOIVOLOBEJE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the 

stigma in pairs, horizontal. a 

4. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. 

Tribe ILL PERIPLOCEJE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu- 
lar, separately applied to the stigma. 

5. PERIPLOCA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. 

1. ASCIEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silk weed. 

Calyx 5-paried, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply 
5-parted; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an 
incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united 
in a tube (gynostegium) which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma, 
each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell 
containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous 
pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender pro- 
longation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the 
\tigma (usually extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing 
copious. pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles). 
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy 
stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate 
or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all 
over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished 
with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad 
foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and 
deep roots : peduncles terminal or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bear- 
ing simple many-flowered umbels. Leaves usually transversely veiny. (The 
Greek name of JEsculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) See Addend. 
*= Pods clothed with soft spinous projections. 
1. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed or Silk weed.) 
Stem large and stout, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight 
point, spreading, contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole, minutely velvety- 
downy underneath as well as the peduncles and branches ; divisions of the corolla 
ovate (greenish-purple), about one fourth the length of the very numerous pedi- 
cels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short 
and stout claw-like horn; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Sy- 
riaca, L., but the plant belongs to this couutry only.) — Rich soil, fields, &c. ; 
common. July. — Plant 3° - 4° high ; leaves 4' - 8' long, pale. 



352 ASCLEPIADACE.E. (MILK-WEED FAMILY). 

2. A. SElISavjiiaEis 9 Engelm. Mss. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves 
ovate-oblong from a heart-shaped nearly sessile bane ; hoods of the crown obovate 1 
entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base on the outside, with an incurved and flat 
claw-like horn; pods ovate-lanceolate, with small and scattered warty spines 
chiefly on the beak. — jN"ear Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant W. Illinois, Engelmann. 
July. — Resembles No. 1 in appearance, in the petals, <fcc. ; the hoods larger, 
and exceeding the anthers by one hal£ r ^ f \f/ 

* # Pods not warty-roughened or prickly. 

t- Leaves all or chiefly opposite, or the middle ones sometimes in fours. 

++ Stems simple or nearly so (above usually with 2 lines of minute pubescence) . 

3. A. phytolaccoi&es, Pursh. (Poke-Milkweed.) Stem (3° -5° 
high) smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both 
ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long) ; pedicels 
loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (V-S f long), equalling the pedun- 
cle, many times longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of the (greenish) corolla ; hoods 
of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn 
ivith a long projecting awl-shaped point ; pods minutely downy. — Moist copses ; 
common. June. 

4. A, purpurascCBlS, L. (Purple Milkweed.) Stem rather slen- 
der (2° -3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the lower mucronate, the upper 
taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the 
base into a short petiole ; pedicels shorter than the mostly terminal peduncle, about 
twice the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods of 
the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with 
a narrow and abruptly in flexed horizontal point; pods smooth. (A. amcena, L., 
Michx.) — Border of woods, &c, N. England to Michigan and Kentucky: com- 
mon westward. July. — Flowers as large as in No. 1: peduncle and pedicels 
downy along one side. 

5. A. variegata, L. (Variegated Milkweed.) Nearly smooth 
(1° -2° high); leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, mucronate, con- 
tracted into short petioles ; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; 
divisions of the corolla ovate (white) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, the 
horn semilunar with a horizontal point ; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L., 
in part. A. hybrida, Michx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and 
southward. July. — Remarkable for its very compact umbels of nearly white 
flowers, often purple in the centre. Leaves 4-5 pairs, the middle ones some- 
times whorled ; veins often purple. Peduncles 1-3, usually J' long. 

6. A. OValifolia, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. Low (6-15' high), soft- 
downy, especially the lower side of the ovate or lance-oblong acute slightly peti- 
oled leaves; umbels loosely 10-lS-fowered, either sessile or peduncled; pedicels 
plender (J'-f long) ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small 
horn, about the length of the oval greenish white divisions of the corolla (which 
are tinged with purple outside). (A. lanuginosa, Nutt. ? A. Vaseyi, Carey). — 
Prairies and Oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vasey, "Wisconsin, Lapham, and north- 
westward. June. — Leaves l-J-3' long, f-H' wide, smoothish above, the upper 
sometimes scattered. Flowers about as large as in the next. 



ASCLEPIADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 353 

7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (Four-leaved Milkweed.) Nearly smooth 
(10' - 18' high), slender ; leaves ovate, or sometimes oiate-lanceolate, petioled, usually 
tape\ -pointed, the middle ones in whorls of four ; pedicels capillary ; divisions of the 
(pah pink) corolla oblong ; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved 
horn short and thick ; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills ; 
rather common. June. — Leaves 2 ; -4' long, variable on the same plant, some- 
times all opposite, rarely with two whorls. Umbels 2-5; peduncles l'-lj' 
long : the flowers rather small (corolla-lobes 2 J" long), but handsome. 

8. A, parvi flora, Pursh. (Small-flowered Milkweed.) Nearly 
smooth; the stems (l°-2° high) persistent, or slightly woody towards the base, 
slender ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled, all opposite ; umbels 
somewhat panicled, pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; flowers white 
tinged with purplish (the buds l /; long); divisions of the corolla ovate; the 
slender incurved horn longer than the hood. — S. Indiana, Illinois, and south- 
ward. July. — Coma of the seeds wanting. 

9. A. obtUSifdlia, Michx. (Wavy-leaved Milkweed.) Smooth and 
glaucous; stem simple (2° -3° high), bear i?ig a single terminal umbel on a long naked 
peduncle (3'- 12' long) ; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical, vei^y obtuse but mucronate 
(2-5' long), sessile and partly clasping by a heart-shaped base, the margins wavy ; 
pedicels very numerous, elongated ; divisions of the (greenish-purple) corolla ob- 
long ; hoods of the crown truncate and somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter 
than the slender awl-pointed horn ; pods smoothish. — Sandy woods and fields : 
not rare. July. — Flowers large (petals 4"- 5" long). 

10. A. rubra, L. (Red-flowered Milkweed.) Smooth, slender (1°- 
2° high), bearing 1-3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem (on a 
peduncle 2' -3' long) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, tapering to a very sharp 
point, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, very short-pet ioled ; divisions of the 
corolla (reddish-purple) lanceolate, acute; hoods of the crown oblong, acutish (pur- 
ple tinged with orange), with an awl-shaped and slightly incurved short horn ; 
pods smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Low grounds, 
pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July. — Leaves 2' -4' 
long, rough-ciliate. 

11. A, paupercula, Michx. Very smooth; stem wand-like, slender (2° - 
3° high), bearing 1 - several few-flowered umbels at the summit of a naked and usu- 
ally elongated terminal peduncle (rarely with one or two lateral ones) ; leaves 
linear, much elongated, slightly petioled ; divisions of the (purple) corolla linear' 
oblong, half the length of the pedicels; hoods of the crown (orange-yellow) spat- 
ulate-oblong, much longer than the awl-shaped incurved horn. — Wet pine bar- 
rens, New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July, Aug.— 
Leaves 5'- 10' long, l"-6" broad; the flowers large and showy. 

++ +■«. Stem paniculately branching. 

12. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp Milkweed.) Smooth, or nearly so, 
the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles 
(2° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse at 
the base, distinctly petioled ; umbels many-flowered, somewhat panicled, on 
peduncles half the length of the leaves ; divisions of the corolla ovate, reddish- 



354 ASCLEPIADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 

purple; hoods of the crown (flesh-color) ovate, about the length of the ascend- 
ing or scjthe-form awl-shaped horns; pods veiny, smooth. — Varies with the 
leaves a little heart-shaped at the base, and, in var. pulciira, with broader and 
shortcr-pctioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A. 
pulchra, Willd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward; 
the hairy variety more so southward. July, Aug. — Milky juice scanty. 
•4- h- Leaves alternate-scattered, or the lowest opposite : milky juice little or none. 

13. A. twl>erdsa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.) Rough- 
ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and 
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong- 
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong 
(greenish-orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely 
longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A. 
deeumbens, L.) — Dry hills and fields ; common, especially southward. July- 
Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and 
corymbed short-peduncled umbels of very showy flowers, which are rather 
smaller than in No. 1. 

-« — -* — -» — Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, crowded. 

14. A. verticillata, L. (Whorled Milkweed.) Smoothish ; stems 
slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hoary in lines, very leafy to the 
summit; leaves very narrowly linear, with revolute margins (2' -3' long, 1" 
wide), 3-6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral, and terminal; divisions of the co- 
rolla ovate (greenish-white) ; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the 
length of the incurved claw-shaped horns ; pods very smooth. — Dry hills ; 
common, especially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small. 

2. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed. 

Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the concave upright hoods of the crown desti- 
tute of a horn (whence the name, from a privative and nzpac, -aroc, a horn). 

1. A. Viricftifldra, Ell. Downy-hoary ; stems low and stout, ascending; 
leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate or almost linear, slightly peti- 
oled, mucronate-acute or obtuse, thick, at length smoothish ; umbels nearly sessile, 
densely many-flowered, globose, lateral ; divisions of the corolla oblong ; hoods of 
the crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, short- 
er than the anthers ; pods nearly smooth. (Asclepias viridiflora, Pursh. A. 
lanceolata, Ives. A. obovata, Ell.) — Dry hills and sandy fields ; common, es- 
pecially southward. July- Sept. — Flowers greenish; when expanded, about 
the length of the pedicel. Leaves singularly variable in form. 

2. A. longifdlia, Ell. Minutely hoary or rough-hairy; stem slender, up- 
right (l°-2i° high) ; leaves elongated-linear (3'-V long, i'-^' wide) ; umbeh 
peduncled, open, many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong, several 
times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown short and rounded, raised on 
the tuhi of filaments ; pods smooth. — Moist places, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- 
ward. June, July. — Flowers half as large as in the last, tinged with yellowish. 

A. monocephala and A. paniculata ; see Addend. 



ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 355 

3. ENSLfcNIA, Nutt. Enslenia. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed 
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An- 
thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed 
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo- 
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, 
smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small 
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi- 
cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United 
States early in the present century.) 

1. E. albida, Nutt. — Eiver-banks, Ohio to Illinois, W. Virginia, and 
south-westward ; common. July -Sept. — Climbing 8° -12° high: leaves 3'- 
5 f wide. 

4. OONOLOBUS, Michx. Gonolobus. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- 
ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring 
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat- 
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods 
turgid, more or less ribbed, or armed with soft warty projections. Seeds with 
a silky tuft. — Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart-shaped 
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish yellow or dingy purple 
flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of 
y&vos, an angle, and Xo/3os, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of one 
species.) 

1. O. macropliy litis, Michx. Stems and petioles somewhat pubes- 
cent and hairy ; leaves round-cordate, large, very abruptly pointed ; lobes of the 
corolla narrow ; pods ribbed-angled, — River-banks, Penn. ? to Kentucky, and 
southward. (The limits between this and G. tiiiasfolius, Decaisne, appear un- 
satisfactory.) 

2. O. Itirsilf US, Michx. Stems and petioles bristly-hairy ; leaves round- 
cordate or ovate-cordate, more or less hairy ; lobes of the corolla oblong ; pods 
armed with soft prickles. — River-banks, Penn. to S. Illinois, and southward. 
July. 

5. PERIPLOCA, L. Periploca- 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the 
throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma, 
bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly 
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely di : 
vergent. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth oppo- 
site leaves, and panicled-cymose flowers. (Name from TrepurXoicf], a coiling 
round, in allusion to the twining stems.) 

1. P. Gr^ca, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loose- 



356 OLEACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 

ly-flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very 
hairy above. — Near Rochester, &c., New York. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 



Order 86. OLEACEiE. (Olive Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a deleft (or 
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular deleft or nearly or quite A-petalous corol- 
la which is valvate in the bud, sometimes apetalous ; the stamens 2-4, mostly 
2, and fewer than the lobes of the corolla; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 sus- 
fended ovules in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight em- 
bryo in hard fleshy albumen. — A small family of which the Olive is the 
type, also represented by the Lilac (Syrinya vulgaris, S. Pirsica, &c), 
and by the Ash, which is usually apetalous. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. OLEINEiE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with 
both calyx and corolla. Leaves simple, mostly entire. 

1. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft. 

2. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted 

3. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear. 

Tribe II. FVRAXINE-3E. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioecious or polyg- 
amous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes without a calyx. Leaves odd-pinnate. 
4 FRAXINUS. The only genus of the Tribe. 

Tribe III. FORESTIERE^l. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect, 
apetalous. Leaves simple. 
6. FORESTIERA. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2-4. 

1. LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. Privet. 

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the 
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma 
2-cleft. Berry spherical, 2-celled, 2- 1-seeded. — Shrubs with entire leaves on 
short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The 
classical name.) 

1. Ij. vulgIre, L. (Common Privet or Prim.) Leaves elliptical-lan- 
ceolate, smooth, thickish, deciduous; berries black. — Used for low hedges: 
naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and New York. 
May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. OLEA, Tourn. Olive. 

Calyx short, 4-toothed, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube 
and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Fruit a drupe, with a bony stone, 
2 -1-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire 
leaves, and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious, small white 
flowers in panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the European Olive, 0. 
Europaa.) 



OLBACE.E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 357 

I. O. Americana, L. (Devil-wood.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
smooth and shining (3'- 6' long); fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. 
Virginia, and southward. May. Tree 15° -20° high. 

3. CHI ON AN THUS, L. Fringe-tree. 

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, 
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very 
base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, be- 
coming 1-celled, 1-3 -seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire 
petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles. 
(Name from xi&v, snow, and avOos, blossom, alluding to the light and snow- 
white clusters of flowers.) 

1. C. Virgisiica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, smooth- 
ish or rather downy, veiny ; flowers on slender pedicels ; drupe purple, with a 
bloom, ovoid (J ; - §' long). — River-banks, S. Pennsylvania, Virginia, and south- 
ward: very ornamental in cultivation. June. — Petals about 1' long, narrowly 
linear, acute, rarely 5 - 6 in number. 

4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. 

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, 
toothed, or entire, or obsolete, Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base, 
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, 
sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft. 
Fruit a 1 - 2-celled samara, or key-fruit flattened, winged at the apex, 1 - 2-seeded. 
Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with petioled pin- 
nate leaves of 3 - 15 either toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers in crowd- 
ed panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin 
name, thought to be derived from <j)pa£i$, a separation, from the facility with 
which the wood splits.) 

# Fruit winged from the apex only, barely margined or terete towards the base : calyx 
minute, persistent : corolla none : leaflets stalked. 

1. F. Ainericaiaa, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets ami petioles glabrous ; 
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubes- 
cent underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and marginless below, 
above extended into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear icing. (F. acuminata, 
and F. juglandifolia, Lam. F. epiptera, Michx.) — Rich or moist woods ; com- 
mon. April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth 
greenish-gray branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in 
Michaux's Sylva is misplaced, it apparently having been interchanged with 
that of the Green Ash.) 

2. F. pabeSCCiflS, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety- 
pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, 
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, flatfish and 2-edged, 
the edges gradually dilated into the long (l£'-2') oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate 



358 OLEACE.E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 

wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.) — With the preceding: rare west cf the Alle- 
ghanies. — A smaller tree, furnishing less valuable timber. 

3. F. viridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 
5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate 
above, bright green both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edged or margined., 
gradually dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No. 
2. (F. concolor, Muhl. F. juglandifolia, Willd., DC, and ed. 1, but not of 
Lam.) — Near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward; most com- 
mon westward. — A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given 
in Michaux's Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.) 

■% ^ Fruit icinged all round the seed-hearing portion. 
■*- Calyx wanting, at least in the fertile flowers, which are entirely naked! 

4. F. §aiul>ucifdlia, Lam. (Black Ash. Water Ash.) Branch 
lets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7- 11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to 
a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, 
when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or nar- 
rowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. — Swamps and along streams, Penn. to 
Kentucky, and everywhere northward. April, May. — Tree rather small, its 
tough wood easily separable into thin layers, used for coarse basket-work, &c. 
Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder. 

-<- ■*- Calyx present, persistent at the base of the fruit. 

5. F. quadra ngulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at 
least on vigorous shoots, glabrous ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or 
lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, 
and of the same icidth at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched 
at the apex (1^' long, |' - J' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio and Mich- 
igan to Illinois and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1. 

6. F. platycilrpa, Michx. (Carolina Water- Ash.) Branchlets 
terete, glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, 
6hort-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (§' wide), with a 
tapering base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March. 

5. FORE§TIEBA, Poir. (Adelia, Michx.) 

Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last 
year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous, 
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, 
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell : style slender : stigma somewhat 2-lobed. 
Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci- 
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 -3-flowered 
{Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.) 

1. IF. acilUlitaata? Poir. Glabrous; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate- 
laneeolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate ; drupe oblong, usually 
pointed. — Wet banks, W. Illinois and southward. April. 



AK1STOLOCHIACE.E. (BIRTH WORT FAMILY.) 359 



Division III. APETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS. 

Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or 
sometimes wanting altogether. 



Order 87. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. (Birthwort Fam.) 

Climbing shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid 
calyx (yalvate in the bud) coherent below with the 6-celled ovary, which forms 
a many-seeded 6-celled pod or berry in fruit Stamens 6-12, more or less 
united with the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly 
heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy raphe, and 
a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. 

1. AS A RUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. 

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less 
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. 
Fruit fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. — Stemless herbs with aromatic- 
pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2-3 kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves 
on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close to the ground. (An ancient 
name, of obscure derivation.) 

§ 1. AS AHUM Proper. — Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the ovary : f laments 
slender , united only with the base of the style, much longer than theshort anthers : 
styles united into one, which is barely 6-lobed at the summit, and with 6 radiating 
thick stigmas : leaves membranaceous, unspotted, on flowering stems mostly a single 
pair, with the peduncle between them. 

1. A« Canadeiise, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves kidney-shaped, more or 
less pointed (4' -5' wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, with the upper 
part of the acute lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside ; 
stamens awn-tipped. — Hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially northward, 
and along the Alleghanies : also in Illinois. April, July. 

§ 2. HETER6TROPA. — Calyx-tube somewhat inflated below and contracted at 
the throat, only its base coherent with the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleft, 
short : filaments very short or none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 
2-cleJl, each bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft : leaves thickish, per- 
sistent, the upper surface often whitish-mottled, alternate on the rootstoclc : peduncle 
very short. 

2. A. Virginicum, L. Leaves round-heart-shaped (l£ f -2' wide) ; calyx 
ventricose-bell-shaped ; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and southward, in and near 
the mountains. May. 

3. A. £11*1 folium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2' -4' long); 
calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes; anthers obtusely slwrt~ 
pointed. — Virginia, and southward. May. 



360 NYCTAGINACEJE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 

Calyx tubular, the tube extended, variously inflated above the ovary, mostly 
contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the 
back of the short and fleshy 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved. 
Seeds flat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, 
with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. 
(Named from its reputed medicinal properties.) 

$ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely 
3-Iobed : anthers in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the 3 truncate 
lobes of the stigma) : low herbs. 

1. A. Serpentnria, L. (Virginia Sxakeroot.) Stems (8' -15' 
high) branched at the base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart- 
shaped base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the 
root, short-peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittata, Muhl., A. hir- 
suta, Nutt., &c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward; not 
common except near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The fibrous, aromatic- 
stimulant root is well known in medicine. 

§ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short 
limb obscurely 3-lobed : anthers in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lobes of 
the stigma : twining slwubs : flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory 
axillary buds. 

2. A, Siplio, L'Her. (Pipe- Vine. Dutchman's Pipe.) Glabrous; 
leaves round-kidney -shaped, slightly dowmy underneath ; peduncles with a clasp- 
ing bract; calyx (1^ long) with a brown-purple, abrupt flat border. — Rich 
woods, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems 
sometimes 2' in diameter, climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8'- 12' broad. 

3. A. foment OSa., Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped, 
very veiny (3' -5' long) ; calyx greenish-yellow, with an oblique dark purple closed 
orifice and a rugose refiexed limb. — Rich woods, from Southern Illinois south- 
ward. June. 



Order 88. NYC T AGIN ACE^E. (Four-o'clock Family.) 

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and en- 
tire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx 
ichich is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the l-celled 
1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the stamens 
1 -several, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the outside of 
mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons. — Represented in our gar- 
dens by the common Four-o'clock, or Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis 
Jalapa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla because 
the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitates a calyx ; — and by a 
single 



PHYTOLACCACEiE. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 361 

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Oxybaphus. 

Flowers 1 - 5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, 
which enlarges, and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short 
tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, which is plaited in 
the bud. Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Fruit achenium- 
like, several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, with very large and thick perennial 
roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name 6£vj3d(f)ov, 
a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape of the involucre.) 

1. O. nyctagineilS, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked 
(1° - 3° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped ; 
involucres 3-5-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois south- 
ward and westward. June - Aug. 



Order 89. PHYTOLACCACEiE. (Pokeweed Family.) 

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, with nearly the 
characters of Chenopodiacea3, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of 
as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — represent- 
ed only by the typical genus 

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed. 

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5 -12 
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a 
depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell. 
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, 
with large petioled leaves, and flowers in racemes which become lateral and op- 
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of (J)vt6v, plant, and the Erench lac, lake, 
in allusion to the coloring matter resembling that pigment which the berries 
yield.) 

1. P. clecaaiclra, L. (Common Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeon- 
Berry.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Borders of woods and moist ground; com- 
mon. July- Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very 
large poisonous root often 4' -6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (in early 
spring sometimes eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), which are at length 6°- 
9° high. Calyx white: ovary green; the long racemes of dark-purple berries 
filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn. 

Order 90. CHENOPODIACE^E. (Goosefoot Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with chief 'y alter- 
nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, 
with the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or 
rarely fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the l-celled ovary 
becoming a l-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium in fruit. Embryo 



362 chenopodiace^e. (goosefoot family.) 

coiled into a ring (around the albumen, when there is any) or spiral. — Calyx 
persistent, enclosing the fruit. Styles 2, rarely 3-5. (-Mostly inert or 
innocent plants.) See Addend. 

Synopsis, 

I. CYCLOLOBEJE. Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen. 

Tribe I. CHEXOPODIE^G. Flowers usually all alike and perfect, or merely polyg- 
amous by the want of stamens in some of them. Stem not jointed. Leaves flat. 
Flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles. (Fruit enclosed in the calyx.) 

1. CYCLOLOMA. Calyx 5-cleft. in fruit surrounded by a horizontal membranaceous win£ 

Seed horizontal. 

2. CHENOPODITJM. Calyx 3 -5-cleft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit. 

Seed horizontal (rarely vertical when the calyx is only 2 -3-cleft). 

3. ROUBIEYA. Calyx 5-cleft. becoming closed and pod-like in fruit Utricle glandular- 

dotted. Seed vertical. 
i. BLITTJM. Calyx of 3 - 5 sepals, dry or juicy in fruit. Utricle membranaceous. Seed 
vertical. 

Tribe II. SPIXACIEJE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of two distinct sorte: 
otherwise as in Tribe I. 

5. ATRIPLEX. Pair of bracts including the otherwise naked ovary and fruit fiat and dilated, 

often united below. Radicle inferior or lateral. 

6. OBIOXE. Fruit-bearing bracts united. Radicle superior. 

Tribe LTL SAMCORj* UfiiE. Flowers all alike and perfect, spiked or in catkins. 

Stem jointed. Leaves awl-shaped, scale-like, or none. 

7. SALICORXIA. Flowers sunk in excavations of the axis. Calyx utricular. 

II. SPIROLOBEJE. Embryo coiled in a spiral: albumen none or little. 

Tribe IY. SUJEDEJE. Embryo in a flat spiral. Leaves terete and fleshy. 

8. CHENOPODINA. Calyx 5-parted, wingless and hornless. Seed horizontal. 

Tribe Y. SALSOL.EJE. Embryo conical-spiral. Leaves fleshy or spinescent. 

9. SALSOLA. Calyx of 5 sepals, in fruit horizontally 5- winged. Seed horizontal. 

1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. Winged Pigweed. 

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly 
keeled, including the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and 
continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal, 
flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched 
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small panicled 
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of kvkXl., round about, and Aa>/xa, 
a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.) 

1. C. platyphylllllll, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla, Michx.) — Illi- 
nois, on the alluvial banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward. 

2. CHENOPODIITUI , L. Goosefoot. Pigweed. 

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with 
the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more 



CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 363 

or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform. 
StyJes 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Xos. 7 and 9), len- 
ticular : embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — Weeds, 
usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters 
collected in spiked panicles. (Xanie from xr\v, a goose, and novs, foot, in allu- 
sion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (except No. 9 ?), 
flowering through the summer, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, 
cultivated grounds, and waste places. 

§ 1. CHEXOPODIUaI Proper. — Smooth or mealy, never pubescent or glandular 

nor sweet-scented : embryo a complete ring. 

* Leaves entire: herbage green, sometimes turning purplish, no mealiness: calyx- 

lobes not keeled nor wholly enclosing the fruit. 

1. C. polyspermum, L. Stems slender, ascending ; leaves oblong or ovate- 
oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed into a slender petiole. — A scarce garden- 
weed, about Boston, C. J. Sprague. Woods, near Mercersburg and Reading, 
Penn., Porter : the var. spicatum (C. acutifolium, Smith). (Xat, from Eu.) 

* * Leaves strongly and sharply toothed, green throughout (mealiness obscure or none), 
on slender petioles : calyx-lobes slightly or not at all keeled, not completely enclosing 
the ripe fruit (least enclosing in No. 2, most so in No. 4). 

2. C. HYBRiDUM, L. (aIaple-leayed Goosefoot.) Bright green ; stem 
widely much branched (2° -4° high) ; leaves thin (2' -8' long), somewhat trian- 
gular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into a 
few large and pointed teeth ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless; the 
smooth calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely 
to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like Stramonium. (Xat. from Eu.) 

3. C usbicum, L. Rather pale or dull green, with erect branches (l°-3° 
high) ; leaves triangular, acute, coarsely many -toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a 
long and narrow racemose panicle ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed icith rounded mar- 
gins. — Yar. rhombieoliuai, Moqmn (C. rhombifolium, MM.), is a form 
with the leaves more or less wedge-shaped at the base, and with longer and 
sharper teeth. — Xot rare eastward. (Xat. from Eu.) 

4. C« murale, L. Ascending, loosely branched (l -^ high); leaves 
rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green ; 
spikes or racemes diverging and somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ; 
seed sharp-edged. — Boston, to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* •% * Leaves toothed, repand-angled, or sometimes nearly entire, more or less white- 
mealy, as well as the flowen^s : calyx-lobes distinctly keeled, usually (but not always) 
perfectly enclosing the fruit. 

5. C, opulif6lium, Schrad. Leaves nund-rhombic, spreading, long-petioled, 
very obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed, toothed, th?> upper oblong-lanceolate; racemes 
panicled, rather loose; seed with rather obtuse margins. — Seen from U. S. by 
Moquin : probably it has been confounded with the next ; perhaps justly. (Adv. 
from Eu.) 

6. C album, L. (Lamb's-Quarters. Pigweed.) Ascending ; leaves ; 
varying from rhombic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper linear-lanceolate., acute, 



364 CHENOPODIA^EJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 

sparingly or slightly toothed ; racemes spiked-panicled, mostly dense ; seed 
shaip-edged. — Varies exceedingly in different situations, more or less white- 
mealy : a narrow and green-leaved variety, with slender racemes, is C. viride, 
L. — Very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * # # Leaves sinuate- or pinnati fid-toothed, ■white-mealy underneath : calyx-lobes 
not keeled, not perfectly enclosing the fruit, sometimes only 4-2, and then the seed 
commonly vertical. 

7. C. glaucum, L. (Oak-leaved Goosefoot.) Stems ascending or 
prostrate, much branched (6' -12' high); leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth and 
pale green above; racemes spiked and simple, dense; seed sharp-edged.— 
Philadelphia, Dr. Bromfield. Lancaster, Penn., Porter. Roxbury, Mass., D. 
Murray. (Illinois and Wisconsin.) (Adv. from Eu.) 

^ 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (Ambrina, Moquin, in part.) — Not mealy, but 
more or less viscid-glandular and pleasant-aromatic : seed sometimes vertical when 
the calyx is only 2-S-cleft; embryo forming only § or f of a ring. 

8. C. B6trys, L. (Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.) Glan- 
dular-pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuato- 
pinnatifid ; racemes cymose-diverging , loose, leafless ; fruit not perfectly enclosed ; 
seed obtusely margined. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 

9. C ambrosioides, L. (Mexican Tea.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly 
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper- 
ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit 
perfectly enclosed in the calyx ; seeds obtuse on the margin. — Waste places; 
common, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into 

Var. ANTHELMfNTicuM. (Wormseed.) Root perennial (?) ; leaves more 
strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid ; spikes mostly 
leafless. (C. anthelminticum, L.) — Common in waste places southward. 
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.) 

3. ROUBIEVA, Moquin. Roubieva. 

Calyx oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, in fruit enclosing the glandular- dotted 
utricle like a small pod. Filaments short and flat. Seed vertical. Otherwise 
like Chenopodium, § 2. — A diffusely much-branched perennial, with small 1-2- 
pinnatifid leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. (Named for G. J. Roubieu, a 
French botanical writer.) 

1. R. multIfida, Moquin. (Chenopodium multindum, L.) — Waste 
places, New York, in and around the city, J. Carey. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

4. BLITUM, Tourn. Blite. 

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, either unchanged or becom- 
ing juicy and berry-like in fruit, not appendaged. Stamens 1-5: filaments 
filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, compressed -globular ; the embryo 
coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — Herbs, with petioled triangular 
or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed leaves. (The ancient Greek and 
Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.) 



CHENOPODIACE.fi. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 365 

$ I. MOROCAHPUS, Moench. — Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : flowers 
in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked : calyx in fruit commonly becoming 
fleshy or berry -like, nearly enclosing the utricle. 

1. 15 . maritimuiii, Nutt. (Coast Blite.) Stem angled, much 
branched ; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge- 
shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the 
upper linear-lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4, 
rather fleshy ; stamen 1; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New 
Jersey to Massachusetts ; rare. Aug. 

2. B. capitatllin, L. (Strawberry Blite.) Stem ascending, 
branching ; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed ; 
clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1-5; 
calyx beny-like in fruit ; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow mar- 
gin. — Dry rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and 
northward. June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the 
large clusters look like Strawberries. (Eu.) 

) 2. AGATH6PHYT0N, Moquin. Somewhat mealy: root perennial : flowers 
in clusters crowded in a terminal spike: calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half naked 
fruit. 

3. I*. Bonus-Henricus, Reichenb. (Good-King-Henry.) Leaves tri- 
angular-halberd-form; stamens 5. (Chenopodium, L.) — Around dwellings: 
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. Orache. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopo- 
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile flowers consisting only 
of a pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate or halberd- 
shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and distinct, or united only at the 
base. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring ; the radicle inferior and more 
or less ascending. In one section, to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are 
also fertile flowers with a calyx, like those of Chenopodium but without sta- 
mens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like 
scales, with triangular or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered 
flowers. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 

1. A. Sflctstftta, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, much branched, more or 
less scurfy ; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petioled, triangular and halberd 
form, commonly somewhat toothed, the uppermost lanceolate and entire ; fruit- 
ing bracts triangular or ovate-triangular, acute, entire, or 1-2-toothcd below, 
often somewhat contracted at the base, so becoming rather rhomboidal, the flat 
faces either smooth and even, or sparingly muricate. ® (A. hastata & lacini- 
ata, Pursh. A. Purshiana. Moquin. A. patula, ed. 1. &c.) — Salt marshes, 
brackish river-banks, &c, Virginia to Maine. The plant on the shore is more 
scurfy and hoary; more inland it is greener and thinner-leaved. (Eu.) 

A. hortensis, L., the Garden Orache, is said by Pursh to be sponta- 
neous in fields and about gardens. I have never seen it growing wild : it is 
rarely cultivated as a pot-herb. 



366 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 

6. OBI ONE, Gaertn. Obione. 

Flowers nearly as m Atriplex, but the more or less united bracts investing the 
fruit often inflcxed or indurated and pod-like ; the radicle superior and project- 
ing. Herbaceous or shrubby. (Origin of the name unknown, unless from the 
river Obi, in Siberia, whence the original species came.) 

1. O. areiiaria, Moquin. (Sand Orache.) Silvery-mealy, diffusely 
spreading ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile ; bracts of the 
fruit broadly wedge-shaped, flat, united, 2 - 3-toothed at the summit, and with 
a few prickly points on the sides. ® — Sea-beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, 
and southward. August. 

7. SALICORNIA, Toura. Glass wort. Samphire. 

Flowers perfect, 3 together, sessile and immersed in hollows of the thickened 
upper joints, forming spikes ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small 
and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly 
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened fruit. Stamens 1 - 2 : styles 2, partly 
united. Seed vertical, with the embryo coiled or bent into a ring. — Herbaceous 
or somewhat shrubby low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, 
and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name 
composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn; saline plants with horn-like branches.) 

1. S. lierbacea, L. Annual, erect or ascending (G'-12' high), much 
branched; the joints somewhat thickened at their summit, and with two short and 
blunt or notched teeth ; spikes elongated, tapering but rather obtuse at the apex. — Salt 
marshes of the coast, and at Salina, New York, and other interior salt springs. 
Aug. (Eu.) 

2. S. Iimci'Oliata, Lag. ? Bigelow. Annual, erect, sparingly branched 
(4 , -8 / high) ; the joints 4-angled at the base, and with 2 car-like ovate and pointed 
teeth at their summit; spikes short and thick, obtuse. (S. Virginica, Nutt., not of 
L.) — Salt marshes, Maine to New York. Sept. — Plant turning deep crimson 
In autumn. (Eu. ?) 

3. §• ambigua, Michx. Perennial, herbaceous, or a little woody, pro- 
cumbent or creeping, lead-colored, with flexuous ascending branches (3' '-6' high) ; 
the joints truncate, dilated upward, flattish, slightly and obtusely 2-toothcd. — Sea- 
beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Sept. 

§. CIIENOPODINA, Moquin. Sea Goosefoot. 

Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5- 
parted, not appendaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the 
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed horizontal, with a flat-spiral 
embryo, dividing the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Fleshy maritime plants, 
with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (Name altered from Chenopodium.) 

1. C. maritima, Moquin. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched; 
leaves slender (1' long), acute ; calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged. (Cheno- 
podium maritimum, L. Suaeda, Moquin, formerly . ) — Salt marshes along the 
6ea-shore. Aug. (Eu.) 



AMARANTACEJE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 367 

9. SAL, SOIL, A, L. Saltwort. 

Flowers perfect, with 2 braetlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing 
the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the 
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is 
coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching 
plants, of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, often 
spiny-tipped, and sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt ; in allusion to 
the alkaline salts these plants copiously contain.) 

1. S. £kali, L. (Common Saltwort.) Annual, diffusely branching, 
rough or smoothish ; leaves alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed ; flowers sin- 
gle ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the 
large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy sea- 
shore; common. August. — A very prickly bush-like plant. (Eu.) 



B£ta vulgaris, the Beet, with its varieties, the Scarcity and Mangel Wurt- 
zd, — and Spinacia oleracea, the Spinach, — well-known esculent plants, 
also belong to this family. 

Order 91. AMARANTACEL3E. (Amaranth Family.) 

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family, but the foivers 
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts, often colored, com,' 
monly 3 in number ; the one-celled ovary many-ovuled in one tribe. (The 
greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way north- 
ward as weeds.) 

Synopsis, 

Tribe I. ACHYRAITHEJ]. Anthers 2-celied. Ovary 1-ovuled. Utricle 1-seeded. 

* Flowers monoecious or sometimes perfect. 
J. AMARANTHS. Calyx of 5 or 3 sepals, and 3-bracted. Fruit opening transversely (clr- 

cumcissile) ; the upper part falling away. 
2. EEX0LU3. Calyx mostly of 3 sepals Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. 

* * Flowers dioecious : calyx none in the fertile flowers. 
8- MONTELIA. Fruit a thin and even utricle, opening transversely, as in No, 1. Stigmsa 

long, plumose -hairy. 
4. ACNLDA. Fruit 3 -o-angled and fleshy, indehiscent. 

Tribe II. GOIVIPHRENE JE. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary and fruit as in Tribe I. 
6. FRESINE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens united below into a cup. 
6. FRCELICHIA. Calyx 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube 

1. A^ARA>Tl§, Toura. Amaranth. 

Flowers monoeciously polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or rarely 3, equal 
erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 3, separate : anthers 2-celled. Stig- 
mas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1 -seeded membranaceous utricle, 2-3-beaked at 
the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely all round, tbe 

21 



368 AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

upper part falling away as a lid. Embryo coilei into a ring around the albu- 
men. — Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, 
and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters. 
(Name compounded of a privative, /xapcuVo), to fade, and auOos^ flowery because 
the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote 
Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranthus.) — No 
species is really indigenous in the Northern United States. 

§ 1. Flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or mostly paniclcd spikes : stem erect 
(l°-6° high) : leaves long-petioled : stamens and sepals 5. 

* Flowers, much-branched panicles, <J*c, crimson or purple-tinged : the leaves (4' - 
10' long) mostly partaking of the same color : stem unarmed. 

1. A. hypochondriacus, L. (Prince's Feather.) Smooth or sinooth- 
ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowd- 
ed, the terminal one elongated ; bracts long-awned ; fruit 2 - S-cleft at the apex, 
longer than the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ; 
but doubtless adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

2. A. panicuiAtus, L. (Prince's Feather. Red Amaranth, &c.) 
Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes acutish, 
erect or spreading, rather dense, the terminal one not much larger ; bracts awn- 
pointed ; fruit 2 - S-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers green, 
tinged with red, or sometimes deep red or purple. (A. sanguineus, L.) — In 
gardens, &c. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

*■ ^ Flowers, fyc. green : stem unarmed. 

3. A. hybridus, L. (Green Amaranth. Pigweed.) Leaves ovate- 
oblong or ovate, acute, smooth, bright green, spikes erect, obtuse, in loosely 
branched panicles, the terminal one longer; bracts awned, sometimes tinged 
reddish ; fruit 2 - S-cleft at the apex, nearly smooth, not exceeding the calyx. "Waste 
places and gardens ; common. (Virginia, L. ; but nat. from Trop. Amer.) 

4. A» chlorostachys, Willd. Leaves bright deep green, long-petioled, ovate 
or rhombic-ovate ; spikes ascending, acute, crowded in an open panicle, the ter 
minal one long and often nodding ; bracts awn-pointed, rather longer than the calyx, 
which is shorter than the 2 -S-toothed rugose fruit. — Around dwellings, southward. 
Perhaps (with the preceding) no more than a variety of the next. (Adv. from 
Trop. Amer.) 

5. A. retroflexus, L. (Pigweed.) Roughish and pubescent; leaves 
pale or dull green, or rather glaucous, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, un- 
dulate ; spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, acutish, more or less spreading, green, 
the terminal one shortish and erect ; bracts pointed, twice the length of the calyx, 
which is longer than the rugose fruit. — Around dwellings, in manured soils. 
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 

# * =fc Flowers, frc. greenish : stem armed with 2 spines in the axils of the leaves. 

6. A. spin6sus, L. (Thorny Amaranth.) Smooth, bushy-branched; 
stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green; terminal 
spike elongated ; calyx about equalling the bracts and the fruit — Waste places, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer ? > 



AMARANTACEJE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 369 

§ 2. Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters : stems spreading or ascend- 
ing : stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2. 

7. A. Albits, L. Smooth, pale green (J°-2° high); stems whitish, mostly 
spreading next the ground ; leaves long-petioled, obovate and spatulate-oblong, 
very obtuse or retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucronate, half the length of the 
rugose fruit, much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste 
grounds, near towns, and road-sides : common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 

A. me lan c ho li cus, L., cultivated under the fanciful name of Love-lies- 
Bleeding, is not spontaneous. 

2. EIJXOEXTS, Eaf. False Amaranth. 

Flowers monoecious, or rarely perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 3-5 erect gla- 
brous sepals. Stamens 2-5, mostly 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit an ovate and often 
rather fleshy 1 -seeded utricle, which does not open or bursts irregularly. Other- 
wise much as in Amarantus. (Name said by the author to mean "well shut/' 
probably formed illegitimately of cv, very, and oXos, whole or entire.) 

1. E. lividus, L. Smooth, livid-purple; stem thick, much branched ; leaves 
ovate or oval, long-petioled ; axillary spikes or heads dense, much shorter than 
the petioles, the terminal elongated ; sepals 3, much longer than the bracts, rather 
bhorter than the rugose fruit. Q (Amarantus lividus, L.) — Coast of Virginia 
(according to Linnaeus), and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?) 

2. E. deflexcs, Eaf. Minutely pubescent; stems decumbent, or ascending 
with deflexed branches (1° high); leaves rhombic-lanceolate; spikes oblong- 
cylindrical ; sepals mostly 3, shorter than the smooth acutish fruit. (Amarantus 
deflexus, L.) — Waste places, Albany, New York, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. E. puniililS, Eaf. (Dwarf Amaranth.) Prostrate, smooth, rather 
fleshy; leaves obovate, emarginate, and petiolcd, often purple-veined, mostly 
crowded at the end of the spreading branches ; flowers greenish and purple, in 
small axillary clusters ; bracts short, pointless ; stamens and sepals o, the latter 
half the length of the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed thickish fruit (which is not cir- 
cumcissile, as figured in Fl. N. Y.) (Amaranthus pumilus, Raf, Nittt.) — Sandy 
sea-shore, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 

3. MONTE EI A, Moquin (under Acnida). 

Flowers dioecious, 2 -3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and 
mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with ob- 
long anthers ; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flow- 
ers without any calyx, the lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovuled 
ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-hispid. Fruit a 
thin and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transverse- 
ly around the middle ; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the 
annular embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall and erect, with 
lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters 
of greenish flowers, mostly crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted 
spikes. (Probably a personal name ) 



370 , AMARANTAOEiE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

1. JW. taiimrfscma.. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nutt., & ed. 1. A. 
altissimus & Miamensis, Riddell. Acnida altissima, MicJix. herb. A. rusocarpa, 
Moquin, &c.) — Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin, 
Illinois, and southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. concate- 
NAta is a form with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish dis- 
tant heads (£'-^ in diameter) in the axils of the leaves; the stems often low 
and spreading or decumbent. — Avery variable plant, as to inflorescence, height 
(l°-6° high), the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5 ; long, the petioles often of 
the same length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the 
fruit (which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The 
sterile plant is Acnida rusocarpa, MicJix., or was mixed with it in Michaux's 
collection, but not the fertile ; for the fruit of the present plant is neither obtuse- 
angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. Besides, that name is unmeaning. In estab- 
lishing this genus, therefore, as Moquin clearly would have done had he exam 
ined the ripe fruit, I adopt Nuttall's specific name. 

4. ACWIDA, L. Water-Hemp. 

Fruit a fleshy and indehiscent utricle, 3 - 5-angled, the angles often rugose or 
tubercled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shaped. 
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the last genus. (Name 
formed of a privative and Kvidrj, a nettle.) 

1. A. cajinabma, L. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
long-petioled ; fruit globular (lJ"-2" long), much exceeding the pointless 
bracts. @ — Salt-marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia and south- 
ward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 3° - 6° high. — Probably the only species ; for A. 
rusocarpa, MicJix., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia tamaris- 
cina ; and A. tuberculata, Moquin, is likely to be one or the other. 

5. I RE SINE, P. Browne. Iresine. 

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta- 
mens mostly 5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers 
1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite 
petioled leaves, and minute scarious white flowers crowded into clusters or 
spiked and branching panicles, the calyx, &c. often bearing long wool (whence 
the name, from elpeaioavrj, sl branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in pro- 
cessions at festivals.) 

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, slender (2° -4° high), 
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles narrow, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, 
the latter woolly at the base. © — Dry banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- 
ward. Sept. 

0. FRCEL.ICBLIA, Mcench. (Oplotheca, Nutt.) 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5 
crested lengthwise or tubercled and indurated in fruit, and enclosing the closed 
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers, 
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with 



POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 371 

opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A. 
FrOlich, a German botanist of the last century.) 

1. F. Floridatia, Moquin. Stem leafless above (l°-2°high); leaves 
lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike ; 
calyx very woolly. (T) — Illinois, in Mason and Cass Counties, Mead, T. J. Hale, 
F. Hall, &s. Western Wisconsin. Aug. — Apparently indigenous : but else- 
where it is only found much farther south. 

Gomphrena glob6sa, L., is the common Globe Amaranth of the gar- 
dens. 

Order 92. POLYGONACE^E. (Buckwheat Family.) 

Herbs, with alternate leaves, furnished with stipules in the form of sheaths 
(ochreae) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the flowers mostly perfect, 
with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2-3 styles or 
stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo curved or straight- 
ish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre ; the radicle 
pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed- like fruit. Sta- 
mens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually 
entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in 
Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — Our few genera 
all belong to the Polygone^e Proper. 

Synopsis. 

* Sepals mostly 5, somewhat equal, all erect in fruit. 

1. POLYGONUM. Embryo narrow, curved around one side of the albumen: cotyledons 

slender or flat. 

2. FAGOPYRUM. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. 

# * Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging. 

3. OXYRIA. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Fruit 2- winged, samara-like. 

4. RUMEX. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit 3-angled, wingless, enclosed in the enlarged inner 

sepals. 

1. POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed. 

Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, wither- 
ing or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta- 
mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2-3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside 
of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the coty- 
ledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. (Name composed of iro\v, many, and yovv, 
knee, from the numerous joints.) 

§ 1. BIST6RTA, To urn. — Calyx petal-like, deeply 5-cleft : stamens 8 or 9 : styles 
3, slender : achenium 3-sided : stems low and simple from a woody creeping root- 
stock : flowers in a spike-like raceme. 

1. P. viviparum, L. (Alpine Bistort.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8' 
high), bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets 



372 poltgonace^e. (buckwheat family.) 

m their place); leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, 
New Hampshire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

§ 2. AMBLY6GONON, Meisn. — Calyx petal-like, 5-parted: stamens 7 : style 2- 
cleft: stigmas capitate: achenium lenticular (cotyledons incumbent, linear: albumen 
floury) : annuals : flowers crowded in linear-cylindrical terminal spikes. 

2. P. orientAle, L. (Prince's Feather.) Tall, branching, rather 
hairy ; leaves ovate, pointed, petioled ; upper sheaths salver-form ; spikes nu- 
merous, nodding ; the large bright rose-colored flowers open. — Sparingly 
escaped from cultivation into waste grounds. Aug., Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 

$3. PER SIC ARIA, Tourn. — Calyx petal-like, 5-parted: stamens 4-8: styles 
2-3 or 2-3-cleft: stigmas capitate, often small: achenium lenticular, or (when 
there are 3 stigmas) 3-sided (cotyledons accumbent, narrow: albumen hard and 
horny) : roots fibrous: sheaths cylindrical y truncate: flowers crowded in spikes or 
spike-like racemes. 

* Sheaths naked : styles 2, or 2-cleft: achenium flat or lenticular. 
*- Stamens 5 : spike mostly solitary, very dense : flowers rose-red: root perennial. 

3. P. amphibilim, L. (Water Persi carta.) Leaves elliptical- 
lanceolate or oblong, pointed or obtusish, either narrowed or rather heart-shaped 
at the base. — Var. 1. aquaticum, L., is floating or procumbent in soft mud, 
rooting, and nearly smooth, as well as the long-petioled often obtuse floating 
leaves. (P. coccmeum, Bigel. P. fluitans, Eaton.) — Var. 2. terrestre is 
more or less hairy or bristly, with an upright or ascending stem, growing in 
marshy or muddy places ; the leaves acute or pointed, upper very short-petioled. 
— Ponds or their low borders; common, especially northward. July, Aug. — 
Very variable in foliage, &c. : spike oblong, l'-3 ; long, J'-f thick. (Eu.) 

«*- ■•- Stamens 6 or 8 : spikes somewhat panicled, oblong or linear, densely flowered: 
flowers rose or flesh-color : root annual. 

4. P. nodosum, Pers., var. in earn alum. Stem upright (2° -4° 
high), smooth below, the branches above, peduncles, frc. roughened with scattered 
sessile glands ; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate 
(4'- 10' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the base to a 
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (l^'-3' long); stamens 
6; style 2-parted, both included; achenium with concave sides. (P. incarnatum, 
Ell. P. lapathifolium, Amer. auth.) — Moist places, Conn. <fcc, to Kentucky, 
and common southward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths rather long, perfectly smooth 
and naked on the margin. — This is not P. lapathifolium, but falls under P. no- 
dosum as the species are lately distinguished by Meisner : our plant is appar- 
ently indigenous, and so different from the European that it should perhaps be 
admitted as a species under Elliott's name. 

5. P. Pennsylvaniciim, L. Stem upright (l°-3° high), smooth 
below, the branches above, and especially the peduncles, beset with bristly -stalked 
glands ; leaves lanceolate, a little rough on the midrib and margins ( 1 J' - 5' long) ; 
spikes oblong, obtuse (l'-2' long), erect, thick ; stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted; 
style 2-cleft ; achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places; com- 
mon. July- Oct. 



POLYGONACEJS. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 373 

# # Sheaths ciliate or fringed with bristles. 

■*- Root annual: stamens 6-8 : styles most commonly 2 : achenium mostly flat. 

5. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem much branched, upright (3° -5° high), glan- 
dular-bristly ; leaves lanceolate, bristly on the midrib and margins ; spikes elon- 
gated, cylindrical , drooping, on long bristly -glandular peduncles, rather dense (l'-4' 
long); stamens 6-8; style 2-parted; fruit lenticular, tumid, very smooth and 
shining. — Shaded swamps, Vermont and Maine to Rhode Island, and doubtless 
westward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves 4' -10' long, roughish. Flowers rose-purple, 
somewhat tinged with green. 

7. P. Persicaria, L. (Ladt's Thumb.) Stem smooth (12' -18' high) ; 
leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar 
spot near the middle ; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not 
glandular) peduncles (V long); stamens mostly 6; styles half 2 - 3-cleft ; fruit 
gibbous-flattened or rarely triangular, smooth and shining. (J) — Waste and 
damp places; very common. July, Aug. — Flowers greenish-purple. Plant 
not acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 

8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Smart-weed.) Smooth (l°-2° high), very 
acrid; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted; spikes slender, but short, loosely flowered, 
greenish, drooping; calyx dotted with pellucid glands; stamens mostly 6 ; styles 
2 - 3-parted ; fruit minutely striate, dull or little shining, flat or flattish, or ob- 
tusely triangular. — Moist or wet grounds, mostly in waste places. Aug., Sept. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

4- -t- Root perennial (or mostly so) : stamens 8 : styles 3 : achenium sharply triangu- 
lar, smooth and shining. (Stems often decumbent or creeping at the base and rooting 
from the joints: spikes few or single.) 

9. P. acre, H. B. K. (Wild Smart-weed.) Smooth, or nearly so (1° 
-3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted ; spikes very slender, erect, interrupted 
below, whitish or flesh-color ; calyx dotted with pellucid glands ; style 3-parted. 
(P. punctatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet places; common, es- 
pecially southward. 

10. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (Mild Water-Pepper.) Stem 
smooth (l°-3° high), the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with rather long bris- 
tles ; leaves roughish or oppressed-pubescent, not acrid, narrowly lanceolate, tapering 
to both ends ; spikes rather slender, erect (l'-2j ; long), rose-color; calyx not glan- 
dular-dotted ; style half 3-cleft. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places, 
and in shallow water ; common, especially southward. Aug. 

§ 4. AVICULAMA, Meisn. — Calyx more or less petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 8, 
sometimes 3 - 6 ; the filaments awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base : stigma* 
3, globose, nearly sessile : achenium 3-sided (cotyledons incumbent : albumen horny) : 
commonly annuals, smooth and axillary, with small leaves : flowers sometimes crowd' 
ed in interrupted spikes along the leafless summit of the branches. 

* Flowers truly axillary, 2-3 together, or rarely solitary : sheaths usually 2 - 3-parted 
and cut-fringed or torn. 

11. P. aviculare, L. (Knotgrass. Goose-grass. Door-weed.) 
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; flowers apparently 



874 POLTGONACEiE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

sessile (greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple) ; sheaths much shorter 
than the lower leaves ; stamens 5 or 8 ; fruit enclosed in the calyx, dully minutely 
wrinkled-striate or granular under a lens, (l) — Waste places and gravelly banks ; 
everywhere the commonest weed. (Eu.) 

Var. erectltlll, Roth. Stems upright or ascending ; leaves broader (ob-, 
long or oval) and larger; stamens commonly 5. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer 
soil or more shaded places ; common. 

Var. latXorale, Link. Prostrate, very short-jointed ; leaves elliptical-lan- 
ceolate or narrowly oblong, thickened, glaucous ; the sheaths larger in propor- 
tion ; fruit longer than the calyx, smooth, (j) (P. maritimum, Ray, &c. P. 
glaucum, Nutt. P. Robert! , Lois.) — Sandy sea-beach, Rhode Island to Vir- 
ginia. Probably a mere state of P. aviculare altered by salt water. (Eu.) 

12. P. r a an OSs §si mil SHI, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, much 
branched (2° -4° high), rigid, many-striate ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering 
into a petiole ; sheaths mostly short ; flowers greenish-white (yellowish in drying); 
stamens commonly 6 ; fruit smooth and shining, partly protruded from the calyx. 
(J) — Sandy shores and banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southward. 
Salt marshes, Rhode Island, Olney. Aug. - Oct. — Larger leaves 2 f long. 

13. P. teillie, Michx.- (Slender Knotgrass.) Stem slender, upright t 
sparingly branched (6'- 12' high), sharp-angled; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 
very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; flowers greenish-white ; fruit smooth and 
shining. ® — Dry soil, and rocky hills ; rather common. July - Sept. 

* * Flowers solitary from the axils of closely approximated or imbricated truncate 
bracts, forming many-jointed terminal spikes: sheaths cylindrical, naked, entire, 

14. P. articillatltm, L. (Joint weed.) Stem upright, paniculately 
branched (4 ; - 12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous; flow- 
ers crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on recurved pedicels 
twice the length of the joint-like bracts (bright rose-color) ; fruit smooth and 
shining. — Dry, sandy soil ; common along the coast, along all the Great 
Lakes, and in intermediate places in New York. Aug. — Singular for its many- 
jointed spikes or racemes, which are l'-S' long; the lower bracts tooth-pointed 
on one side. — Not a Polygonella ! 

i 5. TOVARIA, Adans. — Calyx rather herbaceous' (greenish), unequally 4-paned : 
stamens 5 : styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achenium 
(cotyledons oblong, accumbent) : perennial : flowers loosely disposed in a naked long 
and slender spike. 

15. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright 
(2°~ 4° high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, round 
ed at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3' -6' long); sheaths cylindrical, 
truncate, hairy and fringed ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, 
the styles in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets 
in rich soil ; common. Aug. 

§ 6. TINlARIA, Meisn. — Calyx 5-parted (rarely 4-parted) : stamens mostly 8 : 
styles or capitate stigmas 3, and achenium 3-sided, or, in No. 1 6, styles 2 and ache- 



POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 375 

nium lenticular: annuals, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped petioled leaves: 
sheaths semicylindrical. 

* Stems flaccid, not twining, but somewhat climbing or supported on otlier plants by 
the reflexed prickles which beset the angles of the stem and petioles : divisions of the 
(pale rose-colored or white) calyx not keeled: bracts chaff-like. 

16. P. arifolilllil, L. (Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem grooved- 
angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long -petioled ; flowers somewhat ra- 
cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 , 
styles 2, very short; fruit lenticular (large). — Low grounds. Aug. 

17. P. saglttatlim, L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem 4- 
angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; 
stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; fruit sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds ; com- 
mon. July - Sept. — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib 
beneath : these are armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles, 
which cut the hand drawn against them. 

* # Stems twining, not prickly : calyx (greenish tinged with white or rose-color ) with 
the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit : flowers in loose panicled racemes : 
bracts like the stipules. 

18. P. Convolvulus, L. (Black Bindweed.) Stems twining or pro- 
cumbent (l°-2° long), roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, 
pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled ; 
fruit smoothish. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. July, Aug. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

19. P. Cilin6de 9 Michx. Minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at the baso 
with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, taper- 
pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; fruit very smooth and 
shining. — Copses and rocky hills ; New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, and 
northward. July - Sept. — Stems climbing 3° - 9° high. 

20. P. dumetortiBn, L.- (Climbing False Buckwheat.) Smooth; 
sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes 
interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged, the 
wings often broad, sometimes very narrow ; fruit smooth and shining. (P. scan- 
dens, L.) — Moist thickets; common. Aug. — Stems twining 8° -12° high 
over bushes. (Eu.) 

2. FAGOPYRUI, Tourn. Buckwheat. 

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit. 
Stamens 8. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the 
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen which it divides into 2 parts, 
with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with 
triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and 
corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose- 
color. (Name (frrjyos, the beech, and 7rjp6s, wheat, from the shape of the grain 
being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name 2?uc&wheat, from 
the German 33uct)e, beech.) 



376 polygonace^. (buckwheat family.) 

1. F. esculentum, Mcench. (Buckwheat.) Smoothish; flower with 6 

honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute 
and entire. (Polygonum Fagopyrum, L. ) — Old fields, remaining as a weed 
where the plant has been cultivated, and escaping into copses. June -Sept 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

3. OXYRIA, Hill. Mountain Sorrel. 

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two 
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses- 
sile, tufted. Ache'nium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur- 
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction 
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender. 
— Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chief- 
ly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered 
in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from d£vs } sour, in allusion to 
the acid flavor of the leaves, similar to that of Sorrel.) 

1. O. dLigyna, Campd. Leaves all round-kidney -form, usually notched 
at the end ; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hamp- 
shire, Oakes, &c, and high northward. (Eu.) 

4. BUMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. 

Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base, 
spreading in fruit; the 3 inner (called valves) larger, somewhat colored, increas- 
ing after flowering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often 
bearing a grain-like tubercle on the outer surface. Stamens 6. Styles 3 : stig- 
mas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, 
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which 
are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles some- 
what sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants; of un- 
known etymology.) 

§ 1. LAPATHUM, Tourn. — Flowers perfect, or morweciously polygamous: styles 

free : herbage bitter. 

* Leaves all lanceolate and acute at both ends, fat, smooth : valves of the fruiting 

calyx entire, or nearly so, not awn-bearing : root perennial. 

1. R. verticillatus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Racemes nearly leafless, 
elongated, the flowers in crowded whorls; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club- 
shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated- 
rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very 
large grain, from J to \ the width of the valve. — Wet swamps and ditches ; 
common. June, July. — Stem 2° -4° high, branched above, with pale green, 
willow-like, thickish, wholly entire leaves ; the lowest ones, more or less 
cordate at the base. 

2. R. fSritamiica, L. (Tall Dock.) Racemes spike-like and 
panicled, nearly leafless (3° - 6° high) ; whorls crowded ; pedicels nodding, rather 
sliorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves round-heart-shaped, obtuse, thin, 1 - 3 of 



POLYGONACEJS. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 377 

them unequally grain-bearing. (R. altissimus, Wood.) — Banks of streams, &c., 
New England ? New York (Peekskill, Mead) to Illinois and southward. June, 
July. — Leaves 3' - 5' long mostly oblong-lanceolate, much like the last; the 
valves fully twice as large, two of the grains small or abortive, or sometimes all 
three wanting. 

3. R. salicifdlius, Weinmann, Hook. (Willow Dock.) Racemes 
spiked, somewhat leafy below; the whorls much crowded; pedicels shojter than 
the fruiting calyx ; the valves ovate, obtusish, rugose-reticulated, (1-2 or) all of 
them nearly covered with a large and thick grain. (R. pallidus, Bigelow.) — Low 
grounds, coast of Massachusetts, and northward and northwestward. June. — 
Stems 1 ° - 3° high, ascending. Leaves thinner than in the two preceding, their 
margins a little wavy. Fruiting calyx smaller than in No. 1, so short-pedicelled 
and crowded as to appear sessile. 

4. K. Hydrolapatltum, Hudson, var. ? Americanum. (Great 
Water-Dock.) Racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leaf- 
less ; whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the 
fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or roundish, obtuse (large), all grain-bear- 
ing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, with minutely crenulate-wavy margins. (R. 
Britannica, Purshl Bigel., &c. R. aquaticus, Smith, Pursh.) — Wet places, 
New England to Penn. and Michigan. July. — Stem 5° high, stout. Lower 
leaves 1° or more long and 3' -5' wide, the stout midrib produced into a 
flat petiole. Yalves thin, £' long, rather denticulate, much more rounded in 
our specimens than in European. — Probably a distinct species, allied to R. 
Patientia. 

# # Leaves more or less wavy -margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base : whorls in 
panicled racemes or spikes : valves entire or short-toothed: perennials : all introduced. 

5. B. obtusif6lius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Stem roughish ; lowest leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy- 
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate- 
halberd-shaped, sharply denticulate at the base, strongly reticulated, one of them 
principally grain-bearing. — Fields, &c. ; a rather common weed. July. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

6. It. crispus, L. (Curled Dock.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy- 
curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or rather heart-shaped at tho 
base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above ; valves round- 
heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, one or all of them grain-bearing. — A 
very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° - 4° high, from 
a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. (Nat. from Eu.) 

7. R. conglomerate, Murray. (Smaller Green Dock.) Leaves 
oblong, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ; 
whorls distant, leafy ; pedicels very short ; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next 
the base ; obtuse, entire, each bearing a single (reddish) grain. (R. acutus, Smith, 
&c.) — Moist places ; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 

8. K. sanguineus, L. (Bloody-veined Dock.) Leaves lanceolate, 
wavy-margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and 
slender leafless interrupted spikes; pedicels very short; valves narrowly oblonq t 



378 laurjlce^:. (laurel family.) 

broadest aotve their middle, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing; veins of the 
leaf red, or, in var. viridis, green. — Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 

* * * Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy -margined ; the lower ones auricled or somewhat 
heart-shaped at the base: valves awn-toothed: low annuals. 

9. R. iitaiitianus, L. (Golden Dock.) Minutely pubescent, dif- 
fusely branched > whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted 
spikes; valve's rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like 
bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.) 
— Sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in the interior. Aug., 
Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange- 
colored fruiting calyx, beset with bristles which are usually longer than the 
width of the valves. (Eu.) 

$ 2. ACETO SELLA, Tourn. — Flowers dioecious: styles adherent to the angles of 
the ovary : herbage acid. 

10. K. Acetosella, L. (Field or Sheep Sorrel.) Low; leaves lance- 
halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless, 
in slender panicled racemes ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, not grain- 
bearing, lj. — An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. 
May. — The fertile panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 

See Addend. 

Rheum Riiaponticum is the Pie Rhubarb, so commonly cultivated for 
the sake of its fleshy and acid esculent leaf-stalks. 

Order 93. LATJRACEiE. (Laurel Family.) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with 
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4-6 colored sepals, 
which are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from 
the l-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens : anthers 
opening by 2-4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered Style single. Fruit 
a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, 
filled by the large almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very nu- 
merous in the tropics, represented in our district by only five species. 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers perfect : stamens 12, three of them sterile. 

1. PEftSEA. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of 3 stamens turned outward. 

* * Flowers dioecious or dioeciously polygamous : stamens 9. 

2. SASSAFRAS Flowers destitute of any involucre. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 

8. BENZOIN. Flowers developed from a 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 
4. TETR ANTHER A Flowers from a 2 - 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 

1. PER SEA, Gaertn. Alligator Pear. 

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry- 
like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re- 



LAURACE.E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 379 

duced to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the two 
proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted 
valves ; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees, 
with persistent entire leaves and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of 
some Oriental tree.) 

1. P. Carolisiensis, Nees. (Red Bay.) Hoary at least when young 
with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle 
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries 
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, L.) — 
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May. — A small tree. 

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. 

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of 
stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers 
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), 
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy (reddish) pedicel. — Trees, with 
spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; the latter decidu- 
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled 
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves. Buds scaly. (The popular name, 
of Spanish origin.) 

1. S. ©Hici2isi!e, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, 
soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods; common, especially 
eastward. April. — Tree 1 5° - 50° high, with yellowish-green twigs. 

3* BENZOIN, Nees. Wild Allspice. JFever-bush. 

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind 
with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner ones 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the 
base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of 
stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not 
thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow-flowers in 
almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters appearing before the leaves ; the clus- 
ters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4 - 6 flowers and surround- 
ed by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. (Named from the aroma, which has 
been likened to that of benzoin.) 

1. B. ©doriferum, Nees. (Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush.) Nearly 
smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Damp 
woods; rather common. March, April. 

2. B. melisssefdlium, Nees. Young branches and buds pubescent; 
leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. 
(Laurus melissaefolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Michx.) — Low grounds, Vir 
ginia and southward. April. 

4. TETBANTHEBA, Jacq. Tetranthera. 

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile ones with 9 
Stamens in 3 rows ; the anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers 



380 THYMELEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) 

with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. — Drupe globular. 
— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves and small flowers in axillary clustered 
umbels. (Name composed of rkrpa, four, and dvBrjpd, anther.) 

1. T. geniculata, Nees. (Pond Spice.) Flowers (yellow) appear- 
ing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ; 
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2 - 4-leaved, 
2 -4-flowered ; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and 
southward. April. 



Order 94 THYMELEACEjE. (Mezereum Family.; 

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and 
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice 
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, which 
forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed. 
Embryo large and almond-like : albumen little or none. — A small family, 
represented in North America only by a single species, of the genus 

1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. 

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscure- 
ly about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above 
the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma 
capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branch- 
lets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short 
petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light 
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 in a cluster from a bud of 3 dark-hairy scales, 
forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Alpicrj, 
the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaeus to this North Ameri- 
can genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently grows 
near mountain rivulets.) 

1. I>. palustl'is, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps; New Eng- 
land to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° -5° 
high ; the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably 
tough, used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In N. New 
England also called Wicopy. 



Order 95. ELiEAGNACEiE. (Oleaster Family.; 

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dioecious flow- 
ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the ascending 
albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit, 
enclosing the achenium ; and from the following by the calyx -tube not co- 
hering with the ovary, &c. A small family, represented east of the Missis- 
sippi solely by one species of 



SANTALACEiE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 381 

1. SHEPHEBDIA, Nutt. Shephurdia. 

Flowers dioacious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8 
stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with 
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth 
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided. 
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their 
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep- 
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 

1. S. Canadensis, Nutt. (Canadian Shepherdia.) Leaves ellipti- 
cal or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty 
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red. — Eocky or gravelly banks, W. Vermont 
to Wisconsin and northward. May. — A straggling shrub, 3° -6° high; the 
branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c, covered with the rusty scales. 
Fruit insipid. 

S. argentea, Nutt., the Buefalo-Berry of Upper Missouri, which has 
narrower leaves, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet fruit, is somewhat 
cultivated for ornament. 



El2eagnus argentea, Pursh, the Silver-Berry, may perhaps be found 
within our northwestern limits. 



Order 96. SANTALACEJE. (Sandalwood Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4 - 6-cleft calyx valvate in 
the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules 
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from 
the base of the cell, but the (indehisceni) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed des- 
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al- 
bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal 
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the 
edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater 
part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow- 
ing genera. 

1. COIANDBA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the 
ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted 
on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the 
middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of threads. Fruit drupe- 
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the 
globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a 
rather woody base or root, alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish* 
white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from 
ko/z?7, hair, and avftpes, /"or stamens, in allusion to the hairs attached to the anthers.) 



LORANTHACE.fi. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 

1 . C. limbcllata, Nutt. Peduncles several and coryi tbose-clustered at 
the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued be- 
yond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes ob- 
long ; style slender; fruit dry. — Dry ground; common. May, June. — Stems 
8' -10' high, very leafy. Koot forming parasitic attachments to the roots of 
trees (as shown by Mr. Stauffer). Leaves obovate-oblong, about 1' long. 

2. C livida, Richards. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the 
oval flaccid leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ; 
style short ; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Shore of Lake Superior, and north- 
ward. — Leaves larger than in the last. 

2. PYBULARIA, Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with 5 
stamens on very short filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow- 
ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent calyx, naked at the flat 
summit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. 
Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped, the globose endocarp thin. Embryo 
small : albumen very oily. — A low straggling shrub, with alternate short-peti- 
oled and veiny deciduous leaves ; the small greenish flowers sessile in very short 
and simple terminal spikes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit, 
which looks like a small pear.) 

1. P« Oleifera. (P. pubera, Michx. Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl.) — Rich 
wooded banks, mountains of Penn. and southward throughout and near the 
Alleghanies. May. — Leaves obovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, a little 
downy, or at length smooth, somewhat succulent, oily, acrid to the ta*te. Spikes 
ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 ' long. 

Order 97. LORANTHACE^. (Mistletoe Family.) 

Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre- 
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near 
allies ; which are distinguished from the p" eceding family more by their 
parasitic growth and habit, and by their more reduced flowers, than by 
essential characters : represented by 

1. PIIORADEKDKON, Nutt. False Mistletoe. 

Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several 
under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globu- 
lar, 3- (rarely 2 - 4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on 
the base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore 
or slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma ses- 
sile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbecded in the 
summit of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the 
branches of trees, with jointed much branched stems, thick and firm persistent 
leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers 



CERATOPHYLLACE^. (HORNWOKT FAMILY.) 383 

(Name competed of <p<i>p, a thief, and devdpov, tree; because these plants steal 
their food from the trees they grow upon.) 

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (American Mistletoe.) Leaves obovate 
or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ; 
berries white. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and south- 
ward, preferring Elms and Hickories. April. 

Order 98. SAURURACEjE. (Lizard's-tail Family.) 

Herbs , with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect 
flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and 3-5 more or 
less united ovaries, — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped, 
minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — A kind of 
offshoot of the Pepper Family (tropical), and represented only by 

I. SAUBURUS, L. Lizard's-tail. 

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct filaments. Fruit 
somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3 - 4 pistils united at the base, with recurved 
stigmas. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — A perennial marsh herb, with 
heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of a small 
bract, crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike (its 
appearance giving rise to the name, from aavpos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail). 

1. S. ceriums, L. — Margins of ponds, &c. ; common. June. — Spike 
3 f -6' long, drooping at the end. 

Order 99. CERATOPHYLlACE^E. (Hornwort Fam.) 

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and 
sessile monoecious flowers without any floral envelopes, but with an 8-12- 
cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple l-celled ovary, with a 
suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled oy a highly developed embryo with 
4 cotyledons ! and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus 

1. CEBATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. 

Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache- 
mum, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, in 
ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread- 
like rather rigid divisions. (Name from Kepas, a horn, and <fivXkov, leaf) 

1. C. demersuzil, L. — Var. commune has a smooth margin less fruit 
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the 
base on each side. — Var. echinAtum (C. echinatum, Gray) has the fruit 
mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged 
margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds ; common, but rare in fruit 
Probably there is only one species. (Eu.) 



384 PODOSTEMACE.E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 

Order 100. CALLITRICHACE^E. (Water-Starworts.) 

Aquatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary polyga- 
mous flowers in their axils, without any proper floral envelopes, and with a 4- 
lobed and ^-celled 4-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus 

i. CALLITR1CIIE, L. Watee-Staewoet. 

Stamen solitary, in the sterile flowers between a pair of bracts ; in the fertile, 
placed between the pistil and the stem, and rarely also one on the outer side : 
filament thread-like : anther heart-shaped, by confluence becoming 1 -celled. 
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-celled ; but the styles only 2, awl- 
shaped and distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, filling each cell, anatropous : 
embryo slender, in the axis and nearly the length of the albumen. Foliage 
very variable according to circumstances, as in most water-plants. (Name from 
Kakos, beautiful, and 6pi%, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted 
stems.) 

1. C. veriia, L. Fruit sessile or nearly so, with a pair of bracts at its 
base ; lobes of the fruit keeled or slightly winged on the back ; floating leaves 
obovate or spatulate and narrowed into a petiole, the immersed ones linear, 
rarely all linear or all spatulate-obovate. — Shallow water ; very common. 
April -Aug. (Eu.) 

Var. platycarpa (C. platycarpa, Kutzing), has the fruit twice as large 
and more wing-margined. (Var. teeeesteis is a state growing along the 
margin of pools or brooks, procumbent, tufted, and small-leaved.) (Eu.) 

2. C pedtmculata, DC. Fruit raised on a (sometimes short) mostly 
long and slender peduncle, without bracts ; fruit regularly 4-lobed, the lobes bluntly 
keeled. — Bare : only observed southwestward. (Eu.) 

3. €!• autumn a lis, L. Fruit nearly sessile, without bracts; lobes of the 
fruit (often irregular) sharply keeled on the back ; leaves linear or spatulate. — 
Not common. (Eu.) 

Var. linearis (C. linearis, Pursh) has the leaves all or chiefly narrowly 
linear, and the lobes of the fruit not keeled. — Common northward. 

Order 101. PODOSTEMACKi5K. (River-weed Family.) 

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, with much the aspect of Sea- 
weeds or Mosses ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like invo- 
lucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-celled many-seeded ribbed pod; — 
represented in North America by the genus 

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. Rivee-weed. 

Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of 
6oral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with 
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short 
sterile filaments, one on each side: anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped. 



EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 385 

Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick 
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name 
from 7TOVS, foot, and o-Trjfxcov, stamen ; the two stamens being apparently raised 
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.) 

1. P. ccratophylluni, Michx. Leaves rigid, dilated into a stipule- 
like sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not 
uncommon in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. A small olive-green 
plant, of firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose 
stones, in the manner of a Fucus, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots. 

Order 102. EUPHOKBIACE^E. (Spurge Family.) 

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and various, usually monoecious or 
dioecious flowers ; the fruit of 2-3 or several 1 - 2-seeded pods united around 
a central axis, separating when ripe {rarely of a single pod). Seed suspend- 
ed, anatropous. Embryo with flat cotyledons nearly as long as the albu- 
men. Stigmas 2 - 3 or more, often forked. Calyx usually valvate in the 
bud, occasionally wanting. Petals sometimes present. — A large family in 
the warmer parts of the world (the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numer- 
ously represented in Northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which 
has very remarkable reduced flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates 
a calyx ; and sparingly by a few other genera : the tribes not yet well set- 
tled. The proper place for the order is in the Polypetalous division. 

Synopsis. 

# Seeds and ovules only one in each cell. 
*- Staminate and pistillate flowers, both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in 
the same cup-shaped involucre, which resembles a calyx. 

1. EUPHOP^BIA. Staminate flowers many (each merely of a single stamen) enclosed in the 

involucre, the single pistillate flower projecting from it on its stalk. Pod 3-lobed. 
+- -4- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a calyx, but no petals, not in an involucre. 

2. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers salver- 

shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10 - 15. 
8. ACALYPHA. Flowers spiked and glomerate. Stamens 8 - 16 : filaments monadelphous at 
the base. Styles capillary-dissected. 

4. TRAGIA. Flowers in racemes. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 8-cleft. Stigmas 3, simple. 

5. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike. Stamens 2. Stigmas 3, simple. 

♦-+-■(- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a regular calyx, and at least the staminate 
with petals also, not in an involucre. 

6. CROTON. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-) celled. 

7. CROTONOPSIS. Flowers scattered on the branchlets, axillary. Ovary and fruit 1 -celled. 

# * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. (Calyx present, but no petals. ) 

8. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 

9. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate. 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. 

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 - 5-lobcd involucre (flower of 
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, usually bearing large and thick 



386 EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the invo- 
lucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single sta- 
men jointed on a pedicel like the filament : anther-cells globular, separate. 
Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long 
pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere ves- 
tige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 
one-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled. 

— Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice, the uppermost 
leaves often in whorls or pairs. Peduncles lateral or terminal, often umbellate- 
clustered. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.) 

For the following elaboration of the genus I am indebted to Dr. Engelmann. 

§ 1. Leaves (all opposite and similar, small) furnished with awl-shaped or scaly stip- 
ules : stems much branched: involucres solitary in the forks or axils, sometimes 
crowded or clustered on the branchlets : root annual in all our species : plants flower 
ing all the summer and autumn. (Stipulatae.) 

* Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant, 
and pale or slightly glaucous. 

1. E. polygoaiifdlia, L. (Shore Spurge.) Prostrate-spreading; 
leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at the oblique 
base (4 /; - 8" long) ; peduncles equalling the short petioles ; glands of the invo- 
lucre minute, not appendaged ; pod obtusely angled; seeds ovate (1" long, the 
largest of this section). — Sandy shore of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes. 

2. E. CJ-eyeri, Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at the 
apex and the oblique base ; peduncles equalling the petioles ; appendages of the 
involucre petal-like (white), orbicular; pod acutely angled; seeds obtusely tri- 
angular (y long). — Sandy soil, Beardstown, Illinois (Geyer), and southwest- 
ward. — This is a small-seeded form (var. microsperma) : other forms in Mis- 
souri and Texas have larger petal-like appendages and larger seeds. 

3. E, Iieraiiarioides, Nutt. Prostrate ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse at 
the base (only ^"-2^" long) ; peduncles much longer than the petioles, lateral, sin- 
gle or clustered ; appendages of the involucre minute and crenulate, or none ; pod 
acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (\" long). — Banks of the Mississippi 
and lower Ohio, in rich alluvial soil, and southwest ward. 

^ ■% Seeds minutely roughened, ash-colored: leaves seiTidate, hairy. 

4. E. Immistriita, Engelm. mss. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; 
leaves elliptical with an oblique obtuse base, serrulate towards the apex, sparse- 
ly hairy underneath (^ -% f long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; pedun- 
cles rather shorter than the petioles, crowded in lateral clusters ; involucre cleft 
on the back, its appendages orbicular or truncate and nearly entire ; pod acute- 
ly angled, puberulent; seeds ovate, 4-angled (§" long). — With the last. 

— Branches 6' -20' long. Distinguished from the next by its broader leaves, 
slit involucre, and rounder, granulated (not transversely grooved) seed. 

# # # Seeds transversely wrinkled-pitted : leaves seirate, often hairy and falcate. 

5. E. Iliacillata, L. (Spotted Spurge.) Pnetrate; leaves very 
oblique at the base, oblong-linear (4" -6" long), serrulate towards th? apex, 



EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 387 

mostly with a brown-purple spot in the centre ; peduncles equalling the petioles t 
crowded in lateral clusters; glands of the involucre minute, with a petal-like 
somewhat crenate margin ; pod acutely angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, ash-colored 
(§'' long), sharply 4-angled, and with about 4 grooves across each of the con- 
cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh. E. depressa, Terr.) — Gravelly open places, 
everywhere. 

6. E. hypericifdlia, L. (Larger Spotted Spurge.) Ascending or 
erect (1° -2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate- 
oblong or oblong-linear, serrate (^-l^ long), often with a red spot or red 
margins ; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the sum- 
mit of the branches ; appendages of the involucre small, round, and entire ; pod 
glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (J" long 
or nearly), blackish. — Rich soil in open places ; very common. 

$ 2. Leaves destitute of stipules, all opposite: involucres solitary and ped uncled, in the 
forks of the stem : root perennial. (Oppositifoliae.) 

7. E. Ipecacuaiilise, L. (Wild Ipecac.) Stems many from a very 
long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5 ; - 10' long), forking from 
near the base ; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, entire, 
almost sessile, glabrous ; peduncles elongated (J'— 1' long) ; glands of the invo- 
lucre 5, equal, not appendaged; pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly 
smooth ; seeds ovate, flattened, white, marked with impressed dots. — Sandy 
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia, and southward. May - July. 

$ 3. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or opposite : involucres all crowded in a 
terminal cluster, bearing a few cup-shaped glands : root annual. (Cyathophorae.) 

8. E. clentfita, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves al- 
ternate or opposite, ovate, lanceolate or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l / -2 / 
long); involucres almost sessile,with5ovate laciniate lobes and a stalked gland, 
and sometimes with 2 or 3 ; seeds globular, tubercled. — Rich soil, Ohio to 
Illinois and southward. July, Aug. 

9. E. cyattldpliora, Jacq. Ascending or erect (1° -3° high), gla- 
brous ; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceo- 
late, or linear and entire : involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate 
incised lobes and a single sessile gland ; seeds globular, tubercled. — W. Illi- 
nois and southward. July. — Upper leaves mostly with red margins or base. 

§ 4. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or scattered up to where the flowering begins, 
the floral ones opposite or whorled, all commonly sessile : stem erect : flowering 
branches umbellately forked : involucres in the forks and terminal. (Umbellate.) 
* Glands of the involucre 5, entire, with (white) petal-like appendages : perennial. 

10. E. corollata, L. (Flowering Spurge.) Glabrous or sometimes 
sparingly hairy (2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; 
umbel 5- (3 - 7-) forked, and the forks again 2-3- (rarely 5-) forked ; involucres 
long-peduncled ; pods slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds globular, slightly tuber- 
cled. — Rich or sandy soil, W. New York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and 
southward. June -Aug. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the invo- 
lucre, which appear like 5 white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved 



S88 EUPHORBIACEiE. (SPURGE FA]&-nY.) 

■3f * GLvids of the involucre entire, not appendaged : involucres nearly sessile, 
+- Seeds rugose or reticulated : leaves serrulate : annuals. 

11. E. Heliosc6pia, L. (Sun Spurge.) Leaves all obovate and very 
rounded (or retuse) at the end, finely serrate, those of the stern wedge-shaped; 
umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orbic- 
ular, stalked ; pod smooth and even. — Waste places, east of the Alleghanies : 
rather scarce. July -Sept. — Rather stout, branched from the root, 6' -12' 
high, smooth or a little hairy. (Nat. from Eu.) 

12. E. ArkailSaua, Engelm. & Gr. Slender, very smooth throughout; 
stem-leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, those of the flowering branches roundish-ovate 
or slightly heart-shaped, very obtuse ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2- 
forked; glands oval, almost sessile; pod warty; seeds reticulated. — Lexington, 
Kentucky (Short), and southwestward. 

-*- ■*- Seeds smooth and even : pod warty or rough. 

13. E. obtlisata, Pursh. (Warted Spurge.) Leaves all obtuse, mi 
nutely serrulate, smooth ; those of the stem oblong-spatulate, the uppermost and 
bracts dilated-ovate and barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 
3-5 rays, then into 2 ; glands oval ; styles 2-cleft to the middle, scarcely longer 
than the ovary, which is warty with cylindrical projections. (E. platyphylla, 
Amer. auth. & ed. 1.) CO @? — Shady fertile woods, <fcc, Virginia to Illinois 
and southward. July-Sept. 

13 a . E. plat ypltylla, L. Differs from E. obtusata in having the 
upper leaves acute, the upper bracts cuspidate, the styles 2-lobed at the apex 
only, and much longer than the ovary, which is warty with hemispherical 
glands. — Niagara Falls, Vermont, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 

14. E. Darlmgtdllii, Gray. Tall (2° -4° high); leaves entire, minutely 
downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong, the lower floral ones oval, 
very obtuse, the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5-8- 
rayed, afterwards simply forked ; glands obliquely oval, sessile ; pod obscurely 
warty. % (E. nemoralis, Darl., not of Kit.) — Copses, &c, Penn. and south- 
ward along the mountains. 

* * * Glands of the involucre crescent-shaped or 2-horned, naked. (Stems erect: 

leaves entire : plant glabrous. ) 

•»- Seeds smooth, blackish or dull : perennials, with running rootstocks. 

15. E. Esula, L. Stems clustered (l°high); leaves lanceolate or lineai , 
the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; umbel divided into many 
rays, then forking ; also with scattered flowering branches below ; glands short- 
horned (brown) ; pods smoothish. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes: likely 
to become a troublesome weed. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

16. E. CvpARfssiAS, L. (Cypress Spurge.) Stems densely clustered 
(J'-l' high); stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel 
many-rayed, and with some scattered flowering branches below ; glands crescent- 
shaped ; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens to road-sides, in a few places 
in New England. (Adv. from Eu.) 

+- •*- Seeds sculptured, ash-colored: root biennial or annual. 



EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 389 

«■+ Leaves scattered, thin and membranaceous : pod smooth. 

17. E. Peplus, L. (Petty Spurge.) Erect or ascending (5'- 10' high) ; 
leaves petioled, round-obovate ; the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then 
forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crested on the back ; 
seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back. Q) — Waste places in the 
Eastern States ; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

18. E. COUimiltata, Engelm. mss. Stems branched from a commonly 
decumbent base (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, the upper all sessile, the upper 
floral roundish-dilated, broader than long; pod obtusely angled, crestless ; seeds 
ovate, pitted all over. © ® U • — Along water-courses, from Virginia toward 
the mountains to Ohio and westward. — Leaves often persistent over the winter 
on sterile shoots, turning red, like those of the European E. arnygdaloides. 
Seeds 1" long, larger than those of E. Peplus; with which this has been con 
founded ; but the character of the pods and seeds readily distinguish it. 

++ 4-f Leaves all opposite or nearly so, thichish : pod smooth. 

19. E. Lathyris, L. (Caper Spurge.) Stem stout (2° -3° high); 
leaves linear-oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped, pointed ; umbel 
8 - 4-rayed, then forking ; glands short-homed. (g) — Sparingly escaped from 
gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl. Spurge-Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usu- 
ally in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like (white) ; in the staminate flowers 
salver-shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Corolla 
none. Hypogynous glands 5, small. Ster. Fl. Stamens 10, monadelphous 
below, the inner ones longer. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, short, some- 
what united, many-cleft. Pod 3-celled, bristly-hairy, 3-seeded, separating into 
3 two-valved carpels. — Perennials, beset with stinging bristles (whence appar- 
ently the name, from Kvift-n, a nettle, and ctkcoXos, a prickle). 

1. C. Stimuldsa.. (Tread-Softly.) Herbaceous, from a long peren- 
nial root, branching (6'- 18' high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 -5-lobed. 
'Jatropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 

3. ACALYPIIA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. 

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few 
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx 
of the sterile flowers 4-parted ; of the fertile, 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 
8-16 : filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anther-cells separate, long, 
hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, cut-fringed (red). Pod sep- 
arating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one car- 
pel. — Annual herbs (in N. America), with the appearance of Nettles or Ama- 
ranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers 
with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed 
persistent bract. (' Ako) rj<j>rj , an ancient name of the Nettle.) 



390 EUPHORBIA CE^E. ( SPURGE FAMILY.) 

I 

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent. 

1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely ser- 
rate, long-pet iulcd ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the deeply 
pahnately-cleft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places ; common. July- Sept. 
— A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often turning pur- 
plish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1 - 3 in each axil, along with the small and 
short-peduncled sterile spike : bracts very large and leaf-like, unequally cut into 
5-9 lanceolate lobes. 

2. A. gracileilS. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, obscurely 
serrate, short-petioled, mostly obtuse ; sterile spike long and slender, much longer tlian 
the cut-toothed bract. — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois, and common 
southward. — A somewhat downy plant, 6 ; - 12' high; the heart-ovate fruiting 
bract sharply cut-toothed, or barely cleft at the sides ; the sterile spike frequently 
1' long and half the length of the leaves. — Perhaps runs into the last. — Var. 
monococca, Engelm., is a narrow and nearly entire-leaved form, with only one 
cell to the fruit, and the seed larger. Western Illinois. 

* # Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections. 

3. A. Cai'Olilliana, Walt. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely 
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short; the fer- 
tile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut into many linear 
lobes. (A, ostryaefolia, Riddell.) — New Jersey (Princeton, Tomey), Ohio, and 
southward. 

4. TRAGI A, Plumier. Tragi a. 

Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-parted. Sta- 
mens 2 or 3 : filaments short, distinct. Fert . Fl. Calyx 5-8- (mostly 6-) 
parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft : stigmas 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 
bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. — Erect or climbing 
plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, with mostly alternate 
leaves; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves (rarely axil- 
lary) ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. 
(Named for the early herbalist Tragus.) 

1. T. lireiiS, L Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent (1° 
high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to lance-linear, acute at the base, ob- 
tusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile. 
— Dry ground, Virginia and southward. May -Aug. (A bad name for the 
species ; for the hairs are not at all stinging nor sharp. Walter's name, T. in 
nocua, should supersede it.) 

2. T. lirticifdlia, Michx. Erect or reclining, hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceo 
7 ate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all someichat cordate or truncate at 
the base, coarsely cut-toothed, slvort-petioled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common 
southward. 

3. T. ma.croca.rpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply 
cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost long-petioled (pod 
J' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky (Michaux), and southward. 



EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPUKGE FAMILY.) 391 

5. STILLINGIA, Garden. Stillingia. 

Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike, apetalous. Ster. Fl 
Calyx a 2-cleft or crenulate little cup. Stamens 2 : filaments elongated, united 
at the base : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3-toothed or 
cleft. Style thick : stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seed- 
ed. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at 
the base; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely 
separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for 
Dr. B. Stilling fleet.) 

1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (2° -3° high); leaves almost sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and 
dry soil, Virginia and southward. June. 

6. C ROT ON, L. Croton. 

Flowers monoecious, spiked or glomerate. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted, rarely 
4-parted, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the divisions of the calyx, 
mostly small, hypogynous. Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers turned inwards. 
Glands or lobes of the central disk as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite 
them. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 8-) cleft or parted. Petals often none or 
minute. Glands or disk as in the sterile, or none. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 2- 
celled, with as many styles, which are from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- (rarely 
2-) celled and lobed, separating into as many 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. — Stel- 
late-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ; 
the sterile flowers above ; the fertile below, usually at the base of the same spike 
or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite. (Kporwv, the 
Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) — The following have been 
made into as many genera by Klotzsch, apparently without suflicient reason. 

4 1. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with the calyx 5-parted, 5 
glands alternate with the petals, and 10-12 stamens on the hairy receptacle : fertile 
flowers with an unequally 8-cleft calyx and no petals ; the 3 styles twice or thrice 
2-cleft. 

1. C. capitatum, Michx. Soft- woolly and somewhat glandular (1°- 
2° high), branched; leaves very long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong, 
rounded at the base, entire ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base 
of the short terminal sterile spike. (J) — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and 
southward. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Knieshern I July - Sept. 

§ 2. GEISELEEIA, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with a 4-parted calyx, 4 ovate- 
lanceolate petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens : fertile flowers with a 5-parted 
calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 3 styles 2-cleft. 

2. C. glandlllosum, L. Hough-hairy and glandular (l°-2° high), 
somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely 
toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capi 
tate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal 
(J) — Open waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. 

22 



EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

$ 3. GYNAMBLOSIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) — Sterile flowers with 
a 5- (sometimes 3-4-) parted calyx, and as many petals and scale-like glands oppo- 
site the latter, the stamens varying from 5 to 10 : fertile flowers with a b-partcd 
calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-celled ovary, crowned with 2 sessile 2-parted 
stigmas; the fruit 2-seeded, or often by abortion l-seeded. (This may perhaps 
rank as a genus.) 

3. C. monantliogynum, Miclix. Repeatedly 3-2-forked into di- 
verging branches, stellately pubescent ; leaves silvery-woolly beneath, ovate- 
elliptical or oblong, often a little heart-shaped at the base, entire, on slender 
petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short erect pe- 
duncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved pedun- 
cles. (J) (C. ellipticum, Nutt. Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotzsch. Gynam- 
blosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and 
Kentucky southward and westward. June - Sept. 

7. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Ckotonopsis. 

Flowers monoecious, axillary along the branches, and terminal, the lower fer- 
tile. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5 : filaments distinct, 
enlarged at the apex. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3 -5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like 
scales 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled: stigmas 3, each 2- 
lobed. Emit dry and indehiscent, small, l-seeded. — A slender low annual, 
with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or lanceolate leaves, which are 
green and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with 
brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, &c. (Name compounded 
of Kporcov, and oyfns, appearance, for a plant with the aspect of Croton.) 

1. C linearis, Michx. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Knieskern) to Vir- 
ginia, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. — Flowers sessile, small. 

§. PHYLLANTHU§, L. Phyllanthus. 

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Petals none. Ster. FL 
Stamens 3 : filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5 - 6 glands or a 5 - 6- 
lobed glandular disk Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled : styles 3, 
each 2-cleft : stigmas 6. Pod depressed, separating into 3 carpels, which split 
into 2 valves. — Leaves alternate, with small stipules. (Name composed of 
cpvWov, leaf, and avOos* blossom, because the flowers in some species [not in 
ours] are borne upon what appear like leaves.) 

1. P. Carolilieiisis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves 
2-ranked, obovate or oval, short-petioled; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, 
almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile. — Gravelly banks ; E. Penn. to 
Illinois and southward. July - Sept. 

9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Pachysandra. 

Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Ster. 
FL Stamens 4, separate, surrounding the rudiment of an ovary : filaments 
long-exserted, thick and flat : anthers oblong-linear. Fert. FL Ovary 3-celled i 



EMPETRACE.&. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 393 

styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. 
Pod globular, 3-horned, 3-ceiled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded 
carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted 
creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, 
naiTowed at the base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper ones 
staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, unpleasantly scented : sepals greenish : 
filaments white (the size and thickness of the latter giving the name, from 
iraxvs, thick, and avbpa, used for stamen). 

1. P. procumbent Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap- 
proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered 
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. 
— Woods ; mountains of Kentucky, W. Virginia, and southward. March, April. 



Ricinus communis, the Castor-oil Plant, and Buxus SEMPERViRENSi 
the Box, are cultivated representatives of this order. 

Mercurialis annua, of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously 
in Boston, and in Charleston, S. Carolina. 

Order 103. EMPETRACE^. (Crowberry Family.) 

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of 
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the stigmas, &c. of 
Euphorbiaceae : — probably an apetalous and polygamous or dioecious de- 
generate form of Ericaceae, — comprising three genera, two of which occur 
within the limits of this work, and the third in Georgia, &c. 

1. EIPETBUM, Tourn. Crowberry. 

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. 
Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry -like drupe, 
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets ; each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo 
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and verv 
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from eV, upon, and irirpos, a rock.) 

1. E. nigrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) Procumbent and trailing; 
leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the moun- 
tains of New England and N. New York; L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

2. COREMA, Don. (Broom-Crowberry.) 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil 
of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no 
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (4 -5-) 
cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nut« 
lets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with 
scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear leaves. (Name Koprj^ia, a broon^ 
from the bushy aspect. ) 



394 urticace^e. (nettle family.) 

1. C Conradii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth; drupe 
very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. (Empetrum, Torr. Tuckermania, 
Klotzsch. Oakesia, Tuck.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, New 
Jersey, Long Island ; Plymouth, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of Penob- 
scot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' high: the 
sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and 
brown-purple anthers. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am. t. I.) 

Order 104 URTICACEjE. (Nettle Family.) 

Plants with stipules, and monoecious, dioecious, or sometimes (in the Elm 
Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the l-celled 
(rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albu- 
men when this is present ; the radicle pointing upwards ; the stamens as many 
as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons 
usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the greater 
part tropical), comprising four well-marked suborders, viz. : — 

Suborder I. ULMACE^S. The Elm Family. 

Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous. Filaments straight or 
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara or 
drupe. Seed suspended. — Trees, with a watery juice (no active or nox- 
ious properties), and alternate leaves. 

* Fruit dry winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse. 

1. ULMUS. Flowers mostly perfect. Ovary- 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit l-celled, winged all 

round. Embryo straight. 

2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Fruit wingless, many-crested. 

* * Fruit a drupe : anthers introrse. 

3. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled. 

Suborder II. ARTOCARPE^. The Bread-fruit & Fig Fam. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads ; 
the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-) 
celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2. 
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous) 
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens intlexed in the 
bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe More^e. 

4. MORUS. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Stamens 4. Calyx berry-like in 

fruit. 

Suborder III. URTICE^S. The Nettle Family. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and 
intlexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower 
opens. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always 1 -celled, with an erect or- 
thotropous ovule, forming an achenium in fruit. Embryo straight in the 



URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 395 

axis of albumen. — Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a 
watery (innocuous) juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate 
leaves : many are armed with stinging hairs. 

* Calyx of the fertile flowers of 2 - 4 separate or nearly separate sepals. 
■♦- Plant beset with stinging bristles. 

5. URTICA. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straight and erect, en- 

closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite. 

6. LAPORTEA. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two 

exterior minute and obscure. Achenium very oblique and bent down, nearly naked. 
Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate. 

+- 4- Plant wholly destitute of stinging hairs. 
7- PILEA. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers all or all but one small. Achenium 
partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Leaves opposite. 
* # Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achenium. 

8. BCEHMERIA. Flowers monoecious, glomerate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style 

long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side. 

9. PARIETARLA. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted 

Suborder IV. CANNABINEiE. The Hemp Family. 

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in clus- 
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx 
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, 
with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular achenium in fruit. 
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs with a watery 
juice and mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, a fibrous inner bark, &c. 
(yielding bitter and narcotic products). 

10. CANNABIS. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5 - 7-divided. 
11 HUMULUS. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit 
Anthers erect. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed. 

Suborder I. ULMACE JE. The Elm Familt. 

1. IjLRIITS, L. Elm. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments. 
Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit 
of each cell : styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic all along the inner edge. 
Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara, winged 
all around. Albumen none : embryo straight; the cotyledons large. — Flowers 
perfect or polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species 
preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and 
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu- 
cous. (The classical Latin name.) 
* Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not ciliate: leaves very rough above. 

1. U. fulva, Mich. (Slippery or Red Elm.) Buds before expansion 
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taponointed, doubly 
serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly 



396 UliTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.; 

rough downwards ; branchlets downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens *7 - 9 ; fruit 
d'-l' wide) with the cell pubescent. — Along streams, common from W. New 
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. March, April. — A small or middle- 
sized tree, with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark. 
* ^ Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the 

middle : fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate : leaves smooth and glabrous above, or 

nearly so. 

2. U, Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (American or White 
Elm.) Buds and branchlets glabrous; branches not corky ; leaves obovate-oblong 
or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2'-4 ; long), soft- 
pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous ; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 
roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (j f long), its sharp points in- 
curved and closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich 
soil ; common. April. — A large and well-known ornamental tree, with spread- 
ing branches and drooping branchlets. 

3. U. racemdsa, Thomas. (Corky White Elm.) Bud-scales downy- 
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches of en with 
corky ridges: leaves nearly as in the last; flowers racemed; fruit much as in the 
last, but rather larger. — River-banks, W. New England, New York, and Mich- 
igan. April. — Wood tougher and finer-grained than in the last. 

4. U. alata, Michx. (Winged Elm. Whahoo.) Bud-scales and 
branchlets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them ; leaves 
ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (l'-2j' long), seldom 
oblique ; calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face, at least when young. — 
Virginia, Illinois, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable. 

U. campestris, L., the English Elm, was early introduced near Boston, 
&c. 

2. PLANEBA, Gmel. Planer-Tree. 

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 'spreading styles which are stigmatose 
down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. 
Albumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, 
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J. 
Planer, a German botanist.) 

1. P. aquatic a, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small; 
fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, 
Kentucky (Michx.) and southward. April. 

3* CELTIS, Tourn. Net-Tle-tree. Hackberry. 

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. * Stamens 
5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and 
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing 
a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed, 
petioled. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or 



URTICACE.E. (NETTLE FAMILY ) 397 

in pairs, pednneled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usua ly staininate 
only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. 
(An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree 
is supposed to have been the food of the Lotophagi.) 

1. C. OCCidentaliS, L. (Sugarberry. Hackberry.) Leaves retic- 
ulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually con- 
spicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, glabrous, sharply 
serrate, sometimes sparingly so, or soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; 
fruit on a peduncle from once to twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yel- 
lowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length 
of tie petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks, 
S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or 
middle-sized tree, with the aspect of an Elm, with sweet and edible fruits as 
large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn; the flesh thin. — Yar. 
pumila. Low and straggling (4° -10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and 
smooth, slightly acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh.) River-banks, on rocks, from 
Maryland southward. — Var. crassif6lia. A tall or low tree ; leaves thick- 
er, usually serrate all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale 
beneath. (C. crassifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward. — All 
plainly of one species. 

2. C MiSSiSSippiensiS, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed, 
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small. ( C. inte- 
grifolia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky (and Illinois ?) and southwestward. — Even this 
probably runs into the last. 

Suborder II. ABTOCABPEiE. Bread-fruit & Fig Family. 

4. IORUS, Tourn. Mulberry. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary catkin- 
like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals, ovate. Stamens 4: filaments elastically 
expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles 
2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, cov- 
ered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a 
thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice 
and rounded leaves : sterile spikes rather slender. (Mops a, the ancient name.) 

1. M. rubra, L. (Red Mulberry.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough 
above, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often variously lobed) ; flow- 
ers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark puiyle. — Rich woods, New England to Illi- 
nois and southward. May. — A small tree, ripening its sweetish blackberry- 
like fruit in July. 

2. M. Alba, L. (White Mulberry.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, 
acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous 
near houses : introduced for feeding silk-worms. (Adv. from Eu.) 

M. nigra, L., the Black Mulberry of Europe, is also occasions 11 v cul 
tivated 



398 URT1CACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 

Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., the Paper Mulberry of Japan, is 
often cultivated as a shade tree. 
Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt., the Osage Orange, or Bow-wood of 

Arkansas, is sparingly cultivated for hedges. 

Suborder III. URTICEJE. The True Nettle Family. 

5. URTICA, Tourn. Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in panicled racemes or spikes, or 
close clusters. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped 
rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in pans ; the 2 outer much smaller, 
comewhat keeled, spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membrana- 
ceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achenium. Stigma 
sessile, capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves 
opposite. Flowers greenish. (The classical Latin name ; from uro, to burn.) 

* Flowers in branching panicled spikes, often dicecious. 

1. IT. gracilis, Ait. (Tall Wild Nettle.) Sparingly bristly, slender 
(2° -6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the 
rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated petioles spar- 
ingly bristly ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. lj. (U. procera, Willd.) — 
Fence-rows and moist ground ; common, especially northward. July. — Total- 
ly distinct from the next, with slenderer and longer-petioled leaves, smaller flow- 
ers, and scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the 
principal veins. 

2. TJ. dioica, L. (Great Stinging-Nettle.) Very bristly and stinging 
(2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy under' 
neath as well as the upper part of the stem; spikes much branched. 1J. — Waste 
places, and road-sides, chiefly eastward. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Flowers in simple capitate clusters, on peduncles shorter than the slender petioles. 

3. U. urens, L. (Small Stinging-Nettle.) Leaves elliptical or ovate, 
very coarsely and deeply serrate with spreading teeth ; flower-clusters 2 in each 
axil, small and loose. Q — Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward : scarce. 
Plant 8' -12' high, sparsely beset with stinging bristles. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. U. purpursiscens, Nutt. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the 
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in 
each axil, and spiked at the summit. ® 1 — Alluvial soil, in shade ; Kentucky 
and southward. — Stem slender, ^° - 3° high, beset with scattered stinging bris- 
tles, as an? the petioles, &c. 

6. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Wood Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or sometimes dicecious, in loose cymes ; the upper widely 
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. FL 
Sepals and stamens 5, with a hemispherical rudiment of an ovary. Fert. FL 
Calyx of 4 sepals, the two outer or one of them minute; the two inner much 



URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 399 

larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side. Achenium ovate 5 
flat, extremely oblique, reflcxed on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly 
naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs and large alternate serrate leaves. 
(Named for M. Laporte.) 

1. It, Canadensis, Gaudich. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather- 
veined (3' -7' long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent. (U. Canadensis 
and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods ; common. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 

7m PIJLEA, Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed. 

Flowers monoecious or dicecious, clustered in axillary cymes. Ster. Fl. Se- 
pals and stamens 3-4. Fei1.Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal: 
a rudiment of a stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale. 
Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight and erect, 
partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with oppo- 
site somewhat 3-nerved leaves and united stipules; the staminate flowers on 
jointed pedicels, often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the 
larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, like the pileus, or felt 
cap, of the Romans, which partly covers the achenium. In our species the 
three sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded.) 

1. P. pttmila. (Rich-weed. Clearweed.) Low (3'- 18' high); 
stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ; 
clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate, , 
scarcely unequal. Qt) (Dubrueilia, Gaud. Adice, Raf.) — Cool and moist 
shaded places ; common. July - Sept. 

8. BOSHMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dicecious ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile 
with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2 - 4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary. 
Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and hairy down one side. Achenium 
elliptical, closely invested by the dry or somewhat fleshy persistent compressed 
calyx. — Hairs not stinging. (Named after G. R. Bohmer, Prof, at Witten- 
berg in the last century.) 

1. B. Cylindrica, Willd. Smoothish ; stem (1° -3° high) simple; 
leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3- 
nerved, long-petioled ; flowers dicecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small 
clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile 
interrupted, the fertile often continuous. 1J. — A state with alternate leaves is 
B. lateriflora, Muhl. — Moist thickets, &c. ; common. July -Sept. 

9. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitory. 

Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in- 
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile 
much as in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or Dell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved 
calyx, woolly inside, and enclosing the ovary and adherent to the ovoid aciio- 



400 PLATAXACE^E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) 

nium. Stigma pencil-tufted. — Small homely herbs, chiefly with alternate 
leaves ; not stinging. (Name from paries, a wall ; from the places where the 
European species often grow.) 

1. P. Pennsylvania, Muhl. (American Pellitory.) Low, an- 
nual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
very thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the leaves of 
the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin 
and southward. June - Aug. 

Suborder IV. CANNABINEiE. The Hemp Family. 

10. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. 

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted : 
the calyx of a single sepal swollen at the base and folded round the ovary. 
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5 - 7 
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of 
very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.) 

1. C sativa, L. — Waste places, escaped from cultivation. (Adv. from 
Eu.) 

11. HUMULUS, L. Hop. 

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins : 
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of membra- 
naceous strobile. Calyx of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Achenia invested 
with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — A rough 
perennial twining herb, with mostly opposite heart-shaped and 3 - 5-lobed leaves, 
and persistent ovate stipules between the petioles. Calyx-scales in fruit covered 
with orange-colored resinous grains, in which the peculiar bitterness and aroma 
of the hop reside. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus , moist earth, 
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.) 

1. H. lAipillus, L. — Banks of streams; not rare, especially westward. 
July. (Eu.) 

Order 105. PLATANACE^E. (Plane-tree Family.; 

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules, 
and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute of 
calyx or corolla; the fruit club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished with bristly 
down along the base : consists only of the genus 

1. PliATAlVUS, L. Plane-tree. Buttonwood. 

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with club-shaped little scales intermixed 
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely 



JUGLANDACE^fi. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 401 

pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped, or 
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a 
single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. 
(The ancient name, from nXarvs, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its 
foliage.) 

1. P. occiclentalis, L. (American Plane or Sycamore.) Leaves 
angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads 
solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. — Alluvial river-banks; very common, 
especially westward. May. — A very large and well-known tree, with a white 
bark separating early in thin brittle plates. 

Order 106. JUGLANDACE^E. (Walnut Family.; 

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules ; the sterile flowers in 
catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx ; the fertile solitary or in small clus- 
ters, with a regular 3 - b-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 - ^-celled 
but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a bony endocarp 
(nut-shell), containing a large A-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. 
Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Pet- 
als sometimes present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important 
trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera. 

1. JIJGLANS, L. Walnut. 

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins ; the calyx adherent to the 
entire bracts or scales, unequally 3 - 6-cleft. Stamens 8 - 40 : filaments veiy 
short. Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of 
the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses. 
Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with 
a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed 
endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark, 
&c, nearly naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the 
axil), and odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates. (Name 
contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.) 

1. J. cinerca, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 
rounded at the base, downy, especially underneath, the petioles and branchlets 
downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured 
and rough with ragged ridges. — Rich woods ; common. May : fruit ripe in 
Sept. — Tree 30° - 50° high, with gray bark and widely spreading branches ; 
wood lighter-colored than in the next. 

2. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper- 
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower 
surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut 
corrugated. — Rich woods; rare in the Eastern, very common in the Western 
States. May : fruit ripe in Oct. —A large and handsome tree, with brown bark, 
and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age. Seed sweet, more 



402 JCGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILT.; 

pleasant-tasted and less oily than the butternut, but greatly inferiDr to the Euro- 
pean walnut (J. regia). 

2. CABYA, Nutt. Hickory. 

Sterile flowers in slender lateral catkins which. are mostly in threes on a com- 
mon peduncle : calyx ' naked, unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3 - 8 : filaments 
nearly wanting. Fertile flowers 2-3 together at the end of the branches, with 
a 4-toothed calyx : petals none Stigma large, 4-lobed. Fruit globular, with a 
rather fleshy and at length leathery epicarp or husk, which splits into 4 valves, 
and falls away when ripe from the smooth and slightly 4 - 6-angled incompletely 
4-celled endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with hard and very tough wood, and 
odd -pinnate leaves of 5 - 9 leaflets ; the two sorts of flowers from the same scaly 
bads with these, the sterile aments borne below the leaves. Pith continuous. 
(Kapva, an ancient name of the Walnut.) All flower in May, and shed their 
nuts in October. 

* Seed edible and delicious : husk of the fruit completely 4-valved (falling away in 4 

separate pieces at maturity). 

+- Fruit and nut elongated-oblong ; the husk thin : bark of the trunk not shaggy. 

1. C Oil vae for mis, Nutt. (Pecan -nut.) Nearly smooth ; leaflets 
13-15, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, somewhat falcate; nut olive-shaped, with a 
thin shell. — River-bottoms, from Illinois southward. — A large tree;. its de- 
licious nuts well-known. 

■*- ■*- Fruit globular, its husk very thick : bark of old trunk shaggy, exfoliating in 
strips or plates : buds large and very scaly. 

2. C. alba, Nutt. (Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.) Leaflets 5, 
minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate-lanceolate, the 
lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ; fruit depressed- 
globular; nut somewhat flattened, nearly pointless^ with a rather thin whitish shell 
and a large kernel. — Rich moist woods ; common. A tall and handsome tree, 
the old trunks very rough-barked : wood most valuable as timber, and for fuel ; 
while the fruit furnishes the principal hickory-nuts of the market. 

3. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Thick Shell-bark Hickory.) Leaflets 7-9, 
obovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, downy underneath ; fruit oval, 4-ribbed above 
the middle with intervening furrows ; nut strongly pointed, slightly flattened, with a 
thick yellowish shell. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and Kentucky.— Nuts 
nearly as sweet as in the last, Heart-wood light-colored. 

Hr * Seed sweetish, but small : valves of the husk not separating to the base : nut hard- 
shelled : bark not shaggy. 

4. C. tomeiitdsa, Nutt. (Mocker-nut. White-heart Hickory.) 
Leaflets 7-9, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish-downy un- 
derneath as well as the petiole ; catkins hairy ; fruit globular or ovoid, with a thick 
and hard husk, which splits almost to the base ; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell 
very thick and hard (light brown). Dry woods ; common, especially southward 
and westward. — A tall tree with resinous-scented foliage, and cracked bark on 
the larger trunks ; the wood celebrated for its excellence as fuel. The small 



CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) 403 

Kernel is difficult of extraction from the thick and bony nut. — A var. maxima., 
Njtt., bears fruit " as large as an apple/' with an exceedingly thick husk. 

o. C. microcarpa, Nutt. (Small-fruited Hickory.) Leaflets^- 
7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath (not downy) ; catkins smooth , 
frtat roundish-ovoid, with a thin husk ; nut slightly 4-angled, the shell rather thin, 
— Moist woodlands, Penn. (N. England?) and south westward. — Fruit only %■ 
in diameter, shaped like that of the last ; the foliage much as in the next. 

6. C« glabra, Torr. (Pig-nut or Broom Hickory.) Leaflets 5-7, 
ovate-hiiiceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish-obovate, 
thin, splitting about half-way down into 4 coriaceous valves; nut hard and 
tough, witn a sweetish or bitterish small kernel. (C. porcina, Nutt.) — Wood- 
lands ; common. — A large tree, with a close bark, very tough and valuable 
wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts (used as hickory withes) : the fruit and nuts 
of variable form. Heart- wood dark-colored. 

# ^ # Seed intensely bitter : husk thin and soft : bark smooth : buds little scaly. 

7. C amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory.) Leaflets 
7-11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; fruit globular, with ridged or promi- 
nent seams opening half-way down ; nut inversely heart-shaped, its shell thin 
and fragile. — Wet woods ; common. — A graceful tree ; the timber inferior to 
the other Hickories. Nut-shell so fragile that it may be crushed with the hand ; 

1 he bitter kernel remarkably corrugated. 

• 

Order 107. CUPULIFERiE. (Oak Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous 
stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in catkins (aments) (or capitate- 
clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an 
involucre which forms a cup or covering to the l-celled 1-seeded nut. Ovary 

2 - 7-celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all 
the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent 
to the ovary, the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed with no albu- 
men, filled with the embryo: cotyledons very thick and fleshy: radicle 
short, superior. 

Synopsis. 

* Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. 

1. QUERCTJS. Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming a cup around 

ttie base of the hard and rounded nut. 

2. CASTANEA. Involucre 2-3-flowered, forming a prickly bur enclosing 1-3 coriaceous 

nuts, opening at length by 4 valves. 

3. FAQ "US. Involucre 2-ftowered, rather prickly, 4-valved, enclosing 2 sharply triangular 

nuts. Sterile flowers in capitate clusters. 

4. CORYLUS. Involucre 1 - 2-flowered, formed of 2 - 3 confluent scales, which become leafy- 

coriaceous, much enlarged and cut or torn at the apex, enclosing a bony nut. 
* * Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament. 

5. CARPINUS. Involucre a separate open leaf, 2-flowered. Fruit a small ovoid nut. 

6. OSTRYA. Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered, enclosing the seed-like nut. 



404 CUPULIFER.fi. (OAK FAMILY.) 

1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. 

Sterile flowers clustered in slender and naked drooping catkins, without bracts : 
calyx 6 - 8-parted : stamens 6-12 : anthers 2-celled. JFertile flowers scattered 
or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3- 
lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated 
cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remain- 
ing underground in germination. — Flowers greenish or yellowish, the fertile 
ones inconspicuous. Aments several from the same scaly bud. (The classical 
Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October. 

§ 1. Fruit ripening the first year ; mostly peduncled : leaves not bristly-toothed or pointed. 

# Leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, all pale, whitish, or grayish-downy underneath. — 

White Oaks. 

1. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Bur-Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup 
White-Oak.) Leaves obovate or oblong, I yrately -pinnatifid or deeply sinuate- 
lobed, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, 
or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, conspicuously imbricated, of hard and thick 
pointed scales, the upper ones awned, so as to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn 
ovoid (1'- lj' long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Dry woods, 
along rivers, &c, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwest- 
ward. — A handsome, middle-sized tree. Cup very variable, especially in size, 
from §' to 2' across. 

Var. olivaeformis (Q. olivseformis, Miclix.) is plainly a mere state of 
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and 
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups : growing with the ordi- 
nary form. 

2. <£. obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oak. Rough or Box White- 
Oak.) Leaves grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately 
cut into 5-7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 
1 -3-notched ; cup saucer-shaped, naked, about one third the length of the ovoid acorn. 
(Q. stellata, Willd.) — Sandy or sterile soil, from the coast of Massachusetts 
and from Wisconsin southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood. 
Acorns ^' to §' long, nearly sessile* 

3. Cfc. alba, L. (White Oak.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous 
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely and moderately or deeply 
cut into 3-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical- 
saucer-shaped, rough or tubercled at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or 
oblong acorn. — Rich woods ; common. — A well-known and invaluable large tree. 
Lobes of the leaves short and broad 3 - 5, or 5 - 9 and narrow. Acorn about 
1' long ; the kernel sweet and edible. 

# ^ Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed, whitish and more or less downy be- 

neath : cup hoary : acorns sweet-tasted. — Chestnut-Oaks. 

4. <£• PrimiS, L. (Swamp Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves obovate or oblong- 
obovate, coarsely and somewhat uniformly dentate with rounded teeth, downy 
beneath, glabrous above ; cup hemispherical (either abrupt or with a small top- 
shaped base), thick, tubercled when old, nearly half or one third the length of 



CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 405 

the ovoid large acorn. — Low, alluvial grounds, &c. ; common from Penn. 
southward. — A fine tree; its wood inferior to the White Oak. — Acorn fully 
1' long; the cup of nearly the same diameter. 

Var. moilticola, Michx. (Rock Chestnut-Oak.) Acorn ovoid-ob- 
long, 1 J' long. (Q. montana, Willd.) — Apparently only a form of the Swamp 
Chestnut-Oak, growing in rocky or hilly woodlands ; W. New England to Ohio 
and southward, especially along the Alleghanies. From the different soil, the 
timber is more valuable. (Probably belongs to No. 5). 

Var. discolor, Michx. (Swamp White-Oak.) Leaves unequally and 
more deeply sinuate-toothed, often almost sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath, 
bright green above ; cup with the scales more pointed, the upper sometimes 
awned, and forming a fringed margin; acorns 1' or less long. (Q. bicolor, 
Willd.) — Low grounds ; common throughout. — A marked variety ; but prob- 
ably nothing more. 

5. Cfc. Castanea, Willd. (Yellow Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves oblong* 
lanceolate or oblong, acute, hoary-white and minutely downy underneath, equally 
and rather sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical, thin, of- small appressed scales ; 
acorn ovoid or oblong, small. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin 
and southward. — This has the leaves shaped more like those of the Chestnut 
than any other, which, with the small fruit, distinguishes it from the last. Cup 
£' across, fine-scaled : acorns §' long. Tree middle-sized. 

6. Q. pritioicles, Willd. (Chinquapin or Dwarf Chestnut-Oak.) 

Leaves obovate and lanceolate oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy underneath ; 
peduncles short or none; cup hemispherical, thin; acorn ovoid, small (about as 
large as in No. 5). (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Sandy soil, New England, and 
Albany, New York, to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Shrub 2° - 6° high. 

§ 2. Fruit not maturing until the second year, sessile or nearly so : kernel bitter. 
* Leaves evergreen, entire or nearly so, hoary beneath. — Live Oaks. 

7. Q* Virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves obtuse, coriaceous, oblong or 
elliptical, hoary beneath ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong. — Coast of Virginia and 
southward. Farther south becoming a large and invaluable tree. 

8. CJ. cinerea, Michx. (Upland Willow-Oak.) Leaves acute, lance- 
oblong, white-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Pine barrens, 
Virginia and southward. A small tree ; leaves more or less deciduous. 

# n? Leaves deciduous, entire, narrow. — Willow-Oaks. 

9. Q. PSaelloS, L. (Willow-Oak.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narroived 
tc both ends, smooth, light green ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Sandy 
low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree 
30° -50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves, which are 3 / -4 / long 
Fruit small. 

10. Q. imoricaxia, Michx. (Laurel or Shingle Oak.) Leaves 
lanceolate-oblong, mucronate, thickish, smooth and shining above, somewhat dawns/ 
underneath ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Barrens and open woodlands, 
New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50° high; the wood 
used for shingles in the Western States, whence the name. 



406 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILT.) 

* * * Beaves deciduous, but rather coriaceous, mostly dilated upwards and cbscurcly 
lobed or entire in the same individual, sometimes more conspicuously lobed, often more 
or less bristle-pointed at the summit and extremities of some of the larger veins, 

11. Q. aquatica, Catesby. (Water-Oak.) Leaves glabrous and shin- 
ing, obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base, varying to 
oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical, of fine and close scales, much 
shorter than the globular acorn. — Wet grounds, around ponds, &c, Maryland 
to Virginia and southward. — Tree 30° -40° high. Acorn J' long; the cup of 
the same width. 

12. Q. nigra, L. (Black-Jack or Barren Oak.) Leaves broadly wedge- 
shaped, but mostly rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated and 
somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two 
lateral lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4'- 9' long) ; 
cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly, covering half of the short ovoid acorn. (Q. ferru- 
ginea, Michx.) — Diy sandy barrens, from Long Island, New York, to Illinois, 
and southward. — Tree 8° - 25° high. Acorn J-' - §' long. Leaves occasion- 
ally rather deeply lobed, the lobes strongly bristle-pointed. — Under the name 
of Q. trident at a, Dr. Engelmann distinguishes a remarkable Oak, apparently 
a hybrid between this and Q. imbricaria. — Under this section the following re- 
markable forms, by some regarded as species, would be sought, viz. : — 

Q. Leana, Nutt. (Lea's Oak), of which single trees are known near Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, and Augusta, Illinois (Mead), is probably a hybrid between Q. 
imbricaria and Q. tinctoria, or possibly Q. nigra. 

Q. heterophylla, Michx. (Bartram Oak), rediscovered in Delaware ? <fcc. 
— apparently a hybrid between Q. Phellos and Q. tinctoria? 

# * £ * Leaves deciduous, lobed or pinnatifid, long-petioled, the tips of the lobes bris- 

tle-pointed. — Black and Red Oaks. 
*- Mature leaves downy underneath. 

13. C£. ilicifdlia, Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub-Oak.) Dwarf; 
leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, angularly about 5-lobed, whitened-downy un- 
derneath ; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorn ovoid. — Sandy barrens and rocky hills, 
New England to Ohio and W. Virginia. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — A straggling, 
crooked shrub, 3° - 8° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish. Acorns barely |J 
long. 

14. Q. fateata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves grayish-downy under- 
neath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prolonged, mostly 
narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or spar- 
ingly cut-toothed ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn spherical or somewhat depressed (J' 
long). — Dry or sandy soil, from New Jersey and Illinois southward. — A small 
or large tree, extremely variable in foliage : a variety with shorter lobes is Q. 
triloba, Willd. 

+- -*- Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so. 

•m- Cup conspicuously scaly, more or less top-shaped or contracted at the base : acorn 

one third or nearly half immersed. 

15. Q. tinctoria, Bartram. (Quercitron or Black Oak. Yellow- 
barked Oak.) Leaves more or less rusty-pubesceni when young, nearly glabrous 



CUPULIFER.E. (OAK FAMILY.) 407 

when old, obovaie-oblong, slightly or deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat 
toothed ; acorn nearly spherical or depressed-globular (^' - §' long). — Dry woods ; 
common. — A large tree, often confounded with the next, especially the varie- 
ties with deeper cut leaves ; but these are duller and thicker, more dilated above 
the middle, somewhat downy underneath until midsummer, and turning yellow- 
ish-brown after frost; and the inner bark (quercitron of dyers) is very thick and 
yellow. Wood reddish, coarse-grained, but valuable. 

16. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Leaves oval or oblong in 
outline, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad and open sinuses, and divergent sparing- 
ly cut-toothed lobes (3-4 on each side), smooth, bright green and shining both sides, 
broad or truncate at the base ; acorn ovoid or globular (^ - f ' long). — Rich woods ; 
common. — A large tree; the long-petioled shining leaves turning bright scarlet 
in autumn : timber and bark less valuable than in the last. 

■m* ++ Cup of fine scales, shallow and saucer -shaped, much shorter than the acorn. 

17. Q, rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Leaves oblong, smooth, pale beneath, sinu- 
ately cut with rather narrow sinuses into short and entire or sparingly toothed acute 
spreading lobes (4-6 on each side) ; acorn ovoid or oblong, turgid (1' long). (Q. 
ambigua, Michx.) — Rocky woods ; common. — A good-sized tree, with reddish 
very porous and coarse-grained wood, of little value as timber. Leaves turning 
dark red after frost : the sinuses extending scarcely half-way to the midrib. 

18. Q. palitstris, Du Roi. (Swamp Spanish, or Pin Oak.) Leaves 
oblong, smooth and shining, bright green both sides, deeply pinnatifid, ivith broad and 
rounded sinuses ; the lobes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute ; acorn globular 
(scarcely \ } long). — Low grounds, along streams, S. New York to Wisconsin. 
— A very handsome middle-sized tree, with light and elegant foliage ; the sinuses 
of the leaves reaching three fourths of the way to the midrib. The timber is 
better than that of the Red Oak. 

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. 

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins : 
calyx 5-6-parted: stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to- 
gether in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx with a 5 - 6-lobed border crown- 
ing the 3 - 7-celled 18 - 14-ovuled ovary : abortive stamens 5 - 12 : stigmas bris- 
tle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 
2-3 together or solitary in the hard coriaceous and very prickly 4-valved invo- 
lucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering together, remaining 
underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight-veined. Flowers ap- 
pearing later than the (undivided) leaves; the catkins axillary near the end of 
the branches, cream-color ; the fertile flowers at their base. (The classical name, 
from that of a town in Thessaly.) 

1. C vesca, L. (Chestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate 
with coarse pointed teeth, smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involu- 
cre, therefore flattened on one or both sides. — Rocky or hilly woods, Maine to 
Michigan and Kentucky; common. June, July. — A large tree, with light 
coarse-grained wood The American variety bears smaller and sweeter nuts 
than the European. (Eu.) 



408 cupuliferjE. (oak family.) 

2. C puniila, Michx. (Chinquapin.) Leaves oblong, acute, serrate 
with pointed teeth, whitened-downy underneath ; nut solitary, not flattened. — 
Sandy woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward. June. — 
Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Involucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid pointed 
nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet. 

3. FAGUS, Tourn. Beech. 

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale- 
like bracts: calyx bell-shaped, 5-6-cleft: stamens 8-12: anthers 2-celled. 
Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by nu- 
merous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner grown together at their bases to form the 
involucre : calyx-lobes 4-5, awl-shaped : ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each 
cell : styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided, 
usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, winch splits 
to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat 
united ; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees with smooth ash-gray 
bark, undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, and a light horizontal spray. 
Scales of the taper buds formed of scarious stipules. Flowers yellowish, ap- 
pearing with the leaves : peduncles axillary at the base of the branchlets. (The 
classical name, from (pdyco, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.) 

1. F. ferrugiiiea, Ait. (American Beech.) Leaves oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon 
nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit recurved or spreading. (F. ferruginea and 
F. sylvestris, Michx. f.) — "Woods ; common, especially northward, and along the 
Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer and less shining than in the 
European Beech, most of the silky hairs early deciduous ; the lower surface then 
nearly smooth. 

4. COBYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins ; the concave bracts and the 
2-cleft calyx combined into 3-lobed scales, to the axis of which the 8 short 
filaments irregularly cohere : anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers several together 
in lateral and terminal scaly buds. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each : stig- 
mas 2, thread-like. Nut bony, ovoid, separately enclosed in a large leafy-coria- 
ceous involucre, which is composed of 2 or 3 united bracts tubular at the base, 
and lacerated above. — Shrubs flowering in early spring, before the (roundish 
unequally serrate) leaves appear. (The classical name, probably from Kopvs, 
a helmet, from the involucre.) 

1. C Americana, Walt. (Wild Hazel-nut.) Leaves roundish-heart- 
shaped, pointed, coarsely serrate ; involucre glandular-downy, with a dilatecLflattened 
border, about twice the length of the globular nut. — Thickets ; common. — Shrub 
4° -8° high; the young twigs, &c, downy and glandular-hairy. Nut of fine 
flavor, but smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hazel-nut. 

2. C. rostra ta, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) Leaves ovate or ovate-ob- 
long, somewlmt heart-shaped, pointed, doubly serrate; involucre much prolonged 
above the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Banka 



MYRICACEJE. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 409 

of streams, &c. ; common northward and along the Allcghanies. — Shrub 2°- 
5° high, with slender smooth branches. 

5. CABPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Iron-wood. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of about 12 stamens 
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx :' 
filaments very short : anthers 1 -celled, bearded at the apex. Fertile flowers 
several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, 
each subtending a pair of flowers, consisting of a 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary termi- 
nated by 2 thread-like stigmas. Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, stalked, each with a 
simple, 1-sided, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre. — Trees with a smooth 
gray bark, slender buds like the Beech, and foliage resembling the Beech or 
Birch, appearing later than the flowers. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. C. Americ&na, Michx. (American Hornbeam. Blue or Water 
Beech.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth; 
involucral leaf 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side. — 
Along streams ; common. — Tree 10°- 20° high, with a ridged trunk, and very 
hard whitish wood ; called, indiscriminately with the next, Iron-wood. 

6. 0§TKYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. 

Sterile flowers nearly as in Carpinus : filaments irregularly somewhat united. 
Fertile flowers numerous in a short terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts ; 
each enclosed in a membranous sac-like involucre which enlarges and forms 
a bladdery closed bag in fruit, these imbricated to form a sort of strobile appear- 
ing like that of the Hop. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned with the entire and 
bearded border of the calyx, forming a small and smooth nut. — Slender trees 
with very hard wood, brownish finely furrowed bark, and foliage, &c. nearly as 
in the last genus. Flowers appearing with the leaves. (The classical name.) 

1. <>• Virgiaiica, Willd. (American Hop-Hornbe am. Levkr-wood.) 

Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly sen*ate, downy be- 
neath; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Rich woods, 
not rare. April, May; the large and handsome oval-oblong hop-like fruit full 
grown in Aug. — Tree 20° -40° high. 

Order 108. MYRICACEiE. (Sweet-Gale Family.) 

. Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly 
catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birch 
Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, 
and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. 

1. MYBICA, L. Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle. 

Flowers dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid cat- 
kins, closely imbricated ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a 



410 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 

scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlcts. Stamens 2 - 8 : filaments some- 
what united below. Ovary with 3 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. 
Fruit a small globular nut, studded with resinous grains or wax. (Mvp'iKr), the 
ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub ; perhaps from /ivptfo), 
to perfume.) 

1. M. Gale, L. (Sweet Gale.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards 
the apex; pale, later than the flowers ; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in im- 
bricated heads, enclosed in the thick pointed ovate scales which coalesce with 
its base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains, 
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -5° high. (Eu.) 

2. M. cerilera, L. (Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.) Leaves oblong-lan- 
ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining 
and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers ; sterile Catkins scattered, 
oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, incrusted 
with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on Lake Erie. 
May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins sessile along the 
last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years. 

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet Fern. 

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile in cylindrical *catkins, with kidney-heart- 
shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens ; the fertile in globular 
aments, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 5 or 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales, 
persistent around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. — 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing 
rather later than the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after Henry 
Compton, Bishop of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.) 

1. C# aspleni folia, Ait. — Sterile hills, E. New England to Virginia. 
Also N. Wisconsin. April, May. — Shrub, l°-2° high, with sweet-scented 
fern-like leaves. 

Order 109. BETULACE^E. (Birch Family.) 

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 
3 under each bract, and no involucre to the naked 1-celled and 1-seeded often 
winged nut, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary ; — otherwise 
much as in the Oak Family. 

1. BETXJL.A, Tourn. Birch. 

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each scale or bract of the catkins, 
consisting each of a calyx of one scale and 4 stamens attached to its base : fila- 
ments very short: anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract, 
with no separate bractlets and no calyx, each of a naked ovary with 2 thread- 
like stigmas, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara. 
Seed suspended, anatropous. Cotyledons flattish, oblong. — Outer bark usually 
separable in thin horizontal sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and 



BETULACEJE. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 411 

leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly 
Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in summer, re- 
maining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding th-ir golden 
flowers in early spring, preceding the leaves : fertile catkins oblong or cylindri- 
cal, lateral, protected by scales through the winter, and developed vith the 
leaves. (The ancient Latin name.) 

* Trees , with the bark of the trunk white externally , separable in thin sheets petioles 

slender : fertile catkins cylindrical, peduncled, spreading or drooping. 

1. B. alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (American White Birch.) 
Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad 
base, smooth and shining both sides (glandular-dotted when young). (B. populi- 
folia, Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. — A small 
and slender, very graceful tree, with chalky-white bark, much less separable 
into sheets than the next species; the very long-pointed leaves on petioles of 
fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.) 

2. H. papyracea, Ait. (Paper Birch. Canoe Birch.) Leaves 
ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base, 
smooth above, dull underneath ; lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and 
rounded. — Woods, New England to Wisconsin, almost entirely northward, and 
extending far north. — A large tree, with fine-grained wood, and very tough 
durable bark splitting into paper-like layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale, 
glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins underneath, sharply and une- 
qually doubly serrate, 3-4 times the length of the petiole. There is a dwarf 
mountain variety. 

* * Trees, with reddish-brown or yellowish bark : petioles short : fertile catlcins ovoid- 

oblong, scarcely peduncled. 

3. H. nigra., L. (River or Red Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish 
at both ends, whitish and (until old) downy underneath ; fertile catkins oblong, 
somewhat peduncled, woolly ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes. 
(B. rubra, Michx. f.) — Low river-banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and south- 
ward. — A rather large tree, with reddish-brown bark and compact light-colored 
wood : leaves somewhat Alder-like, glandular-dotted, sharply doubly serrate. 

4. K. excelsa, Ait. (Yellow Birch.) Leaves ovate or elliptical, point- 
ed, narrowed (but mostly heart-shaped) at the base, smoothish, unequally serrate 
with coarse and very sharp teeth ; fruiting catkins ovoid-oblong, slightly hairy ; lobes 
of the scales nearly equal, acute, slightly diverging. — Moist woods, New England 
to Lake Superior, and northward. — Tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish silvery 
bark, thin leaves : twigs less aromatic than in the next ; the wood less valuable. 

5. B. lenta, L. (Cherry Birch. Sweet or Black Birch.) Leaves 
heart-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins beneath ; 
fruiting catkins elliptical, thick, somewhat hairy ; lobes of the veiny scales nearly 
equal, obtuse, diverging. — Moist rich woods, New England to Ohio and north- 
ward, and southward in the mountains. — A rather large tree, with dark chest- 
nut-brown bark, reddish bronze-colored on the spray, much like that of the 
Garden Cherry, which the leaves also somewhat resemble ; the twigs and foliage 
Bpicy-aromatic : timber rose-colored, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work. 



412 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 

# * * Shrubs, tvith brownish bark and rounded crenate-toothed leaves; fertile catkins 

very short-ped uncled. 

6. 1$. piimiSii, L. (Low Birch.) Erect or ascending ; leaves obovate or 
roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed, those of the summer branchlets 
downy and nearly orbicular ; fruiting catkins cylindrical ; the scales more or less 
unequally S-lobed ; fruit broadly winged. (B. glandulosa, Michx.) — Bogs, N. 
New England (rare), Penn., Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. — Shrub 2° -8° 
high, with smooth, or sometimes resinous-warty, branchlets ; the growing twigs 
downy. Leaves thickish, V -l^' long, paler or whitish underneath. 

7. B. nana, L. (Dwarf or Alpine Birch.) Branches spreading or 
procumbent ; leaves orbicular, deeply crenate, smooth, reticulated-veiny under- 
neath ; fruiting catkins oblong; the scales nearly equally 3-cleft ; fruit narrowly 
winged. — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and 
N. New York, and high northward. — Shrub 10' -24' high, with leaves about ¥ 
wide : varying, in less frigid stations, with the larger leaves twice that size, and 
the branchlets often conspicuously warty with resinous dots, when it is B. rotun- 
difolia, Spach, and B. Littelliana, Tuckerm. (Eu.) 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. 

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 flowers 
under each scale, each flower usually with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens : fila- 
ments very short : anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy 
scales each 2-flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or 
bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below, and 
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with stalked leaf-buds furnished with a sin- 
gle scale ; the (often racemed or clustered) catkins of both sorts produced at 
the close of summer, remaining entirely naked through the winter, and ex- 
panding in early spring. (The ancient Latin name.) 

§ 1. ALNUS Proper. — Fruit wingless. 

1. A. ilicaiia, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary Alder.) Leaves broadly 
cval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened 
and mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fertile catkins oval ; 
fruit orbicular. (A. glauca, Michx.) — Shrub 8° -20° high, forming thickets 
along streams ; the common Alder northward from New England to Wisconsin. 
— Var. glatjca has the leaves pale, but when old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.) 

2. A. serrtllata, Ait. (Smooth Alder.) Leaves obovate, acute at the 
base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, smooth and green both sides, a lit- 
tle hairy on the veins beneath ; stipules oval ; fertile catkins ovoid-oblong ; fruit 
ovate. — Shrub 6° -12° high, in similar situations; the common Alder from 
Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 

§ 2. ALNASTER, Spach. — Fruit with a winged margin: sterile flowers with a 
calyx of a single scale, much as in Birch. 

3. A. viridis, DC. (Green or Mountain Alder.) Leaves round- 
oval or ovate, sometimes heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy 
underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often 



SALICACEjE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 413 

somewhat cut-toothed ; fertile catkins long-stalked, ovoid. (A. undulata, Willd. 
Betula crispa, Michx.) — On mountains and along streams which descend from 
them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and northward. 
Shrub 3° -8° high. (Eu.) 

v 

Order 110. SALICACE^K. (Willow Family.)* 

Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one under 
each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit a \-celled and 2- 
valved pod, containing numerous seeds clothed with a long silky down, — 
Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled : styles 2, very short, or more or 
less united, each with a 2-lobed stigma. Seeds ascending, anatropous, with- 
out albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves alternate, undivided, with 
scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules. Wood 
soft and light : bark bitter. 

1. SAIilX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. 

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 2 - 6 (rarely single) 
stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers also with a small 
flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stigmas short. — Trees or 
shrubs, generally growing along streams, with round flexible branches and large 
tough roots. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. 
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating 
in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name, 
said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water. ) 

§ 1. Catkins lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves in April or May : stamens 

2 : scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent. 

# Ovary stalked, downy, hairy, or woolly. 

■*- Catkins ovoid or short-cylindrical, small : leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed, 

liairy or woolly, with prominent veins and more or less revolute margins. — Shrubs. 

1. S. Candida, Willd. (Hoary Willow.) Leaves narrowly lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and young branches 
covered with a thin we^-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipules small, lanceo- 
late, toothed, about the length of the petioles ; catkins oblong-cylindrical, closely 
flowered; ovary densely woolly; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft; scales oblong, 
obtuse. (S. incana, Michx., not of Schrank.) — New York and New Jersey to 
Wisconsin, and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - 5° high, with reddish twigs, 
smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub of a very white aspect in 
exposed situations, but greener in shade. 

2. S. tristis, Ait. (Dwarf Gray Willow.) Leaves almost sessile, 
wedge-lanceolate, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, tha 

* I am indebted to John Caret, Esq., for the entire elaboration of this difficult family. (In 
this second edition I have merely made slight additions respecting the range of some species 
and hare reduced the Balm of Gilead to a variety of Populus balsamifera.) 



414 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 

Qpper side becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; stipules minute, hairy, very early 
deciduous; catkins globular when young, loosely- flowered ; ovary with a long tapering 
beak, clothed with silvery hairs ; style short; stigmas 2-lobcd. — New England to 
Wisconsin, and southward. — Shrub 1°-1^° high, much branched :* leaves 
thick, IV long. Stipules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. A vari- 
ety occurs with very small and rigid contorted leaves. 

3. S. lllllllilis, Marshall. (Low Bush Willow.) Leaves pet ioled, lan- 
ceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly 
downy above, more thickly so, or sometimes grayish-woolly, beneath; stipules 
small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger and lunar with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the peti- 
oles ; catkins often recurved; ovary hairy ; style distinct: stigmas 2-cleft. (S. 
Muhlenbergiana, Barratt. S. comfera, Muhl.) — Borders of fields and road- 
sides; common. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, varying much in size and appearance. 
The small forms are at times scarcely distinguishable from Xo. 2, but the leaves 
are longer, less firm in texture, and generally stipulate ; the larger forms, with 
leaves 3' -5' long and 5'-l' broad, resemble those of the two next species, but 
retain more or less down on the under surface at maturity. — The species of this 
and the following section often bear cone-like excrescences on the ends of the 
branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occasioned by the punc- 
ture of insects. 

4- -t- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed with long glossy hairs : leaves more or less 
serrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth. — Shrub* 
or small trees. 

4. S. discolor, Muhl. (Glaucous Willow.) Leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, entire at the base and 
apex ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins erect ; scales very hairy, oblanceolate, 
somewliat acute; ovary densely silky. (S. sensitiva, Barratt ?) — Low meadows 
and river-banks ; common. — A large shrub or small tree, 8° -15° high. The 
young leaves are commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming smooth 
and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules in the vigorous shoots equalling the 
petiole, more often small and inconspicuous. Young catkins lj' loug, glossy, 
blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2j'. 

5. §• eriocepliala, Michx. (Silky-headed Willow.) Leaves ob- 
long-oval, acute, rounded or tapering at base, sparingly and irregularly toothed ; 
stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins densely /lowered, thickly covered with long shin- 
ing hairs ; scales of the sterile ones round-obovate, obtuse : ovary conspicuously stalked, 
downy. ( S. prinoides, Pursh ? S. crassa, Barratt.) — Low meadows and swamps. 
— Closely resembles the last ; but the aments are more compact and silky, and 
the scales rounder. 

* * Ovary stalked, silky-gray, shining : catkins ovoid or cylindrical, with a few small 
leaf -like bracts at the base : leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky -gray or glaucous 
beneath, drying black : stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very decid- 
uous. — Shrubs. 

6. S. sericea, Marshall. (Silky-leaved Willow.) Leaves lanceolate, 
pointed, downy above, grayish underneath with shoii silky hairs; sterile catkins 
small; the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, roundobo- 



5ALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 415 

rate, as long as the stalk of the densely-silky ovoid ovary ; stigma 2-lobed, nearly 
sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.) — Sandy river-banks; not rare. — Shrub 4° -10° 
high. Fertile catkins in flower f ', at length 1%', long ; the ovaries not spreading 
or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile. 

7. S. petiolaris, Smith. (Petioled Willow.) Leaves lanceolate, 
pointed, smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glau- 
cous; fertile catkins ovoid-cylindrical, loosely flowered, scales very hairy, obovate, 
scarcely as long as the stalk of the silky tapeiing ovary ; style short but distinct ; 
stigma 2-cleft. (S. rosmarinifolia, and S. fuscata, Pursh?) — Same situations as 
the last, which this shrub resembles in some respects ; but the mature leaves are 
not silky beneath, and dry less black : the scales are not so dark, and are clotked 
with longer white hair. Sterile catkins like the last ; but the fertile shorter and 
broader, the pods (at length merely downy) spreading and showing the stalks. 

* # # Ovary sessile, woolly or silky : catkins bracted at the base : leaves not drying 

black. — Small trees. 

•«— Filaments united to the top, appearing like a single stamen. 

8. S. purpurea, L. (Purple Willow.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, 
the lower 6omewhat opposite, smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins 
cylindrical ; scales round and concave, very black ; stigmas nearly sessile. (S. Lam- 
bertiana, Pursh.) — Low grounds. Recognized at once in the sterile plant by 
the united filaments giving to the flowers a monandrous appearance. The twigs 
are polished, and of an ashy-olive color. (Adv. from Eu.) 

+- *- Filaments separate. 

9. !§• viminalis, L. (Basket Osier.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long 
and taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, white and satiny beneath; catkins 
cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with long silky hair ; ovary long and narrow ; styles elon- 
gated ; stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species 
for basket-work. Leaves 3' - 6' long, of a beautiful lustre beneath. — S. Smith- 
iana, Willd., another species of this section, differing principally in the some- 
what broader leaves, has also been introduced, and is occasionally met with. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

h 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the 
leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of the flowering buds sepa- 
lating from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes elevated on the apex of the bursting 
catkins: ovary stalked, smooth [under a lens minutely granular, with occasionally a 
few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. 

10. S. cordata, Muhl. (Heart-leayed Willow.) Leaves lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or heart-shaped at base, taper-pointed, sharply toothed, 
smooth, paler beneath ; stipules kidney-shaped or ovate, toothed, often large and 
conspicuous, of the length of the (when young downy) petiole, or sometimes 
small and almost entire; catkins appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindri- 
cal, the fertile elongating in fruit ; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. — 
Var. rig ida has the leaves large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the 
lowest are somewhat elongated. (S. rigida, Muhl. S. Torreyana, Barratt, 
which has leaves of a deeper green beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var. 
mtricoides has narrower leaves, neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base, 

23 



416 SALICACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILF.) 

(S. myricoides, Muhl.) — Inundated banks of rivers and low meadows; com- 
mon. — Shrub 2° -6° high: the first var. larger, or a small tree 6° -15° high, 
with leaves 4' -6' long. Fruiting catkins 2' -3' in length. 

11. S. angpustata, Pursh. (Narrow-leaved Willow.) Leaves lan- 
ceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth and scarcely 
glaucous beneath ; stipules half-heart-shaped ; catkins large, appearing before tlie 
leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. — New York to Wisconsin and southwest- 
ward. — Catkins resembling those of No. 4 in size and aspect; but the cvaries 
are quite smooth and very white. 

$ 3. Catkins lateral, ivith a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in 
May or June : ovary stalked, silky : stamens 2 : scales persistent. 

12. S. rostrata, Richardson. (Long-beaked Willow.) Leaves oblong 
or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veined, 
softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical, 
the fertile becoming loose in fruit ; pods tapering into a long beak, on stalks longer 
than the yellow lanceolate scales. — Borders of woods and meadows, New England 
to Penn., Illinois, and northward. — A shrub or small tree, 4° -15° high, 
with soft velvety leaves, somewhat variable in form. A transformation of the 
anthers into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species, and occa- 
sionally in some others. 

13. §• pliylicifdlia, L. (Smooth Mountain- Willow.) Leaves lan- 
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or obtuse at each end, remotely 
and minutely repand-toothed, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ; fertile 
catkins ovoid ; ovary ovoid-conic, very short-stalked ; style elongated; stalk oftJw. 
mature pods about twice the length of the gland ; scales black, sparingly clothed with 
long white hairs. — Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Moun- 
tains, New Hampshire, Oakes, Tuckerman, &c. — A low spreading shrub, with 
leaves of a coriaceous texture when old. (Eu.) 

§ 4. Catkins peduncled (long and loose), borne on the summit of lateral leafy branches 
of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less 
hairy, falling before the pods are ripe : filaments slightly united, haiiy below. — 
Shrubs and trees, with the branches very brittle at the base. 
* Ovary sessile, smooth : stamens 2. 

14. S. alba, L. (White Willow.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo- 
late, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially 
beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var. 
titellina has yellow or light red branches; leaves shorter and broader. (S 
vitellina, Smith fr Borrer. S. Pameachiana, Barratt.) — Yar. c;ekulea has the 
leaves nearly smooth at maturity, and greatly resembles the next species. (S. 
caerulea, Smith.) — A familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50° - 
80°. (Adv. from Eu.) 

=fc =fc Ovary stalked, smooth: stamens 2-6. 

15. S» fragilis, L. (Brittle Willow.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, 
smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth; 
stipules half-heart-shaped ; stamens commonly 2.- Var, decipiens has dark 



SALICACEiE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 417 

brown buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse, 
(9. dccipiens, Hoffm.) — Var. KusselliAna has the leaves long and bright, 
strongly serrate ; the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual shoots, 
silky-downy towards autumn; stipules large and taper-pointed. (S. Kusselli- 
ana, Smith.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches ; culti- 
vated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.) 

16. S. nigra, Marshall. (Black Willow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and 
midrib) and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; glands of the sterile 
flowers 2, large and deeply 2-3 cleft ; stamens 4-6, often but 3 in the upper 
scales. (S. ambigua, Pursh.) — Yar. falcAta has the leaves elongated, scythe- 
shaped, and ih% stipules large, broadly lunar, reflexed. (S. falcata, Pursh. S. 
Purshiana, Sprang, S. ligustrina, Michx. f.) — Tree 15° -25° high, with a 
rough black bark ; frequent on the margins of streams, especially southward. 

17. S. liicida, Muhl. (Shining Willow.) Leaves ovate-oblong or lan- 
ceolate and narrow with a long tapering point, smooth and slxining on both sides, ser- 
rate ; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens commonly 5. — Overflowed banks of 
streams; rather common. — A beautiful species, sometimes flowering at the 
height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12° -15°. 

S. Babylonica, Tourn. (Weeping Willow), belongs to this section, and 
is much cultivated for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United 
States. — There is also a remarkable variety of it with curled or annular leaves 
(S. annularis, Forbes), known in gardens as the King-leaved or Hoop Wil- 
low. 

* # # Ovary stalked, hairy : stamens 2. 

18. S, long*! folia, Muhl. (Long-leaved Willow.) Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with 
projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length nearly smooth ; 
stipules small, lanceolate, toothed ; scaly hairs at the base often glandular-toothed 
at the top in the sterile catkins ; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes 
deeply 2 - 3-cleft ; in the fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas 
very large, sessile. — New England and Penn. to Kentucky and northward. — 
Varying in height from 2° - 20° ; the stems and branches often prostrate, root- 
ing extensively in sandy river-banks. 

§ 5. Catkins ped uncled, borne on the lateral (or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches 
of the season, appearing in June : stipules deciduous or none : scales persistent. — 
Small shrubs, with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or prostrate 
branches. 

19. S. pedicellaris, Pursh. (Stalk-fruited Willow.) Leaves 
elliptic-obovate, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, rctic- 
ulately veined and rather glaucous beneath ; fertile catkins loose and few-flow- 
ered ; ovary smooth, on a stalk twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow 
scale ; stamens 2. — Cold swamps, New England to Wisconsin and northward. 
— An upright shrub, l°-3° high, with leaves l'-lj' long, somewhat coriaceous 
when mature. Catkins f ' long : pods reddish-green, veined with purplo 



418 - SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 

20. S. "Uva-Ursi, Pursh. (Bearberrt Willow.) Leaves elliptical 
and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strong- 
ly veined, smooth and shining above, rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly 
lateral, oblong-cylindrical ; ovary smooth, stalked ; style distinct ; stamen single ; 
scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Cutleri, Tucker- 
wum.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adi- 
rondack Mountains, New York. — A very small, almost prostrate shrub, known 
at once by the monandrous flowers. (S. retusa, L., wi:h which this species has 
been confounded, is a plant of the Southern Alps, having the catkins issuing 
from the terminal buds, with smooth, notched scales, and two stamens.) 

21. S. repens, L. (Creeping Willow.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
when young obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-toothed, smooth and green 
above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at maturity 
smooth and glaucous ; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silky, stalked ; style 
very distinct ; stamens 2-3; gland sometimes double; scales obovate, obtuse, 
clothed with long hairs. (S. fusca, Smith.) —Moist alpine ravines of the White 
Mountains, Xew Hampshire, and high northward. — Whole plant, when young, 
of a glossy, satiny lustre ; the leaves at length becoming quite smooth, with a 
white and prominent midrib, and slightly elevated veins. (Eu.) 

22. S. lierbacea, L. (Herb-like Willow.) Leaves roundish-oval, 
heart-shaped, notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated 
veins; catkins issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered: ovary ses- 
sile, smooth; scales smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains 
of New Hampshire, and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the 
stems seldom rising above an inch or two from the ground. (Eu.) 

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. 

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Elowers from 
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or 
more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with usually broad and 
more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches. 
Buds invested with imbricated scales, covered with resinous varnish. Aments 
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The ancient name, called 
Arbor Populi, because it was used to decorate the public walks, or on account of 
the constant agitation of the leaves by every impulse.) 

1. P. trenmloides, Michx. (American Aspen.) Leaves roundish- 
hesffi shaped, with a short sharp point, and tmaS somewhat regular teeth, smooth on 
both sides, with downy margins ; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed 
with long hairs. — Woods ; common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with smooth green- 
ish-white bark. Stalk of the leaf long, slender, and laterally compressed, which 
accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slightest breeze. 

2. P. graiidkleiitata, Michx. | Large-toothed Aspen.) Leaves 
roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered 
with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 urn 
small divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, 
and northward.- -A rather larger tree than the last, with a smoothish gray bark 



SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 419 

3. P. heterophylla, L. (Downy-leaved Poplar.) Branches round ; 
leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when young, at 
length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W. 
New England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with large, usu- 
ally quite blunt leaves ; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed by the overlapping 
lobes which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk. 

4. P. moiiillfera, Ait. (Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.) 
Young branches slightly angled, becoming round ; leaves broadly deltoid, with spread- 
ing prominent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, ser- 
rate with cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very 
long; sccdes lacwate-fringed, not hairy; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated 
and very large. — Margins of lakes and streams, New England to Illinois and 
southward, especially westward. — -A large tree, 80° high or upwards; the vig- 
orous branches decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted being 
round, with smaller foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx. f. P. laevigata, Willd.) 

5. P. angulata, Ait. (Angled Cotton-wood.) Branches acutely 
angular or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or 
with obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin 
and southward. — Tree large as the last, and like it bearing very large and heart- 
shaped leaves (7' -8' in length and breadth) on young plants and suckers : on 
full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and commonly without the sinus. 

6. P. bat§smifera, L. (Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.) Branches 
round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both 
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath; scales dilated, slightly liainj ; sta- 
mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A 
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished 
with a fragrant resinous matter. 

Yar. caildicaiiS. (Balm of Gilead.) Leaves broader and more or less 
lieart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole 
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) — N. New England to Wisconsin and 
Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation. 

P. nigra, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Elora, without any 
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name 
of P. Hudsonica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson 
River, above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifdlia by Pursh, who 
further added as its station, " about Lake Ontario." The tree was probably an 
introduced form of the European P. nigra, and was latterly so considered by 
the younger Michaux himself. A few of these trees are still found in the neigh- 
borhood of Hoboken, New Jersey. 

P. dilatXta, Ait., the well-known pyramidal Lombardy Poplar, has 
Deen extensively introduced as an ornamental tree, and is found in the vicinity 
of all old settlements. 

P. alba, L., the Abele or White Poplar of the Old World, is occasion- 
ally planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common 
than is desirable. 



420 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 



Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM^E. 

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or entirely wanting; 
the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fer- 
tilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often 
more than two. 

Order 111. CONIFERiE. (Pine Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly with awl-shaped or needle- 
shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers in catkins, destitute 
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al- 
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of 
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on 
two sides.) An important and rather large Order ; comprising the three 
following Suborders : — 

Suborder I. ABIETINE^. The Proper Pine Family. 

Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the 
form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. 
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned 
downward. Buds scaly. 

1. PINUS. Leaves 2 -5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent. 

2. ABIES. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent. 

3. LARIX. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar, deciduous. 

Suborder II. CUPRESSINEiE. The Cypress Family. 

Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear- 
ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form- 
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked. 

* Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity. 

4. THUJA. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im- 

bricated on the flattened branches. 

5. CUPRESSUS. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a globular woody 

cone. Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. 

6 TAXODIUM. Fruit of several thickened and rather shield-shaped scales united in a globu- 
lar woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 
# * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening. 

I. JUNIPERUS. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1 - 3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy. 

Suborder III. TAXINEiE. The Yew Family. 

Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut- 
like or drupe-like seed. Ovary entirely wanting. Buds scaly. 

8. TAXUS. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which forms a berry-like 
cup around the nut-like seed. 



CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 421 

Suborder I ABIETOTEJE. The Proper Pine Family. 

1. PINTJS, Tourn. Pine. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins spiked, consisting of numerous stamens 
inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective : 
anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. Fertile catkins 
terminal, solitary or aggregated, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each 
in the axil of a deciduous bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. 
Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are 
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe 
and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale, 
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and 
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin 
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the 
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle- 
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, the thin scarious bud-scales sheath- 
ing the base of the cluster. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones commonly 
maturing in the autumn of the second year. (The classical Latin name.) 

$ 1. Leaves 2 or 3 (very rarely 4) in a sheath, mostly rigid: bark rough: scales of 

the cones woody, thickened at the end and mostly spiny-tipped. 

* Leaves in twos, in No. 5 occasionally some in threes. 

1. P. ISaiiksiana, Lambert. (Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.) 

Leaves short (1' long), oblique, divergent; cones ovate-conical, usually curved, 
smooth, the scales pointless. (P. rupestris, Michx. f.) — Eocky banks, N. Maine, 
N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling shrub or low tree 
(5° -20° high) ; the rigid leaves concave-grooved above ; the irregular or curved 
cones lJ / -2 / long. 

2. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrub Pine.) Leaves rather short (lf- 
2% f long) ; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped 
with a prominent and straight awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New 
Jersey to Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with 
spreading or drooping branchlets : young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 

3. P. piingens, Michx. (Table Mountain Pine.) Leaves stout and 
rigid, rather short (2£ r long), crowded; cones ovate (3^' long), the scales armed 
with a strong hooked spine (J' long). — Blue Ridge, Virginia, west of Charlottes- 
ville (Curtis), and southward. Also, mountains of Penn,, Prof. Porter, &c. 

4. P. resillOSSl; Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves from long sheaths, semicyhn- 
drical, elongated (5'-6 ; long), dark green; cones ovoid-conical; the scales point- 
less. (P. rubra, Michx. f.) — Dry woods, Maine to Penn., Wisconsin, and north- 
ward. — Tree 50° - 80° high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact 
wood, but usually less resinous than in No. 6. Cones about 2' long, sometimes 
aggregated in large and close clusters. — Wrongly called Norway Pine. 

5. P. mitis, Michx. (Yellow Pine.)^ Leaves in pairs or mostly in 
threes from long sheaths, channelled, slender (3' - 5' long) ; cones ovoid or oblong* 
conical (barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a minute and weak prickle. (P 



422 CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.; 

variabilis, Pursh.) — Dry or sandy soil, W. New England? and New Jersey I/O 
Wisconsin, and common southward. — Tree 50° - 60° high, straight, producing 
a durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c. 
Leaves more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green. 
•* *= Leaves in threes (very rarely some in fours). 

6. P. rigida, Miller. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves rigid (3' -5' long) dark 
green, flattish,/ro??i very short sheatlis; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (l'-Sj 1 long), 
often in clusters ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy 
or spare rocky soil, Maine to W. New York and southward ; common. — Tree 
30° - 70° high, with very rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with 
resin (a variety sometimes called Yellow Pine furnishes much less resinous tim- 
ber). — P. serdtina, Michx. is a form with ovate or almost globular cones. 

7. P. Taeda, L. (Loblolly or Old-field Pine.) Leaves long (6'- 
10') , rig id, with elongated sheaths, light green; cones oblong (3 f -5' long); the 
scales tipped with a short incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Virginia and south- 
ward ; common. — Tree 50° - 100° high. 

§ 2. Leaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender : scales of the cones neither piickly-pointed 
nor thickened at the end: bark smooth. 

8. P. StrdJms, L. (White Pine.) Leaves very slender, rather glau- 
cous, the sheaths deciduous ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, a little curved 
(4' -6' long). — Cool and damp woods ; common northward, extending south- 
ward in the Alleghanies, but rare in those of Virginia. — The White Pine (called 
in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 120° -160° in a single 
straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its soft and light 
white or yellowish wood, which in large trunks is nearly free from resin. 

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. 

Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered towards the end of the bran eh - 
lets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not at all thickened at the apex, nor 
with a prickly point. Seeds with a persistent wing. — Leaves all foliaceous and 
scattered, short, frequently 2-ranked. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The 
classical Latin name.) 

$ 1 . Cones erect, lateral ; the scales and the more or less projecting bracts falling from 

the axis at maturity : sterile catkins clustered : anther-cells opening by a transverse 

laceration : leaves fat, becoming 2-ranked, whitened underneath, obtuse or notched 

at the apex. (Abies, Pliny, frc. Picea, L., Don, Loudon, not of Link.) 

1. A. balsamea, Marshall. (Balsam Fir.) Leaves narrowly linear ; 

cones cylindricat, large, violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an 

abrupt slender point, slightly projecting, oppressed. — Cold damp woods and 

swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender tree, 

of little value as timber, when young very handsome, but short-lived. Leaves 

1' or less in length, narrower and lighter green above than those of the European 

Silver Fir ; the cones 3' -4' long, 1' broad, the scales very broad and rounded. 

Also called Canada Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir. The well-known Canada 

balsam is drawn from blisters in the bark of this and the next species. 



CONIFERS. (pine family.) 423 

2. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Small-fruited or Double Balsam Fir.) 

Cones small (l'-2 r long), oblong-ovate ; the bracts oblong-wedge-shaped, short-point- 
ed, the upper part much projecting and reflexed. (A. balsamifera, Michx.fi.) — 
Mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. Also 
on the mountains of W. New England % — Foliage, &c. nearly as in the last. 

§ 2. Cones hanging, terminal ; the bracts evanescent ; the scales persistent on the axis : 
sterile catkins scattered: anther-cells opening lengthwise. (Pice A, Link, frc.) 
* Leaves 2^ran7ced, flat, whitened underneath. 

3. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock Spruce.) Leaves linear, flat, 
obtuse (J 1 long) ; cones oval, of few scales, little longer than the leaves (f ' long). 
— Hilly or rocky woods ; very common northward, and rare southward in the 
Alleghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful of Spruces, with a 
light, spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery under- 
neath. Timber very coarse-grained and poor. 

* -# Leaves needle-shaped, ^-angular, equally distributed all around the branch. 

4. A. nigra, Poir. (Black Spruce. Double Spruce.) Leaves 
short (g-'-f long), rigid, dark green; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (l'-lj' long) ; 
the scales with a thin and wavy or eroded edge. — Swamps and cold mountain 
woods, New England to Wisconsin and northward, and southward along the 
mountains. — A common variety in New England has lighter-colored or glau- 
cous-green leaves, rather more slender and loosely spreading : it is often mis- 
taken for the White Spruce. — A. rubra is a northern form of A. nigra. 

5. A. alba, Michx. (White Spruce.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones 
cylindrical, about 2' long, pale, the scales with an entire edge ; a handsomer 
tree than No. 4, more northern, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. — Northern 
borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward. 

A. excels a, the Norway Spruce, is now much planted : it is a much 
finer tree, and thrives better than our indigenous species of this group. 

3. LAKH, Tourn. Larch. 

Catkins lateral and scattered, bud-like. Sterile flowers nearly as in Pinus, 
but the pollen of simple spherical grains. Cones ovoid, erect ; the bracts and 
scales persistent; otherwise as in Abies. — Leaves deciduous, soft, all folia- 
ceous j the primary ones scattered ; the secondary very many in a fascicle de- 
veloped in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins 
crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.) 

1. t». Americana, Michx. (American or Black Larch. Tama- 
rack. Hackmatack.) Leaves almost thread-form; cones ovoid, of few 
rounded scales. (P. pendula, Ait.) — Swamps, New England to Penn. and 
Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A slender tree, with heavy, close-grained 
wood, and slender horizontal branches, more slender and usually shorter leaves 
than the Euiopean Larch; — which is a handsomer tree, and has the scales of 
its larger cones arranged in the order 2 8 T , while those of the American are only 3. 
^- The Bed Larch (P. microcarpa, Lambert) appears to be only a Northern 
variety. 



424 CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.) 

Suborder II. CUFRESSINEiE. The Cypress Family. 

4. THUJA, Tourn. Arbor Vit^e. 

Flowers monoecious on diffeient branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. 
Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile 
catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, 
dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with 
very flat 2-rankcd spray, on which the small and appressed persistent leaves are 
closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ; 
the one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate. (Qvta, Ova, 
or Bvcla, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.) 

1. T. occidentalism L. (American Arbor Vit^e.) Leaves ap 
pressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones 
pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks, 
N. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin ; chiefly northward, where it forms 
extensive " cedar-swamps," and is called White Cedar : rare southward along 
the Alleghanies. — Tree 20° - 50° high, straight, with recurved branches, yield- 
ing a pungent aromatic oil : wood light, but exceedingly durable. 

5. CUPRES§US, Tourn. Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile 
catkins composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells 
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales in 4 
ranks, bearing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, 
but opening at maturity ; the scales thick and woody, pointed or bossed in the 
middle ; the few or several narrowly-winged seeds attached to their contracted 
base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very 
small and scale-like closely appressed-imbricated leaves, and exceedingly dura- 
ble wood. (The classical name.) 

1. C thyoides, L. (White Cedar.) Leaves minute, ovate, with a 
small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; 
anther-cells 2 under each scale.- — Swamps,Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia, 
and southward. May. — Tree 30° - 70° high ; the wood and fibrous shreddy 
bark, as well as the foliage, much like the Arbor Yitse ; but the spray more 
slender, the leaves finer and dull glaucous-green. Cone scarcely larger than a 
pea, few-seeded. . 

6. TAXODITJM, Richard. Bald Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious on the same branches. Sterile catkins spiked-panicled, 
of few stamens : filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 antner-cells. 
Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of each 
scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat 

shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base. Cotyledons 6-9 

Trees with linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves. (Name compounded of 
Ta£o?, the Yew, and elbos, resemblance.) 



CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 425 

1. T# disticlmm, Richard. (American Bald Cypress.) Leaves 
linear and spreading ; also awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. 
— Swamps, from S. New Jersey % and Delaware, to Virginia, Illinois, and 
southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April. 

7. JUNIPEBUS, L. Juniper. 

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. 
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile 
catkins ovoid, of 3 - 6 fleshy 1 - 3-ovuled coalescent scales ; in fruit forming a 
sort of berry, scaly-bracted underneath. Seeds 1-3, bony. Cotyledons 2. — 
Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves often of two 
shapes. (The classical name.) 

1. J» communis, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, linear 
awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, spreading, bright green except the glaucous-white 
upper surface. — Dry sterile hills, New Jersey to Maine eastward, northward, 
and along the Great Lakes. May. — Shrub also spreading on the ground, or 
rarely ascending, rigid. Berries dark purple, as large as a pea. (Eu.) 

2. J. Virginia na, L. (Red Cedar. Savin.) Leaves 4-ranked, 
much crowded, on young plants and primary or rapidly-growing shoots awl- 
shaped and somewhat spreading, in pairs or threes ; on older lateral twigs very 
small and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. — A branching shrub 
or tree, sometimes 60°-90° high ; or, var. hxjmilis, Hook., a widely spread- 
ing or almost prostrate shrub. — Dry, rocky or sterile hills ; common, extending 
both northward and southward: the prostrate variety chiefly high northern. 
April. — Wood odorous, reddish, very compact and durable. Berries small, 
purplish with a glaucous bloom. 

Suborder III. TAXINEiE. The Yew Family. 

8. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. 

Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds ; the sterile in small glob- 
ular catkins formed of naked stamens : anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like 
somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at the base, 
consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule; soon a cup-shaped disk around its 
base, which becomes pulpy and berry-like (globular and red) in fruit, and partly 
encloses the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, 
rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from ro^ou, a bow; 
the wood being used for bows.) 

1. T. Dacca ta, L., var. Canadensis. (American Yew. Ground 
Hemlock.) Stems diffusely spreading ; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. 
Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the 
shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward only along the 
Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate bush, 
never forming an ascending trunk. (Eu.) 



426 arace^. (arum family.) 



Class II. MONO CO T YLEDO NO US or EN- 
DOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and 
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles 
or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tis- 
sue : perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves 
mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, 
seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alter- 
nate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower com- 
monly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon (and the 
leaves of the plumule alternate). 

Order 112. ARACE^E. (Arum Family.) 

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves f 
and monoecious or perfect flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually sur- 
rounded by a spathe. — Floral envelopes none, or of 4 - 6 sepals. Fruit 
usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the 
large fleshy embryo in Nos. 2, 4, and 5. (A large family, chiefly tropical.) 

Synopsis. 

* Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 
<- Flowers naked, i e destitute of any floral envelopes. 

1. ARISJSMA. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. Spathe 

convolute below. 

2. PELTANDRA. Flowers monoecious, covering the whole surface of the spadix ; the anthers 

above, the ovaries below. 

3. CALL A. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole surface of the short 

spadix. Spathe open and spreading. 

*- -t- Flowers with a regular calyx. 

4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Flowers perfect, covering the whole of the oval spadix, each with a 

calyx of 4: hooded sepals, all combined into one mass in fruit 
* * Spadix naked (not surrounded by any spathe) Flowers perfect and with a calyx. 
5 ORONT1UM Spadix terminating a naked scape Stamens 4-6: anthers 2-celled. , 

6. ACORUS. Spadix bursting from the side of a leaf-like scape Stamens 6 : anthers 1-celled. 

1. ARISiEJJIA, Martius. Indian Turnip. Dragon-Arum. 

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers by abortion dioe- 
cious, or monoecious, covering the base of the spadix, which is elongated and 
naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, consist- 
ing of whorls of 4 or more stamens, with very short filaments and 2 -4-celled 



ARACE.E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 427 

anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each 
of a 1-celled ovary tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotro- 
pous ovules erect from the base of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet 
berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous 
rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the 
simple or compound veiny leaves, as if caulescent. (A play upon Arum, the 
ancient name ; probably formed of cipov, Arum, and 0-77 jua, a sign or mark.) 

1. A, tripliyllum, Torr. (Indian Turnip.) Leases mostly 2, divided 
into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix often dioecious, club-shaped, obtuse, 
much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the 
summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods; common. May. — Corm 
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with 
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish 
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed. 

2. A. I>rae©ntiiim, Schott. (Green Dragon. Dragon-root.) 
Leaf usually solitary , pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaf- 
lets ; spadix androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong 
and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along 
streams. May. — Conns clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than the 
peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point. 

2. PELTANDBA, Raf. Arrow Arum. 

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the 
apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix 
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the 
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick 
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1-celled at 
the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous ovules at the base : stig- 
ma nearly sessile. Berries distinct, 1-3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by 
a tenacious jelly, somewhat amphitropous, with the micropyle superior, the base 
empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo, the plu- 
mule superior, and no albumen. — A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves 
and simple scapes from the root of thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe 
and the sterile portion of the spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the 
fleshy base firmly enclosing the globular cluster of green berries. (Name com- 
posed of 7T€Xtt7, a target, and dvr)p, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.) 

1. P. Virginica, Raf. (Aram Virginieum, L. Lecontia, Tojt Rens- 
selaeria, Beck.) — Swampy borders of ponds and streams ; common. June. — 
Leaves large, pointed; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have 
escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as 
in Symplocarpus.) 

3. CA!*L*A, L. Water Arum. 

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), 
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect ; 
the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender ; 



428 ARACEJE. (ARUM FAMILY.) 

anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 erect anatro 
pous ovules : stigma sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a 
conspicuous rhaphe, and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A 
low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a creeping thickish rootstock, 
bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient 
name, of unknown meaning.) 

1. C. palustris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin 
and common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 

4. SYM PILOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. 

Spathe hooded-sh ell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit, 
Spadix globular, shcrt-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers which are 
thickly crowded and their (1-celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in 
the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with 
at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length 
wise. Style 4-angled : stigma minute. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. 
Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, en- 
closing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the 
persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large 
globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the 
end next the base of the ovary : albumen none. — Perennial herbs, with a strong 
odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a thick descending 
rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of 
very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the nearly sessile spathes. 
(Name from <rv[i7r\oKr}, connection, and Kaprros, fruit, in allusion to the coales- 
cence of the ovaries, &c. into a compound fruit.) 

1. S. fuetidllS, Salisb. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped (l°-2° long when 
grown), short-petioled ; spadix much shorter than the spathe. (Ictodes, Bigel.) 
— Moist grounds ; common. March, April. — Spathe spotted and striped with 
purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. Fruit ripe in September, forming 
a roughened globular mass 2' -3' in diameter, in decay shedding the bulblet- 
like seeds, which are \' -^ in diameter, and filled with the singular solid fleshy 
embryo. 

5. OBONTIUM, L. Golden-club. 

Spathe none. Plowers crowded all over a cylindrical spadix, perfect : the 
lower with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Eilaments 
flattened : anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 
amphitropous ovule : stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed with- 
out albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the 
summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Toir.) — An aquatic 
perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire nerved floating leaves, 
and the spadix terminating the naked scape, which thickens upward. (Origin 
of the name obscure.) 

1. O. aquaticum, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the 
coast, and southward. May. 



TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 429 

6. ACORXJS, L. Sweet Flag. Calamus. 

Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a scape which resembles the 
leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6 
filaments linear : anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3- 
celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell : stigma minute. 
Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 -few-seeded. Embiyo in the axis of 
albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping rootstocks 
(calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword-like leaves, and scapes 
similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; the upper and more foliaceous 
prolongation sometimes considered as an open spathe. (The ancient name, 
from a privative, and Koprj , the pupil of Hie eye, having been used as a remedy 
for sore eyes.) 

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the 
cylindrical (yellowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. June 
- It appears to be truly indigenous northward. (Eu.) 

Order 113. TYPHACE2E. (Cat-tail Family.) 

Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious /lowers 
an a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary taper- 
ing into a slender style and usually an elongated 1-sided stigma. Fruit nut- 
like when ripe, 1 -seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous: embryo straight 
in copious albumen. — Comprises only the two following genera. 

1. TYPHA, Tourc. Cat-tail Flag. 

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the 
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs, and insert- 
ed directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded 
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets 
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root- 
stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, 
erect, thickish. (Name from rl(j)os, a fen, alluding to the place of growth.) 

1. T. latsfolia, L. (Common Cat-tail or Reed-mace.) Leaves near- 
ly flat ; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate or continuous. — 
Borders of ponds, &c. July. (Eu.) 

2. T. aiigrustifolia, L. (Narrow-leaved or Small Cat-tail.) 
heaves channelled towards the base, nairowly linear ; staminate and pistillate parts 
of the spike usually separated by an interval. — In similar places with the last ; 
a rarer and smaller plant ; probably a mere variety of it. (Eu.) 

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Bur-reed. 

Flowers collected in separate dense spherical heads, scattered along the sum- 
mit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting 
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fer- 



430 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 

tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 - scales 
much like a calyx. Fruit nut-like when mature. — Roots fibrous. Stems sim- 
ple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. (Name from 
trrrdpyavov, a fillet , from the ribbon-like leaves.) 

* Inflorescence mostly branched, with numerous heads, the 1-3 lower fertile, the rest 
sterile: stigmas often 2, linear, much longer than the style: stems stout, erect (2°- 
3° high) : leaves erect (£'- | r wide), flat and merely keeled, the base triangular with 
concave sides: fruit sessile. 

1. S. Clirycarpuni, n. sp. Engelm. Fruit many-angled (3£"-4"long), 
with a broad and depressed or retuse summit (2j" wide), abruptly and slightly tipped 
in the centre; head globose, 1' wide when ripe. — Borders of ponds, &c, com- 
mon northward and especially westward. June - Sept. 

2. §. ramdsum, Hudson. Fruit somewhat triangular, with the summit 
hemispherical and pointed, smaller than in the last. — Same situations, northward 
and eastward. July -Sept. (Eu.) 

* =* Inflorescence mostly simple : stigma single : stem slender, 

3. S. simplex, Hudson. Fertile and sterile heads each 3 or 4, the lattei 
or some of them mostly peduncled (J*-}' broad) ; fruit abruptly contracted at the 
summit into a slender beak as long as itself; stigma linear; leaves triangular at 
the base with flat sides (6'- 18' long). (S. Americanum, Nutt.) — Along streams 
and pools; common northward and eastward. (Eu.) 

4. S. mttaiiS, L., var. affine. Fries. Heads few, the fertile 1 - 3 ; stig- 
ma short ; fruit oblong, slender-beaked as in No. 3, also attenuate into a stalk-like 
base; leaves very long and flaccid, floating . (S. afiine, Schnitzlein.) In ponds and 
slow streams, New England, New York, and northward. — This may be the S. 
angustifolium of Michaux, as is generally thought; but Fries assigns that to 
the next. (Eu.) 

5. S. asigBiSti folium, Miehx. Small and slender ; fruit more triangu- 
lar, scarcely beaked, short-pointed, not contracted at the base ; leaves long and nar- 
row (l^' / -2 // wide) and floating when growing in water, scarcely surpassing the 
stems in dwarf states growing nearly out of water (5'- 8' high). — New England 
to Wisconsin and northward. — Fruiting heads only 2^" - S n in diameter. (Eu.) 

Order 114. LEMNAGEJ!. (Duckweed Family.) 

Minute stem! ess plants* floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem 
and foliage, being merely a flat frond , producing feio monoecious flowers from 
a chink at the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from under- 
neath : ovules erect from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1 - 7-seeded utricle 
Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — A little group of plants, 
of peculiar mode of growth, in character mostly intermediate between the 
Arum Family and the following, to one or the other of which it may be 
joined. — The Linnaean genus Lemna has been divided into three genera, 
^answering to the following sections,) possibly with sufficient reasons ; but 
it is not worth while to adopt them here, since the flowers and fruit are 
rarely met with. 



NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 431 

1. iilSOTIfA, L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat. 

Flowers appearing from a cleft in the edge of the frond, three together burst- 
ing through a thin and membranous urn-shaped spathe ; two of them consisting 
of single stamens (one developed rather earlier than the other), with thread-like 
- filaments and 2-celled anthers ; the other a 1 -celled ovary forming a utricle in 
fruit : stigma funnel-form : ovules anatropous or half-anatropous. — Root with 
a sheath-like appendage on its extremity. Fronds laterally proliferous by a 
sort of budding, and producing little bulbets which sink to the bottom of the 
water in autumn but rise to develop on the surface in spring. (An old Greek 
name, of uncertain meaning.) 

§ 1 . LEMNA, Schleiden. — Root single : filaments filiform : ovule solitary. 

1. Ii. trisiilcii, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, den- 
ticulate at the tip (^ -|' long), proliferous from the side, so as to form crosses; 
" ovule half anatropous." — Ponds ; not rare : but the flowers little known. (Eu.) 

2. JL. minor, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish (about 2 n long), 
often grouped ; " ovule half-anatropous ; seed horizontal." — Very common, man- 
tling stagnant waters : not yet found in flower in this country. (Eu.) 

3. la* perfuasfiia, Torr. Fronds obovaie, thin (1"- lj" long), single or 
grouped; ovule anatropous; seed erect, striate. — Staten Island, New York (Tor- 
rey), and doubtless common elsewhere. August. 

§ 2. SPIR6DELA, Schleiden. — Boots several in a cluster from each frond : fila- 
ments of the stamens narrowed below : ovules 2. 

4. Ij. polyrrhiza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate (3" -4" long), thick, 
rather convex beneath. — Ponds and pools. Sometimes found in flower. (Eu.) 

§3. TELMATOPHACE, Schleiden. —Roots single: filaments of the stamens 
enlarged in the middle : ovules and seeds 2-7, anatropous : albumen little. 

5. L. g"Ibl>a 9 L. Fronds obovate, nearly fiat above, tumid and spongy under- 
neath (hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore 
seldom found connected (3" -4" long). — Ponds; rather rare. Not here seen 
in flower. (Eu.) 

Order 115. NAIADACEiE. (Pond weed Family.) 

Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within 
the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, i?iconspicuous mono - dioe- 
cious or perfect flowers, which are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx ; 
the ovaries solitary or 2-4 and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed without al- 
bumen, filled by the large embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usu- 
ally bursting from a spathe, sometimes on a spadix. 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous. 
L NAIAS. Pistils solitary and naked : stigmas 2-4. 
1. ZANNICHELLIA. Pistils about 4 from a cup-ahaped involucre or sheath. 



432 NAIADACEJS. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 

3. ZOSTERA. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in 2 rows on one side of a linear spadix 

enclosed in a leaf. Stigmas 2. 

* * Flowers perfect. 

4. RUPPIA. Flowers naked on a spadix : each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries which 

are raised on long stalks in fruit. 
6. POTAMOGETON. Flowers and fruit spiked. Sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 4. 

1. IVAIAS, L. Naiad. 

Flowers dioecious (or sometimes monoecious), axillary, solitary and sessile ; 
the sterile consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe : 
anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers 
consisting of a single ovary tapering into a short style : stigmas 2-4, awl- 
shaped : ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a 
loose and separable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end 
downwards. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with 
opposite linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, sessile and dilated at the 
base. Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves 
in the axils. (Naiay, water-nymph ; an ill-chosen name for these insignificant 
water-weeds ; from their place of growth.) 

1 . W. flexilis, Rostk. Leaves membranaceous, spreading, very narrowly 
linear, entire, or sparingly very minutely denticulate (under a lens) ; stigmas 
usually 3-4. (N. Canadensis, Michx. Caulinia flexiHs, Willd.) — Ponds and 
slow streams ; common. July -Sept. (Eu.) 

N. minor (Caulinia fragilis, Willd.), with the more rigid and recurved frag- 
ile leaves rather strongly toothed, is not identified in this country. 

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. Horned Pond weed. 

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil : 
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2 - 4- 
celled anther; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup- 
shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short 
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. 
Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled up. 
— Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with very slender stems, op- 
posite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing 
membranous stipules. (Named in honor of Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.) 

1. Z. palustris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flat- 
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back 
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile, or, in var. pedunculata, both 
the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow 
streams; rather rare. July. (Eu.) 

3^ ZOSTERA, L. Grass-wrack. Eel-grass. 

Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged 
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid- 
den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers consist- 



NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 433 

iog of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, and 
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen : the fertile of single 
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl- 
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : stigmas 2, long 
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong 
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle- 
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which 
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing 
wholly under water, with a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the 
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves 
(whence the name, from fojcrrqp, a band). 

1. E. liiiirisia, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common in bays 
along the coast; in water of 5° -15° deep. Aug. (Eu.) 

4. R IIP PI A, L. Ditch-grass. 

Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at 
first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, naked (entirely desti- 
tute of floral envelopes), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and 
separate anther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous 
suspended ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate 
pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ; 
the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Em- 
bryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side 
of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and 
thread-like forking stems, slender and almost capillary alternate leaves with a 
dilated sheathing base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. 
(Dedicated to Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th 
century. ) 

1. R. msxitima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely 
erect; fruiting peduncles capillary (j'-l r long). — Shallow bays, along the 
whole coast : chiefly a narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, ap- 
proaching R. rosteilata, Koch. June -Aug. (Eu.) 

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pondweed. 

Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, 
nearly sessile, opposite the sepals : anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only 
one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short 
style. Nutlets drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed. Seed curved 
or cochleate ; the radicular end of the embryo pointing downwards. — Herbs 
of fresh or barely brackish ponds and streams, with jointed creeping and root- 
ing stems, and 2-ranked pellucid leaves, which are usually alternate or imper- 
fectly opposite ; the upper sometimes dilated, of a firmer texture, and floating 
Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed 
by the stipules in the bud, raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. 
(An ancient name, composed of 7rora/ios, a river, "nd ^eiVcor, a neighbor, frois) 
their place of growth.) 



434 NAIADACE.E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 

§ 1. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf, scarious: leaves all immersed 
and similar, alternate, grass-like : stigma terminal: seed hooked-curved. 

1. P. pcctiilfltllS, L. Stems thread-like, many times forked; leaves 
bristle-form, l-nerved (2' -4' long); spikes interrupted, long-peduncled ; nutlets 
rounded-obovate. — Brackish water along the coast (P. marinum, L.) ; also not 
rare in fresh water, especially along the Great Lakes and northward. (Eu.) 

2. P. Rob!)ItlSii, Oakcs. Stem sparingly branched, rigid, very leafy , 
leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, many-nerved, semdate-ciliate, approximate (3'- 
4' long, 3" -4" wide), recurved-spreading ; spikes oblong. — Ponds, not uncom- 
mon in New England, detected in 1829 by Dr. Bobbins. White Plains, New 
York, H. J. Clark. Ohio, Dr. Canfleld. — Avery remarkable species. Stems 
l°-3° long, entirely invested by the sheathing bases of the leaves and the elon- 
gated and taper-pointed free portion of the stipules. Ripe fruit not seen. 

§ 2. Stipules of the immersed (alternate) leaves adherent, as in § 1, those of the floating 
leaves free from the petiole or nearly so : stigma becoming somewhat lateral: fruit 
and seed cochleate. 

3. P, liytoridllS, Michx. Slender (6'- 12' long), branching; immersed 
leaves narrowly linear or almost capillary ; the floating ones varying from linear 
or lanceolate to oval (J'-l' long), 3-7-nerved, short -petioled, rarely wanting ; 
spikes capitate, few-flowered, lateral, on very short somewhat club-shaped pedun- 
cles; fruit small (^' -%" long), orbiculate, flattened on the sides, keeled. on the 
back, the keel more or less toothed or crested ; embryo spirally coiled. (P. 
diversifoiius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman: a slender 
form.) — Shallow pools ; common, especially southward. — Var. spicXtus, 
Engelm., is a form with longer spikes (J' -J' long), W. Illinois and southward 

$3. Stipules all entirely free from the petiole or leaf: leaves alternate: stigma termi- 
nal : seed hooked-curved or nearly forming a ring. 
iff Leaves grassy-linear or thread-shaped, sessile, all immersed: stems branching. 

4. P. Tuckerm&lli, Bobbins, in herb. Slender and very delicate ; 
stem terete, much branched ; leaves setaceous or capillary, tapering to a sharp 
point, nearly terete, nerveless, pellucid (conferva-like, about 2' long) ; spike few- 
flowered, long-peduncled ; fruit thick, obscurely 3-carinate when dry, the narrow 
dorsal keel smooth and even; style obsolete. (P. trichoides, ed. 1, &c, not of 
Cham., which is monogynous, and is rough with small tubercles on the obtusely 
crested keel, &c.) — Clear ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, Oakes Sr 
Bobbins. Tewksbury, Mass., and in the Alleghany Mountains, Tuckerma *. 

5. P. p&islllus, L. Stem slender, obscurely compressed ; leaves narrowly 
linear, rather acute, 3-5-nerved ; spikes 4-Q-flowered, lax, often interrupted, long- 
peduncled : fruit crestless. (P. comprcssus, Smith.) — Ponds and clear pools; 
rather common northward. (Eu.) 

6. P. paucifldrilS, Pursh. Stem very slender and thread-like, but fla-tr 
tish ; leaves narrowly linear, acutish, 3-nerved ; spikes few- (4-6-) flowered, short- 
peduncled; fruit distinctly crested or sinuate-toothed on the back. (P. grammeus, 
Michx.) — Ponds and streams; common, especially southward. — Leaves l'-3' 
long, i ,f -l" wide. 



NAIADACE.fi. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 435 

Var. IVia gar^nsis (P. Niagarensis, Tuckerm.), from the brink of the cat- 
aract of Niagara, appears likely to be a larger-leaved and more rigid state of 
this species; the stipules more conspicuous, the leaves sometimes lj" wide. 

7. P. compressilS, L. ex Fries. Stem very Jlat, almost as wide as the 
narrowly linear abruptly pointed leaves; spikes cylindrical, 10 - 1 ^-flowered ; fruit 
obtusely keeled. (P. zosteraefolius, Schum.) — Ponds, New England to Penn., 
Wisconsin, and northward. — Stems 2° -4° long. Leaves 3' -6' long, 1|" 
wide, minutely many-nerved and with a midrib or 3 nerves more conspicuous, 
perfectly entire. (Eu.) 

* * Leaves ovate or oblong, with a clasping base, all immersed, thin and pellucid, 
Z-many-nerved, and with cross veinlets : stems more or less branched. 

8. P. perfoliafUS; L. Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or 
ovate-lancejolate, sometimes round-ovate, obtuse ; spikes rather few-flowered ; fruit 
rounded on the back. — Ponds and rivers; common. — Leaves l / -2 / long, flat ; 
or, in the longer and ovate-lanceolate American forms, inclined to be acute and 
more or less wavy or crisped. (Eu.) See Addend. 

9. P. prsel6ngli§ 9 Wulf. Leaves elongated-oblong, obtuse at both ends, 
half-clasping by the sessile base ; peduncles often much elongated (in deep water 
6 ; -12' long) ; spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; fruit strongly keeled on the back 
when dry. — Rivers and ponds, New England to Wisconsin and northward. — 
Stipules wingless. Leaves 1' or less wide, 2' - 7' long. (Eu.) 

* # =fc Leaves not clasping, mostly of 2 soils ; the immersed- ones acute at the base or 
tapering into a petiole, thin and pellucid, many-nerved and reticulated by cross-vein- 
lets, the floating ones somewhat coriaceous and long-petioled : stems simple or spar- 
ingly branched. 

10. P. lucens, L. Immersed leaves ample (3' -9' long), varying from 
oblong-oval to broadly lanceolate, undulate, somewhat petioled ; the united stip- 
ules 2-winged or keeled on the back ; peduncle thickened, especially upwards; spike 
elongated, dense ; fruit 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — The proper P. lucens usually 
wants the floating leaves, and is common in deep water. (Eu.) 

Var. 1 HuitailS. Uppermost leaves floating on distinct but rarely very long 
petioles, varying from oblong-lanceolate and acute at each end to ovate and 
obtuse or heart-shaped (2' -4' long). P. fluitans, Roth., &c. ; and here I would 
refer P. pulcher? and P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. P. rufescens, Schrader, is a 
narrow-leaved form, with smaller fruit, &c, either without floating leaves (P. 
obrutus, Wood) or with them, of a brownish or reddish tinge, and verging to the 
larger forms of No. 12. — Mostly in rather deep water; common northward. 
Distinguished from P. natans by its broader and large immersed leaves, and 
keeled fruit. Probably P. fluitans may be separated from P. lucens, and perhaps 
several species with floating leaves may be here confounded ; the forms are di- 
verse, and the fruit differs in the strength of the keels, &c. But I have not been 
able to limit them. (Eu.) 

11. P. nutans, L. Immersed leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear and 
mostly long petioled ; the thin blade early decaying, sometimes wanting ; floating 
leaves long-petioled, elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slight! y heart-shaped 



436 ALISMACEiE. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 

at the base (lJ'-4' long, the petiole 4'- 12' long); stipules not winged nor 
ridged; peduncle not thickened; fruit obtuse on the back when fresh. (P. lonchltes, 
Tuckerm.) — P. oblongus, Viv., is a small-fruited form. — Ponds and slow 
streams; common. (Eu.) 

12. P. llCteroplljllllS, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; immersed 
leaves lanceolate or linear and sessile, or only the upper petioled ; floating leaves 
elliptical, varying to oblong-linear, thinnish (l'-2 ; long), on filiform petioles ; 
united stipules 2-ribbed on the back; peduncle often thickened upwards; fruit slightly 
keeled when dry (one half smaller than in the preceding). (P. gramineus, L. 
in part, Fries, fyc. P. Claytonii, Tuckerm.) — In shallow pools and ditches, as 
well as streams ; common. (Eu.) 

P. CRfspus, L., I have not seen in this countiy. Mr. Tuckcrman informs 
me that he has seen a specimen in a European herbarium, purporting to have 
been gathered in Delaware. If found, it may be distinguished from No. 8 by 
its lanceolate and wavy-crisped 3-nerved leaves. See Addend. 

P. densus was admitted into the first edition on the authority of Beck from 
Schweinitz. I apprehend some mistake about it. The species, if in the coun- 
try, may be known by its leaves being all opposite and without stipules. 



Order 116. ALISMACE^E. (Water-Plantain Family.; 

Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monoecious 
flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and 
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united 
separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. , Seed 
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, 6 
to many : anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. Com- 
prises two very distinct suborders, viz. : — 

Suborder I. JUNCAGINEiE. The Arrow-grass Family. 

Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Seed anatropous, with a 
straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, without a blade. 

1. TRIGLOCHTN. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3-6, united into one, but separating in fruit. 

2. SCIIEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, forming diverging pods in 

fruit. 

Suborder II. ALISMEiE. The Water-Plantain Family. 

Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Seed carnpy- 
lotropous : embryo bent double or hook-shaped. Leaves commonly fur- 
nished with a blade. 

3. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels numerous, whorled, 

4. ECHTNODORUS. Flowers perfect, with 7-21 stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed. 

5. SAG ITT ARIA. Flowers monoecious. Stamens indefinite. Carpels capitate, winged. 



ALISMACE^E. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 437 

Suborder I. JUrVCAGIIVEJE. The Arrow-grass Family. 

1. TBIOLOCHIN, L. Arrow-grass. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta- 
mens 6 : anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-celled 
compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe 
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a central axis. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 
sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, 
in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of rpety, three, and yXco^iV, 
point, from the three points of the ripe fruit in No. 1.) 

1. T. paiilStre, L. Scape (6'- 18' high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear- 
club-shaped ; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards from the tri- 
augular axis, and aid-pointed at the base. % — Marshes, both fresh and brack- 
ish, New York to 111., and northward. Aug. (Eu.) 

2. T. inaritimum, L. Scape (12' -20' high) and leaves thichish, fleshy , 
fruit ovate or oblong, acutish, of 6 or rarely 5 carpels which are rounded at the base 
and slightly grooved on the bach; the edges acute. 1J. — Salt marshes along the 
coast ; salt springs, Salina, New York ; shore of the Great Lakes, and north- 
ward. — Var. elatum (T. elatum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from 
W. New York to Wisconsin, often 2^° high, and has the angles of the carpels 
sharper, or almost winged. (Eu.) 

2. SCHEiCHZERIA, L. Scheuchzeria. 

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the 
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, 
slightly united at the base, 2-3-ovuied, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit 
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. — 
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending 
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con- 
duplicate leaves, terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing 
bracts. (Named in honor of the two brothers Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss 
botanists.) 

1. S. palustris, L. — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Illinois, and 
northward; rather rare. July. (Eu.) 

Suborder II. AL*I§MEiE, Tiie Water-Plantain Family. 

3. ALIS1A, L. Water-Plantain. 

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. 
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori- 
aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Eoots fibrous. 
Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets, Scape with 
whorled panicled branches. ' Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The 
Greek name; of uncertain derivation.) 



438 ALISMACE.fi. (water-plantain family.) 

l. A. Plantago, L., var. Am eric a mi in. Leaves long-petioled, 
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the 
base, 3-9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° long); 
carpels 1 5 - 20, obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in 
fruit. U (A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and marshy places; 
common. July, Aug. (Eu.) 

4. ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelmann. 

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more. 
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, 
often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit intermediate between 
the preceding genus and the following. (Name from ixwafys, prickly, or from 
e^Ii/os 1 , and Sopos, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species 
armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.) 

For the elaboration of this and the next genus I am indebted to Dr. Engel- 
mann. 

1. E. parvillllS, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (i'-l^' 
long, including the petiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (1'- 
3' high) bearing a 2 - 8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stamens 9; 
styles much shorter than the ovaiy ; achenia beakless, many-ribbed. ® — Margin of 
shallow ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3" broad* 

2. E. rostra tUS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved 
(l'-3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing 
a branched panicle of proliferous umbels ; stamens 12 ; styles longer than the 
ovary : achenia beaked, many-ribbed. CD (Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) — Low river- 
bottoms, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3 f to 2° high. Flower 5" wide. 
Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide. 

3. E. radicaaiS, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncatcly broadly heart- 
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad and long, long-petiolcd) ; sterns or scapes 
prostrate, creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers ; 
stamens about 21; styles shoHer than the ovary; achenia short-beaked, ribbed, the 
keeled back denticulate. 1J. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, W. Illinois 
and southward. — Flowers about 1' in diameter. 

5. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-head. 

Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2. Petals imbricated in tHe 
bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical 
head on a globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged 
achenia. — Marsh or aquatic, chiefly perennial herbs, with milky juice and fibrous 
roots ; the scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, 
of which the primal*} 7 ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved, 
and destitute of any proper blade : when present the blade is arrow-shaped or 
lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers (produced all 
summer) mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ; the sterile above. 
(Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.) 



ALISMACE^E. ( WATER- PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 439 

* Filaments slender awl-shaped, longer than, the anthers : scape simple 01 branched. 

1. S. falcfita, Pnrsh. Scape l°-5° high, with several of the lower 
whorls fertile ; bracts orate or orbicular ; pedicels slender, the fertile recurved in 
fruit ; fdaments hairy ; achenia obovate-falcate, pointed with a short incurved beak ; 
leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, all with a tapering base, thick (6' -18' long, and 
on a long and stout petiole), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib. 
(S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. — Known at once by 
its coriaceous and large, thick-ribbed, never sagittate leaves, &c. 

2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Scape (J°-4°high) 12 -angled, with one or 
more of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts pointed ; pedicels of the feitile flowers 
about half the length of the sterile ones ; petals with white claws ; filaments glabrous , 
nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia obovaie, with a long and curved 
beak of } or ^ its length ; leaves very various, mostly sagittate. (S. sagittifolia, 
Amer. auth., frc. The European species has the fertile pedicels only | or J the 
length of the sterile, the claws of the petals purple-tinged, the filaments not 
longer than the anthers ; the achenia almost orbicular, very broadly winged, 
and short-beaked.) — In water or wet places; very common. — Excessively 
variable in size and foliage : the following are the leading forms. Yar. obttjsa 
(S. obtusa, Willd.) is large, dioecious ; the broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, J°- 
1° long. — Yar. latif6lia (S. latifolia, Willd.) is large, monoecious, with 
broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Yar. diversif6lia, with some leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Yar. sagittif6lia is the or- 
dinary form, with narrowly halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves (including S. 
hastata, Pursh). — Yar. angustif6lia has the narrow leaves with long and 
linear diverging lobes, and a larger more horizontally beaked fruit. — Yar. gra- 
cilis (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and 
lobes. See Addend. 

* * Filaments very short, with a very broad glandular base : scape commonly simple. 

3. S. lieteropfiylla, Pursh. Scape weak, at length mostly procum- 
bent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; the lowest whorl of fertile flowers, which are 
almost sessile; the sterile flowers on long pedicels; achenia nan-owly obovate, long- 
beaked. — Rather common, at least southward, and nearly as variable in foliage 
a-3 the last. Yar. elli*ptica has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long and 5' wide), 
either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Yar. eigida (S. rigida, 
Pursh) has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both 
ends. — Yar. angtjstif6lia has nearly linear leaves. — Yar. FLtiTAys has 
narrowly linear and delicate floating leaves. 

4. S. Simplex, Pursh. Scape very slender, erect (3 / -20 / high), the 
lower whorls fertile ; bracts triangular, rather obtuse, the upper ones connate ; 
pedicels all slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length ; achenia small, obovate, nar- 
rowly winged, brakless ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, rarely 
sagittate. (S. acutifolia, Pursh, &c.) — Rather common, especially southward. 
— Elowers much smaller than in any of the foregoing. 

5. $. pissilla, Nutt. Dwarf; scape (l'-3' high) shorter than the linear 
or awl-shaped entire leaves (their proper blade obscure and obtuse or none); 
/lowers onlu 2-9, on slender pedicels the fertile recurved after flowering , stamens 

24 



440 HYDROCIIARIDACKa:. (fROG's-BIT FAMILY.) 

7-9; ovaries short-pointed (ripe fruit not seen). (Alisma subuluta, Pursh.) — 
Low shores, near Philadelphia, &c. — Apparently distinct frcm dwarf forms of 
the last ; but needs further investigation. 

S. nXtans, Michx., apparently the only remaining good species in the Unit- 
ed States, is only found farther south. 



Order 117. HYDROCHARIDACEiE. (Frog's-bit Fam.) 

Aquatic herbs, ivit-h dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like 
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the 
fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1 - ^-celled ovary. 
Stamens 3-12, distinct or rnonadelphous: anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 
6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascend- 
ing, without albumen : embryo straight. 

SyDopsis. 

Tribe I. STRATIOTIDEiE. Ovary 6- 9-ceUed: stigmas 6-9. 

1. LIMNOBIUM. Filaments unequally united into a solid column in the staminate flowers : 

anthers 6-12, linear. 

Tribe n. VAL1L.ISNERIEJE. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae : stigmas 3. 

2. ANACHARIS. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers long and thread- 

form ; its lobes 6. 

3. VALLISNERIA. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the elongated 

ovary ; its lobes 3. 

1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. American Frog's-bit. 

Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious ?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled 
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicclled flowers ; 
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or 
cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united 
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there 
are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9- 
celled, with as many placentas in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry 
in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-partcd, awl-shaped (ovules orthotro 
pous, Tore). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, prolif- 
erous by runners, with long-petioied and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are 
spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile 
flowers rather small ; the fertile larger : peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals 
white? (Name from Xt/Liyo/3tos, living in pools.) 

1. Lu Spongia, Richard. (Hydrocharis, Bosc. H. cordifolia, Nutt.) — 
Braddock's Bay (Monroe County, N. Y.), Lake Ontario, Dr. Bradley, Dr. Sart- 
wdl. Illinois, Vasey, and in the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves l'-2' loug, 
faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3 f long, thread-like ; of 
the fertile, only 1 ', stout. 



HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (fROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 441 

2. ANACHABIS, Rich. (Ud6ra, Nutt.) Watee-weed. 

Flowers polygamo-dicecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 
2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely 
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and 
raonadelphous at the base, or none ; anthers 9, oval. Fertile flowers either pis- 
tillate or apparently perfect: perianth extended into an extremely long and 
capillary tube ; the limb 6-parted; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate, 
spreading. Stamens 3-6, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without 
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong almost sessile anthers. 
Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; 
the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2- 
lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial 
slender herbs, growing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly 
beset with pellucid and veinless, 1 -nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. 
The staminate flowers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Val- 
lisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen 
around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the 
excessively prolonged calyx-tube, varying in length according to the depth of 
the water. (Name formed of av y throughout, and adapts, without charms, being 
rather homely water-weeds.) 

1. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower 
opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, obscurely and minutely serrulate ; 
stigmas more or less 2-lobed. (Elod^a Canadensis, Michx. Udora Canadensis, 
Nutt. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babington) , Nuttallii, and Canadensis (perhaps 
also Chilensis), and also Apalanthe Schweinitzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams 
and ponds ; common. July. (Eu. ?) 

3. VAL,L,IS]VERIA, Micheli. Tape-grass. Eel-grass. 

Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a 
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne 
on a veiy short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile 
in a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth 
(calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent 
with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; 
also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules 
very numerous scattered over the walls, orthotropous ! Fruit elongated, cylin- 
drical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, 
growing entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the 
bottom of the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves 
spontaneously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, 
where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are 
raised to the surface at this time : afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 
feet long according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally and draw the ovary 
under water to ripen. (Named in konor of Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 

1. T. spiralis L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (l°-2° 



442 burmanniace^e. (burmannia family.) 

long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Com- 
mon in slow rivers, &c. August. (Eu.) 



Order 118. BURMANJYIACEjE. (Burmannia Family.) 

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those of the 
root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, icith a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the 
tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or S-celled ovary; stamens 3 and dis- 
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds 
very minute. — A small chiefly tropical family, of which only one plant is 
found within our borders. 

1. BURMANNIA, L. (Tripterella, Michx.) 

Ovary 3-celied, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. 
Style slender: stigma capitate-3-lobed. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for 
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 

1. B. bi flora, L. Stem low and slender (2' -4' high), 2-flowered at the 
summit, or soon several-flowered; perianth (2" -3" long) bright blue, 3-winged. 
(Tripterella casrulea, Miclix.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward. 

Order 119. ORCHIDACE^E. (Orchis Family.; 

Herbs, distinguished by their irregular flowers, Q-merous perianth adherent 
to the 1-celled ovary with 3 parietal placentae, gynandrous stamens (only 1 or 
2), and pollen cohering in ivaxy or mealy masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved 
pod, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Peri- 
anth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) of the same petal-like 
texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals), of which the upper or pos- 
terior one, but by the twisting of the ovary or stalk commonly appearing 
the lower or anterior, differs more or less in shape or direction from the 
others, is often spurred or appendaged, and is called the lip. Opposite 
this, in the axis of the flower, is the column, which is composed of a single 
stamen (or in Cypripedium of 2 fertile stamens) entirely coherent and 
confluent with the style, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated. 
— Perennial herbs, often tuber-bearing, or with tuberous or thickened 
roots. Leaves parallel-nerved. Flowers commonly showy and singular 
in shape, either spiked, racemed, or solitary, bracted. A large family, but 
sparingly represented in the United States. 

Synopsis, 

I. Anther only one. 

Tribe I. OPHRYDEiE. Anther (of 2 separate cells) entirely adnate to the Rice ol the 
stigma, erect. Pollen cohering into a great number of coarse grains, which are all fast- 
ened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, with a stalk that connects it 
with a gland of the stigma. (Flower nngent, the lip with a spur beneath.) 



OKCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAKILY.) 443 

1. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Glands of the stigma, to which the base 
of the stalks of the 2 pollen-masses cohere, contained in a common little pouch formed 
of a fold or hood of the stigma 

'2. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel : glands naked. 

3. PLATANTHERA. Anther-cells diverging, widely separated at the base : glands naked. 

Teibe II. JfEOTTIEJE. Anther dorsal (attached to the back of the column), erect, 
parallel with the stigma ; the 2 cells approximate. Pollen rather loose and powdery, or 
elastically cohering 

4. GOODYERA. Lip entire, free from the column, strap-pointed. Pollen-masses elastic. 

5. SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending, embracing the column. 

6. LISTEKA. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex. 

Tribe m. ARETHUSE^, MALAXIDE^l, &c. Anther terminal (attached to 
the apex of the column, or near it), and like a lid over the stigma, at length deciduous. 
* Pollen in loose or powdery grains, forming 2 or 4 delicate masses. 

7. ARETHUSA. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4. 

8. POGONIA. Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2. 

9. CALOPOGON. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 4. 

* # Pollen in smooth and finally waxy masses. 
*- Pollen-masses attached by elastic stalks, or in No. 10 sessile. 

10. CALYPSO. Lip inflated and sac-like, notched at the apex and 2-pointed underneath the 

notch. Column winged and petal-like. Pollen-masses 4. Stem l-flowere<L 

11. TIPULARIA Lip short and flat, with a long and thread-like spur beneath. Column mar- 

gined. Pollen-masses 4. Raceme many-flowered. 

12. BLETIA. Lip hooded, spurless. Column not margined. Pollen-masses 8. 

H- ■*- Pollen-masses without any stalks or connecting tissue. 
++ Plants green and with leaves. Sepals spreading : lip flat and spurless. 

13. MICROSTYLIS. Lip arrow-shaped or heart-shaped. Column minute, round. 

14. LIPARIS. Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined at the apex. 

++ ++ Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only : sepals and petals conniving. 

15. CORALLORHIZA. Lip with a spur or projection at the base adherent to the ovary. An- 

ther-cells oblique. 

16. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless, free, raised on a claw. 

II. Anthers two. 

Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIE^l. The 2 anthers those of the lateral stamens : the third 
or upper stamen (which is the one which bears the anther in the rest of the order) here 
forming a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. 

17. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip a large and inflated sac, somewhat slipper-form. 

1. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. 

Flower ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them, or all but the 
2 lower sepals, converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned 
downwards, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred at the base under- 
neath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous 
coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 
large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of 
which is attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, contained in a common little 
pouch or hooded fold. Flowers showy, in a spike. ('Opxis, the ancient name.) 

1. O. spectabilis, L. (Showy Orchis.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, 



444 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3 - 5' long) and a few-flowered 
4-angled scape (4' -7' high) ; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate ; sepals and petals all 
vaulted, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — On hills in rich woods, 
New England to Kentucky and (especially) northward. May. 

2. GYINADENIA, R. Brown. Naked-gland Orchiis. 

Flower as in Orchis. Anther-cells parallel ; the approximate glands naked 
(whence the name, from yvfivos, naked, and dbrjv, gland). 

1. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem slender (6' -12' high), with a single 
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts 
above ; spike 6 - 12-flowei'ed, oblong ; lip wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth 
at the apex ; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer 
than the ovary. — Wet woods ; rather common, especially northwards. July. 
— Root of few fleshy fibres. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green. 

2. Cr. flava, Lindl. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower 
leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and 
bract-like ; spike densely many -flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; lip ovate, a little crenate 
or wavy-margined, shorter than the awl-shaped depending spur. — Wet pine bar- 
rens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. July. — Root of very fleshy 
fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. Flowers orange-yellow, closely set. ( Or- 
chis flava & integra, Nutt. Haberfaria EHiottii, Beck.) 

3. PLATANTHEKA, Richard. False Orchis. 

Flower as in Orchis, &c. (lateral sepals spreading, except in No. 5) ; but the 
anther-cells diverging below, and the 2 naked glands widely separated (whence 
the name, from ttXotvs, wide, and dv6npd, for anther). 

§ 1. Scape l-leaved at the base : spur not exceeding the lip : root of thick fibres. 

1. P. obtusata, Lindl. (Dwarf Orchis.) Leaf obovate, obtuse; 
spike loosely 5-10-flowered; upper sepal broad and rounded; petals bluntly 
triangular ; lip linear, entire, bearing 2 small tubercles at the base, about the length 
of the curving spur. — Cold peat-bogs and high mountains, Maine to N. New 
York and L. Superior. June. — Scape 5' -8' high. Flowers ^' long. (Eu.) 

2. P. rotundlfdlia, Lindl. (Small Round-leaved Orchis.) Leaf 

round-ovate or orbicular (2' -3' wide); spike several-flowered; lip S-lobed, larger 
than the ovate petals and sepals, the middle lobe larger and inversely heart- 
shaped. — Along the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (Mr. Good- 
rich), and northward. — Scape 8' high. Leaf, and sometimes the white flowers, 
spotted with purple : lip ^ long. 

§ 2. Scape 2-leaved at the base: spur very long: lip entire: roots thickened. 

3. P. orbiculata, Lindl. (Large Round-leaved Orchis.) Leave* 
very large (4' -8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape bracted, 
bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme ; upper sepal or- 
bicular, the lateral ovate ; lip narrowly linear-spatulate, drooping, nearly thrice 
the length of the ovate reflexed petals ; spur curved, slender (lj r -2 long), grad- 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 445 

ually thickened towards the apex, blunt, twice the length of the ovary. — Rich woods, 
under Hemlocks, &c, W. New England to Wisconsin; rather rare, chiefly 
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Leaves very smooth, 
shining above, silvery underneath. Scape l°-2° high. 

4. P. Hoo&eri, Lindl. (Smaller Two-leaved Orchis.) Leaves 
orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad) ; scape mostly naked (J°-l° high), bearing 
10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceo- 
late ; lip lanceolate, pointed, a little incurved, longer than the linear-lanceolate 
petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (i ; long). — Woods, Rhode 
Island to Ohio and Wisconsin, and northward. June. 

$ 3. Stem leafy : lip entire (or nearly so), nearly equalling or exceeding the spur: root 
a cluster of fleshy branches or fibres. 

5. P, bracteata, Torr. (Bracted Green Orchis.) Lower leaves 
obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-3 
times the length of the small green flowers ; spike loose ; sepals and linear -lanceolate 
petals erect; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and minutely 2-3-toothed 
at the tip, more than twice the length of the sac-like somewhat 2-lobed spur. — Damp 
woods ; common northward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high, 6 - 12-flowered. (Eu. ?) 

6. P. liyperbdrea, Lindl. (Northern Green Orchis.) Stem very 
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; spike densely many-flowered ; lower bracts lance- 
olate, longer than the (greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, someivhat equal, 
as long as the obtuse spur. (P. Huronensis, Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold 
woods ; common northward. June, July. — Stem 6' - 2° high, strict : crowded 
spike of small flowers 2'-l° long. Lip as long as the sepals, obtusish, entire, 
not dilated at the base. (Eu. 1) 

7. P. diiatata 9 Lindl. (Northern White Orchis.) Leaves lanceo- 
late or linear, erect ; spike wand-like, densely or rather loosely-flowered ; bracts 
linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter than the (white or whitish) flowers ; petals linear- 
lanceolate ; lip linear-lanceolate from a rhomboid-dilated base, rather obtuse, about 
the length of the obtuse spur. — Cold peat-bogs, &c. ; common northward. 
June, July. — Usually more slender than the last, but often as tall, and too 
nearly related to it. 

8. P. flava, Gray. (Yellowish Orchis.) Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts 
of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; lip oblong, obtuse or barely notched at 
the apex, furnished with a tooth on each side near the base and a small protuberance 
on the palate, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the club-shaped 
spur. (Orchis flava, L.l 0. virescens, fucescens, herbiola, and bidentata, of 
authors.) — Wet places; common. June -Aug. — Stem 10' -20' high; the 
spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated 
and often loose, with the upper bracts shorter than the flowers ; which are quite 
small, dull greenish-yellow, drying brownish. 

§ 4. Stem leafy : lip fringed along the sides, undivided, shorter than the spur: ovary 
taper-beaked: root a cluster of thick and fleshy fibres. 

9. P. cristata, Lindl. (Crested Orchis.) Lower leaves lanceolate, 
elongated ; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length 



44.6 orchidace^e. (orchis family.) 

of the crowded (yellow) flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, ere- 
nate ; lip ovate, with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender ob- 
tuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — Bogs, Penn. 
(Pursh) to Virginia and southward. — Flowers one quarter the size of the next. 

10. P. cifliaris, Lindl. (Yellow Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves oblong 
or lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the 
long-beaked ovaries ; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; flowers bright 
orange-yellow; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the 
apex ; lip oblong, about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very long and 
copious capillary fringe. — Bogs and wet places; scarce at the North ; common 
southward. July, Aug. — Our handsomest species, lJ°-2° high, with a short 
spike of veiy showy flowers ; the lip \ } long, the conspicuous fringe fully £' long 
on each side. 

11. P. Mcphariglottis, Lindl. (White Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves, 
&c. as in the last ; flowers white ; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the 
apex ; lip oblong or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the 
margins usually shorter than the disk, one third the length of the spur. — Yar. 
holopetala (P. holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with the toothing 
obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of ponds, with No. 
10, or commonly taking its place in the North. July. — A foot high, the flow- 
ers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last. 

§ 5. Stem leafy : lip 3-parted, shorter than the somewhat club-shaped long spur, nar 
rowed at the base into a claw: roots clustered and fleshy-thickened. 

* Flowers white or greenish. 

12. P. leucopheea, Nutt. (Western Orchis.) Leaves oblong-lan- 
ceolate ; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large dull white) flowers ; 
spike elongated, loose ; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed ; divisions of the lip 
broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a thread-like fringe ; 
spur longer than the ovary. — Moist meadows, Central Ohio to Wisconsin and 
southwestward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high; the spike at length 1° long. Lip 
about I' wide. 

13. P. hicera, Gray. (Ragged Orchis.) Leaves oblong or lanceo- 
late; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong -linear, entire; divisions of the 
lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes; spur about the 
length of the ovary. (0. psycodes, MuU., &c, not of L. 0. lacera, Michx.) 
— Bogs and moist thickets ; rather common. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high : bracts 
shorter or longer than the pale yellowish-green flowers. 

# * Flowers puiple. 

14. P. psycodes, Gray. (Small Purple Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves 
oblong, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; raceme cylindrical, 
densely many flowered ; hwer sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spat- 
ulate, denticulate above; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, 
many-cleft into a short fringe. (0. psycodes, L. ! 0. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow. 
O. incisa and O. fissa, Muhl. in Willd.)-— Moist meadows and alluvial banks; 
common. July, Aug. — Stem 2° high. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in 



ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 4.47 

a spike 4' - V long, small, but veiy handsome, fragrant : lip short-stalked, 
barely J' broad and not so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely 
fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones. 

15. P. fimbriata, Lindl. (Large Purple Fringed-Orchis.) Lower 
leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or ra- 
ceme oblong, loosely -flowered ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down 
the sides ; divisions of the pendent large lip fan-shaped, many-cleft into a long 
capillary fringe. (O. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. FL, &c. 0. grandi- 
flora, Bigelow.) — Wet meadows, &c, New England to Penn., and (chiefly) 
northeastward. June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple), 
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of No. 14 ; the more ample dilated lip f ' to 
1' broad, with a deeper and nearly capillary crowded fringe, different-shaped 
petals, &c. 

16. P* peramdeiia, Gray. (Great Purple Orchis.) Lower leaves 
oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow- 
ered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; 
divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the 
broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed. (P. fissa, 
Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to 
Ohio, Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Stem 2° -4° 
high. Flowers large and showy, violet-purple ; the lip paler and very ample, 
I' long : its divisions minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the 
terminal edge, but not fringed. 

4. OOOBYESA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake-Plantain. 

Flower ringent ; lateral sepals not oblique at the base, including the saccate 
sessile base of the lip, which is free from the small straight column, without 
callosities, and contracted at the apex into a pointed and channelled recurved 
termination. Anther attached to the back near the summit of the column. 
Pollen-masses 2, consisting of angular grains loosely cohering by a manifest 
web. — Root of thick fibres from a fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing 
a tuft of thickish petiolcd leaves next the ground. Scape, spike, and the green- 
ish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyer, 
an early English botanist.) 

1. G. repens, R. Brown. Small (5'-8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, 
more or less reticulated with white (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose 
\-sidcd spike; lip inflated, the apex ovate and obtuse; stigma distinctly 2- 
toothed. — Rich woods, under evergreens; common northward, and southward 
along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Intermediate forms apparently occur between 
this and the next. (Eu.) 

2. O. piltoescens, R. Brown. Leaves ovate, conspicuously reticulated 
and blotched with white (2' long) ; flowers numerous in a crowded spike, not 1 -sided ; 
lip inflated, and with an abrupt ovate apex ; stigma rounded at the summit. — - 
Rich woods ; rather common, especially southward. July, Aug — Scape 
8'- 12' high. 



448 ORCHIDACE.fi. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses, 

Flower somewhat ringent; the lateral sepals rather oblique at the base and 
somewhat decurrent on the ovary, covering the base of the lip ; the upper one 
cohering with the petals ; all usually erect. Lip oblong, concave and embracing 
the wingless column below, furnished with 2 callosities next the base, contracted 
into a short claw below them or sessile, the spreading apex more or less dilated. 
Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, the ovate stigma usually with a 
short-pointed and at length 2-cleft beak. Anther attached to the back of the 
column. Pollen-masses 2, club-shaped or obovate, fixed to the stigma by 
a gland, deeply 2-cleft from the broader end (and in S. gracilis again 2-cleft) 
into tender lamellae which are more or less inrolled when young, bearing 
the powdery pollen-grains. — Roots clustered- tuberous. Stems naked, or 
leafy below. Flowers small, white, bent horizontal, in a close usually spi- 
rally twisted spike (whence the name, from oireipa, a coil or curl, and avOos, 
blossom). 

* Scape naked, barely bracted below : leaves all at or near the ground, early disap- 
pearing : flowers all one-sided. 

1. §. gracilis, Bigelow. Scape very slender (8'- 15' high), smooth; 
spike slender, so twisted as to throw the flowers as they expand all into a single 
(straightish or usually spiral) row ; bracts ovate, pointed, not longer than the 
pods, to which they are closely appressed ; lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy- 
crisped at the rounded summit (not lobed), the callosities at the base conspicu- 
ous, incurved; leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, petioled (l'-2 
long), thin. (Also S. Beckii, LindL, as to the Northern plant.) — Hilly woods 
and sandy plains : common. July, Aug. — Perianth and lip |' — £' long, of a 
delicate pearly texture : the colli at first oval, bearded at the base inside, at 
length elongating and recurved. 

* * Scape or stem leafy towards the base : flowers not unilateral. 

2. S. latifdSta, Torr. in LindL Low (4' -9' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
narrowed into a sheathing base ; spike oblong, rather dense, more or less twist- 
ed ; bracts lanceolate, acutish, the lower as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, very 
obtuse, wavy-crisped at the apex, 5 - 7-nerved below, and with 2 oblong adnate 
callosities at the base. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. FL, not of LindL S. 
aestivalis, Oakes, cat.) — Moist banks, N. New York, W. New England, and 
northward; not rare. June. — Leaves chiefly towards the base of the stem, 
2' -4' long and about ^ wide, thickish; above are one or two small leaf-like 
bracts. Plowcrs white with the lip yellowish, larger than in No. 1, much small- 
er than in No. 3 ; the sepals minutely glandular-pubescent, as well as the axis 
of the spike. — I find nothing to distinguish it from S. aestivalis except tluU the 
flowers are a trifle smaller, and the bracts less acute. 

3. S. ceriiua, Richard. Root-leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, those of the 
stem similar but smaller, passing into bracts ; spike dense, minutely pubescent ; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, furnished 
with two minute callosities at the base, constricted above the middle, rounded at 
the summit, wavy-crisped. — Wet grassy places ; common. Aug. - n. — Stem 



ORCHIDACEiE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 449 

$t -2° high, the root leaves 4'- 12' long. Spike thick, 3' -5' long, seldom 
twisted . Flowers white or cream-color, fragrant ; the perianth about 5" long. — 
The large states seem to pass into S. odorata, Nutt. 

6. LISTER A, R.Brown. TVayblade. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, 
longer than the sepals, 2-lobeti or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a 
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, ovate, 
pollen powdeiy, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem 
bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of 
greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an 
early and celebrated British naturalist.) 

* Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4/ -8' high.) 

1. L*. cordata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped 
(|'- V long) ; raceme almost smooth, flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not long- 
er than the ovary ; lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side 
at the base, 2-cleft to the middle. — Damp cold woods; from Penn. northward. 
June, July. (Eu.) 

2. L<. ailStriiliS, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender ; flowers 
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip 
linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous, 
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June. 

# * Column longer, arching or straightish. 

3. L. convallarioldes, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and some- 
times a little heart-shaped (1' — lj* long); raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on 
slender pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1 -toothed on 
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread- 
ing sepals, purplish, £' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp 
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., N. New Eng- 
land, Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high. 

7. ABETHtSA, Gronov. Arethusa. 

Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the 
base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved spread- 
ing towards the summit, bearded inside. Column adherent to the lip below, 
petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate 
cells: pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — A beautiful low herb, 
consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated by a single 
large rose-purple and sweet-scented flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden 
in the sheaths of the scape, protruding from the uppermost after flowering. 
(Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.) 

1. A blllbdsa, L. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wisconsin, and north 
ward : rare. Mav. — Flower 1'- 2' long, very handsome. 



450 orchidacejE. (orchis family.) 

§. POGONIA, Juss. Pogonia. 

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed, 
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, 
stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. — Stem 1-5- 
leaved. (Ucoycovlas, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) 

§ 1. POGONIA Proper. — Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pink-purpU. 

1. P. opllioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6' -9' high) 
hearing one clasping oval or lanceolate leaf near the middle, and a smaller similar 
bract next the solitary flower; lip spatulate, beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs; 
common. June, July. — Flower handsome, 1' long, pale purple, rarely 2 or 3. 

2. P. peaidllla, Lindl. Stem (3' -6' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 
3 or 4 alternate ovate-clasping small leaves, and nearly as many drooping flowers 
on axillary pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, 
but not crested. (Triphora, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods, from N. New Eng- 
">©d southward and westward: rare. Aug., Sept. — Flowers whitish, tinged 
with pink, 1 ' long ; sepals and petals erect. 

A 2. ODONECTIS, Raf. — Sepals linear, much longer than the erect petals: lip 
3-lobed, the middle lobe crested : flowers dingy purple. 

8. P. verticillata, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6' -12' high) 
bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-obovate pointed sessile leaves at the summit, 1- 
flowered; sepals erect (I' -2' long). — Damp woods, New England to Michigan, 
Kentucky, and southward : scarce. June. 

4. P. divaricala, R. Br. Stem (2° high) bearing one lanceolate leaf in 
the middle, and a leaf y bract next the single flower ; sepals widely spreading (2 r - 
2J' long). — Wet pine-barrens, Virginia and southward. May. 

#• CALOPOGON, R. Brown. Calopogox. 

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the 
upper or inner side ! Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, 
distinct. Lip rather spreading, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at 
the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, winged at 
the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen-masses 4 (two in each 
p*!l), of soft powdery grains. — Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the 
base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. 
(Name composed of Ka\6s, beautiful, and noaycov, beard, from the bearded lip.) 

1. C. pulctiellllS, R. Brown.. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6- 
fiowered ; lip beautifully bearded towards the dilated summit with white, yel- 
low, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs; common. July. — Flowers V 
broad, pink-purple, fragrant. 

10. CALYPSO, Salisb. Calypso. 

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. 
Lip larger then the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated, 3-lobed at the apex, 



ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS F2IMILY.) 451 

the middle lobe bearded above, aud 2-pointed underneath. Column erect, 
broadly winged and petal-like. Anther lid-like, just below the apex of the 
column : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, sessile on the membranaceous 
gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single petioled ovate 
or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, and a short (3'-5 f high) scape, sheathed 
below, bearing . a large and showy (variegated purple and yellow) flower. 
(Name from the goddess Calypso.) 

1. C. boreaSis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in 
moss, N. New England to N. Michigan, and northward. May. — A very rare 
and beautiful plant. Lip % f long, somewhat resembling that of a Lady's 
Slipper. (Eu.) 

11. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Crane-fly Orchis. 

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro- 
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of 
the flower, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals, 
the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther 
lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear 
stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large solid bulbs connected 
horizontally, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a 
slender petiole, which is tinged with purple beneath ; and in summer a long 
and naked slender scape (10'-18' high), with 1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing 
a many-flowered raceme of small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (So 
named from some fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus 
Tipula.) 

1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Pine woods, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes. Deer- 
field, Massachusetts, Prof. Hitchcock. Vermont, Beck. Parma, Monroe County, 
.New York, Dr. Bradley. N. Michigan, Dr. Cooley. Rockport, Ohio, Dr. 
Bassett. Also southward, where it is much less rare. July. — Spur almost 
I' long. 

12. BLETIA, Ruiz&Pavon. Bletia. 

Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, jointed, 
crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. Column half-cylindrical ; the fleshy 
anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses 8, in pairs, with a stalk to each 
pah', waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many-flowered from solid tubers. 
(Named for Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist.) 

1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l°-2°high) beset with purplish 
scales, the lower ones sheathing ; flowers racemed, brownish-purple ; lip not sac- 
cate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward. 

13. MICBOSTYLIS, Nutt. Adbeb's-Mouih. 

Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or 
halberd-shaped at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very 
small, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the lid-like anther between 



452 ORCHIDACE.fi. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the 
apex, waxy, without any stalks or elastic connecting tissue. — Little herbs from 
solid bulbs, producing simple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a 
raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of /xi/epos, little, and crrv\ls y 
a column or style.) 

1. M. monopliyllOS, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf solitary, 
sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical ; raceme spiked, long and slender ; 
pedicels not longer than the flowers ; lip triangular-halberd-shaped, long-pointed.— 
Cold wet swamps, N. New England .to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. 
July. (Eu.) 

2. M. opliioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the 
stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the flow- 
ers ; lip obtusely auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the summit. — Damp woods ; 
more common southward. — Plant 4 ; - 10' high. July. 

14. L.I PARIS, Richard. Twayblade 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. 
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, 
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther, &c. as in the last. — Small herbs, with 
solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few 
purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from \nrapoSifat or shining, in allusion to 
the smooth or unctuous leaves.) 

1. JL. liliifdBia, Richard. Leaves 2, ovate ; petals thread-like, reflexed; 
lip large (\ f long), ivedge-obovate, abruptly sh&rt-pointed, brown-purplish. (Malaxis 
liliifolia, Swartz.) — Moist woodlands : commonest in the Middle States. June. 

2. !<• LtOeselii, Richard. Leaves 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharp- 
ly keeled; lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate at the incurved tip, yellow- 
ish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana, 
Barton.) — Bogs and wet meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and 
northward : rare. June. (Eu.) 

15. COBALLORHIZA, Hallcr. Coral-root. 

Flower ringent ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the 
lateral ascending and the upper arching : lip spreading above, with 2 projecting 
ridges or lamellae on the face below, slightly adherent at the base to the 2-edged 
straightish column, and often more or less extended into a protuberance or short 
spur coalescent with the summit of the ovary. Anther 2-lipped, terminal and 
lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy or powdery, free. — 
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched 
and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim- 
ple scape, furnished with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull- 
colored flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of Kc-jaKXiov. coral, and 
pifa, root.) 

* Lip 3 lobed (the middle lobe very much largest) and with 2 distinct lamella or plaited 
ndges on th i face, whitish, usually spotted or mottled zvith aimson. 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453 

1 C. illlliifa, K. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish ot yellowish 
(5' --9' high), 5-12-flowered ; Up somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, the 
lamella} thick and rather short; spur none; pod oval or elliptical (3 f -4 ff long). 
(C. verna, Nutt.) — Swamps and damp woods, throughout; but scarce. May, 
June. (Eu.) 

2. C. nmltiUdra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9' -18' high), 
10-30-flowered; lip deeply 3-lobed at the base; the middle lobe very wavy, re- 
curved, the lamellae occupying a great part of its length ; spur a manifest prctu- 
berance; pod oblong (f'-i' long). — Dry rich woods; common, especially 
northward. July - Sept. — Flower much larger than in the last : sepals and 
petals 3" -4" long. 

* # Lip not at all lobed {mostly purplish, but unspotted) ; the lamellae consisting of 
short and tooth-like processes near the base. 

3. C odontorlliza 9 Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather 
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6' -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; flowers 
small, on rather slender pedicels ; lip (2" -3" long) obovate or ovate with a short 
narrowed base, flattish, with the margin wavy and obscurely denticulate ; spur ob- 
solete; pod oval (3 /; - 5" long). (C. Wistariana, Conrad, is merely a larger 
form.) — Rich woods, W. New England and New York to Michigan and south- 
ward ; common. May -Aug. — Flowers intermediate in size between No. 1 
and No. 2. There is a small tooth, more or less evident, on each side, where 
the base of the lip and the wig-like margin of the column join. 

4. C. Macrai, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6 ; - 16' high), bearing 15- 
20 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval, very obtuse, rath- 
er fleshy (purple), 3-nerved, perfectly entire, concave, the margins incurved, the 
sessile base obscurely auricled and with 1-3 short lamellae ; spur none at all ; 
pod ovoid (j' long). — Woods, along Lakes Huron and Superior (Mackinaw, 
C. G. Loiing, Jr., Whitney, &c, West Canada, W. F. Macrae.) — Sepals and 
petals 6" - 8" long, conspicuously 3-nerved ; but this cannot be C. striata, Lindl., 
which is said to have a 3-lobed and acute lip, &c. Flowers the largest of the 
genus. 

16. APLECTRUI, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve. 

Sepals and petals much as in the last. Lip with a short claw, free, 3-lobed, 
the palate 3-ridged ; no trace of a spur. Anther slightly below the apex of the 
cylindrical straightish column : pollen-masses 4. — Scape and raceme as in Co- 
rallorhiza, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, springing in May from the 
side of a thick globular solid bulb or corm (filled with ex jecdingly glutinous 
matter), which also produces from its apex, late in the preceding summer, a 
large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting through the 
winter. (Genus too near the last? The name composed of a privative and 
7r\r}KTpov, a spur, from the total want of the latter.) 

1. A. hyemiilc, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould : rare. — Solid bulbs of- 
ten 1' in diameter, one produced annually on a slender stalk, along with fibrous 



454 ORCHLDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

roots, generally lasting until the fourth year before it shrivels, so that 2-3 of 
more are found, horizontally connected. Scape 1° high. Flowers dingy green- 
ish-brown and purple ; the lip whitish and speckled, nearly j* long. 

17. GTPBIPEDIVM, L. Lady's Slipper. 

Sepals spreading ; the 2 anterior distinct, or commonly united into one under 
the lip. Petals similar but usually narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated 
sac, somewhat slipper-shaped. Column short, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes bearing 
a 2-celled anther under each of them, the middle lobe (sterile stamen) dilated 
and petal-like, thiekish, incurved. Pollen pulpy or waxy. Stigma terminal, 
obscurely 3-lobed. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved 
and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. 
(Name composed of Kinrpis, Venus, and ttoSlov. a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus's 
Slipper.) Also called aIoccasox-elower. 

§ 1. Stem leafy, 1 -Sjlowered: sepals and the linear wavy-twisted petals longer than 
the lip, pointed, greenish shaded with purplish-brown ; the 2 anterior sepals united 
into one quite or nearly to the tip. 

1. C. pubescesis, Willd. (Larger Yellow Lady's Slipper.) Se- 
pals elongated-lanceolate ; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above, 
pale yellow ; sterile stamen (appendage of the column) triangular. — Bogs and 
damp low woods ; common northward and westward, and southward in the 
Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval 
acute leaves. Flower scentless. Lip lj?'-2 ! long. 

2. C. parvifldruni, Salisb. (Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.) 
Sepcds ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; lip flattish from above, bright yellow; sterile sta- 
men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Rich low woods ; rather common. 
May, June. — Stem 1°-2 C high. Flower fragrant: perianth more brown- 
purple than the last : lower sepal often narrower than the upper, frequently cleft 
at the apex. Lip %■ -V long. 

3. C. caiiclidiilii, MuhL (Small TYhite Lady's Slipper.) Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish laterally, convex above, white; sterile stamen lanceo- 
late ; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Low grounds, TV. Penn. to Kentucky, Wis- 
consin, and northwestward. — Plant 5' -10' high, slightly pubescent, 1 -flowered. 
Petals and sepals greenish, nearly equal in length, not much longer than the 
lip, which is %' long. 

§ 2. Stem very leafy, I - 3-flowered : sepals and petals flat and rounded, white, not 
longer than the lip, Hie 2 anterior sepals perfectly united into one. 

4. C. Spectabile, Swartz. (Showy Lady's Slipper.) Sepals round- 
ovate or the upper orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much in- 
flated, white tinged with purple in front; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs, 
Maine and TV. New England to Illinois ; common northward, and southward 
along the Alleghanies. July. — The most beautiful of the genus, downy, 2° 
high. Leaves ovate, pointed. Lip fully lj' in diameter, sometimes almost all 
purple. 



AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 455 

§ 3- Scape naked, 2-leaved at the base, 1 -flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter 
than the lip, the 2 anterior perfectly united into one. 

5. €!• acaule 9 Ait. (Stemless Lady's Slipper.) Sepals oblong- 
lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip drooping, obovoid, 
rose-purple, with a fissure in front ; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed ; leaves 
oblong. (C. humile, Salisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens; com- 
mon, especially northward. May, June. — Plant downy: the scape 8'-12 f 
high, with a green bract at the top. Lip nearly 2 f long, veiny, sometimes pale, 
or even white. 

§ 4. Stem leafy, 1 -flowered : the 2 anterior sepals separate. 

6. C. arietinum, R. Brown. (Ram'S-head.) Upper sepal ovate-lan- 
ceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike, rather longer 
than the red and white veiny lip, which is prolonged at the apex into a short 
conical deflexed point ; sterile stamen rounded ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo- 
late, nearly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietinum, Beck.) — Swamps and 
damp woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. 
— Stem slender, 6'- 12' high. Perianth greenish-brown: lip small, somewhat 
conical, hairy at the orifice, £' long. 



Order 120. AMARYLLIDACE^E. (Amaryllis Family.) 

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing hei'bs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear 
flat root-leaves, and regidar (or nearly so) perfect G-androus flowers, the tube 
of the corolline Q-parted perianth coherent with the ^-celled ovary, the lobes 
imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled, 
several- many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight 
embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — An order represented in our gar- 
dens by the Narcissus (N. poeticus), Jonquil (N. Joxquilla), and Daf- 
fodil (N. Pseudo-Narcissus), the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 
and the Snowflake (Leucojum vernum), &c., but with very few indige 
nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Hypoxys is the typt 
of a small suborder ? 

Synopsis. 

* Pod 3-valved, loculicidal : anthers versatile : perianth funnel-shaped. 

1. AMARYLLIS. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated. 

2. PANCRATIUM. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes ; a cup-shaped 

crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated. 
8. AGAYE. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent : no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous. 

* * Pod indehiscent : anthers sagitate. 
4. HYPOXYS. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid. 

1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYR ANTHES, Herb. Amaryllis. 

Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and sim- 
ilar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers versa- 



456 amaryllidacejE. (amaryllis family.) 

tile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed. — Leaves and scape from a coated bulb. 
Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.) 

1. A. Atam&sco, L. (Atamasco Lily.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex ; 
perianth white and pink; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (Muhl.) Virginia, 
and southward. June. — Flower 3 long, on a scape 6' high. 

2. PANCRATIUM, L. Pancratium. 

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes 
long and narrow, recurved : the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolline 
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers 
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 -3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb- 
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an 
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of nav, all, and 
Kparvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.) 

1. P. rotatuisi, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (l°-2° long); 
scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading 
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno- 
callis rotata, &c, Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and 
southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather. 

3. ACrAVE, L. American Aloe. 

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal, 
narrow. Stamens 6, soon exserted : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous, 
many-seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves very thick and fleshy, often with car 
tilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from 
a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name altered from dyavos^ wonderful, not inap- 
propriate as applied to A. Americana, the Century-plant.) 

1. A. Virginica, L. (False Aloe.) Herbaceous; scape simple (3° 
- 6° high) ; the flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-yellow, 
very fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn.? Kentucky, Virginia, and south- 
ward. Sept. 

4. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass. 

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba 
ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Pod crowned with the withered or 
closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a crustaceous 
coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent quite down to 
the micropyle, the seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Radicle infe- 
rior ! — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender 
few-flowered scapes from a solid bulb. (Name composed of V7r6, beneath, and 
6£vs, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acute at the base.) 

1. H. e recta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately 
I -4-flowered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yellow 
within. — Meadows and open woods ; common. June - Aug. 



HJEMODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 457 

Order 121. HiEMODORACE^. (Bloodwort Family.) 

Herbs, icith fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect S-6-androus 
regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the 6-lobed 
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the 
S-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3 -partible ; 
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en- 
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 -many-seeded. 
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family.* 

Synopsis. 

* Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous. 

1. LACHNANTHES. Stamens 3, exserted : anthers versatile. Leaves equitant. 

* # Ovary free except the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous. 

2. LOPHIOLA. Stamens 6, inserted near the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves 

equitant. 

3. ALETRIS. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed 

perianth. Leaves flat. 

1. LACHNANTHES, Ell. Red-root. 

Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted clown to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, 
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear, 
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular. 
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. — 
Herb with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered 
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated 
by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence 
the name, from Xay^vrj, wool, and avdos, blossom). 

1. Li. tinctdria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and 
southward, near the coast. July - Sept. 

2. LOPHIOIiA, Ker. Lophiola. 

Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading, 
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by 
the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with 
the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each 
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial 
herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi- 
tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the 
summit, as well as the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in- 



* The character by which Endlicher distinguishes this family from the foregoing, viz. by ha> 
Ing the 3 cells of the ovary oj/posite the inner divisions of the perianth, is not true of either of 
the following genera. Yet, in Lophiola and Aletris, the 3 stigmas, as well as the 3 divisions in- 
to which the style splits at maturity, are indeed thus situated : but they stand over the parti- 
tions, instead of the cells, and therefore exactly surmount the valves of the loculicidal pod. 



458 BROMELIACE^l. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) 

side ; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft 
towards the base (whence the name, from Xofalov, a small crest). 

1. L<. aurea, Ker. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine bar- 
rens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug. 

3* ALETRIS, L. Colic-root. Star-grass. 

Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by 
thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below 
with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at 
the base of the lobes : filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped, 
3-cleft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the 
roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren 
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading 
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked 
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2° -3° high). Bracts awl-shaped, 
minute. (AXerpis, a female slave who grinds corn; the name applied to 
these plants, in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.) 

1. A. Iarindsa 9 L. Plowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate- 
oblong. — Grassy or sandy woods ; common, especially southward. July, Aug, 

2. A. aiirea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ; 
lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, &c, N. Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

Order 122. BROMELIACEJE. (Pine-Apple Family.) 

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi- 
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheathing 
at the base, usually covered with scurf; 6-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth ad- 
herent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &c., or free from it in our only rep- 
resentative, viz. 

1. TIJLLANDSIA, L. Lono Moss. 

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana- 
ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading 
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with 
the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig- 
mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting 
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro- 
pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma. 
Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. 
(Named for Prof. T Mauds of Abo.) 

1. T. iiSMeoides, L. (Common Long Moss or Black Moss.) Stems 
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous ; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1- 
flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward ; growing on the branches 
of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern 
States, and barely coming within the limits of this work. 



IRIDACE.fi. (iris family.) 459 

Order 123. IRIDACEJE. (Iris Family.) 

Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flow- 
ers ; the divisions of the Q-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2 
sets, the tube coherent with the S-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous 
stamens icith extrorse anthers, — Flowers from a 2-leaved spathe, usually 
showy and ephemeral. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite with the cells of 
the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous: 
embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, &c. mostly acrid. 
— A rather small family, here represented by only two genera. 

1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce. 

Perianth 6-cleft ; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner 
smaller and erect. Stamens distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the 
perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. Pod 3 - 6-angled. Seeds de- 
pressed-flattened. — Perennials with creeping and often tuberous rootstocks, 
sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers, flpis, the rainbow 
deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied 
colors of the blossoms.) See Addend. 

# Steins leafy (l°-3° high), of en branching: rootstocks thick : flowers crestless, the 

inner divisions {petals) much smaller than the outer. 

1. I. versicolor, L. (Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout, angled on 
one side; leaves sword-shaped (| ; wide) ; ovaiy obtusely triangular with the sides 
flat; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places ; common. May, 
June. — Flowers blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base, and 
veined with purple. 

2. I. Virginica, L. (Slender Blue Flag.) Stem very slender, 
terete; leaves narrowly linear (i' wide); ovary 3-angled, and each side deeply 
2-grooved ; pod triangular, acute at both ends. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gra- 
cilis, Bigel.) — Marshes, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. 
June. — Flower much smaller than in the last. 

# % Low, almost stemless, I - 3-flowered : divisions of the light blue-purple perianth 
nearly equal : rootstocks slender, and here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping and 
tufted. 

3. I. Veriia, L. (Dwarf Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau- 
cous, the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which 
are all beardless and crestless ; pod triangular. — Wooded hill-sides, Virginia, 
Kentucky, and southward. April. 

4. I. cristiita, Ait (Crested Dwarf Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (3'- 
5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the 
thread-like tube of the perianth, which is 2' long and considerably exceeds the divis- 
ions ; the outer ones crested, but beardless ; pod sharply triangular. — Mountains 
of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. 

5. I. lacustris, Nutt. (Lake Dwarf Iris.) Tube of the perianth rather 
shorter than the divisions (yellowish, £'-i ; long), dilated upwards, not exceeding 



460 pioscoreacejE. (yam family.) 

the spa the : otherwise much as in the last. — Gravelly shores of Lakes Huron 
and Michigan. May. 

I. pumila, L., the Dwarf Iris of the Old World, and I. germanica, L., 
the common Plow t er-de-Luce (i. e. Fleur-de-Lis), are familiar in gardens. 

2. SISYBINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. 

Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadclphous. 
Stigmas involute-thread-like. Pod globular-3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low 
slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch- 
ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers 
from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of <rvs, a hog, and pvyx°*i snout, 
from a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up.) 

1. S. fSernilldiaiia, L. Scape winged, naked, or 1 - 2-leaved ; leaves 
narrow and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched 
at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost 
equal, shorter than the flowers.) — Var. anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a 
broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than 
tlje flowers. — Var. mucronatum (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and 
narrowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed, 
unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various 
intermediate forms. — Moist meadows, &c, among grass ; common everywhere. 
June -Aug. — Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whit- 
ish, 4-6 opening in succession. 

The Crocus, the Corn-flag (Gladiolus), the Blackberry Lily (Par- 
danthus Chinensis), and the Tiger-flower (Tigridia Pav6nia), are 
common cultivated plants of the family. 

Order 124. DIOSCOREACE^E. (Yam Family.) 

Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, 
and ribbed and netted -veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and 
regular flowers, with the deleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile 
plant to the S-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, 
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod. 
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly 
Dy the genus 

1. BIOSCOREA, Plumier. Yam. 

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base 
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally 
3-valvcd by splitting through the winged angles, Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, 
with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist. Dioscorides.) 

1. D. villosa, L. (Wild Yam-root.) Herbaceous ; leaves mostly 
alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy under 



SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 461 

neath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish- 
yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes. 
— Thickets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — A 
slender vine, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods § f 
long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth. 



Order 125. SMILACEiE. (Smilax Family.) 

Herbs, or climbing shrubby plants, with ribbed and conspicuously netted- 
veiny leaves, regular 6 - 10-androus flowers with the 6 - 10-leaved perianth 
free from the 3 - 5-celled (rarely 1 - 2-celled) ovary ; the styles or sessile stig- 
mas as many and distinct. Anthers introrse. Fruit a few - several-seeded 
berry. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. — A group with no known and 
clear marks of distinction from the next : as here received it comprises two 
marked suborders, viz. : — See Addend. 

Suborder L EUSMILACE^S. The True Smilax Family. 

Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the 6 divisions of the perianth all alike. 
Anthers 1 -celled (2-locellate) . Styles nearly wanting: stigmas 1-3. 
Seeds orthotropous, pendulous. — Chiefly shrubby and alternate-leaved. 

1. SMILAX. Perianth of 6 distinct and similar divisions. Ovules solitary, rarely 2 in each 

cell. 

Suborder II. TRILLIACE^E. The Trillium Family. 

Flowers perfect, terminal : the sepals and petals usually different in col- 
or. Anthers 2-celled. Styles manifest. Seeds anatropous, several in 
each cell. Herbs : leaves whorled. 

2. TRILLIUM. Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3. Flower single. 

3. MEDEOLA. Sepals and petals 3, colored alike, deciduous. Flowers innbelled. 

Suborder I. EUSMIlACEuE. The True Smilax Family. 

1. SUSIL-AX, Tourn. Greenbrier. Catbrier. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 (rarely 5 or 7) equal spreading sepals 
(greenish or yellowish), deciduous. Ster. Fl. Stamens as many as the sepals, 
and at their base : filaments linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base. 
Fert. FL Filaments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost 
sessile. Berry globular, 1-3-celled, 1-6-seeded. Seeds orthotropous, sus 
pended, globular. Albumen horny. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often 
evergreen and prickly, climbing by a pair of tendrils on the petioles, with yel- 
lowish-green stems, variously shaped simple leaves, and small flowers in axillary 
peduncled umbels. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) 

§ 1. SMILAX Proper. — Sterns woody, often prickly : ovules and seed* solitary in 
each cell. (All our species are glabrous.) 



462 SMILACE.E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 

* Leaves ovate or roundish, frc, most of then roundish or heart-shaped at the base, 
5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous. 

-*- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles : leaves thickish, inclining to 
be evergreen, at least southivard, green both sides. 

1. §• Walter!, Pursh. Branches somewhat angled, prickly or unarmed; 
leaves ovate and somewhat heart-shaped (3'-4^' long) ; berries red. (S. China, 
Walt. ) — S. New Jersey, and southward. July. 

2. S, rotundifolia, L. (Common Greenbrier.) Stem armed with 
scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4- 
angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped, 
abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. (S. cadu- 
ca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thickets; com- 
mon, especially southward. June. — Plant yellowish-green, often high-climbing. 
— Passes into var. quadrangularis; the branches, and especially the branch- 
lets, 4-angular, often square. ( S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Penn., to Illinois, 
and southward. 

-*- -*- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole : leaves tardily 
deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom. 

3. S. gfauca, "Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branch- 
lets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcor- 
date, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above as well as the branchlets when 
young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. 
Sarsaparilla, L., in part, but not as to syn. Bauhin, whence the name was taken. 
S. caduca, Willd., &c. S. spinulosa, Smith? Torr. fl.) —Dry thickets, &c, S. 
New York to Kentucky and southward. July. 

4. S. tailllioides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch- 
lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart- 
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal- 
berd-shaped - 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins 
often somewhat bristiy-ciliate or spinulosc. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata, Willd., 
S. panduratus, Pursh, &c, are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to Illi- 
nois, and (chiefly) southward. July. 

i- +- •*-- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3 r - 5' long), 
thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly so. 

5. S. IfiispMa, Muhl. Eootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing 
high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering 
branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, 
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn. 
and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles 1^-2' long. Sepals Ian 
ceolate, almost 3" long. 

6. S. Pscildo-Clima, L. Rootstock tuberous: stems and branches un- 
armed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the 
branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm 
in texture; peduncles flat (l£'-3 ; long).— Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to 
Kentucky, and southward. July 



SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 463 

# # Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short 
petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils ; 
peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels; the umbels sometimes panicled ; 
branches terete, unarmed. 

7. S. Ia.oceole.ta, L. Leaves thin, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or 
lance-oblong ; berries red. — S. E. Virginia and southward. June. 

8. S. laurifdlia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from 
oblong-lanceolate to linear (2j'-5' long) ; berries black, mostly 1 -seeded. — Pine 
barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug. 

\ 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. — Stem herbaceous, not prickly: ovules mostly 
in pairs in each cell : leaves long-petioled, membranaceous, mucronate-tipped : berries 
bluish-black with a bloom. 

9. S. ?ierl>a,cea, L. (Carrion-Flower.) Stem erect and recurving, 
or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 - 9-nerved, smooth ; 
tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3 / -4 / long, or often 6' - 8', 
and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered. — Var. pulverulenta 
(S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, MuhL) has the leaves more or less 
soft-downy underneath. A shorter peduncled state of this is S. lasioneuron, 
Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks; common. June. — -Stem 3° -6° 
long. Leaves very variable : petioles l'-3' long. Flowers exhaling the stench 
of carrion. Seeds 6. 

10. S. tammfdlia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart- 
halberd-shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tam- 
noides, Pursh., not of L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, to Virginia and south- 
ward. — Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering 
to the apex. Berry (always 1) 2 -3-seeded. 

Suborder n. TRIL,L.IACEiE. The Trillium Family. 

2. TRILLIUM^ L. Three-leaved Nightshade. 

Flower perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. 
Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, adnate, on short 
filaments. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl-shaped or slender, spreading or re- 
curved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Berry often 6-sided, 
ovate, 3-celled (purple). Seeds horizontal, several in each cell. — Low peren- 
nial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a very short and abrupt 
tuber-like rootstock, naked below, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample 
and commonly broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. (Name 
from trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rarely 
met with in some species, especially in Nos. 5 and 7, with the calyx and 
sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the flower increased 
in number. 

% 1. Flower sessile and involucrate by the 3 leaves, erect ; petals varying from spatulate 
to lanceolate, l'-2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent: stems 
mostly two from the same bud. 

25 



464: 5MILACE-E. (SHILAX FAMILY.) 

1. X. ScSSilC, L. Leaves also sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often 
blotched or sported; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying 
to greenish). — Moist woods, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April, 
May. — Stem 4' - 12' high. 

2. T. reciirvatlllll. Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a . 
ovate, oblong, or obovate : sepals refiexed, petals pointed at both ends, unguiculate^ 
dark purple. — Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. 

§ 2. Flam m a peduncle: petals withering away a blossoming. 

* Short i id under the J eaves : rootstochs clustered, bearir ■ 2 -3 sterns. 

3. T. cernimm, L. (Nodding Trillium or Wake-Robin.) Leaves 
broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile; pet . oblong-ovate, pi 

curved, wa r longer than the sepals. — Moist woods. N. El Vir- 

ginia, Kentucky, and southward ; common eastward. May. — Petals J ' - 1 ' long. 
* * Peduncle erect or at length nodding : rootstoc-ls 

+- Leaves sessile, abruptly taper-pom 

4. T. erectum, L. (Purple Trillium. Birthroot. rilaU 
ed-rhomloidal, nearly as broad as long, very abruptly pointed ; petals ovate 

dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals (l'-lj 1 long). (T. 
rhomboideum, var. atropurpureum, llichx.) — Rich woods ; common northward, 
especially westward, and along the Alleghanies. May. — Peduncle 1'- 3' long, 
at length inclined. 

Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish; ovary 
mostly dull-purple. (T. pendulum, Ait., &c) — With the purple-flowered term, 
especially from New York westward. 

5. T. sraiidifloruiii, Salisb. (Large TVhite Trillium.) Leaves 
rhoi. mm broad, more taper-pointed, barely sessile; petals obo- 
vate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals 
(2' -2^-' long), white, changing with ac,e to rose-color. — Pich woods, Vermont to 
Wisconsin and Kentucky, and northward. June. — Flower on a peduncle 2'- 
3' long, very handsome. 

■*- ■+- Leaves petioled, rounded at the ! 

6. T. liivale, Riddell. (Dwarf White Trillium.; Small (2'-3' 
high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals : date, obtuse, rather wavy, white, 
as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wiscon- 
sin. April. — Leaves 1'- 2', and petals 1', long. Style id thread-like. 

7. T. erytlirocarpillll, Michx. (Painted Trillium.) Leaves ovate, 
taper-pointed : petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white 
painted with purple stripes at the base, almost twice the length of the sepals, shorter 
than the peduncle. (T. pietum, Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs,' New 

England to Lake Superior and northward, and southward in die higher Alle- 
ghanies through Virginia. May, June. 

3. 31 E DEO Li A, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals which are oblong 
and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 : nianiL-nti thread-like, 



LLLIACExE. (LILY FAMILY.) 465 

longer than the linear-oblong anthers, which are attached by their back near 
the middle, extrorse. Style none : stigmas 3, recurved-diverging, loog and 
thread-form (stiginatic along the upper side), deciduous. Berry spherical 
(dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender 
stem (l°-3° high, clothed with flocculent deciduous wool) rising from a hori- 
zontal and tuberous white rootstock (which has the taste of the cucumber), 
bearing a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed sessile leaves near the 
middle, and another of 3 smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile 
umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress Medea, from 
the imaginary notion that it possesses great medicinal virtues.) 

1. M. Virgiaiica, L. (Gyromia, Nutt.) — Kich damp woods. June. 

Order 126. LILJACE^. (Lily Family.) 

Herbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfect 6- 
(rarely 4-) androus flowers with the petal-like consimilar 6-merous perianth 
free from the 2 -3-celled ovary, inirorse anthers attached by a point, and the 
style single. — Stigmas 3, or combined into one. Fruit a 3-valved loculi- 
cidal pod, or a berry, many -few-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitro- 
pous. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy or hard albumen. See Add. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. ASPARAG-EJE. Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 -3-celled. Albumen horny. 
Not bulbous : rootstocks creeping or tuberous. Pedicels jointed under the flower. 
# Stems branching, very leafy. Seeds amphitropous. 

1. ASPARAGUS. Perianth 6-parted. Leaves thread-like or bristle-form. Pedicels jointed. 

* * Stem simple, leafy. 

2. POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft : stamens above the middle. Flowers axillary. 
8. SMILACINA. Perianth 4- 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Flowers in 

a raceme. 

* # * Scape naked. 

4. CONYALLARIA. Perianth bell -shaped, 6-lobed. Flowers in a simple raceme. 

b. CLLNTONIA. Perianth of 6 separate sepals. Stamens hypogynous. Flowers in an umbet. 

Tkibe II. ASPHODELEJ1. Fruit a few -many-seeded pod, 3-celled. Seed-coat cru s- 
taceous, black. 

* Not bulbous. Perianth united in a tube below. 
6. HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth funnel-form. Stamens declined. Pod many-seeded. 

* * Bulbous : scape simple Perianth 6-sepalled or 6-parted. 
<. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided. 

8. SCILLA. Flowers racemed, purple or blue Style thread-like. 

9. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved. 

Tribe III. TULIPACE^E. Fruit a many -seeded 3-celled pod. Seed-coat pale. Peri- 
anth 6-leaved. 

* Bulbous herbs. Perianth deciduous. 
10. LIL1UM. Stem leafy. Pod oblong. Seeds vertically much flattened. 
11 ERYTHRONIUM. Scape naked, 1 -flowered Pod obovate-triangular : seeds ovoid. 

* * Not bulbous : stem (caudex) perennial. Perianth not deciduous. 
12. YUCCA. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Leaves crowded, rigid and persiatent 



466 LILIACEJE. (lily FAMILY.; 

1. ASPARAGUS, L. Asparagus. 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above : the 6 stamens at their base. Style short: 
stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded. — Perennials, 
with much-branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, very narrow leaves 
in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers. (The ancient Greek 
name.) 

1. A. officinalis, L. (Garden Asparagus.) Herbaceous ; bushy- 
branched; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste 
places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. POLIGO^ATIJ^I, Tourn. Solomon's Seal. 

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or above 
the middle of the tube, included. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in each cell : 
style slender, deciduous by a joint : stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. 
Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with 
simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, 
above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nod- 
ding greenish flowers. ^The ancient name, composed of ttoXvs, many, and 
yovu, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) — 
Ours are all alternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled 
when fresh. 

1. P. bifldrum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Glabrous, except 
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly mi- 
nutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale or 
glaucous underneath; stem slender (1° -3° high) ; peduncles 1-3- but mostly 2- 
flowered ; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted towards the summit of the cylin- 
drical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd. Po- 
lygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) — "Wooded banks; 
common. — Perianth J* long, greenish. 

2. P. gig-anteum, Dietrich. (Great Solomon's Seal.) Glabrous 

throughout; stem stout and tall (3° -8° high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clasp- 
ing (5' -S' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved, green 
both sides; peduncles several- (2 - 8-) flowered ; filaments smooth and naked, or nearly 
so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Con- 
vallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum canaliculatum, Pursh. P. c^mmu- 
tatum, Dietrich.) — Eiver-banks and woods, in alluvial soil; not rare. June. 
(The stem not being at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to dis- 
card the earlier name of canaliculatum.) — Pedicels 4'-li' long: perianth §' 
long. 

3. P. latif olilim, Desf. Upper part of the stem (2° - 3° high), the 1 - 5- 
flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly 
petioled leaves more or less pubescent ; filaments glabrous. (P. hirtum, Pursh. Con- 
vallaria hirta, Poir.) — Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg I — This appears to be essen- 
tially the European P. latifolium. 

P. multiflorum, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this countiy. 



LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 467 

3. SMILACiNA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. 

Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens 
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short. Ovary 
2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell : style short and thick : stigma obscurely 
2-3-lobed. Beny globular, 1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems 
from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white, often 
fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminu- 
tive of Smilax, which, however, these plants are quite unlike.) 

$ 1. SMILACINA Proper. — Divisions of the perianth (obbng-lanceolate) and 
stamens 6, the latter longer : ovary 3-ceUed : ovules collateral : racemes crowded in 
a compound raceme or close panicle. 

1. S. racemosa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Minutely downy ; leaves 
numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat 
petioled. — Moist copses : common. June. — Stem 2° high from a thickish 
rootstock, zigzag. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. (S. cili- 
ata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.) 

§ 2. ASTEIiANTHEMUM, Kunth.— Divisions of tJie perianth 6, oblong-lance- 
olate, longer than the stamens : ovary 2 - 3-celled: ovules one above the other: raceme 
single, 5 -20 -flowered. 

2. S. Steliala., Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 oblong-lanceolate leaves 
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; berries blackish. — 
Moist banks; common, especially northward. May, June. — Plant l°-2° 
high* (Eu.) 

3. S. trifdlia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' -6' high) ; leaves 3 (sometimes 
2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New 
England to Wisconsin, and northward. May. 

§3. MALANTHEMUM, Desf. — Divisions of the reflexed-spreading perianth 
(oval) and the stamens 4, of equal length : ovary 2-celled: ovules collateral: raceme 
single, many-flowered, 

4. S. bifdlia, Ker. Glabrous, or somevrhat pubescent, low (3'- 5' high) ; 
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (var. 
Canadensis) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist 
woods ; very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.) 

4. COKVALLARIA, L. (in part). Lily of the Valley. 

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous ; the lobes recurved. Sta- 
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, tapering 
into a stout style : stigma triangular. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Berry few- 
seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running 
rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their 
long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk, 
and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty sweet-scented nodding 
flowers. (Altered from Lilium convallhim, the popular name.) 



4.C8 LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.; 

1. C 3ii aj is lis, L. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. 
May. — Same as the European plant so common in gardens. (Eu.) 

5. CLIN TON I A, Kaf. Clintonia. 

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous ; the 6 stamens 
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear-oblong. 
Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2 - 3-celled : style long, columnar-thread-like : stigma de- 
pressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few - many-seeded. — Stemless perennials, with 
slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at the base by 
the stalks of 2 - 4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers rather large, urn- 
belled, rarely single, somewhat downy outside. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.) 

1. C. borealis, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more. 
(Dracaena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and 
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 5' -8' 
long. Perianth over %' long, greenish-yellow. 

2. C uraibelSafa, Torr. Umbel many-flowered; ovules 2 in each cell. 
(C. multiflora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michx. Smilacina, Desf.) — 
Rich woods, S. W. New York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — 
Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots. 

6. HEMEEOCALLIS, L. Day-Lily. 

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread- 
ing limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Filaments and style 
long and thread-like, declined and ascending : stigma simple. Pod rather fleshy, 
3-angled, 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy pe- 
rennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at 
the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted large yellow 
flowers : these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the 
name, from >7/xepa, a day, and kolWos, beauty). 

1. H. fulva, L. (Common Day-Lily.) Inner divisions (petals) of the 
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Sparingly escaped from gardens, 
where it is common. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

H. flava, L., the Yellow Dat-Lily, is commonly cultivated. — The 
White and the Blue Day-Lilies of the gardens are species of Funkia, a very 
different genus. 

7. ORNITHOGALUM, Toura. Star-of-Bethlehem. 

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading sepals, 3-7-nerved. Filaments 6, 
flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided: stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous, 
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and 
linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted. (An 
ancient whimsical name from opvis, a bird, and yaka, milk.) 

1. O. umbellatum, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels; 
sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gaidens into moist 
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 



LlLIACE-ffi. (lilt family.) 409 

8. SCILLA, L. Squill. 

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ; 
the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3- 
valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves 
from a coated bulb: the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. (The 
ancient name.) 

1. S. Fraseri. (Eastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth.) Leaves 
long and linear, keeled; raceme elongated; bracts solitary, longer than the 
pedicels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, the cells several-seeded. 
(Phalangium esculentum, Nutt. in part. Scilla esculenta, Ker. Camassia 
Fraseri, Torr. mss.) — Moist prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and 
southwestward. May. — Bulb onion-like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. 
Sepals widely spreading, pale blue, 3-nerved, J' long. (I do not discern suffi- 
cient characters for the genus Camassia.) 

9. ALLIUM) L. Onion. Garlic. 

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very 
base, 1 -nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent : 
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread- 
like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-kidney-shaped 
amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and 
pungent stemless herbs ; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb : flowers in a 
simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets ; spathe 1 - 2-valved. 
(The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) 

# Ovules and seeds only one in each cell : leaves broad and fiat , appearing in early 

spri?ig, and dying before the flowers are developed. 

1. A* tricoecum, Ait. (Wild Leek.) Scape naked (9' high), bear- 
ing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves lance-oblong (5' -9' long, V -2 
wide) ; scapes 1° high from clustered pointed bulbs (2' long) ; sepals oblong 
(white), equalling the simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed. — Rich cool 
woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alle- 
ghanies. July. 

* * Ovules and seeds mostly 2 in each cell : ovary crested with 6 teeth at the summit t 

leaves long and narrow. 
*f Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods. 

2. A. cerniium, Roth. (Wild Onion.) Scape naked, angular (1° -2° 
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel; 
leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long) ; sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), 
shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, W. New York to Wis- 
consin and southward. Aug. 

3. A. Stellatum, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel; 
leaves flat; sepals equalling the stamens : otherwise resembling the last, but usu- 
ally not so tali ; the pod more crested. — Rocky slopes, Illinois (Engelmami), 
and northwestward. 



470 LILIACE^E. JLILY FAMILY.) 

4. A. Sclioenoprasuill, L. (Chives.) Scape naked, or leafy at the 
base (£°-l° nigh) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flow- 
ers ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila- 
ments; leaves awl-shaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A. 
Sibiricum, L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 

+~ ■*- Umbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or without flowers. 

5. A. vineale, L. (Field Garlic.) Scape slender, clothed with the 
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high) ; leaves terete, hol- 
low, slender, channelled above ; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones deleft, 
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields, near the coast. 
June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.) 

6. A. Canadeiise, Kalm. (Wild Meadow Garlic.) Scape leafy 
only at the base (1° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, flattish ; umbel few-flowered; 
filaments simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows, &c. May, June. — Flowers 
pale rose-color, pedicelled ; or a head of bulbs in their place. 

* * =fc Ovules several in each ceil ; leaves long and linear. (Nothoscordum, Kunth.) 

7. A. Striatum, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate 
on the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6' -12' 
long) ; filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which 
are white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. — Prairies and open 
woods, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. May. 

A. trifl6rum, Raf., from the mountains of Penn., is wholly obscure. 
A. sativum, the Garden Garlic, A. Porrum, the Leek, and A. Cepa, 
the Onion, are well-known cultivated species. 

10. LILIIM, L. Lilt. 

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or 
recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; the 6 sta- 
mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, versatile. Style elon- 
gated, somewhat club-shaped: stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, containing numer- 
ous flat (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. — 
Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems,, with numerous alternate-scattered or 
whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy 
flowers. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Xetptoi/.) 

# Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claws. 

1. L. Pliifladelpfiiciliil, L. (Wild Orange-red Lily.) Leaves 
linear-lanceolate; the upper chiefly in ivhorls of 5 to 8; flowers 1-3. open-bell- 
shaped, reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside; the lanceolate sepals not 
recurved at the summit. — Open copses ; rather common. June, July. — Stem 
2° -3° high : the flower 2j' long. 

2. L,. Catesb&i, Walt. (Southern Red Lilt.) Leaves linear-lance- 
olate, scattered. ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy 
on the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and 
yellow inside. —Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania 1 to Kentucky and southward. 



liliace^:. (lilt family.) 471 

* # Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepah revoluta. 

3. li. Canadeiise, L. (Wild Yellow Lilt.) Leaves remotely whorled, 
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long- 
peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recur ved-spreading above the middle, or- 
ange,spotted inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs ; common, especially 
northward. June, July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flower 2' - 3' long. 

4. E. Sliperbum, L. (Turk's-cap Lilt.) Lower leaves whorled, Ism- 
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3 - 20 or 40) in a pyram- 
idal raceme ; sepals strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple 
spots inside. — Rich low grounds ; rather common. July, Aug. — Stem 3° - 7° 
high: sepals 3' long. L. Carolinianum, Michx., is apparently a variety of this. 

L. candidum, the White Lilt, and L. bulbiferum, the Orange Bulb- 
bearing- Lilt, are most common in gardens. 

11. EBYTHBOMUI, L. Dog's-tooth Violet. 

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above, 
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect 
base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong- 
linear. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds 
rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip. — Nearly stemless 
herbs, with 2 smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing 
the base of the 1-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flower 
nodding, vernal. (Name from ipvBpos, red, which is inappropriate as respects 
the American species.) 

1. E. A in eric an urn, Smith. (Yellow Adder's-tongue.) Leaves 
elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, spotted with purplish and dotted ; perianth pale 
yellow, spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Low copses, 
&c. ; common. May. — Scape 6' - 9 r high : flower 1' or more long. — E. brac- 
teatum, Boott, from the Camel's Eump Mountain, Vermont, is probably only 
an accidental state of this species. 

2. E. albidum, Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Leaves el- 
liptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; perianth white or bluish-white ; sepals nar- 
rowly lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club- 
shaped ; stigma 3-cleft. — Low thickets from Albany, New York, and W. Penn- 
sylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. April, May. 

12. YUCCA, L. Bear-Grass. Spanish Batonet. 

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither- 
ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, ses- 
sile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a par- 
tition from the back, fleshy, tardily 3-valved at the apex. Seeds veiy many in 
each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either veiy short, or rising into thick and 
columnar palm-like trunks, clothed with persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped 
leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy (often polyga- 
mous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.) 



472 MELANTHACEJS. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 

1. Y, filamentosa, L. (Adam's Needle.) Stemless, i. e. the trunk 
(from a running rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with 
the lanceolate unarmed coriaceous leaves (l°-2° long), which hear filaments on their 
margins ; scape or flower-stem 6° - 8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and 
southward. July. 

Y. glori6sa, L., and Y. aloif6lia, L. (Spanish Bayonet), which are 
caulescent and thick-leaved species, belong farther south, and probably are not 
indigenous north of the coast of North Carolina. 



The Tulip, the Crown Imperial, the Hyacinth, and the Tuberosk 
(Polianthes tuber6sa) are common cultivated representatives of this 
Family. 

Order 127. MELANTHACE^E. (Colchicum Family.) 

Herbs, with regular 6-merous and 6-androus flowers, the consimilar peri- 
anth free (or nearly free) from the Z-celled ovary, exlrorse anthers, and 3 
more or less distinct styles. (Anthers introrse in Tofieldia, a connecting 
link with Juncacea3. Styles sometimes perfectly united in UvularieaB.) 
Seeds anatropous, with a soft or membranous seed-coat, and a small embryo 
in copious albumen. — If we include the Bell worts, which, form a group 
ambiguous between this order, Trilliaceae, and Liliaceae, (all of which are 
connected by various gradations,) we shall have two strongly marked sub- 
orders, viz. : — See Addend. 

Suborder I. TITULARIES. The Bellwort Family. 

Perianth early deciduous, the sepals distinct, petal-like. Styles united 
into one at the base or throughout ! Fruit a 3-celled few-seeded berry or 
loculicidal pod. — Stems from small perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots, 
forking, bearing ovate or lanceolate membranaceous sessile or clasping 
leaves, like those of Solomon's Seal, and perfect flowers : peduncles solitary 
or 1 -flowered. 

1. UVULARIA. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments. 

& PROSARTES. Berry S-6-seeded. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless, fixed near the base 

Flowers terminal. 
3. STREPTOPUS. Berry several-seeded. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 - 2-pointed. Flowers ax 

illary ; their pedicels bent in the middle. 

Suborder II. MELANTHIEJE. True Colchicum Family. 

Perianth mostly persistent or withering away ; the sepals distinct, or 
rarely their claws united. Styles 3, separate. Fruit a 3-celled 3-partible 
or septicidal, rarely loculicidal, pod. — Herbs with acrid poisonous proper- 
ties; the simple or rarely panicled stems springing from solid bulbs or 
corms, or sometimes from creeping rootstocks. Flowers sometimes polyga- 
mous or dioecious. 



MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 473 

3 Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening : 

pod 3-horned, septicidal : seeds flat, membranaceous-margined. 

*- Sepals glandular on the inside near the base. 

4. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long 

claws bearing the stamens. 
6. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect Sepals nearly free or coherent with the base of the ovary : 
stamens separate. 

«- *- Sepals destitute of glands, not clawed. 

6. STENANTHIUM. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo- 

late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compound-panicled. 

7. VERATRUM. Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the sta- 

mens. Flowers panicled, polygamous. 

8. AMIANTHIUM. Perianth free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the stamens. 

Flowers racemed, perfect. 

# * Anthers 2-celled : pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked. 

9. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves 

rush-like. Seeds 2 in each cell. 

10. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves 

lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous. 

11. CHAMJSLIRIUM. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy. 

* # * Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal. 

12. TOFIELDIA. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant. 

Suborder I. UVUIiAISIEiE. The Bellwort Family. 

1. UVULABIA, L. Bellwort. 

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the sepals spatulate-lanceolate, with a 
honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer than the 
stamens, which barely adhere to their base. Anthers long and linear, adnate : 
filaments short. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stigmatic along the inner 
side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, 3-valved from, the top. Seeds few in each 
cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe. — Rootstock short or creeping. 
Flowers pale yellow, nodding, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal peduncles 
which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from the flowers 
hanging like the uvula, or palate.") 

# Leaves clasping -perfoliate : sepals acute : pod obovate-truncate, 3-lobed at the top. 

1. U. grandifldra, Smith. (Large-flowered Bellwort.) Leaves 
oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and obscurely pubescent underneath; sepals 
smooth within; anthers blunt-pointed; lobes of the'pod with convex sides. — Rich 
woods, Vermont to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. — Flowers 
pale greenish-yellow, lj' long. 

2. U. perfoliata 9 L. (Smaller Bellwort.) Leaves ovate or ob- 
long-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; sepals granular-roughened inside ; 
anthers conspicuously pointed; lobes of the pod with concave sides. — Moist 
copses; common eastward and southward. May. — Smaller than No. 1- 
flowers pale yellow, f to V long. 

# * Leaves sessile : sepals rather obtuse : pod ovoid-triangular , sharp-angled. 

3. U. sessilifolia, L. (Sessile-leated Bellwort.) Smooth; leaves 
oval or lanceolate-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles united to the mid 



474 MELANTHACEJE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 

die, exceeding the pointless anthers ; pod triangular-obovate, narrowed into a stalk. 

— Low woods ; common. May. — Stem 6' - 9' high when in flower : the cream- 
colored flower I' long. 

4. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both 
sides, and shining, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not 
exceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stalked. — Mountains and 
throughout the upper part of Virginia, and southward. 

2. PROSARTES, Don. Prosartes. 

Perianth bell-shaped, much as in Uvularia. Filaments thread-like, much 
longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed near the base. 
Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell : styles united into 
one : stigmas short, recurved-spreading. Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3-6- 
seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile 
ovate and membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slen- 
der terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from 7rpoo-apra«, 
to hang from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.) 

1. P. lanuginosa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded 
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers 
solitary or in pairs ; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (£' long), soon spread- 
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth. (Streptopus 
lanuginosus, Michx. ) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia, Kentucky, 
and southward along the Alleghanies. May. 

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twisted-Stalk. 

Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base ; the sepals lanceolate- 
acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, fixed near the base to the 
short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. 
Ovary with many ovules in each cell : styles united into one. Berry red, round- 
ish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems, divergently-spreading 
branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and 
small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like 
peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the 
name, from oTpcTTTos, twisted, and novs^foot, or stalk). 

1. S. afitipSexifdlillS, DC. Leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath, 
strongly clasping ; flower greenish-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above 
the middle; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; stigma entire, truncate. 
S.) distortus, Michx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.)— Cold and moist woods, 
Northern New England to the mountains of Penn., and northward. June. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very smooth. Sepals \' long. 

— In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite the leaves, rather than truly 
axillary, and are bent round the clasping base underneath them : they are rarely 
2-flowered. (Eu.) 

2. S. roseus, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely ciliate, and the branches 
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, more than half the 



MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 475 

length of the slightly bent peduncle ; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-clefl. — Cold 
damp woods ; common northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May. — 
Smaller than the last. 

Suborder II. MEI^ANTHIEiE. True Colchicum Family. 

4. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L. Melanthium. 

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely 
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised on 
slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or confluent 
glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the 
sepals, adhering to then- claws often to near their summit, persistent. Styles 
awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, 
of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe, 
and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged. 
— Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous base, roughish-downy 
above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of 
simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves lanceolate or linear, 
grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of fitXas, black, and 
avOos, flower, from the dark color which the persistent perianth assumes after 
blossoming. ) 

1. M. Virginicum, L. (Bunch-flower.) (M. Virginicum & race- 
mosum, Michx, Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virg. & hybridum, 
Eoem. fr Schult., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, Southern New York to Illi- 
nois, and common southward. July. — The two received species are doubtless 
forms of one. 

5. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Zygadene. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like ses- 
sile or slightly clawed oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or 
less narrowed base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of 
the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Styles and 
pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly winged. — Very 
smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping 
rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled greenish- 
white flowers. (Name composed of fuyos, a yoke, and do^i/, a gland.) 
# Glands on the perianth conspicuous. 

1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stems 1°- 3° high, from a creeping rooU 
stock ; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to 
a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free ; the sepals 
(J' long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the 
short claw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, S. Virginia (Pursh) and southward. 
July. 

2. Z. glailCUS, Nutt. Stem about l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves 
flat ; panicle simple, mostly few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the 



476 MELANTHACE.E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 



s of the ovaiy, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordate 
viand. (Anticlea glauca, Kunth.) — Banks of the St. Lawrence, New York, to 
N. Illinois and northward : rare. July, 

* # Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.) 
3. Z. leiiiianthoides. Stem 1° -4° high from a somewhat bulbous 
base, slender; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4 /; in diameter) and nu- 
merous, in a few crowded panicled racemes ; perianth free, the obovate sepaL? 
with a yellowish glandular discoloration on the contracted base. (Amianthium 
leimanthoides, Gray.) — Low grounds, pine-barrens of New Jersey (Durand, 
Knieskern), Virginia, and southward. July. 

6. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratram). 

Flowers polygamous or perfect. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly 
lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and 
coherent with the base of the ovaiy, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer 
than the short stamens. Pods, &c. nearly as in Veratram. Seeds nearly wing- 
less. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base, 
long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in 
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle. (Name composed of 
oTcvos, narrow, and avBos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 

1. S« angfUStifdlillin, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated; flowers small 
(£' long), white, very short-pedicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged termi- 
nal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratram angustifolium, Pursh. 
Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag.) — Grassy prairies and low meadows, Penn. to 
Illinois, Virginia, and southward toward the mountains. July. — Stem slender, 
2°-6° high. 

7. VEBATRUI, Tourn. False Hellebore. 

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate 
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at tho 
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the 
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melan- 
thium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened 
base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and ra- 
cemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers. (Name compounded of vere, truly, and 
ater, black.) 

1. V. viride, Ait. (American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.) 
Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high) ; leaves broadly oval, pointed, 
sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes 
spreading, perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low 
grounds ; common. June. (Too near V. album of Europe.) 

2. V, parviflorUHl, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), sparingly leafy 
below, naked above ; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti- 
oles, varying from oval to lanceolate ; panicle very long and loose, the terminal 
raceme wand-like, the lateral ones slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the 



MELANTJIACE.fi. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 477 

flowers ; sepals dingy-green, oblanceolate or spatulatc (2 J" - 3" long, those of 
the sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Walt. 
Leimanthium monoicum, Gray. ) — Rich woods, mountains of Virginia and 
southward. July. 

3. V. Woodii, Bobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedi- 
cels (lj" -3" long) shorter than thejlowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3"- 
4$" long) dingy green turning brownish purple within: otherwise much as in the 
last, of which it may prove to be a variety ; but the flowers are mostly double 
the size, the panicle stouter, &c. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly bar- 
rens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. July. 

8. A1IANTMIUM, Gray. Fly-Poison. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like 
(white) sepals oval or obovate, sessile, not gland-bearing. Filaments capillary, 
equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers (as in all the foregoing) kidney- 
Bhaped or heart-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, and shield-shaped after opening. 
Styles thread-like. Pods, &c. nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds wingless, ob- 
long or linear, with a loose coat, 1 - 4 in each cell. — Glabrous plants, with sim- 
ple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated 
by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age. 
Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From dfAiavros, unspotted, and avflos, flower ; 
a name made with more regard to euphony than to correctness of construction, 
alluding to the glandless perianth.) 

1. A. milSCSEtdxicUlll, Gray. (Fly-Poison.) Leaves broadly linear, 
elongated, obtuse (J' to 1' wide), as long as the scape; raceme simple, oblong oi 
cylindrical; pod abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (He- 
lonias erythrosperma, Michx. ) — Open woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania 
to Kentucky and southward. June, July. 

9. XEBOPHYIiLUHl, Michx. Xerophyllum. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval, 
distinct, sessile, not glandular, at length withering, about the length of the awl- 
shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down 
the inner side. Pod globular-3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculieidal ; the valves 
bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined. 
— Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, l°-4° high, from a 
bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly 
beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ; 
those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, 1° or more long, 1' 
wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name 
from i-rjpos, arid, and (fivWov, leaf). 

1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Michx, 
Helonias, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, Virginia"? and southward. (Also in 
Oregon and California.) June 



478 MELANTHACEJS. (C0LCH1CUM FAMILY.) 

10. HE I, ONI AS, L. Helonias. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong (purplish turning greenish) 
sepals, persistent, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, 
roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod ob- 
cordatcly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds 
many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smooth 
perennial, with many oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate flat leaves, from a tuber- 
ous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (l°-2° high), 
sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short 
dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name 
probably from eXos, a swamp ; the place of growth.) 

1. Iff. fcullata, L. (H. latifolia, Michx.) — Wet places, New Jersey. 
Pennsylvania, and Virginia : rare. May. 

11. CHAMiELIEIUM, Willd. Devil's-Bit. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals, 
withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile 
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along 
the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3- 
valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, conspicuously winged 
at each end. — A smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and 
abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long and wand-like spiked raceme 
(4'-9 r long) of small bractless flowers; the fertile plant more leafy than the 
staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. 
(Name composed of X a f""j on the ground, and \cipiov, lily ; of no obvious appli- 
cation.) 

1. C luteiliia. (Blazing-Star.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum 
luteum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New 
England to Illinois, and southward. June. 

12. T^FIELBIA, Hudson. False Asphodel. 

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Pen- 
an th more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or 
obovate, sessile. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or somewhat 
introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3- 
partible or septicidal ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender peren- 
nials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple scape-like stems leafy only 
at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, 
equitant, linear. (Named after Mr. Tqfield, an English botanist of the last cen- ' 
tury.) — The two following compose the subgenus TRlANTHA, Nutt. : pedi- 
cels mostly in threes; the flowering proceeding from the apex downwards; 
seeds tail-pointed at both ends. 

1. T. glltfinosa, Willd. Stem (6' -16' high) and pedicels very glutinous 
with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June. 



JUNCACE.fi. (rush family.) 479 

2. T. pufoens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with mi* 
nute glands; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia and southward. July. 

T. palustris, Hudson, a Northern species of both hemispheres, grows on 
Isle Royale and the north shore of Lake Superior ; but has not yet been found 
on the United States side. , 

Order 128. JUNCACE^. (Rush Family.; 

Grrass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems, and a regular persistent 
perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with introrse 
anthers, and a 1- S-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3 - many-seeded pod. 
Style single. Seed anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base 
of the albumen. — Rushes, with the flowers liliaceous in structure, but 
grass-like in aspect and texture (excepting the ambiguous Narthecium). 

Synopsis. 

* Stigma entire. Perianth partly colored (yellowish). 

1. NARTHECIUM. Filaments woolly. Pod many-seeded. Seeds long-tailed at both ends. 

# * Stigmas 3, thread-like, hairy. Sepals glume-like. 

2. LUZTJLA. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. 

8. JUNCUS. Pod 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded. 

1. NARTHECIUM, Moehring. Bog-Asphodel. 

Sepals linear-lanceolate (yellowish). Filaments 6, woolly: anthers linear. 
Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style terminated by a single 
stigma, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appendaged at each end with 
a bristle-form tail of great length. — Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant 
leaves, and a simple stem or scape (6' - 10' high), terminated by a simple raceme. 
(Name from vap8r}Kiov, a rod, or box for fragrant ointments; application uncer- 
tain.) 

1. N. Amcricaraum, Ker. Pedicels of the dense raceme bearing a 
bractlet below the middle. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey. June. 

2. litlZULiA, DC. Wood-Eush. 

Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. — 
Perennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-crowded or urn- 
belled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian lucciola, a glowworm.) 
* Flowers loosely bng-peduncled, umbelled or corymbed. 

1. It* pildsa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy; peduncles, umbelled, sim- 
ple, chiefly 1 -flowered; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds tipped 
with a curved appendage. — Woods and banks ; common northward. May. — 
Plant 6' -9' high. (Eu.) 

2. Li. parviflora, Desv., var. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth ; 
leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals pointed. 



480 JUNCACEuE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 

straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed brown pod. (L. melano 
carpa, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine, W. Massachusetts, N. New York, and north 
ward. July. — Stems 1°- 3° high, scattered. (Eu.) 

* * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6' - 12' high.) 

3. Ii. € a ill pest lis, DC. Leaves flat, linear ; spikes 4 -12, somewhat urn- 
belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ; 
sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appen- 
dage at the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.) 

4. L*. ai'Cliata, Mej-er. Leaves channelled, linear ; spikes 3-5, on unequal 
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals 
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine 
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 

5. L. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; flowers in 
sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown; sepals bristle- 
pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds merely with 
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. racemosa, Desv. ? according 
to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu. > 

3. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-Rush. 

Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Pod 3- 
celled (often imperfectly so at maturity), loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly 
perennials, with pithy stems, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small (greenish 
or brownish) flowers, usually produced all summer. (The classical name, from 
jungo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.) 

# Scapes naked and simple from matted running rootstoclcs, many of them barren, 
furnished with short leafless sheat/is at the base: flowers in a sessile cymose panicle 
produced from the side of the scape above the middle, 6-androus (except in Xo. 1) : 
seeds not appendaged. 

1. J, eflusus, L. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape soft and pliant 
(2° -4° high), finely striated; panicle diffusely much-branched (sometimes closely 
crowded), many-flowered; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the 
obovate very obtuse and pointless pod; stamens 3 or 6. — Marshy ground; 
everywhere. (Eu.) 

2. J. filiforilliS, L. Scape slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle few- 
flowered, simple; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the very 
obtuse but short-pointed pod. (J. setaceus, Torr. Fl.) — Wet banks and shores, 
N. New England to Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 

3. J. BalticilS, Willd. Scape rigid (2° -4° high), from a very strong 
rootstock; panicle ascending, loose, dark chestnut-colored ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
the 3 outer sharp-pointed, as long as the elliptical rather triangular pod. — Sandy 
shores of New England and of the Great Lakes ; thence northward (Eu.) 

* * Scapes, frc. as in the preceding, but some of die sheaths at the base leaf-bearing ; 
the leaves terete, Jcnotless, like the continuation of the scape above the panicle ■ *to* 
mens 6. 



JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 481 

4. JT. setaCCUS, Rostk. Scape slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle loose, rather 
simple, turning light chestnut-color ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, especially 
the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate mucronate-pointed pod. — Penn., Vir- 
ginia, and southward, near the coast. 

5. J", maritimus, Lam. Scape stout and rigid (2° -5° high), the apex 
pungent ; panicle compound, erect, loose; the flowers clustered in small heads; 
sepals lanceolate, the outer acute, as long as the elliptical short-pointed pod. 
(J. acutus, Muhl., &c.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), Virginia, and 
southward. (Eu.) 

# * =fc Stems leaf-bearing: leaves terete, or flattened laterally (equitant), knotted by 
cross partitions internally : cyme or panicle terminal: flowers in heads or small clus- 
ters ( very liable to a monstrosity, from the bite of insects making them appear as 
if viviparous) : pod more or less l-celled. 

+- Stamens 3. 

6. J, scirpoides, Lam. Stem stout (l°-3° high) and terete, as are the 
leaves ; panicle rather simple, bearing several (5 -IS) pale green densely many-flow- 
ered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed, especially the 
outer, as long as the oblong triangular taper-pointed pod ; seeds barely pointed 
at each end, tailless. (J. polycephalus, Michx. (excl. var. a?). J. echinatus, 
Muhl. J. nodosus, var. multiflorus, Torr.) — Wet borders of streams, &c. ; 
rather common. — Rootstock thickish, creeping. Remarkable for its bur-like 
green heads, usually £' in diameter. 

7. J. paradoxus, E. Meyer. Stem rather stout (1°-2J° high), terete; 
leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound; the numerous greenish 
heads globular, many- (8 - 15-) flowered ; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-pointed, 
rigid, shorter than the oblong-triangular abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds con- 
spicuously tailed at both ends ! (J. polycephalus, Darlingt., Torr. Fl. N. Y. excl. 
var. 3, & syn. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sylvaticus, Pursh.) — Wet places ; com- 
mon. — Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller, than in the 
foregoing. Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both end3 
into a tail longer than the oblong body of the seed. 

8. J". ctelMliS. Stems weak and slender (1° - 2° long), flattened, as are the 
slender leaves ; panicle decompound, loose, widely spreading ; the numerous pale green 
heads 4 - ^flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, herbaceous, shorter than the oblong 
pod ; seeds tailless, minutely and barely pointed at each end. (J. subverticilla- 
tus, Muhl., not of Wulf. J. pallescens, Meyer, as to N. American plant. J. 
polycephalus, var. ? depauperatus, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Wet swamps; common, 
especially southward and westward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent 
or floating and rooting : branches of the cymose panicle slender and diverging. 
Heads 2 ; ' long. Pods pale, sometimes twice the length of the calyx when ripe 
— This, which is pretty clearly the J. acuminatus of Kunth, is perhaps the plant 
of Michaux ; but the next is the species taken for J. acuminatus by American 
authors. 

9. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stem erect (10'- 15' high), terete, leaves 
slender, nearly terete ; panicle with rather slightly spreading branches, bearing few or 
many 3 -8-flowered chestnut-colored heads; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 



4.82 juncace^e. (rush family.) 

very acute, one third or one half the length of the prismatic triangular and ab- 
ruptly acute pod; seeds tail-pointed at both ends. (J. sylvatieus, Muhl. J. Can- 
adensis, Gay.) — Peat-bogs, and sandy borders of ponds. — Pods turning deep 
chestnut-brown. Tails shorter than the body of the seed. 

*- •*- Stamens 6. (Heads chestnut-colored : the pods becoming blackish or brown, and 
shining : seeds tailless, but sometimes short-pointed at both ends.) 

10. J. articulating, L. Stem erect (9'- 18' high), and with the L-3 
slender leaves slightly compressed; panicle spreading; heads 2 - 9-flowered ; sejxzh 
lance-oblong, the outer acute, the inner mostly obtuse, usually mucronate, shorter 
than the ovate-oblong triangular abruptly mucronatc-pointed pod. (J. lamprocarpu3, 
Ehrh., Sec.) — Yar. pelocaepus (J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer $• ed. 1.) is a va- 
riety with fewer flowers in the head, and rather blunter pods slightly exceeding 
the sepals. — Wet places, Rhode Island to X. Illinois and northward: the 
genuine European form received from Mr. Olney and Dr. Sarticell. (Eu.) 

11. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -3° high), bearing a solitary 
cylindrical bayonet-like leaf below or near the middle, which overtops the crowded 
panicle ; heads numerous, 5 - 10-floicered ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, as long as 
the ovate taper -pointed pod. — Sandy bogs N". Maine {Rev. J. Blake), E. Massa- 
chusetts, pine barrens of Xew Jersey, and southward. Rootstock thick, 
creeping. Leaf stout, l°-2° long. Heads 2 // -3 // wide, brown. 

12. J. nodosus, L. ! Stem erect, slender (6'- 15' high), 3-5-leaved; 
leaves terete, short; heads 1-2, or sevei % al and clustered, globose, many- (10-20-) 
flowered ; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly as long as the slender triangular taper- 
pointed pod. (J. Rostkovii, E. Meyer.) — Yar. megacephalus, Torr. : heads 
rather numerous and larger, 50 - 60-flow r ered, crowded in a dense cluster at the 
summit of the stout and rigid stem (2° high). — Gravelly borders of streams; 
common, especially northward ; the var. on the sandy shore of Lake Ontario, 
&c. — Rootstocks slender. — Quite distinct from Xo. 6 and No. 7, with which it 
has been confounded. 

13. J. Conradi, Tuckerm. Stems slender (6' -10' high) } leafy, branch- 
ing above into a compound diffusely spreading cymose panicle, bearing chiefly 
solitary scattered floivers in the forks and along one side of the branches ; leaves 
thread-form, the upper slightly knotted ; sepals oblong, acutish, shorter than the ob- 
long taper-beaked pod. (J. viviparus, Conrad, — so named from a condition in 
which most of the flowers develop into a tuft of rudimentary or manifest leaves. 
J. Xo. 15, Muhl. Gram. ? and therefore J. Muhlenbergii, Spreng. ?) — Wet sandy 
places, Canada and Wisconsin 1 N. New England to Virginia, and southward, 
chiefly near the coast. — Rootstocks slender. 

=fc * * * Leaves knotless : inflorescence terr lined. 
*- Heads cymose-panicled : leaves flat and open : stamens 3. 

14. J, marginatum, Rostk. Stem leafy, erect, flattened (l°-3° high) ; 
leaves linear, grass-like, nerved ; heads globose, 3 - 8-flowered ; sepals oblong, 
the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner obtuse and pointless, as 
long as the globular pod ; seeds minutely pointed at both ends. (J. aristulatus, 
Miclix.) — Moist sandy places, X. New England to Illinois, and southward. 
July. — Sepals soft, chestnut-purplish, with a greea keel. 



FONTEDERiACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILT.) 433 

■+- -*- Head single (or sometimes 2 or 3) : leaves channelled above : stamens 6. 

15. J. StygilfS, L. Stem slender, erect (6' -10' high), l-3-leaved below, 
naked above ; leaves thread-like ; heads 3 - 4-flowered, about the length of the 
sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; sepals oblong and lanceolate, scarcely 
more than half the length of the oblong acute pod ; seeds oblong, with a very 
loose coat prolonged at both ends. — Peat-bog bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson 
County, New York. (Eu.) 

16. J. tTificlllS, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, 
erect (S'-KV high), wiry and thread-like, sheathed at the base, leafless below, about 
3-leaved at the summit ; the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head 
of 2 - 4 flowers ; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, rather than the globose-ovate 
beak-pointed (brown) pod; seeds roundish, angled. — Alpine summits of the 
mountains of N. New England and N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.) 
-4- •*- -t- Flowers cymose-panicled, separate (not clustered in heads) : leaves channelled 

or involute, or else thread-form, or almost setaceous : stamens 6. 

17. J", tenuis, Willd. Stems slender, wiry (9'- 18' high), simple, leafy 
only near the base ; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves, small, the flowers 
mostly one-sided, almost sessile, green and shining ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, 
one third longer than the globose-ovoid obtuse pod. — Low grounds and fields; very 
common. 

18. JT. Oreenii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2°high), simple, 
naked, 1 - 2-leaved at the base ; cyme much shoHer than the principal erect involucral 
leaf, dense, the numerous crowded flowers one-sided ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 
greenish, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse pod. — Sandy coast of Long Island 
and New England, and occasionally on river-banks in the interior. 

19. J. !>IlI1>dsS!S, L. (Black Grass.) Stems simple, somewhat flattened, 
slender, but rigid (l°-2° high), leafy below; panicle somewhat cymose, rather 
crowded, usually shorter than the bracteal leaf; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, 
chestnut-color and greenish, mostly rather shorter than the oblong-oval and 
somewhat triangular obtuse mucronate pod. (J. compressus, Jacq. : a name 
with which some supersede the Linnaean, because the stem is really not bulbous 
at the base.) — Var. Gerardi (J. Gerardi, LoiseL, and J. Bothnicus, Wahl.) is 
the more common form in this country, with the panicle usually exceeding the 
bract, and the calyx as long as the pod. — Salt marshes ; common along the 
coast from New Jersey northward. (Eu.) 

20. J. !mfd2iims, L. Annual; stems low and slender (3' -9' high), leafy, 
often branched at the base ; panicle forking , spreading ; the flowers remote, greenish ; 
sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much longer than the oblong obtuse pod. — Low 
grounds and road-sides, everywhere. (Eu.) 

Order 129. PONTEDERIACE^E. (Pickerel-weed Fam.) 

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spaihe ; 
the petal-like ^-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 most- 
ly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6 



484 PONrEDEltlACE^E. (pickerel-weed family.) 

divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together 
sometimes re volute-coiled after flowering, withering away, or the base 
thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules 
anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or 
incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Em- 
bryo slender, in floury albumen. 

Synopsis, 

1. PONTEDERIA. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Sta- 

mens 6. Spike many-flowered. 

2. HETERANTIIERA. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded. 

Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1 - few-flowered. 
8. SCHOLLERA. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike Spathe 1-flowered. 

1. PONTEDERIA, L. Pickerel-weed. 

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- 
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower 
part of the carving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base : 
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its 
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower ex- 
serted with elongated filaments ; the 3 upper (often sterile or imperfect) with 
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 
3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri- 
cle 1-celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, 
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-shaped 
leaves, and a 1 -leaved scape, terminated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flow- 
ers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to 
Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.) 

1. P. COrdata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from 
a spathe-like bract. — Var. angustifolia (P. angustifolia, Pursh) has triangu- 
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common. 
July - Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe of 
the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots. 

2. HETEBANTHEBA, Ruiz '& Pav. Mud Plantain. 

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the spreading limb somewhat equal- 
ly 6-parted, ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 upper 
with their filaments thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; 
the other with a longer filament bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (green- 
ish) anther. Pod incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating 
low herbs, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered 
spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or 
white. (Name from ire pa, different, and dvBrjpd, anther.) 

1. II. reilifftrmis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3- 
5-fk'wered ; flowers white. — Muddy margins of streams, S. New York to Illi- 
nois, and southward. Aug. 



COMMELTNACE.E. (SPIDERAYORT FAMILY.) 485 

2. H. limdsa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ; 
spathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michx.) — W. Virginia to 
Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. 

3. SCHOLLEBA, Schreber (1789). Water Star-grass. 

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear spreading divisions on 
a very long thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped an- 
thers (or rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. 
Pod oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1 -celled with 3 projecting parie- 
tal placental, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing 
wholly under water, only the (small pale yellow) flowers expanding on the sur- 
face ; the slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, 
and bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe. (Named after one Scholler, a German 
botanist.) 

1. S. graisiinea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.) — In streams ; common. 
July - Sept. 



Order 130. COMMELYNACE^E. (Spiderwort Family.; 

Herbs* with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed often branching 
leofy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, with 
the perianth free from the 2-S-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and 
corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, ephem- 
eral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often 
sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Pod 
2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, loculieidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds orthotro 
pous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression 
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, flat, 
sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind 
of spathe. — A chiefly tropical family, not cfcjuatic, here represented only 
bv two genera. * 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Dat-flower. 

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly 
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney 
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer- 
tile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect 
cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-cclied, two of the cells 2-seeded, 
the other 1-seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root- 
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles ; the 
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded and forming a 
kind of spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and 
are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering 
all- summer. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. aud G. Commdyn.) 



486 COMMELTNACEJE. (SPIDER WORT FAMILY.) 

1. C. e recta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large 
(5 - 7 r long, l , -2 / wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins very 
rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles ; spathes crowded and nearly 
sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal shaped like the others but shorter, 
round-ovate, raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. 1J. (C. Virginica, ed. 1, &c.) 
— A hairy form apparently is C. hirtella, Vahl. — Alluvial and shaded river- 
banks, Pemi. to Illinois and southward. — Our largest species, and the only one 
with a top-shaped spathe. 

2. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting to- 
wards the base ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary 
or scattered, peduncled, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed, 
in fruit somewhat hood-like, and with a short top-shaped base; odd petal usu- 
ally inconspicuous and nearly sessile; pod 2-celled. lj. (C. Virginica, L., as 
to syn. Plu/c, which gave the name : Linnaeus's detailed description apparently 
pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name which he took from Dil- 
leuius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia, Michx. Sf ed. 1.) — Damp 
rich woods and banks, S. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 

3. C agraria 9 Kunth. Steins creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong ot 
lance-oblong, obtuse, small (1'- 2' long); spathes heart-ovate when expanded, pe- 
duncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3-4-flowered; the odd petal 
round-ovate, nearly sessile. 1J. (C. Cajennensis, Rich.) — Alluvial banks, Illi- 
nois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species. 

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. 

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta- 
mens all fertile : filaments bearded. Pod 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — 
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves 
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal ; the 
floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener 
to Charles the First.) 

* Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves. 

1. T. Virginica, L. (Common Spiderw t ort.) Leaves lanceolate-lineai , 
elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciiiate, more or less 
open ; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to 
Wisconsin, and southward : commonly cultivated. May - Aug. — Plant either 
smooth or hairy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white. 

2. T. pildsa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from, a narrowed base, 
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciiiate ; umbels many-flowered, in 
very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy. 
(T. flexuosa, Raf) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept. — 
Stem stout, smooth below, 2° -3° high, often branched, zigzag above, with an at 
length close cluster of small (%' broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils. 

# * Umbels long -peduncled, naked. 

3. T. rosea, Vent. Small, slender (6'-10' high), smooth; leaves linear, 
grass-like, ciiiate at the base ; umbel simple, or sometimes a pair ; flowers (£' 
wide) rose-color. — Sandy woods, Penn. (?) to Kentucky, and southward. 



XYRIDACEJS. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 487 

Order 131. XYRIDACE.3E. (Yellow-eyed Grass Fam.) 

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape, 
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, icith extrorse an- 
thers, a glumaceous calyx, and a regular corolla ; the 3-valved mostly 1-celled 
pod containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the 
apex of fleshy albumen: — represented by Xyris. — The anomalous genus 
Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, intermediate in char- 
acter between this family and the last, may be introduced here. 

I. MAYACA, Aublet. (Syena, Schreber.) 

Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her- 
baceous lanceolate sepals and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the 
petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentae : style filiform : stig- 
ma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded — Moss-like low herbs, creeping in 
shallow water, densely leafy; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1-nerved, pellu- 
cid, entire, notched at the apex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed at the base. 
(An aboriginal name.) 

1 . M. MicSiaMXli, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the 
leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Vir- 
ginia, and southward. July. 

2. XYEI§j L. Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely 
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled 
and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the 
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere 
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of 
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile fdaments which are cleft and plume-bearing 
at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1-celled with 3 parietal more or 
less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flowers yellow. (Eupis. 
an ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from ^vpov, a razor.) 

1. X. liulbosa, Kunth. Scape slender, from a more or less bulbous base, 
somewhat 3-angled, flattish at the summit, very smooth, much longer than the 
narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age ; head roundish-ovoid 
(4" - 5" long) ; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scabrous on the narrow 
wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex. (X. Ju- 
pacai, Miclix. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. flexuosa, Maid. Cat. X. brevi- 
foiia, of Northern authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from New 
Hampshire and Michigan southward : rare except near the coast. July -Sept 
— Leaves lJ'-8', the scape 3' -14', high. Petals minutely toothed at the sum 
mit. — This species should have borne Muhlenberg's name of X. flexuosa, which, 
however, Elliott appears to have applied rather to the following. 

2. X. Caroliniitna, Walt. Scape flattish, 1 -angled below, 2-edged at 
the summit, smooth ; leaves 1 inear-s word-shaped, flat ; head globular-ovoid (5" 

26 



488 ERIOCAULONACEJE. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 

- 7 long) ; lateral sepals obscurely lacerate-fringed above on the winged, keel, rathei 
shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, Miclix. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy 
swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Aug. 

— Scape l°-2° high: leaves l"-4" wide. Petals pretty large, the claws turn- 
ing brownish. 

3. X. fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled (2° high), rather longer 
than the linear-sword-shaped leaves ; head oblong (§' long) ; lateral sepals lance- 
olate-linear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above conspicuously fringed on the 
wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, 
Virginia, and southward. 



Order 132. ERIOCAULONACEJE, (Pipewort Family., 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous 
roots, and a cluster of linear often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and naked 
scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or rarely dioe- 
cious small 2 - S-7nerous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious bract ; the 
perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy ; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2-3- 
celled 2 - S-seeded pod : the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in the preceding 
order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions. 

Synopsis, 

1. ERIOCAULON. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate 

flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled. 

2. PiEPALANTIIUS. Perianth as in the last : the stamens only as many as the lobes of the 

inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled. 

3. LACHNOCATJLON. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An- 

thers 1-celled. 

1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort. 

Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either 
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious. 
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or 
dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black 
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted 
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus ; anthers 2-cellea. Pistils rudi- 
mentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest 
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 
2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3- 
lobed, 2 - 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell : style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3, 
6lender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely 
cellular and pellucid. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, which is 
mvolucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, 
&c, usually bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of eptou, wool, and KavXds-, 
a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and leaves of the original species, 
Excepting this and the flowers, our species aie wholly glabrous.) — Tho North 



ERIOCAULONACE.^. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 489 

American species are all stesnless, with a depressed head, and have the parts of 
the flowers in twos, the stamens 4. 

1. E. clecaiagflliire, L. (syn. Pluk., &c.) Leaves linear-sword-shaped , 
ascending (G'-15 r long), of a rather firm texture; scape 10 -\2-ribbed (l°-3° 
high) : chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed. 1J. (E. serotinum, Walt.) — 
Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey ? to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — 
Involucral scales roundish, straw-color or light brown. Elowers and bracts, a° 
in the following, tipped with a white beard. 

2. E. gnaplialddes, Michx. Leaves short and spreading (2' -5' long), 
grassy-awl-shaped, soft and cellular, tapering gradually to a point, mostly 
shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribbed scape ; chaff* obtuse. 1J. (E. decangulare, 
L,, in part, viz. as to pi. Clayt.) — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia, and southward. June -Aug. — This and the last have been variously 
confounded. 

3. E. septailgltlare, Withering. Leaves short (l'-3' long) , awl-shaped , 
pellucid, soft and very cellular; scape 7-striate, slender, 2' -6' high, or when 
submerged becoming l°-6° long (Torr.), according to the depth of the water; 
chaff acutish. If. (E. pellucidum, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders, 
from New Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" - 3 ff 
broad ; the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu.) 

2. PJEPALANTHUS, Mart. (Sp. of Eriocaulon of authors.) 

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of 
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary 
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from iranraKn^ dust or 
flour, and avBos, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and flow- 
ers of many [South American] species.) 

1. P. fi&viclus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristle-awl-shaped 
(1' long) ; scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5- 
angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the 
(ternary) flowers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the 
fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. ]f % (Eriocaulon flavidum, 
Michx.) — Low pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward. 

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Hairy Pipewort. 

Flowers monoecious, &c, as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla 
none ! Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped 
tube around the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers 
1 -celled ! Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place 
of a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. 
Scape slender, simple, bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the 
name, from Xdxvos, wool, and KavXos, stalk). 

1. E. Mictiauxii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low pine 
barrens, Virginia (Pursh), and southward. 



490 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

Order 133. CYPERACE^E. (Sedge Family.) 

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms)> 
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly Z-androus flowers, one in the axil of each 
of the glume-like imbricated bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth, 
or with hypogy nous bristles or scales in its place; the 1-celled ovary with a 
single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft 
when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular. 
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves 
when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family. See Addend. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CYPEREiE. Flowers perfect, 2-rauked. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered. 

1. CYPERUS. Spikes few - many-flowered, usually elongated or slender. Perianth none. 

2. KYLLINGIA. Spikes 1-flowered, glomerate in a sessile head. Perianth none. 

3. DULICHIUM. Spikes 6 - 10-flowered. Perianth of 6 - 10 bristles. Achenium beaked. 

Tribe II. HYPOJLlfTREiE. Flowers perfect ; the scales many-ranked : each flower 

provided with its own (1-4) proper scale-like bractlets. True perianth none. 
i. HEMICARPHA. Bractlet or inner scale 1, very small. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft. 

Tribe III. SCIKPEJE. Flowers perfect ; the scales regularly several-ranked, each cov- 
ering a naked flower, or only the lowest empty. Perianth of bristles or hairs, or none. 
* Perianth of hypogynous bristles or hairs (rarely obsolete or wanting). 

5. ELEOCHARIS. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulboua 

persistent base of the style. Head solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm. 

6. SCIRPUS. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of 

the style. Perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. Culms leafy at the base Heads one or more. 

7. ERIOPHORUM. Achenium, &c, as in Scirpus. Perianth of long and tufted woolly hairs. 

* * Perianth none. 

8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style bulbous at the base, deciduous (with or rarely without the jointed 

bulb) from the achenium. 
* * * Perianth of 3 large scales, and mostly as many alternating bristles. 
U. FUIRENA. Scales of the spike awned below the apex Achenium triangular, pointed 
with the base of the style. 

Tribe IY. RHY5i'CHOSPOREJl. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Scales of the 
few-flowered spikes irregularly several-ranked, many of the lower ones empty, and often 
the upper sterile. Perianth of bristles or none. Stems leafy. 

* Achenium beaked with the dilated persistent style or its base. 
•»- Perianth none : style 2-cleft : achenium wrinkled transversely. 

10. PSILOCARYA. Spikes many-flowered, terete, ovoid, cyrnose, naked. 

11. DICHROMEXA. .Spikes few-flowered, flattened, crowded into a leafy -in volucrate head. 

■»- •*- Perianth of bristles or awns, rarely wanting 
12 CERATOSCIKEXUS. Style simple, all persistent in the awned beak of the flat achenium. 

13. RHYXOHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, the base only persistent as a tubercle on the achenium. 

* * Achenium without a beak or tubercle ; the style deciduous. 

14. CLADIUM. Achenium globular, corky or pointed at the summit. Perianth none. 

Tribe V. SCLERIEiE. Flowers monoecious : the fertile spikes 1-flowered ; tha stam 
inate several-flowered. Achenium nut-like, mostly crustaceous. 
15 SCLERIA. Achenium bony or crustaceous. Proper perianth none 



CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 491 

Tsjbz VI. CARICEiE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in separate 
spikes, or sometimes dioecious. Proper perianth none. Achenium enclosed in a sac 
(perigyniwn which answers to a bractlet or pair of bractlets), lenticular or triangular. 

16. CAREX. Fertile flowers without a bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sac. 

1 CYFEKU§, L. Galingale. 

Spikes many - few-flowered, flat or rarely terete, variously arranged, mostly 
in clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound 
terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked (their decurrent base often forming margins or 
wings to the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old. Stamens (1, 
2, or mostly) 3. Perianth none. Style 2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium len- 
ticular or triangular, naked at the apex. — Culms triangular, simple, leafy at 
the base, and with one or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the 
umbel. Peduncles unequal, sheathed at the base. (KvTrtipos, the ancient 
name.) 

§ 1. PYCREUS, Beauv. — Style 2-cleft : achenium flattened : spikes flat, many- 
flowered: only the lowest scale empty. (Root of all our species flbrous and appar- 
ently annual.) 

1. C flavescens, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus- 
tered at the end of the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles) ; scales obtuse, straw- 
yellow ; achenium shining, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast. 
Aug. — Culms 4' -10' high: spikes 5 f! -8" long. Involucre 3-leaved, very 
unequal. (Eu.) 

2. Cm diaildB'lIS, Torr. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3 ; spikes lance-oblong, 
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse, 
purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblong -obov ate : 
otherwise much like the last. — Var. castaneus, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bigel.) 
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds ; common. Aug., Sept. 

3. Cm Nwttilllii, Torr. Stamens 2 ; spikes lance-linear, acute, very flat 
(£'-1' long), crowded on the few very short (or some of them distinct) rays; 
scales oblong, yellowish-brown, rather loose ; achenium oblong -obov ate, very blunt, dull. 

— Salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 

— Culms 4'- 12' high. — C. minimus? NutL, the C. Cleaveri, Torr., $• ed. 1, ia 
a depauperate condition of this, with a 1 -leaved involucre, and only one or two 
spikes ! 

4. C. flavicomus, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4" -8' long), 
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed 
umbel, spreading ; scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious- 
(whitish-) margined; achenium obovate, mucronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3° 
high); leaves of the involucre 3 - 5, very long. —Low grounds, Virginia and 
southward. July - Oct. 

{ 2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. — Style 3-cleft : achenium triangular : stamens 3 : 
spikes many -flowered, flattish joints of the axis margined by a pair of more ai 
less free scales, which remain after the proper scale falls away : otherwise as in § 3. 



492 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 

5. C. erytBiroiitlZOS, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (2° -3° high); 
umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 4-5-lcaved, very long; involucels 
bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical nearly sessile 
heads, spreading horizontally, linear, flatfish (\' long), bright chestnut-colored; 
scales lanceolate, mucronulate. Q) — Alluvial banks, Penn. to Wisconsin 1 and 
southward. August. — Root fibrous, red. 

§ 3. CYPERUS Profer. — Style 3-cleft : achenium triangular : sj>ikes many- 
flowered, flat or almost terete ; only the lowest scale empty ; ike joints of the axis 
narrowly wing-margined or naked. 

* Roots annual, fibrous: no creeping rootstoclcs: culm triangular: spikes awl-shaped t 
thread-shaped, or very narrowly linear, very numerous, crowded at the summit of the 
rays of the simple or mostly compound ample and open umbel: involucre very long, 
3 - several-Ieavtd : scales of the spike pointless ; the joints of the axis winged by a 
pair of adherent scales : stame?is 3. 

6. C. UlicIiaMXiailllS, Schultes. Culm stout (l°high); rays short; 
spikes linear-thread-shaped, teretish when mature (£'-£' long) ; the joints of its axis 
short and winged with very broad scaly margins, which embrace the ovate triangular 
achenium; scales ovate, obtusish. — Marshes, especially along the coast and 
large rivers, S. Xew England to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — 
Flowers 6-20 in the spike, yellowish-brown. 

7. C. E 11 gel ilia n ill, Steud. Culm J°-3°high; rays mostly short; 
spikes filiform, almost terete (about J' long), somewhat remotely 5-9-fiowered, the 
zigzag joints of the axis slender, narrowly wing-margined ; achenium oblong-linear, 
almost equalling the oblong or oval broadly scarious scale. (C. tenuior, Engelm. 
mss. C. stenolepis, Torr., probably, though the character does not accord : the 
greenish keel or centre was perhaps taken for the whole scale, which is not nar- 
row, so the name is inapplicable as well as doubtful.) — Low banks of streams, 
Wisconsin, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. — Between the foregoing and 
the next. The scales of the spike are so separated that their base is never 
touched by the one next beneath on the same side. 

8. C. StrigOSUS, L. Culm mostly stout, bulbous-thickened at the base 
(l°-3° high) ; some of the rays elongated, their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes linear- 
jwl-shaped, but jlat, 8- 15-flowered, very numerous, reflexcd with age; the 
slender joints of the axis naiTowly wing-margined; scales oblong-lanceolate, sev- 
eral-nerved, much longer than the linear-oblong achenium. — Yar. speqj6sus (C. 
gpeciosus, Vahlt Toir.) is a rank state, with some of the partial umbels fur- 
nished with a leafy involuccl. — Low or rich grounds; common, especially 
southward. July- Sept. — Spikes greenish, turning straw-color, J'-l' long. 

* * Roots annual, fibrous: stamen only 1 : culm slender, low (l'-12' high) : spikes 
flat, oblong-linear or ovate, crowded into heads on the few simple or compound rays: 

involucre 2 - 3-leaved : scales of the spike ivith spreading points : joints of the axis 
slightly or not at all margined. 

9. C infleXUS, Muhl. Dwarf (l'-5 high); spikes oblong-linear, 7-13- 
ftowered, collected in 2-3 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-pe- 
dunclcd) ; scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point ; achenium obovate, 
obtuse. — Sandy vret shores ; common. Julv - Sept. — Sweet-scented in drying. 



cyperace^e. ^ sedge family.) 493 

10. C. acuminatUS, Torr. Slender (3'.- 12' high); spikes ovate, becom- 
ing oblong, 16- 30-flowered, pale, collected in simple or compound heads ; scales 
obscurely 3-nerved, their short acute tips somewhat spreading; achenium oblong, 
pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and westward. 

* # * Root perennial: stamen only 1 : spikes short and flat, ovate and oblong, crowd' 
ed in close globular heads ; the joints of the axis not margined. 

11. C vireais, Michx. Culm (l°-4° high) either sharply or obtusely 
triangular ; leaves and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel compound, many- 
rayed ; achenium oblong or linear, J to | the length of the narrow oblong acut- 
ish scale. (O. vegetus, Torr.) — Wet places, Virginia and southward. — Head" 
of spikes green, turning tawny. 

*>•*• w * Root perennial : rootstocks creeping, or tuberous: stamens 3. 

-«- Spikes fat, closely flowered, ovate-oblong or becoming broadly linear, 3-5 at tht 

end of each ray of the compound umbel. 

12. C. deiltatUS, Torr. Culm slender (6'- 12' high) ; umbel 4-7-rayed; 
spikes 6 - 30-flowered ; scales strongly keeled, and with abruptly sharp-pointed 
slightly spreading tips, reddish-brown on the sides, green on the back ; achenium 
obovate, sharply triangular. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and 
southward. Aug — Spikes 2" -5" long, sometimes changing into leafy tufts. 
■*- -*- Spikes flat, closely flowered, linear (J' - 1' long), loosely spiked along the upper 

part of the rays of the open umbel : rootstocks slender, weeping extensively, and 
bearing small nut-like tubers. 

13. C rot si 21 lilts, L., var. Hydra. (Nut-Grass.) Culm slender 
(J°-lJ° high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, 
about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut- 
-purple 12-40-fiowered acute spikes; scales ovate, closely oppressed, nerveless except 
on the green keel. (C. Ilydrsi, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Virginia and south- 
ward : probably an immigrant from farther south. Excessively troublesome to 
pLantcrs. (Eu.) 

14. C. pliyiimtddes, Muhl. Culm (1°- 2 J° high) equalling the leaves; 
umbel often compound, 4- 7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes 
numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12 -30-flowered; scales oblong, nar- 
rowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achenium oblong. 
(C. rcpens, Ell.) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c, Vermont to Michigan, Illi- 
nois, and common southward. Aug. — Tubers small, at the end of very slender 
rootstocks : by these the plant multiplies rapidly, and becomes a pest. 
+--*--♦- Spikes flattish, rather loosely flowered, greenish, lance-linear, capitate-clus- 
tered (except in No. 15) ; the convex ovate scales many-nerved, only £ or j longer 
than the triangular achenium : culms tufted from hard tuberiferous rootstocks. 

15. C. SctlweinUzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (l°-2°bigh) ; 
leaves linear; umbel simple, 4 - 8-rayed ; spikes crowded at the upper part of the 
mostly elongated rays, erect, loosely 6 - 9-flowered, a bristly bract at the base of 
each; scales awl-pointed, scarcely longer than the ovate achenium; joints of the 
axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores, &c, Lake Ontario, New York, to 
Illinois, and northwestward. Aug. — Spikes J' -J' long: the scales large in 
proportion. 



494 CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 

16. C. Ul'ayii, Toit. Calm thread-form, wiry (6'- 12' high) ; leaves learlg 
bristle-shaped, channelled; umbel simple, 4-6-rayed; spikes 5-10 in a loose head, 
spreading, 5 - 7-flowered, the Joints of the axis winged; scales rather ol>tuse, green- 
ish-chestnut-color; acheninm obovate, minutely pointed. — Barren sandy soil, 
Rhode Island to Xew Jersey, near the coast. Aug. (Approaches the next.) 

17. C. iiliculiilis, VahL Culm slender, why, often reclined (3'- 15' 
high) ; leaves linear (1" - 2' 7 wide) ; spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile dense 
head, or in 1-3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 - 10-flowered ; joints oj 
the axis naked ; scales blunt, greenish; achenium obovate, short-pointed. (C. mu- 
riscoides, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. Aug. 

$4. MARIS CITS, Vahl. — Style S-cleft : the achenium triangular: stamens 3 
spikes 1 -few-flowered, scarcely flattened ; the 2 lower scales short and empty : oth- 
encise as in § 3. 

18. C. OVliSariS, Torr. Smooth; culm sharply triangular (6'- 12' high) ; 
umbel 1-6-rayed; spikes in globular dense heads, 2-\-flowered, short and thick: 
joints of the axis winged; scales ovate, blunt, greenish ; achenium obovoid. 1J. 
(Kyllingia. Mickx.) — Sandy soil, S. Xew York to Illinois and southward. 
Aug. - Oct. — Heads barely J' in diameter, of 50-100 spikes. 

19. C# retrofr:ictllS 9 Torr. Culm minutely downy like the leaves, rough 
on the obtusish angles (l°-3°high); umbel many-rayed; spikes slender, awl- 
snaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the elongated 
rays, soon refexed, l-2-fowered in the middle; scales usually 4 or 5. the two 
lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate, the uppermost involute-awl-shaped; 
achenium linear. 1J. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to 
Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Spikes ^' long, 50-100 in a head, greenish. 

2. KYLLI^GIA, L. Kyllingia. 

Spikes of 3-4 two-ranked scales, 1 - lj-flowered; the 2 lower scales minute 
and empty, as in Cyperus § 4, otherwise as in Cyperus § 1 (viz. style 2-elef: ; 
achenium lenticular) : but the numerous spikes densely aggregated in solitary 
or triple sessile heads. Involucre about 3-lcaved. (Named after Kylling, a 
Danish botanist.) 

I. K.. punsila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (4'' 
broad); spikes strictly 1 -flowered; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the 
keel; stamens 2 ; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois, and southward 
Aug. — Culms 2' - 9' high. 

3. Dl'LiCHIUX, Richard. Duliciiium. 

Spikes many- (6 -10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary 
solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Scales 2-ranked, 
lanceolate. Perianth of 6 - 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamen? 3. Style 
2-cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the leng persist- 
ent style. — A perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed 
and leafy to the summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The r.dmn 
of a Greek island ; its application unexplained.) 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 495 

1. I>. Spathaceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds; common. July - 
Sept. 

4. HEIICABPHA, Nees. Hemicarpha. 

Spikes many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral cluster, sessile. Scales 
regularly imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single be- 
hind the flower, very thin, finally often adhering to or wrapped around the ob- 
long or obovoid pointless naked achenium. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Style 
2-cleft. — Little tufted annuals resembling Scirpus, except as to the minute inner 
scale, which is readily overlooked ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at 
the base. (Name from J7/xt, half, and Kapcpos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the 
single inner scalelet on one side of the flower.) 

1. H. subsquarrdsa, Nees. Dwarf (l'-4 ; high); involucre 1 -leaved, 
as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute 
leaf; spikes 2-3 (2" long) ; scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point, 
(Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers ; not rare, 
often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July. — Var. Drummondii (H. Drum- 
mondii, Nees) is a form with single and pale or greenish heads. — Illinois and 
southward. 

5. ELEOCHABIS, E. Brown. Spike-Rush. 

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scales 
imbricated all round in many, rarely in 2 or 3, ranks. Perianth of 3 - 12 (com- 
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta- 
mens 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is 
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or obtusely triangular achenium. — Leaf- 
less, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or 
creeping rootstocks. (Name from eXos, a marsh, and x^P^i io delight in ; being 
marsh plants.) 

$ 1. LIMN6CHLOA, Nees. — Scales of the dense and terete many-flowered spike 
papery -coriaceous and rounded, with a scarious margin, pale : style 3-clefl : ache- 
nium doubly convex, about equalling the biistles. 

* Culms large and stout, often thicker than the cylindrical spike: scales faintly many" 
striate, and densely imbricated so as usually to form (five) distinct spiral rows : 
sheaths at the base often nearly leaf bearing. (Limnochloa proper.) 

1. E. equisetOldes, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many 
cross partitions (2° high, thick as a goosequill) ; achenium smooth, crowned with 
a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olney), Michigan 
(Houghton), Delaware, and southward. — Spike 1' or more long. 

2. E. quadrangflllata, R. Brown. Culm even, sharply 4-angled (2°- 
4° high) ; achenium finely reticulated, crowned with a conical flattened distinct 
tubercle. — Penn., Michigan, and southward. 

# * Culms slender : spike ovate or oblong : scales with a midrib. 

3. E. tuberculosa, R. Brown. Culms striate (8' -12' high) ; bristles 
strongly barbed downward ; achenium triangular, ribbed and minutely reticulated, 



496 CYFERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

surmounted by a flattish cap-shaped tubercle as large as itself. — Wet sandy places, 
Massachusetts, along the coast, to Virginia and southward. 

§ 2. ELEOCHARIS Proper. — Scales of the terete several -many -flowered spike 
membranaceous, and with a midrib or nerve, imbricated in more than three ranks. 

* Achenium lenticular (smooth) : style 2-cleft, in No. 4 commonly 3-cleJl: spike dense, 

many-flowered: culms rather slender, spongy. (Eleogenus, Nees.) 

4. E. oMusa, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8'- 14' high) from 
fibrous roots; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblong, obtuse (dull brown); the 
scales very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crowded in many ranks ; style 3- 
(rarely 2-) cleft ; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the 
length of the 6 bristles, crowned with a short and very broad flattened tubercle. — 
Muddy places ; everywhere common. 

5. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slen 
der matted rootstocks (2' -4' high); spike ovate, acutish, 20 - 30-flowered ; scales 
ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated in many ranks (purple with a green mid- 
rib and slightly scarious margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked 
with a narrow tubercle, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles. — Inundated 
sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey near the coast, and southward. 

6. E. palitstris, R. Brown. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high), 
from running rootstocks; spike oblong -lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales 
ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and 
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest 
rounded and often enlarged ; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned 
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually 
4 biistles. — Var. glaucescens (S. glaucescens, Willd.l) : culms slender or fili- 
form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak -like, sometimes half the length of the 
achenium. — Var. calva (E. calva, Torr.): bristles wanting; tubercle short, 
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York, 
Crawe). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall; or in 
low grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.) 

* * Achenium triangular : style 3-clefl : histles sometimes few and fragile or alto- 

gether wanting. (Scirpidium, Nees, nearly.) 

** Spike much broader than the filiform or slender culm : scales imbricated in several 

ranks, brownish or purplish with scarious whitish margins, l-nerved. 

-*• Bristles 4-6, longer than the achenium, stout and bearded downward. 

7. E. rostellixta, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect 
(l°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute, 12- 
20-flowercd ; scales ovate, obtuse, rather rigid (light brown) ; achenium smooth, 
obovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is 
overtopped by the 4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney), Penn Yan, 
New York (Sartwell), and Michigan.—- Allied to S. multicaulis of Eu. 

8. E. intermedia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved, 
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6' -12' long) ; 
spike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 10 - 18-flowered (2" -3" long): scales oblong, 
obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium smooth, obovoid with 



CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 497 

a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, 
which nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kunth!) — Wet slopes ; com- 
mon northward, and west to Illinois. 

++ ++ Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium and fragile, or none. 

9. E« tenuis, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply A-angular 
(1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acutish, 20 - 30-flowered (3" long) ; 
scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ; 
achenium obovate, roughened with close and fine projecting dots, crowned with a small 
depressed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting. 
(E. elliptica, Kunth !) — Wet meadows and bogs ; common. 

10. E. COflipressa, Sullivant. Culms fiat, strongly striate, slender, 
erect (l^- high); spike ovate-oblong, 20 - 30-flowered (4" long); scales lanceolate- 
ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit; the style 
2-cleft; achenium obovate-pear-shaped, obtusely 3-angled, obscurely wrinkled-pitted, 
crowned with a small globular-conical tubercle ; bristles none (rarely a single rudi- 
ment). — Wet places, N. New York, Ohio, and Illinois. — Culms tufted on run- 
ning rootstocks, |" broad, strikingly flat, spirally twisted in drying. 

11. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9' 
-18 ; high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered 
(3" -6" long) ; scales roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious 
margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit 
entirely covered like a lid by the flatly depressed tubercle, which is raised in the cen- 
tre into a short abrupt triangular point; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the (soon 
blackish) achenium, fragile, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachu- 
setts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. Scales closely many-ranked, 
as in the first division of § 2. 

12. E. tricostata, Torr. Culms flattish, thread-like (i°- 2° high) ; spike 
cylindrical-oblong, densely many-flowered (6 ,, -9 // long), thickish; scales ovate, 
very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3 
prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical 
acute tubercle; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and 
southward. 

««- -t- Spike lance-linear, scarcely broader than the sharply triangular culm : scales 
Jew-ranked, greenish, finely several-nerved on the keeled back. 

13. E. Rol>"binsii, Oakes. Flower-hearing culms exactly triangular, rather 
stout, erect (8' -2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems, like 
fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely truncate ; scales of tho 
pointed spike 3-9, convolute-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, with scarious mar- 
gins ; achenium oblong-obovate, 3-angular, minutely reticulated, about half tho 
length of the 6 downwardly-barbed strong bristles, tipped with a flattened awl- 
shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire 
(Bobbins) ,to New Jersey, C. E. Smith, &c. — Spike varying from £' to 1' long, by 
1" wide ; the long scales being rather remote and sheath-like. 

$3. CHiETOCYPERUS, Nees. — Scales of 'the compressed few -several-flowered 
spike membranaceous, 2 - 3-ranked: bristles 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious : style 3-cleft : 
achenium triangula - or somewhat terete : cidms small and capillary. 



498 cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 

* Achenium obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides. 

14. E. acicillariS, R. Brown. Culms finely capillary (2' -8' long), 
more or less 4-angular; spike 3-9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse 
(greenish with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, tumid, with 3 ribbed 
angles and 2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely stri 
ate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular 
(S. trichodes, MuhL, &c.) — Muddy places, and margins of brooks; common 
(Eu.) 

* ^ Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides. 

15. E. pygm&a, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1'- 
2 high); spike ovate, 3 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather 
acute ; achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a 
minute tubercle; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. 
pusillus, VahL? Cbaetocyperus polymorph us, Nees?) — Brackish marshes and 
river-banks, as far as salt water reaches. 

16. E. microcarpa, var. 1 filiculmis, Torr. " Culms capillary or 
thread-like, wiry, 4-angular (3' -4' high) ; spikes oblong, often proliferous, 15-25- 
flowered; bristles nearly as long as the obovate-oblong (obtusely triangular) nut 
without the tubercle; scales dark chestnut-color." — Wet places, in the pine 
barrens of New Jersey, Torrey. 

6. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush. Club-Rush. 

Spikes many - several-flowered, terete, single or mostly clustered, and sub- 
tended by one or more involucral leaves, often appearing lateral from the exten- 
sion of an involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly 
imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Stamens 
mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, 
or leaving a persistent jointless base as a tip or point to the lenticular or trian- 
gular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base ; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. 
Perennials, except No. 8. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) See Addend. 

§ 1. SCIRPUS Proper. — Bristles rigid, not exserted, mostly barbed downwards. 
* Spike single, terminal, with an empty scale or bract at its base equalling or overtop- 

ping it, few-flowered : culms slender, jointless, leaf-bearing only at the base (style 

3-cleft: achenium triangular, smooth). 

1. S. crespitOSUS, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base, 
incompact turfy tufts ( 3' -10' high) ; the upper sheath prolonged into a short 
awl-shaped leaf; spike ovoid, rusty-color ; the 2 lower scales bract-like, callous- 
pointed, and as long as the spike ; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly 
short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of Maine, New Hamp- 
shire, and N. New York. Also high mountains of Virginia 1 (Eu.) 

2. S. plailifdlius, Muhl. Culms triangular, loosely tufted (5'- 10' high), 
leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat, as long as the culm, rough on the edges and 
keel, as is the culm ; spike ovate or oblong, rusty-color ; scales ovate, with a 
strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip, the lowest about as long as the 
spike; bristles 4-6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium. — Dry or 
moist woods, Delaware to New England June. 



CYPERACE.fi. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 499 

3. S. SUbtermillsiliS, Torr. Culms (1°-S° long) and slender terete 
leaves immersed and cellular ; spike overtopped by a green bract, which appears like 
a prolongation of the culm, oblong, raised out of the water ; scales scarcely- 
pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed 
achenium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England to Michi- 
gan, and westward. Aug. f 

* # Spikes clustered [rarely reduced to one), appearing lateral by the extension of the 

one-leaved involucre exactly like a continuation of the naked culm. 

+- Cidm triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks : spikes many-flowered, 

rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing. 

4. S. piingen§, Vahl. Culm sharply 3-angled throughout (l°-4° high), 
with concave sides ; leaves 1-3, elongated (4'- 10' long), keeled and channelled; 
spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; 
scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and awl-pointed from between 
the acute lobes ; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage ; 
style 2-cleft ; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate 
smooth achenium. (S. triqueter, Michx., not of L. S. Americanus, Pers.) — 
Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. — This is the species 
generally used for making rush-bottom chairs. (Eu.) 

5. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout 
(2° -7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short 3-angular leaf or none , spikes 6- 
12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales 
orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious 
apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bris- 
tles 6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex mucronate achenium. — Salt 
marshes, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes, Rhode Island, Olney, and New Jersey, . 
Knieskern ; also southward. July. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-raycd, 
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. triqueter, 
which has similar anthers and an abbreviated or almost abortive leaf; but its 
culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of them umbellate- 
stalked. 

6. S. Torreyi, Olney. Culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender 
(2° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2-3, more than half the length of the culm, tri- 
angular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, ovate-oblong, acute, distinct, sessile, long 
overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire, 
barely mucronate ; style 3-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular obovate 
very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucronatus, Pursh ? Torr. Fl. N. Y.) 
— Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Michigan. July, 
Aug. — (S. mucronatus, L., should it be found in the country, will be known 
by its leafless sheaths, conglomerate head of many spikes, stout involucral leaf 
bent to one side, &c.) 

■*- +-> Culm terete, naked. 

7. S. lacustriS, L. (Bulrush.) Culm large, cylindrical, gradually 
tapering at the apex (3° -8° high), the sheath bearing a small linear-awl-shaped 
leaf or none ; spikes ovate-oblong, numerous, in a con pound umbel-like panicle 
turned to one side, rusty-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4 - 6 ; achenium 



500 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

obovate, mucronate, plano-convex. — Our plant appears constantly to have a 2- 
cleft style, and the scales often a little downy on the back, and is S. validus,T r a&. 
& S. acutus, Muhl. — Fresh-water ponds and lakes; common. July. — Culm 
as thick as the finger at the base, tipped with an erect and pointed involucral 
leaf, which is shorter or longer than the panicle. (Eu.) 

8. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms slender (6'- 12' high), striate, tufted, from 
fibrous roots, leafless, or 1 -leaved at the base ; spikes ovate, few (1-8) in a sessile 
cluster, appearing deeply lateral by the prolongation of the 1 -leaved involucre; 
scales round-ovate (greenish-yellow) ; style 2-3-cleft; bristles 4-6, longer than 
the obovate plano-convex or lenticular shining minutely dotted achenium, or 
rarely obsolete. (J) — Low banks of streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, Illi- 
nois, and southward. Aug. S( £~* / Jt 

* * * Spikes clustered and mostly umbelled, plainly terminal, many-flowered : involu- 
cre leafy : culm leafy, triangular, and with closed joints below (style 3-cleft). 
+r Scales of the large spikes awl-pointed, lacerate-3-cleft at the apex. 

9. S. Hiaritimus, L. (Sea Club-Rush.) Leaves flat, linear, as long 
as the stout culm (l°-3°high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal; 
spikes few - several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays 
bearing 1-1 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty brown) spikes ; achenium obovate- 
orbicular, much compressed, flat on one side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, mi- 
nutely pointed, shining, longer than the\-§ unequal and deciduous (sometimes 
obsolete) bristles. — Yar. macrostAchyos, Michx. (S. robustus, Pursh.) is a 
larger form, with very thick oblong or cylindrical heads, becoming l'-l-J' long, 
and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes ; common on 
the coast, and near salt springs (Salina, New York), &c. Aug. — Heads beset 
with the spreading or recurved short awns which abruptly tip the scales. (Eu.) 

10. S. fluvMtiEis* (River Club-Rush.) Leaves flat, broadly linear 
(J-' or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very 
long involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated, 
recur ved-spreading , bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; acheni- 
um obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely 
equalling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. marit., var. ? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn. Ell.) 
— Borders of lakes and large streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and Illinois. 
July, Aug. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° - 4° high. Leaves rough- 
ish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest l°-2° 
long. Principal rays of the umbel 3 / -4 / long, sheathed at the base. Heads |' 
to \jj! long, paler and duller than in No. 9 ; the scales less lacerate and the awns 
less recurved ; the fruit larger and very different. 

-t- 4- Scales of the small compound-umbelled and clustered heads mucronate-tipped. 

11. S. -SylvaticilS, L. Culm leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves broadly linear, 
flat, rough on the edges ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular ; the numerous 
spikes clustered (3-10 together) in dense heads, ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive- 
green turning brownish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed their whole length, straight, 
scarcely longer than the convex-triangular achenium. — Low grounds, N. New 
England and northward. — Var. atr6virens (S. atrovirens, Muhl.) is a form 
with the spikes (10-30 together) conglomerate into denser larger heads. — Wet 



CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 501 

meadows, &c, New England to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and north- 
ward. July. (Eu.) 

12. S. polyphyftlllS, Vahl. Culm, umbel, &c. as in the last; spikes 
clustered in heads of 3 - 8, ovoid, becoming cylindrical with age, yellowish-brown ; 
bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the 
length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. brunneus, Muld.) — Swamps 
and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. July. 
— Intermediate in character between the last and the next. 

§ 2. TRICH6PHORUM, Eichard. — Bristles capillary, tortuous and entangled, 
naked, not barbed, much longer than the (triangular) achenium, when old projecting 
beyond the rusty-colored scales. (Leaves, involucre, frc. as in the last species.) 

13. S. liBiealllS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3°high); leaves 
linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and axillary, 
loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 -3-leaved involucre much 
shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on 
thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate 
green-keeled and pointed scales ; achenium sharp-pointed. — Low grounds, W. 
New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 

14. S. Erioplioriiin, Michx. (Wool-Grass.) Culm nearly terete, 
very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the invo- 
lucre 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length 
drooping ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedi- 
celled, woolly at maturity ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless 
scales; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L.) — Yar. cyperi- 
Kus (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spike conglomerate in 
small heads. Var. laxus (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the heads scattered, 
the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur, and the 
umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps ; common northward 
and southward. July - Sept. 

7. ERI^PHOBUI, L. Cotton-Grass. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Peri- 
anth woolly, of numerous (rarely 6) flat and delicate hair-like bristles much 
longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white 
tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style (3-cleft) and achenium as in Scirpus. Pe- 
rennials. (Name from epiov, wool or cotton, and <popd, bearing.) 

* Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single : small, involucre none, 

1. E. alpfiBllini, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running 
rootstock (6' -10' high), scabrous, naked: sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — 
Cold peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and far northwaid. May, 
June. (Eu.) 

# # Bristles very numerous, long, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit. 
4- Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none : wool silvery white. 

2. E. vagi ii ft turn, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the 



502 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

base, and with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, tri- 
angular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at matu- 
rity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; 
rare. June. (Eu.) 

•*- •»- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate. 

3. E. Virg-inicum, L. Culm rigid (2° -4° high); leaves narrowly 
linear, elongated, flat ; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty or 
copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs and low 
meadows ; common. July, Aug. 

4. JE. poly§tacliyoi£ 9 L. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), obscurely triangu- 
lar ; leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; involucre 
2-3-leaved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon- 
gated in fruit; achenium obovate ; wool white, very straight (l ; long or more). 
— Var. angustif6lium (E. angustifolium, Roth, and European botanists, not 
of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.) has smooth peduncles.— 
Var. latif6lium (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Toir., frc.) has rough 
peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in 
bogs, especially northward, and often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, 
indicating that the species should probably be left as Linnaeus founded it. June, 
July. (Eu.) 

5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular; 
leaves slender, channelled-tri angular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale- 
like, mostly l-leaved; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent ; achenium ellipti- 
cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe, E. angustifolium, Ton\) — Cold bogs, New 
England to Illinois, and northward. July, Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, when 
mature the copious white wool J f to |' long. Scales brownish, several-nerved, 
or in our plant, var. paucinervium, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-color, 
and about 3-nerved. (Eu.) 

8. FIMBBISTYLIS, Vahl. (Species of Scirpus, L.) 

Spikes several -many-flowered, terete; the scales all floriferous, regularly im- 
bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c.) none. Stamens 1-3. Style 
2-3-cleft, with a thickened bulbous base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4) 
from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as in 
Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the 
involucre 2 - 3-leaved. (Name compounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the 
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) 

$ 1. FIMBRISTYLIS Proper. — Style 2-cleft, mostly flat and ciliate on the 
margins, falling away with the bulbous base from the lenticular achenium; scales of 
the many-flowered spike very closely imbricated. 

1. F. spadicea, Vahl. Culms (l°-2j° high) naked above, rigid, as are 
the thread-form convolute-channelled leaves, smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming 
cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" -thick) ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium minutely 
striate and dotted. % (F. cylindrica, Vahl.) — Salt marshes along the coast 
New York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 503 

2. F. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high), weak, grooved and flat- 
fish; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy; spikes ovate, 
acute (3" long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium 6-8-ribbed on each side, and with finer cross 
lines. (£) (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly 
clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 

$ 2. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib.— Style Z-cleft: achenium triangular: other- 
wise nearly as in § I. 

3. F. autumiialis, Rcem. & Schult. Low (3' -9' high), in tufts; culms 
flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes ob- 
long, acute (l"-2" long) single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo- 
late, mucronate ; stamens 1-3. ® (Scirpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds, 
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 

§3. ONC6STYLIS, Martius. — Style S-cleft, slender, its small bulb more or less 
persistent on the apex of the triangular achenium. 

4. F« capillsiris. Low, densely tufted (3' -9' high); culm and leaves 
nearly capillary, the latter all from the base, short ; umbel compound or pani- 
cled; spikes (2 n long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2 ; achenium minutely wrinkled, 
very obtuse. (J) (Scirpus, L.) — Sandy fields, &c, common, especially south- 
ward. Aug. - Sept. 

9. FIJI REN A, Rottbdll. Umbrella-Grass. 

Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. 
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri- 
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually 
with as many alternate small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium 
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms obtusely angu- 
lar. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.) 

1. F. squarrdsa, Michx. Stem (1°- 2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths 
hairy ; spikes ovoid-oblong ( J' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread- 
ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate, awn-pointed, the interposed bris- 
tles minute. — Var. ptjmila, Torr. is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 2-6 
spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. 1J. — Sandy wet 
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward; also Michigan; northward 
mostly the small variety. Aug. 

10, PSILOCARYA, Torr. Bald-Rush. 

Spikes ovoid, terete, many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Scales imbri- 
cated in several ranks ; the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens usu- 
ally 2. Style 2-cleft. Achenium doubly convex, more or less wrinkled trans- 
versely, crowned with the persistent tubercle or dilated base of the style. — Culms 
leafy ; the spikes in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from y\n\os, bare, and 
Kapva y nut, alluding to the absence of bristles.) 

1. P. SCirpoidcs, Torr. Spikes 20 - 30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, 
acute, chestnut-colored ; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword 



504 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

shaped persistent style, and somewhat margined; culm 4' -9' high : leaves flat. 
® — Inundated places, Khode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. July. 

11. DICHBOMEWA, Richard. Dichromena. 

Spikes terete, flattened, aggregated in a terminal leafy involucrate head 
many-flowered; some of the flowers imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 3. 
Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the 
broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping rootstocks ; the 
leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from 6\'s, 
double, and xpcofxa, color). 

1. D. leucocepliala, Michx. Culm triangular ; leaves narrow ; invo- 
lucre 5-7-leaved; achenium truncate, not margined, lj. — Damp pine barrens 
of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. August. 

12. CEBATOSCHflGlVUS, Nees. Horned Rush. 

Spikes spindle-shaped, producing 1 perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers. 
Scales few and loosely imbricated; the lower ones empty. Perianth of 5-6 
rigid or cartilaginous flattened bristles, which are somewhat dilated or united 
at the base. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening in fruit into a long 
and slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak with a narrow base, much ex- 
serted, and several times longer than the flat and smooth obovate achenium. — 
Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, and large spikes clustered in simple or 
compound terminal and axillary cymes. (Name composed of Kepas, a horn, and 
axolvos, a rush.) 

1. C. COriliC Ulata, Nees. Cymes decompound, diffuse; bristles awl-shaped, 
stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, Penn. to Illinois, and 
southward. August. — Culm 3° - 6° high. Leaves J' wide. Fruit with the 
taper beak I 1 long. 

2. C. macrostachya, Gray. Cymes somewhat simple, small, the spikes 
closely clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of 
ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and rare southward. 
(Some states occur intermediate between this and the last.) 

13. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rush. 

Spikes ovate, few - several-flowered ; the lower of the loosely imbricated 
scales empty, the uppermost usually with imperfect flowers. Perianth of 6 (oi 
rarely more) bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular 
or globular, crowned with the dilated and persistent base of the style (tubercle). 
— Perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the small spikes in 
terminal and axillary clusters, cymes, or heads : flowering in summer. (Name 
composed of pvyxos, a snout, and (nropa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.) 
# Achenium transversely wrinkled, more or less flattened, histles upwardly denticulate. 

1. R. cymdsa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear (£' wide); cymes 
corymbose ; the spikes crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the 



CTEERACE^. ( SEDGE FAMILY.) 505 

length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical, tubercle. — 
Low grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

2. K, TTorrey£kna, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; 
cymes panicled, somewhat loose, Jhe spikes mostly pedicel led ; achenium oblong-obo- 
vate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical 
tubercle. — Swamps ; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. 

3. K. inexg)ftlisa 9 Vahl. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly lin- 
ear; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly peclicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong, 
half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-sub- 
ulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 

* * Achenium smooth and even, lenticular. 
-*- Bristles of the perianth denticulate or barbed upwards. 

4. R. fusca.3 Rcem. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes 
ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1-3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium 
obovate, half the length of the bristles, about the length of the triangular-sword- 
shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds, 
New Jersey to New Hampshire : rare. July. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (Eu.) 

5. 1£. graelisilta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2-4 
small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the 
bristles, about the length of the flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, 
S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high. 

+- •*- Bristles denticulate or barbed downwards (in No. 9 both ways). 

6. IS. alfoa? Vahl. Leaves almost bristle-form ; spikes (whitish) several in a 
corymbed cluster, lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter than the 
9-11 bristles, a little longer than the slender beak-like tubercle ; stamens usually 
only 2. — Bogs; common eastward (both north and south) and northward. — 
Culm slender, 12' -20' high. (Eu.) 

7. JE£. capillfacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal 
cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong -lanceolate (palo 
chestnut-color, J' long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, 
about half the length of the 6 stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate- 
beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Pennsylvania to New York and 
Michigan. — Culm 6' - 9' high, slender. 

8. f£. K.lliesli.erilii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikes nu- 
merous, crowded in 4 -6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (chestnut-color, scarcely 1" 
long) ; achenium obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the 6 bristles, twice the 
length of the triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on 
bog iron-ore banks exclusively (Knimkern), and southward; rare. — Culms 
tufted, 6' -18' high, slender. 

9. R. giomeriata, Vahl. Leaves linear, fat ; spikes numerous in distant 
clusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong 
(chestnut-brown) ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long 
as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly 
barbed bristles. — Low grounds, Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — Culm 
l°-2° high. — A state with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Gray,. 



506 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

10. R. ceplialailtlia, Ton*. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled ; spikes 
very numerous, crowded in 2-3 or more dense globular heads which are distant (and 
often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achenium orbicular-obovate, mar- 
gined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the 
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed either downwards or upwards. — Sandy 
swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high : 
the fruit, &c. larger than in the last, of which very probably it is only a marked 
variety. 

14. CLADIUl, P. Browne. Twig-Rush. 

Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones 
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower; the terminal 
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decid- 
uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, 
without any proper tubercle. — Perennials, with the aspect of Rhynchospora. 
(Name from Kkdbos, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the branching styles 
of some species.) 

1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Culm obscurely triangular (l°-2° high); 
leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough -margined ; cymes small; the spikes 
clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 3-cleft. (Schcenus, 
Muhl.) — Bogs, New England to N". Illinois, and northward. July. 

15. SCLEBIA, L. Nut-Rush. 

Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usually intermixed with 
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower 
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, bony, 
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. — Perennials, with triangular 
leafy culms. (Name (TKknpia, hardness, from the bony or crustaceous fruit.) 

* Achenium smooth and polished : its base surrounded by an obscurely triangular crus- 

taceous ring or disk: stamens 3. 

1. S. trigloinerata, Michx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear 
leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters, 
the lower peduncled; achenium ovoid-globular, slightly pointed (2" broad). — 
Low grounds, Vermont to "Wisconsin, &c. ; common southward. July. 

* * Achenium reticulated, seated on a flatfish disk of 3 conspicuous and ovate-lan- 

ceolate entire scale-like lobes : stamens 2. 

2. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly 
linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or short-ped uncled ; ache- 
nium globular, deeply pitted between the regular reticulations, not hairy. — Sandy 
swamps, Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, Virginia, and southward : rare. 
August. 

3. S. laxa, Ton\ Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear; 
clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping; achenium globular > 
pitted and somewhat spirally marked with minutely hairy wrinkles. — Sandy swamps, 
Long Island, New Jersey, and southward, near the coast. Too like the last. 



CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507 

K= # # Achem'um warty -roughened, but shining and white: dish a narrow ring sup- 
porting 6 minute rounded tubercles, in pairs : stamens 3. 

4. 8. paticsildra, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish ; culms slen- 
der (9* -18' high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered, the lower 
lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate. — Swamps and hills, S. 
and W. New England, W. New York, and southward. July. 

* ■% * =fc Disk none: achenium white, rough with minute tubercles : stamens 1-2. 

5. S. vei'ticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple and slender (6' -10' 
high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile clusters; 
bracts minute; leaves linear; achenium globular (small). — Swamps, Yates 
County, New York (Sartwell), Michigan (Cooley), Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), 
Ohio (Lesquereux), and southward. June. 

16. CABEX, L. Sedge* 

Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either borne together 
in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very 
rarely on distinct plants (dioecious). Scales of the spikes 1 -flowered, equally 
imbricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflat- 
ed sac (composed of two inner scales (bractlets) united at their margins), form- 
ing a rounded or angular bladdery fruit (perigynium), contracted towards tl<e 
apex, enclosing the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, which is 
crowned with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style. 
Stigmas 2-3, long, projecting from the orifice of the perigynium. — Perennial 
herbs, chiefly flowering in April or May, frequently growing in wet places, often 



* Contributed by John Carey, Esq , with the subjoined explanatory note. 

%i In arranging the Carices for your work, I have had constantly in view the species compre- 
hended within your geographical range, and have framed the sections and subsections with es- 
pecial reference to these, without regard to other excluded species belonging, in many cases, to 
the same groups, but exhibiting peculiarities which would require the combining characters to 
be modified or changed Indeed, most of my subsections would, iu a monograph of the genus, 
require to stand as distinct sections, with appropriate subdivisions. I have thought it an as- 
gi- fcance to the student to give a leading name to the principal groups, and in some cases have 
a iopted those already suggested by different authors ; but as I am uncertain whether the char- 
acters on which I rely are in accordance with their views, I have cited no authorities under 
such subsections. I have endeavored to bring the allied groups (as I understand them) as 
nearly together as I could ; but this, of course, is not always practicable in any lineal arrange- 
ment. It might, however, have been done with much greater satisfaction on a larger and more 
comprehensive scale. I have retained the small artificial group Psyllophorae, from its manifest 
convenience, but should not have done so in a more philosophical work. Upon the whole, I 
am inclined to hope that the present will at least possess this one advantage over the hitherto 
more artificial arrangement in general use, — that a student, when acquainted with one species 
of a group, will be enabled to recognize the co-specie3 for himself, whilst a merely artificial 
enumeration must at times place very incongruous forms in juxtaposition. Any increased 
difficulty, if such there be, in commencing the study of this vast and intricate genus upon 
principles of natural classification, will be amply repaid by the more accurate knowledge ot 
structure thus obtained, than by a reliance merely on the loose external characters derived 
from the number and position of the spikes. I shall be well satisfied if my attempt shall be 
an assistance to others in doing far better, hereafter." Ed. 1. — The additions and alterations 
tn the present edition are mainlv from notes obligingly furnished by Mr. Carey. 



508 CYrERACF^E. (sedge family.) 

in dense tufts. Cu'ms triangular, healing the spikes in the axils of green and 
leaf-like or scale-like bracts ; commonly with thin membranaceous sheaths at 
the base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, 
usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signifi- 
cation ; derived by some from careo, to want, the upper spikes being mostly 
sterile; and by others from Keipco, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves.) 

ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS. 

A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-like. — 

(This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, and combines 
species having no real natural affinity.) — FSYLLOPIIOIl/E, Loisel. 
$ 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staminate flowers at its base. No. 1-3. 
2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. No 4-7. 

B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer- 

tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. - PIIYLLOSTAC1IYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 8 -10. 

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile, 

forming compact, or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or de- 
compound spikes. Stigmas 2 — YIGNEA, Beauv. 
§ 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 11 - 13. 

2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No. 14-28. 

3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at ;he base No. 29-41. 

D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple 

spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper- 
most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all 
pistillate (fertile) or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 3 (or 
only 2 in No. 42-49 and 58). — CAKEX Phoper. 

* Perigynia with merely a minute or short point, not prolonged into a beak. 
§ 1. Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 51), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute 
straight point ; glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with 
purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1 - 3, or the terminal spike 
androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No 42 - 57. 

2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless or with a straight or 
oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex- 
cept sometimes in No. 62) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No. 
58 - 71. 

3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 70 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute 
straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile. 
No. 72, 73. 

4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or 
recurved point, remaining green at rnaturit}*. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green 
and leaf-like (except in No. 74). No 74 - 81 

6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, white 
and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal spike 
all staminate, or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few 
sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green pro- 
longation. No. 82, 83. 

* * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged. 

0. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana- 
ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice Bracts short: culms mostly low and slender ; leaves 
all radical, long and narrow. Staminate spike solitary. No 84 - 90. 

7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire 
or slightly notched orifice Bracts long and leaf -like : culms tall and leafy. Staminate 
epike solitary (in No 91 pistillate at the summit) : fertile spikes erect (except in No. 91)» 
No. 91 -93. 



CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509 

$ 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a 

straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike 

solitary : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulous stalks. No. 94 - 97. 
9. Perigyma slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak, 

terminating in 2 distinct membranaceous teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity. 

Staminate spike solitary. No. 98-101. 
10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate 

spikes usually 2 or more No. 102 - 105. 
1 Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth (except No. 109), conspicuously many-nerved, with 

a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. £taniinate spikes 1- 

5 No. 106-112 
J° Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2- 

toothed beak Staminate spike solitary. No. 113 - 120. 

13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconie, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab- 
rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread- 
ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex. 
No. 121, 122. 

14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, nerved (except No 132), shining and straw-colored at 
maturity, with a tapering and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes 
2-3. No. 123-132 

A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale' 
like. — Psyllophor^e, Loisel. 

$ 1. Spike diozcious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate flowers at the base. 
* Stigmas 2 : leaves all radical, bristle form. 

1. C. gyaiocrates, Worniskiold. Culm and leaves smooth, or minutely 
rough at the top ; barren spike linear; fertile spike. ovoid, loosely flowered ; peri- 
gynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, nar- 
rowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity, 
longer than the acute or acutish scale. (C. dioiea, ed. 1, not of L.) — Swamps, 
Wayne County, New York (Sartwell), to Michigan and northward. (Eu.) 

2. C exllis, Dew. Culm rough ; spike rarely all staminate and filiform, 
but commonly fertile with a few staminate flowers at the base, densely fowled, 
occasionally with 1-2 very small additional fertile spikes below the sterile 
flowers ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, with a few fine nerves only on the 
convex side, serrulate on the margin, 2-toothed at the apex, spreading, rather longer 
than the acute scales. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the 
coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York. 

*= * Stigmas 3 : leaves flat. 

3. C. SCirpOidoa, Michx. Spike narrowly cylindrical ; perigynia o^oid, 
with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the leng^i oi 
the pointed ciliate scale. (C. Wormskioldiana, Homem. C. Michanxii, Sc/:ic.) 
— Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and N. Hampshire ( Oakes, #*c), V7il« 
loughby lit., Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, Michigan, and northward. 

§ 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. 
* Stigmas 2 : leaves brisdeform. 

4. C« capitata, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip- 
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, l**ig*% 



510 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New 
Hampshire, Bobbins, Oakes. (Eu.) 

* ■* Stigmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. 

5. C psiiaeiJ&oi'Si, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2; 

perigynia awl-shaped, rejlexed, straw-colored ; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, 
Ehrh.) — Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.) 

6. C. poSytaiciloides, Muhl. Culm slender; spike very small, few- 
flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, slightly 
nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. (C. lepta- 
lea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs; common. 

•* # # Stigmas 3 : leaves very broad (l'-l^'), longer than the naked culm. 

7. C Fraserifma, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves with- 
out a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins 
(9 ; — 18 f long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm : spike 
oblong, the fertile part becoming globular ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro- 
nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse 
scale; often with a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich woods, 
mountains of Penn. ? Virginia, and southward; rare. — A most remarkable 
species, with no obvious affinity to any other. 

13. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit; bracts and 
scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest 
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri- 
gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much 
exceeding the short, almost radical culms.) — Phyllostachys, Ton*. & Gr. 

8. €• Willdendvii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, closely imbricated ; peri- 
gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering beak; 
achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass., W. 
New York, and southwestward. 

9. C Steustelii, Kunth. Sterile flowers 10-15, rather loosely imbricated 
into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth, 
with a long and abrupt rough beak: achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very 
minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hill-sides, N. 
New York to Illinois and Kentucky. 

10. C Biicftii, Boott. Stei'ile flowers 3, inconspicuous ; perigynia 2 -4, loose, 
globose-ovoid with a conical beak, smooth throughout ; achenium globose-pyriform, 
scarcely dotted ; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom, 
Prof. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. — 
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous, 
than in the last two. 

C Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 
and 33), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes panic- 
ulate-compound or decompound inflorescence : stigmas 2 : achenium lenticular. — 
Vign^a, Beauv. 
§ 1. Spikes approximated, with the staminate and pistillate flowers variously situ 

ated ; perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak ; 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 511 

bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter 
than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy-looking spikes. — Siccat.e. 

11. C. brOfillOldcS, Schk. Spikes 4-G, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some 
of the central ones wholly fertile ; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a taper- 
ing point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale; style 
jointed at the base. — Swamps, &c. ; common. — A slender species, occasionally 
dioecious. 

12. C SlCC&ta, Dew. Spikes 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost, and commonly 
1-3 of the lowest, fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate ; peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the 
length of the scale; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer. C. Lid- 
doni, ed. 1, not of Boott.) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and north- 
westward. 

13. C. Ssil'twelliiy Dew. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper chief- 
ly staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, the 
margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side ; scale ovate, 
pointed, about the length of the perigynium. — Seneca County, New York (Sari- 
well), to Illinois. — Too near C. intermedia of Eu. 

§ 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. 

* Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly-margined 
beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity; 
spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white membrana- 
ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly 
prolongation. — Paniculate. 

14. C« teretiikscilla, Good. Spikes with very short appressed branches, 
forming a slender crowded spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, 
short-stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart- 
shaped base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigyninm ; achenium obovoid- 
pyriform, obtusely triangular. (C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl.) — Swamps ; 
common, especially northward. (Eu.) 

Var. miajor, Koch. Spikes more panicled ; perigynia rather narrower. 
(C. paniculata, var. minor, ed. 1. C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) — ■ 
"Bogs and low grounds, New England tc Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

15. C decoilipcbsita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous dense- 
ly-crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un- 
equally biconvex, sessile, ivith a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each 
side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. deeom- 
posita, Dew.) . — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Pcnn., Illinois, and south- 
westward. 

# * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 2- 
toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, ivith nu- 
merous small very densely -flowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with 
the green keel prolonged into a rough point : bracts short and resembling 
them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle- shaped, and much ex 
ceeding the culm. — Multifl6re. 

27 



512 CYPERACKJB, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

1G. C VUlpinoiden, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or lees 
Interrupted, of 8-10 crowded clusters (1^-2^ long); perigynia ovate from a 
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi- 
flora, Muhl. C. bracteosa and C. polymorph a, Schw. C. microsperma, Wahl) 

— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more strongly 
serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.) — Low meadows; very common. — Varies ex- 
ceedingly in the size and shape of the perigynium and beak. 

* # * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous, 
ivith a thick and spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, distinct- 
ly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 20 and 21), widely spreading and yellow at 
maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decompound : 
scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point : bracts bristle-shaped, 
shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — Vulpinje. 

17. C CFUS-Corvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the 
lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often 
2-toothed at the base: perigynia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate base into 
a very long slightly-winged beak , much exceeding the scale; style tumid at the base. 
(C. sicasformis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and 
southward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, often 
somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves ^' wide. 

18. C. Stipala, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower ones dis- 
tinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering 
from a truncate base, much exceeding the scale; style not tumid at the base. (C. vul- 
pinoidea, Toir., Gyp., not of Michx.) — Swamps and low grounds ; common. 

19. C. Vlllpiaia, L. Spikes numerous, aggregated into a cylindrical and 
dense (or at times elongated and somewhat interrupted) compound spike; peri- 
gynia compressed, tapering from a broadly -ovate base into a beak not much longer than 
the scale; achenium oval; style tumid at the base. — Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky. 

— A tail, robust species, 3° -4° high, with wide leaves and a remarkably thick 
rough culm. It is very like the last, from which it chiefly differs in the more 
compressed and wider base and shorter beaks of the perigynia. — The forms 
with interrupted spikes have also a general resemblance to No. 22 ; which, how- 
ever, is distinguished by the margined and nerveless perigynia. (Eu.) 

20. C. alopecoldea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-10 aggregated spikes, 
oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, very obscurely nerved, ovate from a broad trun- 
cate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; achenium pyri- 
form; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxima, Diw.) — ■ 
Woods, W. New York to Petm., Michigan, &c. — Much resembling the last, 
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the 
nearly nerveless perigynia, and the different achenium and style. 

21. C. muriciita, L. Spikes 4 - 6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the 
lowermost sometimes a little remote ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com- 
pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nei^ved towards the base, rather longer than the 
scale; achenium ovate, base of the style not tumid. — Eields, Massachusetts (in- 
troduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky; rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the last, 
the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (Eu.) 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513 

* * * * Perigynia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem- 
branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26) 
2-toothed beak, spreading and green at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes 
tawny or white: bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. — 

MUHLENBERGIAX^E. 

22. C. gparga Eli Oleics, Muhl. Spikes 6- 10, ovoid; the upper ones ag- 
gregated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless, 
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale ; 
achenium roundish-ovate ; style si tort, tumid at the base. — Var. cei'HALOidea is a 
reduced state, with 4-6 rather smaller spikes, closely aggregated into an oblong 
head; resembling No. 23 in general appearance. (C. cephalophora, var. eepha- 
loidea, & C. cephaloidea, Dew.) — Low rich grounds; not rare: the var. in 
fields and hedges. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves ; some- 
times with 1-2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound 
spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough). 

23. C ceplialdphera, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregat- 
ed in a shoit ovoid head; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the 
outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and 
style as in the last. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.) — Woods and fields ; common. 

24. C Muhlenberg!!, Schk. Spikes 5-7, closely approximate, forming 
an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently nerved 
on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium or- 
bicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields ; rather common, especially south- 
ward. — Plant 12'- 18' high, pale green, commonly with a bract at the base of 
each spike. 

25. C rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others 
all distinct, and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each 
spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the 
broadly ovate obtuse scale. — Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 - 4-now- 
ered spikes. (Var. radiXta, Dew. C. neglecta, Tuckerman.) — Moist woods 
and meadows ; common. 

26. C. retl'Oflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, all approximate, the 1-2 lowest 
distinct but not remote; perigynia (about 5-7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lan- 
ceolate, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed 
scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflcxa, Torr , 
Cyp.) — Copses and moist meadows ; less common than the last, from which it 
is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales, 
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth margin and 
beak of the perigynium. 

* =& ■* =& =fc Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture, 
prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire 
or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri- 
gynium, crowned with the short thick style : bracts like the scales (brown), 
the lowest with a prolonged point: rootstock creeping. — Choiidorhizj:. 

27. C» cliordorlliza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root" 
stock (4' -9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap- 



514 CYrERACEflS. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

pressed leaves ; spikes aggregated into an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, a little 
longer than the scale. — Cold peat-bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and north- 
ward. (En.) 

28. C. tCliellc&, Sclik. Spikes 2-4, very small, remote, with commonly 2 
fertile flowers ; perigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk. 
supp.y not of L. C. disperma, Dew. C. gracilis, ed. 1, not of Ehrli.) — Cold 
swamps, New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender spe- 
cies, G'-12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in tnfts. (En.) 

§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. 

# Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely 
aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming 
whitish or silveiy : scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling 
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — Caxescexxes. 

«- Perigynia somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, with a smooth or mi- 
nutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly notched at the apex. 

29. C« trisperma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile 
flowers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous 
slender nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on 
mountains, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. — Re- 
sembling the last, but with larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, 
l°-2°long. 

30. C tCEllli flora, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated ; 
perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps, 
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

31. C. cawesceilS, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about 
12 - 20-flowered), the 2-3 upper approximated, the rest all distinct and the lower- 
most remote; perigynia ovate, about the length of the pointed scale. (C. curta, 
Good. C. Richardi, Michx.) — Marshes and wet meadows ; common, especially 
northward. (En.) 

Var. Yfifaiis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller 
and roundish 6 - 1 5-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and 
often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var. 
sphserostachya, ed. 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries, 
C. Gebhardi, Boppe. C. sphserostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun- 
tains, and high northward. (Eu.) 

*- +- Perigynia thickened only at the base, obscurely nerved on the outer side, tapering 
into a rough 2-toothed beak. 

32. C. Dewey&lisa, Schw. Spikes about 4 ; the 2 uppermost approxi- 
mate, the others listinct, the lowest long-bractcd ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, 
rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. — Copses, New England 
to Wisconsin, and northward. See Addend. 

* ^ Spikes ovoid or olovoid. more or less clustered; perigynia concave-convex, com- 
pressed, margined or winged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothcd beak, often tawny 
at maturity : scales tawny or white, awnless : bracts bristle-shaped, usually 
falling before the maturity of the spikes (in No. 34 persistent, very long and 
leaf-like.) 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 515 

-*- Spikes small ; periyynla thick and spongy at the base, and with a rigid margin^ 
not dilated. — StellclAt.e. 

33. C. siellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at 
maturity; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped base, widely 
spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate acute scale ; achenium ovate, ab- 
ruptly contracted into a minute stalk; style slightly tumid at the base. — Yar. 
SCIrpoides has smaller more approximate spikes, the perigynia ovate from a 
rounded or truncate base, narrower and less acute scales, and a very short style. 
(C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Var. sterilis has the spikes occasionally dioecious, or 
the staminate ones with but few fertile flowers, and the pistillate nearly destitute 
of barren ones ; the culms stouter and rigidly erect ; and the leaves generally 
glaucous ; achenium rounder, with a more tapering base, and the style scarcely 
tumid at the base. (C. sterilis, Schk.) — Yar. angustAta has about 4 aggre- 
gated spikes, with na?TOiuly lanceolate perigynia tapering into a long slightly rough 
beak, more than twice the length of the blunt scale ; the achenium oblong.-^ 
Swamps and wet meadows; common, especially northward. (Eu.) 

4t 4- Spikes rather large : perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a more 
or less dilated membranaceous margin or wing. — OvAles. 

34. C. SycIlflOCepIiaSa, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short 
compound spiked head subtended by 3 very long unequal leafy bracts ; perigynia taper- 
ing from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, somewhat ex- 
ceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, Dew., not 
of L.) — Jefferson County {Vasey fr Knieskern) and Little Fails, New York, 
Vasey. — Different in habit from all the rest of this section, and recognized at 
once by the ovoid compound spike, seated at the base of the long leafy bracts, 
by which the lower spikes are partly concealed. 

35. C afi'llla, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate (f long), oblong- 
cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in 
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate 
scale; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet 
meadows, Ohio and Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. — In its characters scarce- 
ly distinguished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; a much 
larger plant, with long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes. 

36. C. §cop:\ria, Schk. Spikes 5 -8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more 
or less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head ; perigynia narrowly lanceo- 
late, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale ; ache- 
nium distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows ; everywhere common. — 
Spikes brownish or straw-colored when ripe. 

37. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10- 15, approximate ; perigynia 
ovate-lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-obi.ong rather obtuse scale ; ache- 
nium narrowly oval, on a short stalk. — Var. cristAta has the spikes closely 
aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. (C. cristata, Schw. Sf Torr.) — Wet 
fields ; equally common with the last, from which it is distinguished only by the 
more numerous shorter spikes, and shorter less tapering perigynia and scales. 
The variety has the spikes crowded into an ovate head, to which the diverging 
points of the fruit give a squarrose appearance. 



516 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

38. C. ad&Sta, Boon. Spikes 4-10, approximate or rather distant, ovate 
or at length club-shaped (straw-color or pale chestnut) ; perigynia ovate with a 
tapering beak, slightly winged, rather obscurely nerved, especially on the upper side, 
equalling the scale in length and breadth. — Rhode Island (Olney), New York 
(S. T. Carey, &c), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., with the smaller form), 
and northward. — Much like some forms of the next, but the spikes more chaffy, 
the perigynia tapering into a longer beak. 

39. C fcstlicticea, Schk. Spikes 6-8, obovoid or club-shaped, the lower 
distinct; perigynia ovate, narrowly winged, with a short beak, longer than the ovate- 
lanceolate scale; achenium sessile, broadly oval. — Yar. tenera has (3-5) 
smaller spikes, which are more distant on the slender, flexuose, sometimes nod- 
ding stem. (C. tenera, Dew.) — Yar. mirabilis has (6-8) rounder approx- 
imate spikes, with fewer staminate flowers, and the perigynia somewhat spread- 
ing. (C. mirabilis, Dew.) — About fields and fences ; rather common, especially 
northward. — A stiff and rigid species, often of a pale-green appearance, except 
the first variety, which has commonly brownish heads, and a weak^stem. 

40. C ftJenea, Muhl. Spikes 4- 10, ovoid, approximate, the lower rarely 
compound, of a glaucous-green color ; perigynia ovate, winged, ivith a short beak, 
scarcely longer than the oblong and bluntish white scale ; achenium on a short 
stalk, oval. — Salt or brackish marshes, on the sea-coast, Rhode Island {Olney) 
to Yirginia, and southward. — Much like the last, from which it differs princi- 
pally in the color of the spikes, and in the constantly erect and more broadly- 
margined perigynia. The culm is smooth and stout. 

41. C Stramiaiea, Schk. Spikes (about 6), roundish-ovoid, approximate ; 
perigynia orbicular-ovate, much compressed, broadly and membranaceously winged, 
with a short abrupt beak a little longer than the lanceolate scale ; achenium 
nearly sessile, oval — Borders of woods and in fields; rather common. — The 
larger forms have a remarkably wide wing, often brown on the margin, giving a 
variegated appearance to the soft and flaccid spikes. In the smaller fonns the 
heads are fewer (3-4) and more rigid, owing to the narrower wings of the 
perigynia. 

I>. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate {commonly more or less 
stalked) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes 
constantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; 
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at the 
base or apex : stigmas 3 : achenium sharply triangular (only 2 stigmas and the 
achenium lenticular in No. 42-51 and 58). — Carex Proper. 

§ 1. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No. 51), termi?iating 
in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glaucous-green when young, be- 
coming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or occasionally nearly 
black at maturity: pistillate scales blackish-purple (brown in No. 51 and 57), 
giving a dark appearance to the spikes. 

tt Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate 
spikes 3-5, frequently with sterile flowers at the apex : bract of the lowest spike 
leaf-like, with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and very minute 
sheaths, or none. ( Culm and leaves more or less glaucous.) 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517 

+- Stigmas 2 (in No. 42 sometimes 3) : perigynium lenticular. — Acut^:. 
++ Scales awnless, mostly obtuse. 

42. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, 
erect, rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles; lowest bract about the 
length of the culm, with rounded auricles; stigmas 2-3, mostly 2; perig-ynia el- 
liptical, with an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved, 
about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm rigid, nearly smooth except towards the 
top, about the length of the firm erect leaves. (C. sax'itilis, Fl. Dan., not of 
L.) — Var. Bigelovii has 3-5 longer fertile spikes, the lowest on a long stalk, 
spreading and sometimes remote. (C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. "YYashingtonia, Dew, 
C. nigra, Schw. $p Torr., not of All.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of N. 
New England and New York, and high northward. (En.) 

43. C. torla, Boott, Mss. Sterile spikes 1-2, commonly 1 , fertile 3 - 4, 
elongated, narrowly -cylindrical or slightly club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base, 
occasionally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender 
stalks, at first erect, finally spreading or drooping ; bracts with oblong auricles, or very 
slightly sheathing, the lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped, 
shorter than their respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to 
a distinct poi)it,+wit\\ a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very 
smooth, nerveless, or with 2 ^-3 indistinct short nerves, the tips spreading or ob- 
liquely recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding the narrow obtuse scale ; aehenium 
broadly obovate, much shorter than the perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves 
slightly rough on the margin only. (C. verrucosa, Schwein. C. acuta, var. 
sparsiflora, Dew.?) — Rills and wet banks, N. New England, New York, &c, 
and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Culm rather slender, 15' -2° 
high, usually with 3 slender and nodding fertile spikes. It is well distinguished 
by its smoothness, and by the spreading empty tips of the perigynia. 

44. C. vulgaris. Fries. Sterile spike 1, rarely 2; the fertile 2-4, approx- 
imated, oblong, erert, densely-flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the 
lowest on a very short stalk ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with 
small blackish rounded auricles; perigynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially 
towards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point, 
longer than the obtuse appressed black scale; culm slender, nearly smooth, except 
at the top. (C. easspitosa, Good Sf Amer. auth., not of L. C. Goodenovii, Gay.) 
— Banks of streams, New England to Wisconsin and northward. — Grows in 
small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 46), and varies in height from 3 ; to 
13', with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. From the last it ditfers in the 
short thick spikes, and erect perigynia, and in the auricles of the bracts ; and 
from the next, in the shape and nerves of the perigynium, and in the shorter, 
black, appressed scale. (Eu.) 

45. C. aperta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1-2, oblong-cylindrical, acute; fer- 
tile 2-4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and 
short-stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about 
the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing, 
the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked, 
without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very 



518 » CYPERACE.<E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

slightly rough at the apex, ivith an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and 
much shoi-tcr than the lanceolate pointed brown scale ; culm sharply tr'angular, smooth 
below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. (C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew. ?) 
— Wet meadows, Rhode Island ( Olney), and far westward. — Culm 1° - 2° high, 
with commonly 2 fertile spikes |'-lj' in length, appearing somewhat bristly 
from the long and spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder 
perigynium and nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it. 

46. C. Stricfa, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; the fertile 2 - 4, 
cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short 
stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding the 
culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless or very obscurely few-nerved, 
often minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and 
broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slender, sharply triangular, 
rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves. (C. acuta, 
Muhl. Sf Amer. auth., not of L. C. Virginiana, Smith in Rees, Cycl. C. angus- 
tata, Boott.) — Var. strictior has shorter and more densely flowered fertile 
spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C. stric- 
tior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps; very common. Grows in large and 
thick tufts, 2°-2^° nigh. The scales of the fertile spikes are very variable; 
the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. This species and 
the last have been referred to C. acuta, L., which has not been found in North 
America. 

47. C SLqUoitiliS, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2 -3 ; the fertile 3 - 5 , 
club-shaped, erect, densely flowered, sessile, or the lower on very short stalks; bracts 
long, I -2 of the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovate-ellfptical, stalked, nerve- 
less, with a very short entire point about the length of the lanceolate scale ; culm 
sharply triangular, rough towards the top, not much exceeding the pale-green 
glaucous leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and 
northward. — A rather robust species 2° - 3° high ; the thick fertile spikes 1' - 2 ; 
long. (Eu.) 

48. C IciltlClllariS, Miehx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at the 
top; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (J'-V long), sessile, or the lower short- 
pcduncled, densely-flowered ; bracts exceeding* the culm ; perigynia ovate-oval, 
sessile, more or less nerved, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex- 
ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale ; culm (9' - 15' high) and leaves smooth 
or nearly so. — Lake Avalanche, N. New York (Torrey), Lake Superior, and 
northward. 

++ +■*■ Scales awned. 

49. C. salilia, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2-3; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, 
erect, often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with 
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate- 
elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the roughly- 
aivned dark-brown scale; culm rough at the top, rather exceeding the leaves. — 
Coast of Massachusetts (Greene, W. Boott), and far northward. (Eu.) 

50. C maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each about 2 or 3 
(1' long), spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; perigynia nearly orbicular, 



CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519 

with a short entire point, much shorter than the long-awned greenish scale; culm 
(1° high) and the broad flat leaves smooth. (C. paleacea, Wald.) — Coast of 
Massachusetts and northward ; rare. (Eu.) 

51. C. crillifa, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers various- 
ly intermixed ; the fertile 3-5, long -cylindrical (2' -3' long), densely flowered, on 
exserted nodding stal/cs ; bracts very long, exceeding the culm ; perigyma roundish- 
obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with a short entire point, shorter than 
the oblong roughly -awned light-brown scale; culm (2° -4° high) rough and sharply 
angled, leafy below; the pale leaves 3 f( -4" wide, also rough-edged. — Varies, 
with the awns of the scales very long and the fruit imperfect (var. mqrbida, 
Carey in Sill. Jour. & C. paleacea, Amer. auth., not of Wahl.) ; and with awns 
not much longer than the scales (C. gynandra, Schw.). — Wet meadows and 
borders of rills; very common. — A variable but easily recognized species. 

•*- +- Stigmas 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more 
or less compressed : pistillate spikes borne on exserted filiform drooping stalks. — 
Lim6s^:. 

52. C« flliCCSl, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1 - 2 ; the fertile about 3, cylindrical, 
on exserted drooping stalks, commonly staminate at the top; lower bract usually 
shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; perigynia roundish-ovoid , 
notched at the point, smooth or slightly roughened on the angles, about the length of 
the obtuse or pointed black scale; culm sharply triangular, rough, taller than the 
glaucous rigid leaves. (C. glauca, Scop. C. recurva, lluds. C. Barrattii, 
Schw. <$- Torr.) — Marshes of New Jersey, near the coast, Collins, Knieskern. — 
A widely variable species. (Eu.) 

53. C BilMOSa, L. Staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 1- 2, oblong, 10 ~ 
20-flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow, 
the lowest shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about 
equal to the ovate mucronate scale. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6'- 12' high, erect, longer than the sharp 
and rigid leaves. (Eu.) "< 

54. C irrigMa, Smith. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, ovoid 
or oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or rarely with a few sterile flowers 
at the base ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia 
roundish-ovate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering pointed scale. 
(C. limosa, var. irrigua, Wahl. C. paupercula, Michx.) — Peat-bogs, New Eng- 
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than the last, growing in 
clumps, wkh weaker nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.) 

* # Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base ; the rest 
all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely 
equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm 
and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — AtrAt^.* 

55. C ISllxfoSMsmii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, obovoid or oblong, the uppermost 
short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest some- 

* C. Vahlii, Sehk., of this group, occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Islo 
Royale, but has not yet been met with on the United State3 side. 



520 CYFERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

what remote ; perigynia elliptical, obtusel) triangular, compressed, obscurely 
nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate sharp* 
pointed or short-awned (dark-brown or brownish) scale. (C. canescens, L., in 
part.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; also southward 
along the Allcghanies. (Eu.) 

56. C afrfttcl, L. Spikes 3 - 4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short fili- 
form stalks, at length drooping; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, 
about the length of the ovate acute (brown or dark purple) scale. — Alpine sum- 
mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12'- 15' high, with 
rather rigid leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first straw-color, mostly- 
becoming dark purple or nearly black. (Eu.) 

57. C Sliortiana, Dew. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less 
distant, greenish turning straw-color, (J'-Ij-' long,) and the lowest rather re- 
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered ; the terminal one about half stami- 
nate, the rest with only a few barren flowers at the base, the 2-3 lower on short 
stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk, 
with an extremely minute entire point, little longer than the short-pointed somewhat 
obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. — Plant 
l°-3°high. 

$ 2. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, slightly inflated, bluntly triangular, nerved, 
with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and straight or oblique) entire o? 
notched point : bracts leaf -like, sheathing : staminate spike solitary (except some- 
times in No. 62), or androgynous and pistillate above; the rest all fertile. 

* Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (short-stalked or sessile in No. 63, 64, in 
No. 61 occasionally with 1-2 small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6, 
erect, the upper on very short, the lower on more or less elongated exserted 
stalks (short and included in No. 64) : bracts shorter than the culm (except in 
No. 58 and 63) : perigynia with an entire and straight or obliquely bent point, glau- 
cous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes 
spotted with purple (stigmas only 2 in No. 58) : pistillate scales dark-brown 
with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more or less 
glaucous.) — Panice^e. 

58. C. aurea, Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the lowest 
often very remote; -perigynia obovate or pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate 
acute scale ; stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy 
banks, especially on limestone ; New England to Wisconsin, and northward. 
— A slender, delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts 
exceeding the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex. 

59. €• livida, Willd. Fertile spikes 1-2, rarely with a third near the 
base of the culm, 10- 15 flowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, icith faint pellucid neri'es, 
tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C. 
limosa, var. livida, Wahl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine barrens, 
New Jersey, Oriskany, New York, and high northward. — Occurs rarely with a 
single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 6-9 
long, arising from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid 
and finely tapering. (Eu.) 



cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 521 

60. C. pasiicea, L. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, ovoid, oblong, or cylin- 
drical, closely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young oblong, and contracted at each 
end, at maturity roundish-obovoid, scarcely inflated, with more obscure nerves, and 
a slightly-bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or awned scale ; achenium 
triquetrous, flattened at the top, contracted towards the base, distinctly dotted under 
a lens. (C. Meadii,.Z>ew;.) — Wet meadows and margins of streams, New Eng- 
land to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — Very variable in the length and thick- 
ness of the fertile spikes, the slender forms approaching closely to the next ; in 
both, the shape of the fruit varies greatly with age. (Eu.) 

61. C letiisBicxi, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, oblong-cytindrical, 
loosely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young pointed at each end, at maturity obo- 
void, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or 
awned scale; achenium ovoid-triquetrous, indistinctly dotted under a lens. (C. co- 
noidea, Gray, Gram. Sr Oyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins of 
lakes and rivers, N. New York to Michigan, and southward. 

62. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spike usually solitary, or with 1 (rarely 2) 
short additional ones at its base, the principal sometimes fertile at the apex ; 
fertile spikes 3-6, remote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely 
flowered, and sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, 
obscurely nerved, with a short slightly bent point, longer than the rather obtuse 
scale. (C. heterostachya, Torr.) — Clefts of rocks, Jefferson County, New York 
(Cruwe), shore of Lake Ontario (Vasey), and L. Michigan (Bull). — A very 
variable species, rigidly erect, 4'- 12' high, in some of its forms much resembling 
the next ; but the perigynium is less round and with fewer and more indistinct 
nerves,, the bracts do not exceed the culm, and the staminate spike is long- 
peduncled. 

63. C. gTaaiSilltTiS, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occa- 
sionally bearing a few fertile flowers; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, densely 
flowered, the lowest sometimes very remote, or near the root ; perigynia roundish- 
ovoid, prominently nerved, with a minute slightly bent point, longer than the acute 
scale ; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows ; very common. 

64. C Torre yi, Tuckerman. Stwile spike short-stalked ; fertile spikes 2- 
3, ovoid, closely approximate, all on included stalks ; perigynia roundish-obovoid \ 
obtuse, with conspicuous elevated nerves, and a distinct abrupt point, longer than the 
ovate pointed scale; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw, 
mss. Sr Boott.) — Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Schweinitz ; and high northward. — 
Probably often overlooked from its close external resemblance to the next, but 
it is veiy distinct. 

# # Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 66) : pistillate spikes 
2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks : bracts longer than the culm (ex- 
cept in No. 66) : perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute (or almost 
obsolete) point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity : pistillate scales tawny, 
fading to white. — Pallescentes. 

65. C pal ie See IIS, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approx- 
imate ; perigynia riovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. — 
Var. undui ata has the lower bract indented at the base with transverse waved 



522 CTPERACEiE. (sedge family.) 

lines. (C. undid ata, Kioize.) — Meadows, New England to Penn. and north- 
ward. — Plant 8' - 18' high, with slightly pubescent culm and leaves. (Eu.) 

66. C. COnOidea, Schk. Staminate spike on a long stalk ; fertile 2-3, 
oblong, closely flcwered, the lower distant; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed 
nerves, slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than 
the sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica, 
Sclav. 4' Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows ; rather common. 

67. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-5, oblong, loosely flowered, remote, 
and the lowest distant ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, rather longer than the ovate awned 
scale. (C. laxiflora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Var. MtJTiCA has longer cylindrical 
spikes, short-awned scales, and the leaves and bracts pale green and glaucous. 
(C. laxiflora? var. mutica, Torr. Sf Gr. C. flaccosperma, Dew.) — Moist woods 
and meadows; common, especially southward. The variety, with spikes l'-l^ 
long, occurs in New Jersey (Knieskern) and in the South. 

* * =fc Uppermost spike more or less pistillate at the apex (rarely all staminate) ; 
pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted 
filiform and mostly drooping stalks : bracts equalling or often exceeding the 
culm : perigynia oblong, with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in 
No. 70), green and membranaceous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or 
white. — Graci llim^. 

+- Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous. 

68. C. I>avasii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong -cylindrical, rather 
thick ; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspic- 
uously awned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) — 
Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the 
next (l^°-2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes. 

69. C fbfi'IllOSa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2- 
3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigynia somewhat contracted at 
each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows ; 
Massachusetts to W. New York. 

70. C. §p*ac!Iiillia, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender ; perigynia obtuse 
and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned scale. (C. digita- 
lis, Schw. Sr Torr., not of Willd.) —Wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, 
Wisconsin, and northward. — When this species occurs with the uppermost 
spike altogether staminate, it resembles C. arctata ; but is readily distinguished 
by the obtuse, beakless, and sessile perigynium. 

-•- «- Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-peduncled or nearly sessile. 

71. C. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri- 
gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale , 
achenium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent : otherwise 
nearly as the last, but a smaller plant (1°-U° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. 
Massachusetts (Dewey), Pokono Mountain, Penn. {Darlington $• Townsend), and 
along the Alleghanies to Virginia and southward. 

§ 3. Perigynia without a beak, hairy (in No. 73 becoming smooth at maturity), 
slightly inflated, bluntly 3-angleri, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a minute 



CYFERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523 

abiupt straight point : bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the 
lowest exceeding the culm : pistillate scales tawny or white : spikes 2-4, erect, 
the uppermost androgynous, pistillate at the apex and club-s\aped; the rest all fer- 
tile. VlRESCENTES. 

72. C. VireSCefffiS, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks ; peri' 
gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ; 
leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hill-sides, New 
England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough and slender, l°-2° high; 
fertile spikes J' - 1 ' long. 

73. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate; 
perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at matu- 
rity, rather longer than the pointed scale ; sheaths very hairy, leaves more or less 
so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. viridula, Schw. §• Torr., not of Michx.) — Yaries 
with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and the leaves nearly smooth. (C. 
hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. 8f Torr.) — Woods and meadows; rather com- 
mon ; the smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 1 8' high. Spikes J' - 1' long. 

§ 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, S-angled, regularly striate, termi' 
noting in a short entire rather obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at 
maturity: pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point 
or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate 
spikes 2-5, few flowered, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base 
of the culm. 

# Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near 
the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts 
(except sometimes the lowest), shorter than the spikes, or not much exceeding them: 
'perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, diffuse and 
in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely and closely 
nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — Plantag^ne^. 

74. C gdlclElti£££i&aea 9 Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5- 
8-flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the low r est greenish at the apex. 
(C. latifolia, Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hill-sides in rich soil, New Eng- 
land to Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward in the Allcghanies. 

75. C Carey aJfia, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5- 
flowcred, bracts green, the upper about equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat 
exceeding them ; perigynia large (2 ff -2j ,f in length); leaves dark green. — In 
similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare. 

76. C. platypliyBfla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, filiform, loosely 3 -^-flow- 
ered; bracts as in the last ; perigynia small; culms slender; leaves pale or whitish- 
green. — In similar situations with No. 74, and with the same range. 

* # Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate : fertile spikes 2-4, all on fili- 
form exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves, the upper- 
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate 
culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DigitAles. 

77. C. retrociirva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3 - 8- 
Jlowered, on long drooping stalks: leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines wide, with 3 prominent 



524 CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

nerves. — Copses and hill-sides, New England to W. New York and Pennsyl- 
vania. — Very closely approaching the next ; perhaps only a variety of it. 

78. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertih spikes lincar-oblovg, loosely 6 - d-jlowered, 
on long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark 
green: perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. fr Torr., not of 
Schk. C. Vanvleckii, Schiv.) — Copses and hill-sides, New England to Michi- 
gan, and southward. — A low species, 6' - 12' high, growing in tufts, with numer- 
ous culms and long grassy leaves. 

* *= * Sterile spike short, linear ; fertile spikes 2-4, erect ; the 1-2 uppermost 
commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on ex- 
serted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the uppermost 
exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of the 
scale. — Oligocarp^e. 

79. C« luxifiora. Lain. Fertile spikes slender, loosely flowered on a zigzag 
rhachis ; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end. (C. anceps, Willd. Sf ed. 1.) — 
Var. striatula has the spikes oblong, more densely flowered, and the perigynia 
obovoid with a shorter point. (C. striatula, Michx. C. conoidea, Muhl., not of 
Schk. C. blanda, Dew.) — Var. patulifolia, Dew., has the radical leaves very 
broad (1'- 1%'), many-nerved, with a rather longer point. (C. plantaginea, Schk., 
not of Lam.) — Open woods and copses; common. — A very variable specie*, 
as to the breadth of the leaves and length of the spikes ; the culms are usually 
flattened or 2-edged above. An intermediate form occurs, with the broad leaves 
and slender spikes of var. patulifolia, but having the obovoid shortly pointed 
fruit of rar. striatula, differing in the latter respect from the plant figured as C. 
plantaginea by Schknfar. 

80. C oligOCarpa 9 Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-flowered ; the point 
of the perigynium slightly oblique, not recurved ; style very short, thickened towards 
the base ; leaves rough only on the edge, sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.) 
— Woods, Connecticut to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 8' -12 
long; the fertile spikes i' -j,' in length. 

81. C. IfitcilCOCkiana, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3- 4-flowered; 
sheaths and upper side of the leaves roughly pubescent. — Woods, New England to 
Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm l°-2° high, stouter than the last, with very 
scabrous sheaths. The fruit is also larger (2£" long) ; but in other respects the 
plaits are similar. 

§ 5. Perigynia without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous, 
with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown 
or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green 
prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — Digitate. 

82. C. eb&ruca, Boott. Sterile spike solitary; the ft rt He 3-4, erect, 
about 5-flowered, approximated and elevated on long stalks above the staminate spike : 
the lowest sometimes a little remote ; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and 
shining, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale. 
(C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) —Limestone rocks, N. New England to Kentucky, 
and northward. — A delicate species, 4' -10' high, with bristle-shaped leaves, 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525 

forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes do not exceed 2" -3 /; in length, and are 
about 1" broad. 

83. C peclusiCialAta, Muhl. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost 
sterile with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base, the rest fertile ivith a few staminate flowers 
at the apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near the base of the culm ; 
sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perigynia. with a long atten- 
uated base and a minutely notched orifice, somewhat downy, especially on the angles, 
about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pointed dark-purple 
scale. — Dry woods and rocky hill-sides, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, 
and northward — Culms 4' -10' high, prostrate at maturity, growing in tufts 
partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves. 

§ 6. Perigynia with a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in- 
flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts 
short, either green and slightly sheathing or auriculate at the base, or small 
and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins, 
fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary \ 
the fertile 2 - 3, nearly sessile (except in No. 84), erect. (Culms mostly low 
and slender : leaves all radical 3 long and narrow.) — MontAjle. 

84. C linifoellaSa, Schk. Culms very short ; staminate spike sometimes 
with a few pistillate flowers ; fertile spikes 4-5, ovoid, few-flowered ; the upper- 
most close to the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on stalks arising from the base of the 
stem and of about ec.ual height, appearing somewhat like a small corymb, nearly 
concealed by the long grassy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather 
long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill- 
sides, New England to 111., and northward. — Growing in dense grassy tufts, 
with culms l'-3', rarely 6' high. 

85. C. l^OVae-AsigliiS, Schw. Sterile spike on a short stalk; the fertile 
2-3, ovoid, nearly sessile, 3-5-flowered, more or less distinct, the lowest with a 
green and bristle-shaped or colored and scale-like awned bract ; perigynia obovoid, 
S-angled, attenuated at the base into a short stalk, minutely haiiy (principally 
above), indistinctly nerved, with a somewhat elongated 2-toothed beak deeply cleft on 
the inner side, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. collecta, Dew. 
C. varia, var. minor, Boott (including var. Emmonsii). C. lucorum, Kunze, not 
of Willd. ?) — Var. Emmonsii has the fertile spikes 5-10-flowered, aggregated, 
the uppermost close to the base of the staminate ; or varying occasionally with 
the lowest on a long stalk near the base of the culm, concealed by the long gras- 
sy leaves. (C. alpestris, Schw. Sr Torr., not of Attioni. C. Davisii, Dew., not of 
Schw. §• Torr. C Emmonsii, Dew.) — Woody hills and mountains, N. New 
England to Ohio, and northward; also southward along the Alleghanies. — 
Grows in grassy tufts, with numerous very slender, often prostrate culms, vary- 
ing from 4' -15' in length. The var. is the prevailing form, but intermediate 
ones continually occur, differing in respect to the contiguity and size of the fer- 
tile spikes, and in the proximity of the uppermost to the base of the sterile one. 
The form of the perigynium varies with age ; the mature ones in Kimze's figure 
of C. lucorum have the elongated beak of C. nigro-marginata, Schw, (possibly 
the C. lucorum of Willd.), whilst the plant delineated is clearly C. Novs-Anglise. 



526 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; 

86. C. Fennsylvdllica, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a short stalk ; 
fertile 1-3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid. 4- Q-fl iwered, the lowest 
commonly with a colored scale-like long-awned bract; perig+mia roindish-ovoid, with 
a short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed chest- 
nut-colored scale. (C. marginata, Maid.) — Dry woods and hill-sides, New Eng- 
land to Penn., Illinois, and northward. 

87. C« VaS'ia, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile ; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on 
very short stalks, ovoid, Q-10-flowered; the lowest, and sometimes the 2 lower, 
with green leaf like bracts ; pe.rigynia obovoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak, 
about the length of the ovate pointed light-brown scale. (C. Pcnnsylvanica, var. 
Muhlenbergii, Gray, Gram. §• Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills; common, especially 
northward. Closely resembles the last ; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid 
glaucous leaves. 

8S. C miECOX, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped ; fertile 2-3, oblong-ovoid, 
aggregated near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a 
very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike; pjerigynia 
ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, ivith a short beak and nearly entire orifce, 
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale ; achenium obovoid with a 
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style; culm 3' -6' high; 
leaves short, rather rigid. (C. verna, Villars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills, 
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.) 

89. C« Hic«sardsdllit 9 R. Brown. Sterile spike peduncled, cylindrical; 
fertile 1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale- 
like brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangular, with 
a tapering base, obtuse, nearly beakless, the short point with an almost entire orifice, 
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm 
(5' -9' high) and rigid leaves rough — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York 
(Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead) ; Wisconsin (Sartwell), and northward. — A 
well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 86. 

90. C. p^lbescens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; fertile 3-4, ob- 
long or cylindrical, loosely flowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little 
remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the 
culm; fruit ovoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, with an 
abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orifce, a little longer than the ovate abrupt- 
ly-pointed white scale; culm and leaves soft-downy. — Moist woods and mes-Jows 
New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other species of 
this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the sharply angled 
perigy mum. 

§ 7. Periggnic slightly inflated, with a short beak, terminating in an entire or slightly 
notched orifice: staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 91 usually pistillate 
at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. — Anomaue* 

91. C. miJiacea, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum- 
mit ; fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely flowered at the base, on 



* The species here combined, merely to avoid the multiplication of small sections, do not 
aonstitute a natural group, but present certain points of affinity with several others. 



CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527 

filiform nodding stalks ; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete 
sheaths ; perigynia ovoid-triangular, very smooth and thin, with an entire or very- 
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C. 
prasina, Wahl.) — Kills and wet meadows ; rather common. — In aspect some- 
what resembles the smaller short-awned forms of No. 51, with which it has points 
of affinity, though differing materially in the 3 stigmas and triangular fruit. 

92. C. scaferlita, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather 
distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed- 
ing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved, 
rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the 
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale ; culm, leaves, and bracts very rough. — Wet 
meadows and swamps, New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. 

93. C Sill liV£il* til, Boott. Fertile spikes 3-5, commonly 4, narrowly cy 
lindrical, erect, loosely flowered, the upper approximate, the lowest often remote, 
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough stalks ; bracts 
sheathing, not exceeding the hairy culm ; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly 
stalked, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer than the ovate hairy- 
fringed rough-awned white scale. — Woods, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — About 
2° high, with hairy leaves and bracts, and slender fertile spikes l'-lj' long. 
Resembles the next, but is at once distinguished by the erect spikes, hairy and 
nerveless fruit, and hairy leaves. 

§ 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, 3-angled, smooth and shining, green, with a straight 
tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth (nearly obsolete 
in No. 96) : lower bracts green and sheathing : pistillate scales tawny, becom- 
ing white : staminate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flow- 
ered, all on long and filiform nodding stalks. 

* Fertile spikes long and slender, remote : perigynia few-nerved : bracts equalling or 

exceeding the culnj- — Debiles. 

94. C aretCate, Boott. Fertile spikes few-flowered and narrowed towards 
the base ; perigynia ovoid-elliptical, triangular, short-stalked, rather blunt at the base, 
the beak very short, longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica, Dew., not of 
Hudson. C. Knieskernii, Dew.) — Woods and meadows, New England to Penn- 
svlvania, and northward. 

95. C« €iel*ilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex; 
fertile spikes with loose alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rhachis ; perigynia ob- 
long, tapering at each end, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scale. (C. 
tenuis, Rudge. C. flexuosa, MM.) — Moist meadows, N. New England to 
Pennsylvania, and southwestward. 

* =fc Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless, or very obscurely nerved in No. 97 ; 

bracts erect, shorter than the culm. — Flexiles. 

96. C cag>ill£iriS 9 L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter 
nate flowers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slight 
ly serrulate beak, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale. 
— Point de Tour, Lake Michigan ; alpine summits of the White Mountains, 
New Hampshire, and high northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4 '-6 
high, with spikes %' -^ long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.) 



528 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

97. C. flexilis, Rudge. Sterile spike short and club-shaped ; fertile spikes ob- 
long, Dr sometimes with a few staminate flowers at the base and becoming club- 
shaped ; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, very 
slightly sheathing; perigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a beak 
about the length of the ovate hairy-fringed scale ; leaves pale green and glaucous, 
and with the bracts fringed with delicate hairs. (C. blepharophora, Gray.) — 
Moist, shady places, W. New York, Lake Superior, and northward. 

§ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely S-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a rath- 
er rough beak, with two distinct membranaceous teeth (obscure in No. 101), 
becoming tawny or yellow at maturity (or in No. 98 more or less spotted with 
purple): achenium obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base: staminato 
spike solitary, stalked (sessile in No. 101). — EiAv^:. 

* Perigynia erect : bracts with long sheaths, not exceeding the culm. 

98. C l£evig*i\ta 9 Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, remote, on exserted 
nodding stalks ; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than 
the light-brown pointed and awned scale; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.) — 
Massachusetts (Tewksbury? B. D. Greene). Introduced? (Eu.) 

99. €!• ftllva, Good. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong or ovoid, erect, remote, the 
lowest on an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown 
scarcely pointed awnless scale; culm rough. (C. binervis, Dew., not , of Smith.) — 
Pond at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene. (Eu.) 

* # Perigynia spreading en' reflexed, longer than the scale: bracts with short sheaths, 
much exceeding the smooth culm. (Staminate spike often pistillate at the apex 
or towards the centre; fertile spikes erect.) 

100. C. fifaVR, L. Fertile spikes 2-4, roundish-ovoid, compactly flowered, 
the upper approximated, the lowest remote on a short exserted stalk ; bracts 
spreading or reflexed; perigynia tapering^ from an ovoid contracted base into a nar- 
row curved beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — Wet meadows, es- 
pecially northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6'-l 5' high, with spikes 
J' -I' in length. (Specimens, appearing to be merely small forms of this spe- 
cies, have been referred by Prof. Dewey to C. lepidocarpa, J'ausch ; but they by 
no means accord, nor does his character, either with the description, or with au- 
thentic specimens of Kunze.) (Eu.) 

101. C« ffideri, Ehrh. Sterile spike commonly sessile ; fertile 2-4, oblong- 
ovoid, closely aggregated, or the lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely 
flowered, sometimes staminate at the apex; leaves and bracts rigidly erect; peri- 
gynia ovoid, with a short and rather abrupt minutely notched beak, spreading horizon- 
tally at maturity. (C. viridula, Michx., not of Schw. cj- Torr. C. irregularis, 
Schw.) — Wet rocks, especially on limestone, New England to 111., Lake Su- 
perior, and northward. — Resembles the last ; but the fertile spikes and perigy- 
nia are much smaller, and the beak of the latter is more abrupt, shorter, and 
straight. (Eu.) 

$ 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, rough or woolly, with 
an abrupt straight beak : bracts leaf-like, with short sheaths : scales dark- 
purple or brown. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 529 

* Perigynia of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, with 2 short and diverging mem- 
branaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth culm : staminate. spikes 
2-3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and sessile: fertile spikes 1-2, 
usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short stalks. — Lanugin6s^. 

102. C filiforilliS, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, the upper often 
6taminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, densely woolly, obscurely nerved, the orifice 
scarcely prolonged into a beak terminating in 2 slightly hairy teeth ; leaves and 
bracts narrow and involute; culm very slender. — Peat-bogs, New England to 
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 

103. C. lanuginosa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; perigy- 
nia ovoid, roughly hairy, conspicuously nerved, with a short but distinct beak termi- 
nating in 2 very hairy sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts flat. (C. pellita, MM.) — 
Swamps and wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, and northward. — Ex- 
tremely like the last, from which it differs in the commonly longer fertile spikes, 
stouter culm, flat leaves, and especially in the distinct flattish and hairy beak 
of the perigynium, with longer and sharper teeth. This species has often the 
fruit in a diseased state, when it becomes more inflated, of an orange color, and 
has an abortive achenium. 

* * Perigynia thin, downy, or roughly dotted., the beak terminating in a thin and 
various oblique orifice, either entire or slightly notched : bracts rigidly erect, short- 
er than the sharply triangular rough culm. — ScARifts^E. 

104. C vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical, 
shortly stalked; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes 
staminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, downy, with a slightly oblique beak termi- 
nated by a thin membranaceous notched orifice, a little longer than the ovate pointed 
scale ; leaves fiat, shorter than the stout and rigid culm. — Sandy soils, growing 
in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward ; rather rare. — Resembling the 
two last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the membranaceous 
beak of the fruit, which is red at the base and white and transparent at the ori- 
fice ; ami the style is twisted within the perigynium. 

105. C. polyinorpna, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1 - 4, the upper- 
most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the 
base ; fertile spike solitary, or rarely 2, remote, oblong-cylindrical, sometimes 
6taminate at the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 
S — lO-nerved, veiy minutely roughened with granular dots, the slightly-bent beak 
tapering to the entire {reddish) orifice, longer than the ovate scarcely-pointed 
purple scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. Sf ed. 1. C. striata, Tprr. N. Y. FL, not 
of Michx.) — Varies, with the fertile spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate 
and very distant on the rhachis. — Upland meadows, E. Mass. to Penn. and W. 
New York. — Culm rather slender, much taller (12'- 18') than the rigid leaves. 
Though a somewhat variable plant, it is readily distinguished from the next, 
with which it has been confounded, by the characters here given, especially by 
the entire, membranaceous orifice of the fruit. 

§ 11. Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth (except iu 
No. 109), with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth: 



530 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

bracts long and leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, much exceeding the 
culm (about equal to it in No. 106) : staminate spikes 1-5, 

# Perigynia with a very short and thick beak, and with short and thick slightly 

spreading teeth. — Lacustkes. 

106. C. Striata, Michx. (not of ed. 1.) Sterile spikes 2-3, the upper- 
most stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, on very short stalks ; peri- 
gynia ovoid, abruptly contracted into a slightly serrulate beak, longer than the point- 
ed purple scale. (C. polymorpha, ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia, and southward. iL / ^C 

107. C lac&Stris, Willd. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppermost stalked; 
fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, stout, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the low- 
est on a short stalk; perigynia oblong, but little exceeding the lanceolate awned 
scale; culm sharply triangular, rough; sheaths very short, smooth. (C. riparia, 
Muhl., not of Curtis.) — Swamps and borders of lakes and rivers; common.— 
A robust species, 3° - 5° high, with leaves £ - 1 ; wide. 

* ^ Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak, and long widely spreading or recurxed 

sharp and spine-like teeth. — Aristat^e. 
-»- Staminate spikes 2-5, some occasionally bearing a few fertile flowers. 

108. C aristata, R. Brown. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, erect, re- 
mote, the lower on partly exserted short stalks ; perigynia tapering from an ovoid 
base into a deeply 2-forked beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned scale 
culm smooth; sheaths and under surface of the leaves pubescent. (C. atherodes 
Spreng.) — Lake shores and river-banks, N. New York to Michigan, and north- 
westward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 2" - 3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' - 3' long 
often rather loosely flowered towards the base. 

109. C triclBOCarpa, Mn.hl. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, 
remote, one of them sometimes staminate at the apex, the lower on exserted 
stalks, rather loosely flowered towards the base ; perigynia very hairy, shaped as 
the last, longer than the ovate taper-pointed light-brown scale ; culm sharply 
triangular, smooth except near the top, sheaths and under surface of the leaves 
smooth. (C. striata, ed. 1, not of Michx.) — Marshes and lakes; common, es- 
pecially northward. 

i- -«- Staminate spike solitary, with a filiform bract, occasionally bearing a few 
fertile flowers towards the apex or base : fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, dense- 
ly flowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks : perigynia widely 
spreading, reflexed at maturity. 

110. C. COindsa, Boott. Fertile spikes large (If -2f long, and £'-|' 
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid- 
triangular base into a long deeply 2 forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread- 
ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate with a long bristle-shaped awn 
shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, Ell., 
not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. fr Torr., Dew., Sfc, in part, not of L.) 
— Wet places ; rather common. — A robust species 2° - 3° high, formerly con- 
founded with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in 
the larger fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and 
widely spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance 



CTPEKACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531 

111. C. Pseiido-Cyperns, L. Fertile spikes (1|'-2|' long,. and about 
| wide) sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia shaped as the last 
species, but with a shorter beak, and shorter less spreading teeth ; scale about the 
length of the mature fruit. — Border of lakes and in bogs, New England to 
Pennsylvania, and northward. — Somewhat smaller than the last species in all 
its parts. (Eu.) 

112. C Ifiiirata, Dew. Fertile spikes about 2, long-cylindrical, rather 
dense, somewhat erect ; perigynia ovate-conical, with a long 2-forked beak, ribbed, 
glabrous, about the length of the ovate bristle-pointed or long-awned scale ; 
culm (about 2° high) rough. — Shore of Lake Ontario, in Monroe County, New 
York, Dr. Bradley. (Having no specimen, the character is taken from Dewey's 
description in Wood's Bot. The Georgian plant referred to it is to be ex- 
cluded.) 

§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper' 
ing 2-toothed beak : bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm : scales tawny or 
white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — Lupulin^e. 
# Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths. 

113. C. hystriciiaa, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile 
flowers at the base or apex ; fertile spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flow- 
ered, the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length 
nodding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an 
ovoid base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awned 
scale. — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform 
stalk, 4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, 
is C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet meadows; common. — Plant pale or yellowish 
green, with fertile spikes j' to lj 7 long. Distinguished from No. Ill by the 
more inflated, less diverging fruit, its beak longer and the teeth shorter ; and 
from No. 114 by the smaller nodding spikes, many-nerved perigynium, and the 
longer and smooth teeth of the beak. 

114. C. teiltacillata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylin- 
drical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost 
sessile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an 
ovoid few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak with short minutely 
serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. (C. rostraja, Muhl., 
not of Michx.) — Wet meadows ; very common. 

115. C Blltlimeseens, Budge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely few- 
(5-8-) flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly 
exserted peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 15-20- 
nerved base into a long beak, slightly rough towards the apex. (C. folliculata, 
Schk., Michx., not of L.) — Wet meadows and swamps ; very common. — Culm 
slender, about 18 ; high, with the fertile spikes crowded compactly together: 
perigynia 6" -7" long. 

116. C, Orayii? Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densely 
(15-30-) flowered, separate and distinct, on short exserted peduncles ; perigynia 
spreading and deflexed, tapering from an ovoid 25-30-nerved base into a long 
smooth and shining beak. — Low meadows on the banks of the Mohawk and of 



582 cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 

Wood Creek, New York. Also in Ohio and S. Illinois. — Culm robust, 

3° high : perigynia j< in length. — Flowers in July, a month later than the last. 

* # Bracts conspicuously sheathing. 

117. C. fbllicillata, L. Staminate spike small, short-stalked, or often 
sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles ; 
perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an oblong base, rather exceeding the ovate 
white I mg-awned scale. (C. xanthophysa, Wahl.) — Peat-bogs, New England to 
Penn.,. and northward, and sparingly southward. — A robust plant, i>°-4° high, 
of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous bracts, and leaves £' wide. 

118. C. rosfrata, Michx. Staminate spike small, nearly sessile ; fertile 
spikes 1-3, commonly 2, roundish-ovoid, the lower rather distant on a short ex- 
serted peduncle ; perigynia erect or somewhat spreading, tapering from an oblong 
slightly inflated base into a long slender beak twice the length of the blunt light- 
brown scale. (C. xanthophysa, var. nana and minor, Dew.) — Cold bogs, moun- 
tains of N. New York, New Hampshire, and northward. — Resembles the last; 
but smaller in all its parts, rigidly erect, and with narrow leaves. 

119. C Sllfolllata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included 
peduncles loosely few- (4 -8-) flowered, commonly with a few staminate flowers at 
the apex ; perigynia awl-shaped, strongly reflexed at maturity : the orifice of the 
long slender beak furnished with 2 sharp and rigidly deflexed teeth, (C. Collinsii, 
Nutt. C. Michauxii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, New Jersey to Rhode Island 
(Olney) near the coast, and far northward : rare. 

120. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, oblong-ovoid, erect, the up- 
per approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks ; perigynia erect, taper- 
ing from the ovoid very inflated base into a conical slightly serrulate beak, much 
longer than the lanceolate awned scale. — Var. polystAchya, Schw. & Torr. 
(C. lupiniformis, Sartwell), has 4-5 longer cylindrical fertile spikes, the lowest 
remote on a long peduncle ; and the perigynia more distinctly serrulate on the 
angles of the beak. — Swamps and wet meadows; common. — A coarse robust 
species, with very thick spikes 2 f - 3 f in length ; the leaves and long leafy bracts 
3-4 lines wide, very rough on the margin. 

§ 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, few-nerved, smooth, with an ex- 
tremely abrupt and very long slightly roughened beak, terminated by 2 distinct 
rather short membranaceous teeth, tawny-brown or straw-colored at maturity, 
spreading horizontally, or the lower deflexed : bracts leaf-like, much exceed 
ing the culm. — SQUARn6siE. 

# Spikes 1-3, mostly solitary, very rarely 4-5, all of them principally pistillate, 
with more or less staminate flowers at the base : sheaths of the upper bracts 
obsolete. 

121. C sqttarrdsa, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very 
thick, rigidly erect, on short stalks ; perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed 
scales, which are nearly concealed by the densely-crowded bases of the mature 
fruit. (C. typhi na, Michx.) — Low meadows and copses, S. New England to 
Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for its densely-flowered, short and thick 
spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of the perigynia give a bris* 
tly appearan< a. 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533 

* # Spiken 4 - 7 ; the terminal one entirely staminate, small and linear, or with 
some fertile flowers at the apex : the rest all pistillate : bracts very long, 
sheathing. 

122. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the upper 
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted 
stalks, all erect, very densely flowered ; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like 
scales. (C. Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, W. 
Penn. % and Virginia to Illinois, and southwcstward. — Somewhat resembling 
the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a still more 
bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales : occasionally all are 
fertile, the uppermost having no staminate flowers. 

§ 14. Perigynia much inflated, nerved (nerveless in No. 132), smooth and shining , 
becoming straw-colored at maturity, with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed 
beak: bracts leaf-like, with very short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously 
sheathing in No. 123), much exceeding the culm (except in No. 132) : scales 
brown or tawny : staminate spikes 2-5 rarely 1, stalked. — VesicXri^:. 

123. C retro rsa, Schw. Sterile spikes 1 - 3, the uppermost occasionally 
with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 
4-5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in- 
cluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more of 
the others) often bearing 1-2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded, 
spreading and at length reflexed, strongly (few-) nerved, tapering from an ovoid 
contracted base into a conspicuously toothed beak much longer than the lanceolate 
scale. ( C. reversa, Spreng. ) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to 
Penn., Wisconsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth: leaves and 
bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the spikes, which are 1' -lj' long. 

124. C gigailtea, Rudge. Sterile spikes several (3-5); peiigynia hori- 
zontally spreading and less tumid than in No. 120 : otherwise very like it, but a 
still larger plant. — Swamps, along rivers, from the Ohio (near Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, Short) southward. 

125. C. Scliweinitzu, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower 
often pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping, 
densely flowered, often staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather 
compound at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia erect, oblong- 
ovoid, few-nerved, tapering into a long and smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer 
than the lanceolate long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New Jersey, 
W. New York, and northward; not common. — Culm 10' -15' high, smooth: 
bracts and leaves 2"-3' / wide, smooth except the margins, much exceeding 
the culm: fertile spikes (1^-' to 2j ( long, rather narrow) and the whole plant 
turning straw-color. 

126. C vesicaria, L. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes mostly 2, rarely 
3 or solitary, oblong or cylindrical, stout, approximate, the upper sessile, the lower 
on a short rough stalk ; perigynia ol don g -ovoid, 17 '-nerved at -base, 10-nerved above, 
with a short tapering beak longer and broader than the pointed or long-tapering 
awnless scale ; culm sharply angled and rough ; leaves and bracts green, equal- 
ling or rather longer than the culm. — N. New England' 1 and northward. — 



534 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

Distinguished from the next by the shorter fertile spikes, on rough stalks, and 
by the more oblong perigynium, many-nerved at the base. (Eu.) 

127 . C lltomle, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; fertile spikes 
mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, long-cylindrical, remote, on smooth stalks, the lowest 
often nodding and loosely flowered ; perigynia roundish-ovoid, about 10-nerved, 
with a short tapering beak terminating in an oblique orifice, much longei and 
broader than the taper-pointed awnlcss scale ; culm slender, sharply angled and 
rough ; leaves and bracts green, longer than the culm. (C. bullata, var. cylin- 
dracea, & C. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew.) — Bogs, New England to Ken- 
tucky, and northward. — Less robust than the last. 

128. C. ailipilllfgcea. Good. Sterile and fertile spikes 2-3, most fre- 
quently 2 of each, oblong or long -cylindrical, remote, sessile, or the lower on short 
and smooth sometimes nodding stalks, the lowest loosely flowered at the base; 
perigynia roundish-ovoid, about 17-nerved at the base and 10-nerved at the apex, 
abruptly contracted into a short cylindrical beak ; scales lanceolate, awnless, or the 
upper with a rough awn shorter than the perigynium ; culm slender, obtusely angled, 
smooth; leaves and bracts glaucous, often involute, longer than the culm. — 
Var. utricuiAta. , Staminate spikes 3-4; fertile usually 3; perigynia oblong- 
elliptical, tapering ; scales lanceolate, tapering, terminated (especially the lowest) by a 
long rough awn ; culm stout, spongy at the base, smooth or rough towards the 
summit; leaves and bracts glaucous, wide and much longer than the culm. (C. 
utriculata, Boott.) — In swamps; common northward, and from Arctic Ameri- 
ca to the Pacific. — Differs from the last two in the smooth obtuse-angled culm, 
glaucous leaves, and particularly by the awned scale. The var. is the prevailing 
form in the United States, and is a larger and stouter plant ; but the more ellip- 
tical fruit, and awned lower scales, do not appear sufficiently constant to sepa- 
rate it specifically. (Eu.) 

129. C cylilidi'ica, Schw. Sterile spikes about 2; fertile spikes 2-3, 
commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks, 
the lowest often nodding; perigynia thin and transparent, much inflated, oblong- 
ovoid, obliquely erect, tapering into a rather abrupt long-cylindrical smooth beak, 
much longer and broader than the ovate pointed or rough-awned scale ; bracts 
very long and, like the narrow leaves, rough and exceeding the rough culm. 
(C. bullata, Amer. auth., not of Schk. C. Tuckermani, Deiv., Boott.) — Swamps, 
W. New York to Kentucky, and northward. — Differs from the next principally 
in the more numerous and longer fertile spikes, and the larger, more inflated 
and membranaceous ascending fruit, with smooth beaks. 

130. C. bullnfa, Schk. Sterile spikes 2- 3,; fertile spikes most frequently 
wily one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short 
smooth stalks; perigynia spreading, ovoid, tapering into a long-cylindrical rough 
beak, much wider and longer than the obtusely-pointed lanceolate awnless scale; 
bracts and leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. 
(C. cylindrica, Tuckerman, Torr. N. Y. Fl. (excl. syn.), not of Seine.) — Wet 
meadows ; not rare, especially southward. — Well distinguished from the last by 
the short and stout, commonly solitary fertile spike, which has a squarrose ap- 
pearance at maturity from the widely-s ^reading fruit ; its beak minutely (but 
distinctly) serrulate. See Addend 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 535 

131. C. Oligospermia, Michx. Sterile spikes 1-2, slender; fertile 
spikes 1-2, short, ovoid, few-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk; pcrigynia 
ovoid, tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer than the 
ovate awnless scale ; culm very slender ; leaves and bracts linear, at length involute. 
(C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Borders of lakes and ponds, especially on mountains, 
New England, N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. 

132. C loragirdstri-S, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of 
a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 
2- 3, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length drooping stalks, 
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly contracted 
into a very long and narrow beak, which is rough on the margin, oblique and 2- 
cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the lanceolate light-colored 
or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.) — Shady rocks, N. New England to Wis- 
consin, and northward. — Though agreeing with the species of this section in the 
numerous staminate spikes and the long-beaked fruit, this plant is perhaps as 
nearly allied to No. 97. 

Order 134. GRAMINEiE. (Grass Family.) 

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2* 
ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade; tJio 
hypogynous flowers imbricated with 1-ro.nked glumes or bracts : the outer pair 
{glumes proper, ealyx, L.) subtending the spikelet of one or several flow- 
ers ; the inner pair (paleo3, outer perianth, R. Br.) enclosing each partic- 
ular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous 
scales (squamuloz, Juss., corolla, Micheli, lodiculaz, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6, 
commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly 
2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, form- 
ing a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. Embryo small, on the outside 
and at the base of the floury albumen. — Roots fibrous. Sheath of the 
leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade into a 
scarious appendage Qigule). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Inner (upper) 
palea usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, therefore probably consisting of two 
united. — A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal 
grains, and the principal food of cattle, &c. See Plates I. to VIII. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. POACEiE, R. Brown. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered, when more than one- 
flowered centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, the uppermost, 
if any, imperfect or ahortive, the rest all alike in the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally 
monoecious or dioecious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several 
flowers less perfect than the upper (viz. staminate only in Arrhenatherum and Phrag- 
mites, neutral in Uniola, Ctenium, &c.). 

Bubtrihe 1. Oryze^e. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious. 
Glumes abortive or wanting ! Inner palea3 3-nerved ! Squamuhe 2 Stamens 1-6. 

1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless paleaj 

2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious. Paleae convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile floweia 

28 



536 GRAMINEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

Subtribe 2. Agrostide^:. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, occasionally with the rudiment or 
abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or the panicle sometimes contracted 
into a cylindrical spike or head. Stamens 1-3. 

* PhleoidejE. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat her- 

baceous, as well as the paleae. Squamulae 2. Grain free. Inilorescence densely spiked. 

3. ALOPECUIIUS. Glumes united at the base. Lower palea awned, the upper wanting. 

4. PHLEUM. Glumes distinct. Paleae 2, the lower truncate and awnless. 

* # True Agrostide^:. Glumes equal, or often unequal, concave or keeled, membranaceous. 
Paleae membranaceous (except in part of No. 12). Squamulae 2. Grain free. Inflorescenco 
panicled, open, or often contracted (glomerate), but not strictly spiked. 

4- Glumes and paleae neither awned, bristle-bearing, nor mucronate, naked. Flower sessile in 
the glumes, naked at the base ; the lower palea 1-nerved. Fruit deciduous. 

6. VILFA. Seed adherent to the closely investing pericarp, forming a caryopsis, or true grain, 

as in most Grasses. Panicle spiked or contracted. 
& SPOROBOLUS. Seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). Panicle spiked or diffuse. 
«- *- Glumes or the (3-5-nerved) lower palea awned, bristle-pointed, or mucronate (except in 
gome species of Agrostis). Flower raised on a more or less evident stalk (callus) in the 

* glumes, naked, or barely hairy, at the base. 

7. AGROSTIS. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very 

thin blunt paleae. Lower palea pointless, commonly awned on the back ; the upper 
sometimes wanting. Panicle open. 

8. POLYPOGON. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the paleae, the lower 

of which is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Panicle contracted. 

9. CINNA. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling, and the upper slightly exceeding, the 

similar paleae. Stamen 1. Paleae raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless, the lower 
one short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved. 

10. MUHLENBERGIA. Lower glume mostly smaller. Paleae chiefly hairy-bearded at the 

base, the tip of the lower one mucronate-pointed or awned. Stamens 3. 

11. BRACHYELYTRUM Lower glume nearly obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower paleae 

long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slen- 
der naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2. 
•*- -<- '*- Glumes and paleae not bristle-pointed. Flower hairy-tufted at the base. 

12. CALAMAGROSTIS Lower palea mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes. 

* * * Stipes. Paleae coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the membra- 
naceous glumes, on a rigid callus ; the lower involute, terete, closely enclosing the upper and 
the grain, mostly 1-3-awned at the apex Squamulae mostly 3. Inflorescence racemose or 
panicled : spikelets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes. 

13. ORYZOPSIS. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palea, or sometimes wanting. 

14. STIPA. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus pointed at the base. 

15. ARISTIDA. Awn triple. Upper palea small. Callus pointed at the base. 

* * * # Palea coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by the 
student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No 55, and was not acquainted 
with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 56 and 57. 

65. PHALARIS. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palea. 

56. MILIUM. Spikelets dorsally flattish, not jointed with the pedicels : flowers all alike. 

57. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle 

separating by a joint without ripening grain. 

Subtribe 3. Chlorides. Spikelets (rarely 1-flowered, usually) 2 - several-flowered, with one 
or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes ! Glumes persist- 
ent, the upper one looking outward. Rhachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually racemed 
or digitate. Stamens 2 or 3. 

# Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. 
68. PASPALUM might be looked for here, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered spikelets. 

16. SPARTINA. Spikelets imbricated 2-ranked, flat, crowded in a Iternate spikes. 



GRAMLNE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 537 

* » Spikelets imperfectly several-flowered, but only one perfect flower, and thi» intermediate ! 

the one or two below it, and as many above, neutral. 

17. CTENIUM. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spike. 

# =» * Spikelets with one perfect flower below and one or more neutral ones or rudiments above. 

18. BOUTELOUA. Lower palea 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dense. 

19. GYMNOPOGON. Lower palea and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, racemed. 

20. CYNODON. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate. 

***** Spikelets several-flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile. 
4- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, dense. 

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awued : lower palea pointed 

22. ELEUSINE. Glumes and palea both awnless and blunt. 

■t- 4- Spikes racemed, slender. 

23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikelets loosely spiked. Lower palea pointless or awned at the tip. 
Subtribe 4. FestucixejE. Spikelets several- (few -many-) flowered, panicled ; the upper- 
most flower often imperfect or abortive. Palese pointless, or the lower sometimes tipped 
with a straight (not twisted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stigmas projecting from 
the side of the flower. Stamens 1-3. 

* Culms herbaceous. Spikelets with the lower flowers all perfect. 

4- Grain free from the palese. (Also free in one or two species of No. 36.) 

+*■ Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis, 

bearded. Paleae convex, not laterally compressed. Glumes and paleao membranaceous. 

24. TRICUSPIS. Spikelets 3 -many-flowered. Lower palea hairy -fringed on the 3 nerves, one 

or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts. 

25. DUPONTIA. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Lower palea scarious, entire and awnless. 

++ ++ Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded. 
H Lower palea 1-pointed, awned, or acute, the nerves when present running into the point. 
2C. DIARRHENA. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palea coriaceous, 
convex-boat-shaped. Stamens 2. Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely few- 
flowered. 

27. DACTYLIS. Glumes (rather long) and lower palea awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed- 

keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters. 

28. KXELERIA. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palea membranaceous, 

keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like. 

H"TT Lower palea awnless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel. 

a. Glumes extremely dissimilar, l£ - 3-flowered. 

29. EATONIA. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers. 

b. Glumes alike, but often unequal in size. 

80. MELICA. Lower palea flattish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, hard- 

ening on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping some deformed 
sterile flowers 

81. GLYCERIA. Lower palea convex or rounded on the back, 5 - 7-nerved, scarious at the 

tip. Spikelets many-flowered ; the flowers commonly deciduous at maturity by the 
breaking up of the rhachis into joints. 

82. BRIZOPYRUM. Lower palea laterally compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, rather 

coriaceous, smooth, faintly many-nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered. 

33. POA. Lower palea laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous, 

scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the 
upper palea not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened 

34. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on 

the rhachis. Spikelets flat. 
« 4-4- Grain adherent to the upper palea. 

85. BRIZA. Lower palea rounded and very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel 

to the glumes, becoming ventricose, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets compressed, 

somewhat heart-shaped. 
cJG. FESTUCA. Lower palea convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few 

nerved. Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal. 



538 GRAMIXEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

37. BROiTUS. Lower palea convex or keeled en the back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing be- 
low the 2-cleft tip, 5 - 9-nerved. Styles subterminal. 

* * Culms herbaceous, often tall and reed-like. Lowest flower sterile. Grain free. 

SS. UXIOLA. Spikclets very flat ; the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty 
palea. Flowers strongly compressed keeled, crowded, coriaceous. 

89. PHRAGMJXE3. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis. loosely -flowered, the low- 
est flower staminate or neutral. Palese membranaceous. 

* * * Culms woody, suffruticose or arborescent. 

40. ARUXDIXARIA. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5 - 14-flowered : the jointed rhachis naked. 

Bubtribe 5. Hordeineje. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag 
jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming a 
spike . Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. — Otherwise as in the preceding subtrib* 
* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, 1-flowered. Spikes often several. 

41. LEPTURUS. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the slender rhachis. 

* * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, several-flowered. Spike solitary. 

42. LOLIUM. Glume 1, external : spikelets placed edgewise on the rhachis. 

43. TRITICUM. Glumes 2, transverse (right and left) ; spikelets placed flatwise on the rhachis. 

* # * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis. Spike solitary. 
*- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets. 

44. HORDEUM. Spikelets 1-flowered. 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile. 

45. ELYMUS Spikelets 1- several-flowered, all perfect and similar. 

- 4- Glumes none or 1 - 2 awn-like rudiments. 
41?. GYMXOSTICHOI. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint. 

Subtribe 6. Avbnejk. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of the 
flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers. Low- 
er palea bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex (in No. 18 
between the teeth) ; the upper 2-nerved. Stamens 3. 

* Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost merely rudimentary. 
■•- Lower palea truncate or obtuse, its summit mostly denticulate or eroded. 

47. AIRA. Awn on the back or near the base of the palea, bent or straight. 

*- ■§- Lower palea cleft at the apex into 2 acute or sharp-pointed teeth. 
++ Awn borne between the sharp or awn-pointed teeth ; proceeding from 3 middle nerve*. 

48. DAXTHOXIA. Lower palea rounded on the back ; the awn flat, spirally twisted. 

++ *+ Awn below the apex or dorsal, proceeding from the midnerve only. 
40. TRISETUM. Lower palea compressed-keeled. Awn mostly bent or flexuous. 
50. AYEXA. Lower palea rounded on the back. Awn mostly twisted or bent. 

* * One of the flowers staminate only. 
T . ARRHENATHERUM. Lower flower staminate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; the 

uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as Xo. 50. 
f'2. HOLCUS. Lower flower perfect, awnless; the upper staminate and awned : rudiment 
none. 

Triee II. PHALARIDE.E, Trim (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered ; the upper- 
most or middle (terminal) flower perfect; the two lower (one on each side) imperfect, 
either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment. 

Subtribe 1. AmhoxantiIE-e. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, of 1 or 2 
palea? ; the perfect one awnless and diandrous. Upper palea 1-nerved. 
5?, HIEROCHLOA Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 paleae. 

54. AXTUOXAXTHUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned palea. 

Subtribe 2. Phalarideje Proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral radiment on 
each side of the fertile one ; which is awnless and triandrous. 

55. PHALARIS. Glumes boat-shaped, keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower, which Id 

£omewhat flattened laterally. 



GKAMLNEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 539 

Teibe HI. PANICEiE. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, cither 
staminate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty valve (placed 
next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the 
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer 
side of the grain ! (next the lower valve of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or 
hemigamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and per- 
fect, from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palea of the neutral 
flower, sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.) 

Subtribe 1. Paspale^, Griseb. Glumes and sterile paleae herbaceous or membranaceous : 
paleae of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not 
keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes. 

* Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered from the suppression of the lower glume ; the sin- 

gle neutral palea of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.) 
56. MILIUM. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle. 

67. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal pan- 

icle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles. 

68. PASPALUM. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one 

sided spikes or spiked racemes. 

* * Spikelets manifestly l£- 2-flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often neu- 

tral), the lower glume being present. 

69. PANICUM. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glume 

small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral. 

60. SET ARIA. Spikelets spiked-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary bristles: 

otherwise as in Panicum. 

61. CENCHRUS. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny globular bur-like invo- 

lucre. 

Subtribe 2. Sacchare^. Fertile palese membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner and 
more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the tip. 
Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile 
(heterogamous). 

* Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike. 

62. TRIPSACUM. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint : pistillate single in each 

joint : glumes indurated. 

* # Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower : low- 

er palea of the perfect flower awned. 

63. ERIANTHUS. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, involucrate with a 

silky tuft : otherwise as No 64. 

64. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them sessile 

and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary. 
66. SORGHUM. Spikelets in open panicles, 2 -3 together, the lateral ones sterile or sometimes 
reduced to mere pedicels. 

I. LEEESIA, Solander. False Rice. White Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, perfeet, flat, crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or 
racemes, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short pedicels. 
Glumes wanting. Palese chartaceous, much flattened laterally, boat-shaped, 
awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower 
much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the 
hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses : the flat leaves, sheaths, &c, rough 
upwards (especially in No. 1), being clothed with very minute hooked prickles, 
(Named after Leers, a German botanist.) 



540 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

* Spihelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded. 

1. Li* oryzoides, Swartz. (Kice Cut-grass.) Panicle diffusely branched, 
often sheathed at the base; spihelets flat, rather spreading in flower (2j"-3' 
long); stamens 3 ; paleae strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish). — Wet places; com- 
mon. (Eu.) 

2. I*. Virgin iC£L, Willd. (White Grass.) Panicle simple; the spike- 
lets closely oppressed on the slender branches around which they are partly curved 
(1^' long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; pales sparingly ciliate 
(greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept. 

=* # Spihelets broadly oval, imbncately covering each other (2j"-3' / long). 

3. L. lenticularis, Michx. (Fly-catch Grass.) Smoothish ; pani- 
cle simple ; palese very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ; 
stamens 2. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. 

Oryza sativa, the Rice-plant, is allied to this genus. 

2. ZIZANI4, Gronov. Water or Indian Rice. 

Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1 -flowered spikelets 
in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary, and forming a little 
cup. Palea3 herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile spikelets, 
the lower tipped with a straight awn in the fertile ones. Stamens 6. Stigmas 
pencil-form. — Large and often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with 
the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from Zi^aviov, the ancient 
name of some wild grain.) 

1. Z. aqiuitica, L. (Indian Rice. Water Oats.) Lower branches 
of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the upper erect, pistillate ; 
pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower paleai long-aicned, rough ; styles distinct ; 
grain linear, slender. ® (Z. clavulosa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of streams 
and in shallow water ; common, especially northwestward. Aug. — Culms 3°- 
9° high. Leaves flat, 2° -3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain \ } long ; gathered 
for food by the Northwestern Indians. 

2. Z* llliliacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate and pis- 
tillate flowers intermixed; awns short; styles united ; grain ovate. 1J. — Penn * 
Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute. 

3. ALOPECUSUS, L. Foxtail Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled, 
nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palea, which 
is awned on the back below the middle : upper palea wanting ! Stamens 3. 
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle contracted into a 
cylindrical and soft dense spike. (Name from aXa>7rr]^ fox, ar,d olpd, tail, the 
popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.) 

1. A. pratensis, L. (Meadow Foxtail.) Culm upright, smooth (2° 
high); palea equalling the acute glumes; awn exserted more than half its length, 
tiwsted ; upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. 1J. — Meadows and 
pastures of E. New England and New York. May. (^Nat. ft Dm Eu.) 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 541 

2. A.* geniculatus, L. (Floating Foxtail.) Culm ascending, bent 
at the lower joints ; palea rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near 
its base aid projecting half its length beyond it ; anthers linear; upper leaf as long 
as its sheath. 1J. — Moist meadows : rare. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. A« stristlllatus, Michx. (Wild Water-Foxtail.) Glaucous; 
culm decumbent below, at length bent and ascending ; palea rather longer than 
the obtuse glumes, scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just beiow its mid- 
dle ; anthers oblong, 1J. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet meadows ; 
common, especially northward. June - August. Spike more slender and paler 
than in the last. (Eu.) 

4. PHLEUI, L. Cat's-tail Grass. 

Palese both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower 
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope- 
curus. — Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name, probably of the 
Cat-tail.) 

1. P. pratense, L. (Timothy. Herd's-Grass in New England and 
New York. ) Spike cylindrical, elongated ; glumes ciliate on the back, tipped 
with a bristle less than half their length. 1}. — Meadows, &c. ; very valuable for 
hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 

2. P. aipisilBlIl, L. Spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciliate-fringed 
on the back, tipped with a rough awn-like bristle about their own length. \ — 
Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. 
(Eu.) See Addend. 

5. YILFA, Adans., Beauv. Rush-Grass, 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1 -nerved or 
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in the 
glumes. Palese 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (membrana- 
ceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, neither awned nor mu- 
cronate ; the lower 1 -nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3. 
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous. 
— Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat ; their 
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. (Name unexplained.) 

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high); low- 
est leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and 
thread-like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly enclosing the con- 
tracted panicle ; palece much longer than the unequal glumes ; grain oval or oblong. 
(Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clandestina & A. involuta, Muhl. A. longifolia, 
Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills ; not rare, especially southward. Sept. — 
Spikelets 2" -3" long. Palese rough above, smooth or hairy below, of greatly 
varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one half to 
twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled, or even considerably 
exceeded, by the lower ! 

2. V. vagiaiarflora, Torr. Root annual ; culms slender (6 -12' high), 
ascending ; leaves involute-awl-shaped (!'- 4' long) ; panicles simple and spiked. 



54:2 gramine^e. (grass family.) 

the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palece somewhat equal, 
about the length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer than the linear 
grain. (Agrostis Virginica, MuhL, not of L. Crypsis Virg., Nutt.) — Barren 
and sandy dry fields, New England to Illinois, and common southward. Sept. 

3. V. Virgillica, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted, slender (5' - 12' 
long), often procumbent, branched ; leaves convolute ; paleae rather shorter than 
the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Sandy sea-shore, 
Virginia (Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numer 
ous than in the last. See Addend. 

6. SPOROBOLUS, R. Brown. Drop-seed Grass. 

Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers 
nearly as in Vilfa; the paleae longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3 
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed, 
deciduous (whence the name, from (mopd, seed, and /3a\\a>, to cast forth). 

=fc Glumes very unequal: panicle pyramidal, open. 

1. §• jf&Blceiss, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongat- 
ed; culm (l°-2°high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes 
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper equalling, the nearly 
equal palece. 1[ (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, 
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets 1" -2 
long, shining. 

2. S. IlCterolepiS* Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as long 
as the culm (l°-2°), which is naked above; panicle very loose; glumes very 
unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some- 
what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal 
paleoz. Ij. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, N. New York, 
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant), 
stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam- 
eter), shining, thick and coriaceous ! 

3. S. crypt&lldrus. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal panicle 
bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading 
branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length oj 
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal paleae ; sheaths strongly bearded at the 
throat. 1[ ? ( Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York, 
to Illinois, and south and westward. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oahes. Aug. — 
Culm 2° - 3° high. Panicle lead-color : spikelets small. 

* ^ Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad paleoz : panicle racemose-elongated, 
open, the pedicels capillary : sheatlis naked at Hie throat : spikelets not infrequently 
2-fowered. (Colpodium ?) 

4. S. COmpreSSUS, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top ; culms tufted, 
stout, very fat ; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodec ; leaves erect, 
narrow, conduplicate-cliannelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter than 
the obtuse paleae. U (Agrostis compressa, Torr. Vilfa, Trin.)— Bogs in the 
pine barrens of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high. 
Panicle 8' - 12' long: spikelets V long, purplish. 



gkAmjne^e. (grass family;) 543 

5. §• Serotinus. Smooth; culms very slender, flcittish (8 r -I5' high), 
few-leaved; leaves very slender, channelled; panicle soon much exsertcd, the dif- 
fuse capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length 
of the paleas. (X ? (Agr. & Vilfa serotina, Torr. V. tenera, Trin. Poa ? uni- 
flora, Maid. P. modcsta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, E. New England to 
New Jersey and Michigan. Sept. — A very delicate grass; the spikelets, &c. 
smaller than in the last. 

7. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the 
lower rather longer, usually longer than the paleas, pointless. Paleos very thin, 
pointless, naked ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, and frequently awned on the back, the 
upper often minute or wanting. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. 
— Culms usually tufted, slender. (Name from dypos, a field, the place of 
growth.) 

§ 1. TRICHODIUM, Michx. — Upper pcdea abortive, minute, or none. 

1. A. elata, Trin. (Taller Thin-Grass.) Culms firm or stout (2° -3° 
high) ; leaves flat (l /; -2" wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2" -3" long) ; spike- 
lets crowded on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle (l^' f long) ; 
lower palea awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the upper 
wanting. JJ. (A. Schweinitzii, Trin. ? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa. 
Trich. elatum, Pursh.) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October. 

2. A. perennaiBS, Tuckerm. (Thin-Grass.) Culms slender, erect from 
a decumbent base (l°-2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4' -6' long, l"-2" 
wide) ; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, tf& branches short, divided 
and flower -bearing from or below the middle ; lower palea awmless (rarely short- 
awned), shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. % 
(Cornucopias perennans, Walt. Trich. pcrennans, Ell. T. decumbens, Michx. 
T. scabrum, Mv.hl., not Agr. scabra, Willd. Agr. anomala, Willd.) — Damp 
shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, &c. as in No. 3, into which it appears 
lo vary. 

3. A. scabra, Willd. (Hair-Grass.) Culms very slender, erect ( 1 ° - 2° 
high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1' -3' long, 
less than 1" wide) ; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary 
branches flower-bearing at and near the apex ; lower palea awnless or occasionally 
ihort-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the 
upper minute or obsolete. 1J. (g) ? (A. laxiflora, Richard. A. Michauxii, Trin. 
partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated places, 
common. June, July. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary 
branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with very 
minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1' 
long. — A variety? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana, 
Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta- 
num, Torr. (A. oreophila, Irin.), which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in 
hollows of rocks, &c. 



544 GRAMIXEJE. (GSASS FAMILY.) 

4. A. canixa, L. (Brown Bent-Grass.) Culms slender (1°- 2° high) ; 
root-leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader, linear ; 
branches of the short and loose erect-spreading panicle slender, branching above 
the middle; lower palea a little shorter than the almost ■» equal glumes, bearing a 
long (at length bent or somewhat twisted) awn on the back a little below the middle, 
the upper one minute and inconspicuous (only half the length of the ovary); 
spikelets greenish, turning brown or purplish, about 1" long. )J. — Meadows, 
&c, E. New England : scarce. (Nat from Eu.) 

Var. alpisia, Oakes (var. ? tenella, Torr. ; A. rubra, L., ed. 1. ; A. Picker- 
ingii & A. concinna, Tuckerm.), is a lower, often contracted mountain form, with 
spikelets 1 J" long. Mountain-tops, Maine to New York. July, Aug. (Eu.) 

§ 2. AGKOSTIS Proper. — Upper palea manifest, but shorter than the lower. 

5. A. vulgaris, With. (Red-top. Herd's-Grass of Penn., &c.) 
Rootstocks creeping; culm mostly upright (l°-2° high) ; panicle oblong, with 
spreading slightly rough short branches (purple) ; leaves linear; ligule very short, 
truncate ; lower palea nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nervcd ; 
the upper about one half its length. Ij. (A. polymorpha, Huds. partly. — Varies 
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Willd.), and rarely with the flower awned 
(A. pumila, L.) — Low meadows ; naturalized from Eu. Also native in North- 
ern New York and northward. (Eu.) 

6. A. Alba, L. (White Bent-Grass.) Culm ascending, rooting at the 
lower joints (l°-2° high) ; panicle narrow, contracted after flowering (greenish- 
white or barely tinged with purple), the branches rough ; ligule oblong or linear ; 
lower palea rather shorter than the glumes, 5-nerved, awnless, or rarely short- 
awned on the back ; otherwise as in the last. 1J. — Varies with the panicle 
more contracted (A. stolonifera, E., Fiorin Grass) ; and var. aristata, with 
the lower palea long-awned from near its base. (A. stricta, Willd.) — Moist 
meadows and fields. A valuable grass, like the foregoing. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§. POLYPOGON, Desf. Beard-Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted somewhat spike-like panicle. Glumes 
nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous palere, the lower 
of which is commonly short-awncd below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free. 
(Name composed of 7ro\v, much, and ircoyvv, beard; from the awns.) 

1. P. Moxspeliexsis, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn 
from a shallow notch at the summit; lower palea awned. J — On the coast, 
Isle of Shoals, New Hampshire (Oakes fr Bobbins), Virginia? and southward. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

0. CliVWA, L. Wood Reed-Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle. 
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, hispid-serrulate on the keel ; the lower 
rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the paleae. Flower manifestly 
stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the palese much like the glumes ; 
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or bristle-pointed on the back be- 



GRAMINEjE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 545 

low the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1 -nerved upper palea ! Grain 
linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and 
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2° -7° high), bearing a large compound ter- 
minal panicle, its branches in fours or fives, broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves 
(i'-J' wide), and conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often purplish-tinged. 
(Name unexplained.) 

1. C aritlitiisifkcea, L. — Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather 
common, both northward and southward. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' -15' long, 
rather dense ; the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterwards erect. 
Spikelets 2j /, -3 // long. Awn of the palea either obsolete or exserted. 

Var. petldula.* Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly 
capillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and paleas more 
membranaceous, the former less unequal; spikelets lJ' / -2" long; upper palea 
obtuse. (C. pendula, Trin. C. latifolia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia 
suaveolens, Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New York to Lake Superior and 
northward, and on mountains southward. — A northern, more delicate state of 
the last, as is shown by intermediate specimens. (Upper palea as long as the 
lower, but shorter, as figured in Anders. Gram. Scand., only not with 3 stamens, 
but monandrous, both in American specimens and in Norwegian, given in Fries, 
Herb. Norm.) (Eu.) 

10. MUKLENBEKCJIA, Schreber. Drop-seed Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in contracted or rarely open panicles. Glumes mostly 
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower 
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palese usually hairy-bearded at 
the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal; the lowtr 
3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3., (Dedicated to the 
Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist.) 

§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA Proper. — Panicles contracted or glomerate, terminal 
and axillary: perennials (in our species) with branching rigid culms, from scaly 
creeping rootstochs : leaves shoU and narrow. 
# Loiver palea barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of Cinna, Kunth, Trin.) 

1. M. SOtoolIfera. Culms ascending (l°-2° high), sparingly branched ; 
the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform; glumes barely pointed, almost 
equal, £ shorter than the equal palece ; lower palea abruptly short-mucronate. 
(Agrostis sobolifera, MM.) — Open rocky woods, Vermont to Michigan, Illi- 
nois, and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long. 

2. UI. gjomerata, Trin. Culms upright (l°-2° high), sparingly 
branched or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate 
spike, long-peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and 
(with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute 
palea. (Agr. racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon raccmosus, Nutt.) 
— Bogs, &c. ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long. 

3. UI. MexiciOia, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2 c -3° 
high) ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base., contracted, the 



546 GRAMINEjE. (GRASS FAMILY.; 

branches densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish) ; glumes, awnless, sharp 
pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palea, 
(Agr. Mcxicana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender pani- 
cles (A. filiformis, Muhl.) — Low grounds ; common. Aug. 

* * Lower palea bristle-awned from the tip : flowers short-pedicelled. 

4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and 
diffusely spreading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles densely many -flowered ; 
glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower palea, which bears an 
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, Muhl.) — Low oi 
rocky woods ; rather common. Aug., Sept. — Aspect between No. 3 and No. 5. 

5. M. WilldLendvii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or 
sparingly branched ; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; glumes slightly 
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palea, which bears an awn 3-4 
times the length of the spikelet. (Agr., tenuiflora, Willd.) — Rocky woods; 
rather common. Aug. 

6. M. diffusa, Schreber. (Drop-seed. Nimble Will.) Culms dif- 
fusely much branched (8' -18' high) ; contracted panicles slender, rather loosely 
many-flowered, terminal and lateral ; glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete^ 
the upper truncate ; awn once or twice longer than the palea. (Dilepyram 
minutiflorum, Michx.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi- 
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelets much smaller than in the 
foregoing, 1" long. 

§ 2. TRICHOCHLOA, DC. — Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and 
pedicels capillary : leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form. 

7. M. capiilari§ 9 Kunth. (Hair-Grass.) Culm simple, upright (2° 
high) from a fibrous (perennial?) root; panicle capillary, expanding (6'- 20' 
long, purple) ; glumes unequal, J to J the length of the long-awned palese, the 
lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W. 
New England to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Pedicels V - 
2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long. 

11. BEACIIIELYTEU1, Beauv. Brachyelytrum. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second 
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed 
panicle Lower glume obsolete ; the upper minute, pointless, persistent, shortei 
than the wi 1th of the thick stalk of the flower. Palea; chartaceo-herbaceous, in- 
volute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered 
short bristles ; the lower 5-nerved, contracted at the apex into a long straight 
awn ; the upper 2-pointed ; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove 
on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stigmas very long. — A perennial grass, with 
simple culms (l°-3° high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and 
fiat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large spikelets J' long without the awn. (Name 
composed of fipaxvsj short, and eXvrpov, husk, from the very short glumes.) 

1. B. aiistatlim, Beauv. (Muhlenbcrgia erecta, Schreb. Dilepyrum 
aristosum, Michx.) — Rocky woods; rather common. June. 



GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 547 

12. CA1AMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bent-Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor- 
tive flower, in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or boat-shaped, often 
acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which is surrounded 
at the base by a copious tuft of white bristly hairs. Paleae membranaceous, or 
in the second and third sections of a firmer texture ; the lower bearing a slender 
awn on the back or below the tip, rarely awnless ; the upper mostly shorter. 
Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall 
and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of Kakafxos, a reed, and dypocmsi 
a grass.) 

() 1. CALAMAGROSTTS Proper. — Flower, Spc. much as in Agrostis, except 
the hairy tuft : the boat-shaped glumes and the paleaz membranaceous ; the former 
equal or the lower one rather longer: lower palea 3 - 5-nerved, awned on the back: 
panicle open. (All the following have a rudimentary plumose pedicel of a second 
flower.) 

# Glumes open or loose after flowering. 

1. C, Canadensis, Beauv. (Blue Joint-Grass.) Panicle oblong, 
loose (often purplish) ; lower palea nearly as long as the lanceolate acute glumes, 
not exceeding the very fine hairs, bearing an extremely delicate awn below the middle 
scarcely equalling or exceeding the hairs ; rudimentary pedicel minute. (Arun- 
do Canadensis, Michx. C. Mexicana, Nutt.) — Wet grounds; common north- 
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Rather glaucous, 3° - 5° 
high: leaves flat. Glumes rough, l^" long. See Addend. 

*= * Glumes closed inf-uit. 

2. C. COllfims, Nutt. Panicle elongated, narrow (5' -8' long), the 
branches apprcssed after flowering, pale ; lower palea nearly equalling the oblong- 
lanceolate acute glumes, £ longer than the hairs (excepting those of the conspicuous 
rudiment), bearing between the middle and the base a rather stout and slightly exserted 
awn. (Ay. confinis, Willd. ! C. inexpansa, Gray.) — Swamps, N. and W. New 
York (especially Penn Yan, Sartwell) and Pennsylvania. July. — Spikelets 
rather larger than in the last; upper glume more or less shorter. 

3. C COarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, dense (3' -6' long); lower 
palea shorter than the taper-pointed tips of the lanceolate glumes, almost twice the length 
of the hairs (excepting the strong tuft borne by the conspicuous rudiment), bear- 
ing a rigid and exserted short awn above the middle. (C. Canadensis, Nutt.) — 
Wet grounds, Mass. to Wisconsin? and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Culm 
3°- 5° high. Glumes 4" long. Grain hairy, crowned with a bearded tuft. 

4. C. PickeriBlgii. Panicle dense and narrow (3' -5Mong, purplish) ; 
paleae nearly equal, rather shorter than the ovate-oblong merely acute glumes ; awn 
inserted between the middle and the base, stout, often a little bent, not exceeding the 
glumes ; hairs very short and scanty, \ the length of the palese, half as long as the 
small plumose rudiment. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New 
Hampshire; first collected by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Oakes. Sept. — Culml° 
high. Spikelets smaller and glumes less pointed than in C. sylvatica, DC, to 
which belongs C. purpurascens, R. Br. ? Leaves short and flat. 



548 GRAMIXE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

} 2. CALAMOVILFA. — Glumes and equal palece rather cheirtaceous, compressed- 
keeled ; the lower glume shorter than the upper and shorter than the paleee, of which 
the lower is l-nerved and entirely awnless ; the upper strongly 2-keeled : rudiment 
wanting : panicle open and loose. 

5. C. "brevipiiis. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary 
(purplish) ; glumes ovate, mucronate ; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half, 
shorter than the paleee, which are above twice the length of the hairs and bristly-beard' 
ed along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine barrens of 
New Jersey; rare. Sept. — Culm slender, 3° -4° high: leaves nearly fiat. 

6. C. iotlgiffrlia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running 
rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread- 
like point ; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the 
upper as long as the similar paleae, the lower ^ shorter ; the copious hairs more 
than half the length of the naked palem. — Sands, Illinois, Michigan, and north* 
westward. Spikelcts \' long. Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool. 

§ 3. AMM6PHILA, Host. — Glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal 
similar paleoe, scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled : lower palea 5- 
nerrved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip; the upper 2-kceled: 
rudiment present and plumose above : squamulee lanceolate, much longer than the 
ovary : panicle spiked-contracted: spikelets large (J' long). 

7. C. arena ft'ia, Roth. (Sea Sand-Reed.) Culm rigid (2°-3° high) 
from stout running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle contracted 
into a dense cylindrical spike (5'-9 long) ; hairs only £ the length of the pa- 
lese. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Deauv.) — Sandy beaches, New Jersey to Maine, 
and northward ; also Lakes Michigan and Superior. Aug. (Eu.) 

13. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. Mountain Rice. 

Spikelcts 1 -flowered nearly terete. Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, sev- 
eral-nerved, ? .early equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which 
is deciduour at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus. Lower palea cori- 
eccous, at .^ngth involute so as closely to enclose the upper (of the same length) 
and the oMong grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its 
apex. S .aniens 3. Squamulai 2 or 3, conspicuous. Styles sometimes united: 
stigmas -jlumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. 
Spikele.s greenish, rather large. (Name composed of opv(a, rice, and tyis, 
likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.) 

* ^ Styles distinct, short : culm leafy to the summit : callus gleibrous. 

1. <>• HielanoCilrpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, flat; 
sheaths bearded in the throat ; panicle simple or sparingly branched, the branches 
divergent; spikelets loosely racemed ; awn thrice the length of the blackish paleoe 
(nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith, Piptatherum nigrum, Torr.) — 
Rocky woods ; not rare. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high. 

* * Styles united below, slender : culms tufted, naked above : callus bearded. 

2. O. asperifdlia, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) clothed with sheaths 
bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf 



GRA?.IIXE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 519 

from the hose; panicle very simple and raceme-like, few-flowered; awn 2-3 
times the length of the rather hairy whitish palece. (Uraclme, Trin.) — Hill-sides, 
&c., in rich woods ; common northward. May. — Leaves concave, keelless, 
rough-edged, pale underneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulae lanceo- 
late, almost as long as the inner palca ! 

3. O. CaaiadeilSis, Torr. Culms slender (6 f -15 ; high), the lowest 
sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves involute-thread-shaped; panicle contracted (V -2 ! 
long), the branches usually in pairs ; palese pubescent, whitish ; awn short and 
very deciduous, or wanting. (0. parviflora, Nuti. Stipa juneca, Michx. S. Can- 
adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, Torr. Uraclme brevicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky 
hills an 1 dry plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. 
May. — Glumes V -2" long, sometimes purplish. — Through the species, or 
perhaps variety, Uraclme micrantha, Trin., this genus is strictly connected with 
Stipa. 

14. STIPA, L. Feather-Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, terete : the flower falling away at maturity, with the con- 
spicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed stalk (callus), from the mem- 
branaceous glumes. Lower palea coriaceous, cylindrical-involute, closely em- 
bracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long and 
twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex (naked in our species). 
Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves 
and a loose panicle. (Name from <ttw?/, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appear- 
ance of the feathery awns of the original species.) 

* Callus or base of the flower short and blunt ; glumes pointless. 

1. §. Kicliardsouii, Link. Culm (lj°-2°high) and leaves slender ; 
panicle loose (4'-5 ; long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly 
equal, oblong, acutish (2^-" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong 
lower palea, which bears a tortuous or geniculate awnjB"-8" long. — Pleasant 
Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague ; and northwestward. 
(Flowers rather smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described by Trinius 
and Euprecht.) 

* # Callus or base of the flower pungently pointed : at maturity villous-beardtd : lower 
palea slender and minutely bearded at the tijt : glumes taper-pointed. 

2. S. avenacea, L. (Black Oat-Grass.) Culm slender (l°-2° 
high) ; leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palece blackish, nearly as long as 
the almost equal glumes (about 4 ,; long), the awn bent above, twisted below (2'- 
3' long). — Dry or sandy woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) 
southward. July. 

3. S. spiirtca, Trin., not of Hook. (Porcupine Grass.) Culm rather 
6tout (H°-3° high) ; panicle contracted ; palece linear, |'-1' long (including the 
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed 
greenish glum es ; the twisted strong awn 3^-7' long, pubescent below, rough 
above. (S. juncea, Pursh?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N Michi- 
gan northwestward. 



550 GKAMIXE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

15. ARISTIDA, L. Tripie-awxed Grass. 

Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palea tipped with three awns ; 
the upper palea much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branch- 
ing : leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes 
or spikes. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry 
soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower towards the 
end of summer. 

* Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palea. 
•*-• Awn very unequal; the 2 lateral merely short erect bristles, scarcely \ or \ the 
length of the horizontal at length recurved middle one : root annual : culms tufted, 
much branched throughout, low (5'- 18' high) : racemes short and spike-like. 

1. A. dicliotoilia, Micfax. (Poverty Grass.) Culms erect or ascend- 
ing; spikelets small, mostly crowded and panicled; glumes \-nerved, i'-J long, 
exceeding the flower, which bears a middle awn of about its own length. — Com- 
mon in old fields, &c, especially southward. 

2. A. ramosissima, Engelm. mss. Culms diffuse; spiked raceme sim- 
ple and loosely flowered; glumes §' -f long, 3 - o-nerved, about equalling the 
flower, the soon recurved middle awn V long. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Engel- 
mann), and Kentucky (Jierb. Michaux). — Glumes short-awned ; the lower 4-5- 
nerved; the inner and longer one 3-nerv<?d, 2-cleft at the tip. Lateral awns of 
the palea only 1 J" - 2" long. Ligule truncate, bearded. 

«*- ■♦- Awns unequal but similar ; the 2 lateral about half the length of the horizontally 
bent middle one : root annual: culms branched only towards the base, naked above, 
bearing a long and slender spiked raceme or virgate panicle. 

3. A. gracilis. Ell. Culms slender, erect (6'- 18' high); flower as long 
as the glumes (2^ // -3 // long) ; lateral awns as long as the palea, the middle one 
J'-| ; long. — Sand, E. Massachusetts and New Jersey to Illinois, and south- 
ward. 

-* — -t — -i — Awns nearly equal, divergently spreading : root perennial. 

in- Culms simple or nearly so (l°-2° high), terminated by a long and strict virgate 

many-flowered spiked panicle from 6' to IS' in length. 

4. A. Stfi'lCta, Michx. Leaves soon involute-filiform, rigid, downy or gla- 
brous ; lower palea smooth, 3" -4" long, the equally spreading awns J' long, or 
the lateral rather shorter. — Virginia and southward. 

5. A. purpiirascens, Poir. Leaves glabrous, less rigid ; lower palea, 
rough or minutely serrulate-hispid on the keel and the slender lateral nerves, 
4" -5" long; the divaricate middle awn 1' long, the lateral a little shorter and 
at first erect. (A. racemosa, MM. A. Geyeriana, Steud.) — Massachusetts to 
Michigan, Illinois, and southward ; common. 

«*■+ ++ Culms branching below (1°- lj° high), the branches naked above an I racemosdy 
or paniculately several- (4 -12-) flowered. 

6. A. Oligatltha, Michx. Spikelets large, very short-pedicellcd : glumes 
equalling the flower, 8"- 10" long, the lower 3-5-ncrved and 2-clef't at the tip, 
the upper 1-nerved and more awned at the tip ; awns of the palea l£' -3' long, 



guamine-e. (grass family.) 551 

divaricate, the lateral a little shorter than the middle one. — Virginia to Illinois, 
and south westward. — Resembles small forms of the next. 

*= * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex ofthepcdea: root annual. 

7. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6'- 18 ; high), tumid 
at the joints ; panicles rigid, loose ; the branches in pairs, one of them short and 
about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (1' long, in- 
eluding their slender-awned tips) longer than the palea ; which is tipped with 
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns 
(lJ'-2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to 
IJew Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. 

16. SPARTI1VA, Schreber. Cord or Marsh Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked 
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly com- 
pressed-keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the 
upper one much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palea?, of which 
the upper is longest. Squamulre none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less 
united. — Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively 
creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and 
tough leaves (whence the name, from o-TraprtvT], a cord, such as was made from 
the bark of the Spartium, or Broom). 

# Spikelets compactly imbricated, rough-hispid on the keels: spikes more or less pedun- 
cled: culm and leaves rigid. 

1. §. cynosuroides, \Viild. (Eresh-water Cord-Grass.) Culm 
rather slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, j 1 or less wide below), 
tapering to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, 
smooth except the margins ; spikes 5-14, scattered, spreading ; rhachis rough on 
the margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower equalling the lower 
palea, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra- 
nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroides, Michx. Limnetis, Pers.) — Banks of 
rivers and lakes through the interior, chiefly northward. Aug. — Spikes 2 / -3 / 
long, straw-color. Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel ; the awn of the 
upper one about ^' long. Paleae somewhat unequal. — Certainly distinct from 
the next, to which, in strictness, the Linnaean name belongs. 

2. S. polystacliya, Willd., Muhl. (Salt Reed-Grass.) Culm tall 
and stout (4° - 9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves broad ( J r to 1'), 
roughish underneath, as well as the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a dense oblong 
raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the equal 
palece, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex. 
(Trachynotia polystachya, Michx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L.l in part, excl. 
var.) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide -water, especially southward. 

3. S. juncca, Willd. (Rush Salt-Grass.) Culms low (l°-2° high) 
and slender ; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes 1-5, 
on veiy shorl peduncles ; the rhachis smooth ; glumes acute, the lower scarcely J 
the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palea. (Dactylis pa- 



552 GRAMIXKLE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

tens, Ait.) — Salt marshes, and sandy sea-beaches, common. August. (Also 
in one locality in S. of Eu.) 

* * Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the heels slightly 
hairy or rouyhish under a lens: spikes sessile and erect, soft; leaves, rhachis, frc. 
very smooth : culm, &c. rather succulent. 

4. S. stricta, Roth. (Salt Marsh-Grass.) Culm l°-3° high, leafy 
to the top; leaves convolute, narrow; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly 
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets ; glumes 
acute, very unequal, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the paieae. — Salt 
marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. (Muhl.) (Eu.) 

Var. glabra, Muhl. (S. glabra, Muhl., partly.) Culm and leaves mostrV 
longer; spikes 5-12 (2' -3' long), the spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common 
on the coast. 

Var. alterilifldra. (S. altemiflora, Loisel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var , 
L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over- 
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage; 
larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the Eu. and Trop. 
Amer. plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. — Com- 
mon with the last. — Odor strong and rancid. 

17. CTENIUM, Panzer. Toothache-Grass. 

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of a flat arcuate-curved 
rhachis, forming a solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent; the lower one 
(interior) much smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, 
like a horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the 
one or two lower consisting of empty awned paieae, the one or two uppermost 
of empty awnless paieae : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palese 
membranaceous, the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely 
ciliate towards the base, 3-nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plu- 
mose. (Name Kreviov, a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.) 

1. C. Alliericaimm, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high) simple, pubescent 
or roughish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and conspicuously awned. 
1|. (Monocera aromatica, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward. 
— Taste very pungent. 

18. BOUTELOIA, Lagasca (1805). Muskit-Grass. 

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened 
rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly 
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes concave-keeled, the lower one shorter. 
Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palea 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the 
2-nerved upper palea 2-toothed, the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or subu- 
late-awned. Stamens 3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers 
mostly 1 -3-awned. Spikes solitary, racemed, or spiked ; the rhachis somewhat 
extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish writer 
apon floriculture and agriculture.) 



Gtt AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 553 

$ 1. CHONDHOSIUM, Desv. — Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong 
or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme : sterile flowers 1-3 
on the summit of a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of I -3 scales and awns. 

1. B. oligOSicactiya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6'- 12' high) ; leaves 
very narrow ; spikes 1-5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile palea 
sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously villous-tufted at 
the summit of the naked pedicel, the 3 awns equalling the larger glume. 
(Atheropogon, Nutt.) — W. Wisconsin? and westward. — Glumes obscurely 
if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palea 2-cleffc at the 
tip. Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming 
hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Lag.) 

2. B. llirsitta, Lagasca, Tufted from an annual? root (8 / -20 / high); 
leaves flat, lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1 - 4 ; upper glume 
hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palea pubescent, 3-cleft 
into awl-pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 aivns longer than 
the glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engelm. Chondrosiuni 
hirtum, H. B.K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south westward. 

§ 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. — Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate 
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets: 
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary. 

3. B. Ciirtipesidula. Culms tufted from perennial rootstalks (l°-3° 
high) ; sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow ; spikes ^ or less in length, nearly 
sessile, 30 to GO in number in a loose general spike (8'- 15' long) ; flowers 
scabrous ; the lower palea of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile 
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fertile 
flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris 
curtipendula, Michx. Atheropogon apludioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula, 
Trin.) — Calcareous dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and south- 
ward. July- Sept. — Passes by transitions into 

Var. aristdsa. Spikes mostly shorter ; sterile flower of a large saccate 
lower palea, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the lateral nerves, the stout mid- 
dle awn often exserted, and sometimes with a rudiment of an inner palea. 
(Eutriana affinis, J. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Geyer), Penn. ? and southward. 

19. GYIMOPOGOM, Beauv. Naked-beard Guass. 

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of 
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter- 
nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme. 
Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the somewhat 
equal membranaceous palea? ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute, witli 
the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender 
bristle-like awn ! the upper with the abortive rudiment at its base. Stamens 3. 
Stigmas pencil-form, purple. — Leaves short and flat, thickish, l'-3' long. 
(Name composed of yvpvus, naked, and 7ra)ycoi/, a heard, alluding to the reduc- 
tion of the abortive flower to a bare awn.] 



554 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

1. O. racemdSMS, Beauv. Culms cl istered from a short rootstock (1° 

high), wiry, leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; spikes flower^bearing to the base 
(5 / -8 / long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk, 
equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the awn of the fer- 
tile flower, lj. (Anthopogon lepturoides, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, New 
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 

2. O. "brevifolillS, Trin. Filiform spikes long-peduncled, i. e. flower-bear- 
ing only above the middle ; lower palea ciliate near the base, short-awned ; awn 
of the abortive Jioiver obsolete or minute ; glumes acute. 1J. (Anthopogon brevifo- 
lius & filiformis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward. 

20. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda Grass. Scutch-Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a second 
flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes usually 
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless, 
rather unequal. Paleas pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped. 
Stamens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with 
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of kvcov, a dog, and odovs, a tooth.) 

1. C Dacttlon, Pers. Spikes 3-5; paleae smooth, longer than the blunt 
rudiment. — Penn. and southward; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 

21. DACTYLOCTMIUM, Wiild. Egyptian Grass. 

Spikelets several-flowered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on 
one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number, 
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled, 
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palea strongly 
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, contain- 
ing a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Culms diffuse, often creeping 
at the base. (Name compounded of daKTvXos, finger, and ktcviov, a little comb, 
alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.) 

1. I>. iEGYPTiACUM, Willd. Spikes 4-5; leaves ciliate at the base. ® 
(Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinois, 
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?) 

22. ELEUSINE, Gartn. Crab-Grass. Yard-Grass. 

Spikelets 2 - 6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate- 
spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membra- 
naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Paleag awnless and pointless ; the * 
lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) con- 
taining a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, and 
flowers much as in Poa. (Name from 'EXetxriV, the town where Ceres, the god- 
dess of harvests, was worshipped.) 

1. E. fxDicA, Gsertn. (Dog's-tail or Wire Grass.) Culms ascend* 
ing, flattened; spikes 2-5 (2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly southward. 
(Nat. from Ind.?) 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 555 

23. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Oxydenia, Nutt.) 

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked 
on one side of a long filiform rhachis : the spikes racemed. Glumes membra- 
naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower pa- 
lea 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awnless, or 
bristle-awncd at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the upper. Stamens 2 or 
3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Leaves flat. (Name composed of 
\e7rr0S, slender, and x At > a 5 grass, from the long attenuated spikes.) 

§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA Proper. — Lower palea awnless or simply awned. 

1. L<. B21tlcrOBl£&t£l, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40, 
2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme; spikelets small; glumes more 
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. © 
— Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August. 

§2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. — Lower palea bristle-awned from the 2-toothed apex ; 
the marginal nerves often excwrent into lateral teeth or points. 

2. !<• fascicule ris. Smooth; leaves longer than the geniculate-decum- 
bent branching culms ; the upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like 
raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3' - 5' long) ; spikelets slightly 
pedicelled, 7-11-flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes; paleae 
hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral teeth and a 
short awn in the cleft of the apex, (i) (Festuca fascicularis, Lam. F. polysta- 
chya, Michx. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv., Torr. ) — Brackish meadows, 
from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois southward on 
the Mississippi. Aug. — Makes a direct transition to the next genus. 

24. TRICUSPIS, Beauv. (Uralepis & Winds6ria, Nutt.) 

Spikelets 3-1 2-flowered, somewhat terete ; the terminal flower abortive. 
Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded below each flower. Paless 
membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous ; the lower much larger than the 2- 
toothed upper one, convex, 2-3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously 
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar- 
ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a 
short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob- 
long, mostly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed: sheaths bearded at the throat. 
Panicle simple or compound ; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name 
from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palea.) 

§1. TRICUSPIS Proper. (Windsoria, Nutt.) — Glumes shorter than the 
crowded flowers : lower palea ^-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usu- 
ally with 2 intermediate membranaceous teeth; the upper palea naked. 
1. T. SCSlerioidcs, Torr. (Tall Red-top.) Culm upright (3° -5° 
high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound, the rigid 
capillary branches spreading, naked below; spikelets very numerous, 5-7-flow- 
ered, shining, purple (J 1 long) j the flowers hairy toward the base. 1J. (Poa 
flava, L. ! P. soslerioides, Michx. l\ quraqucfida, Pursh. Windsoria pose- 



556 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

formis, Nutt. Uralepis cuprca, Kunth.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York to 
Illinois, and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle 
sometimes 1° wide. Points of the lower palea almost equal, scarcely exceeding 
the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed. 

§2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diplocea, Rqfi Uralepis, Nutt.)— Glumes much 
shorter than the somewhat remote flowers : both palece strongly fringe-bearded ; the 
lower 2-cleft at the summit , its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the truncate 
or awn-pointed divisions. 

2. T. purpurea. (Sand-Grass.) Culms many in a tuft from the 
same root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints ; leaves invo- 
lute-awl-shaped, mostly short ; panicles very simple, bearing few 2 - 5-flowered 
epikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included in the 
commonly hairy sheaths ; awn much shorter than the palea, frequently not exceeding 
its eroded-ti-unqate or obtuse lateral lobes. (J) ? (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diplocea 
barbata, Raf. Uralepis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt.) — In sand, Massa- 
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid 
to the taste. 

T. corx^jta (Uralepis comuta, Ell. and Triplasis Americana, Beauv. !) may 
perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia. 

25. DUPONTIA, R.Brown. See Addend. 

Spikelets 2 - 4-flowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, nearly equal- 
ling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each flower. 
PaleaB thin and membranaceous or scarious; the lower one convex, scarcely 
keeled, faintly nerved, entire, mostly acutish, pointless. Stamens 3. Stigmas 
plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and chiefly Arctic grasses, with linear 
flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose panicle. 
(Named for M. Dupont, a writer on the sheaths of the leaves of Grasses.) 

(A genus, according to its author, most allied to Deschampsia (Aira), from 
which it differs in its entire and awnless palere, — an alliance strengthened by 
the following remarkable new species which I venture to place in it; — leaving 
the genus among the Festueineaa on account of the technical character, as it 
wants the awn, and because it may include Arctophila of Ruprecht, which verges 
very close on Colpodinm and Glyceria. Fluminia, Fries, or Scolochloa, Link, 
(which may occur within our northwestern borders,) is intermediate in character 
between Dupontia and Tricuspis, but might perhaps be ranged with Arctophila 
in spite of its teeth, of which there are traces in some genuine Glyceric.) 

1. I). Codleyi. Tall (2° or more high) ; leaves roughish, sparsely hairy 
above ; panicle ample, compound ; glumes very unequal, the upper (3" long) 
scarcely shorter than the spikelet, their midrib and the pedicels rough, the slen- 
der rhachis conspicuously and unilaterally bearded for its whole length. — Bor- 
ders of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan. — Flowers in the 
spike mostly 2 or 3 and a sterile pedicel, whitish, the palea longer and of a 
firmer texture than those of Aira eoespitosa and A. Bothnica, perfectly entire, 
acutish, and with a somewhat keel-like roughish midrib : no trace of an awn. 



GRAMINEjE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 557 

26. DIARRHENA, Raf. Diarrhena. 

Spikelets several- flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost 
flowers steri'e. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous; the 
lower one much smaller. Lower palea ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori- 
aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped 
tip. Squamulse ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very lar^e, obliquely ovoid, 
obtusely pointed, rather longer than the paleaj, the cartilaginous shining peri- 
carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root- 
stocks, producing simple culms (2° -3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat 
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicclled spikelets (§' 
long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of dts, two, and apprjv, man, 
from the two stamens.) 

1. I>. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river- 
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. August. 

27. DACTYLI§, L. Cock's-foot or Orchard Grass. 

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching 
dense panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough- 
ciliate on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ; 
the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance- 
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name daKTv\ls, a finger's 
breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.) 

1. D. glomerata, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly 
linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. — 
Fields and yards, especially in shade. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 

28. KCCLEBIA, Pers. Kceleria. 

Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle. 
Glumes and lower palea membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, 
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed : the former moder- 
ately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Tufted 
Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms ; the sheaths 
often downy. (Named for Prof. Kohler, an early writer on Grasses.) 

1. K. crista ta, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at 
the base ; spikelets 2- 4-flowered ; lower palea acute or mucronate; leaves flat, 
the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. gracilis, with a long and narrow 
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Nutt.) — Dry hills, Penn. to 
Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.) 

29. EATONIA, Raf. (REBC-fjLEA, Kwith, not of Raddi.) 

Spikelets usually 2-flowercd, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, nn- 
merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat 
equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower 
narrowly linear, keeled, 1 -nerved; the upper broadly obovatc, folded round the 



558 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palea ob 
lon^, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, ehartaeeous ; the upper very thin 
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen- 
der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths, 
flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikelets. 
(Named for Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the 
United States, which was for a long time the only general work commonly 
available for students in this country, and of several other popular treatises.) 

1. E« Obtlisiltsi. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, the 
spikelets much crowded on the short erect branches; upper glume rounded-obovate t 
truncate-obtuse, rough on the back ; the flowers lance-oblong. ( Aira obtusata, 
Michx. A. truncata, Muhl. Kceleria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata, Xutt. Re- 
boulea gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, ed. 1. Eatonia purpurascens, 
Raf. ?) — Dry soil, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. 

2. "E. PeilllSylvsinica. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose 

branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ; 
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Kceleria Pennsylvanica, DC. Aira mollis, 
Muhl. Reboulea Pennsylvanica, ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6' -8' 
long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. major, Toit.) ; and, rarely, with the lower 
palea minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows ; common. 

30, MELICA, L. Melic-Grass. 

Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered ; the 1-3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con- 
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes 
usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palese 
papcry-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age; the lower 
rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt 
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumosc. — Leaves flat and soft. Pani- 
cle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. 
(An old name, from /xe'Ai, honey.) 

1. M. miltica, AValt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the 
larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palea naked, gla- 
brous but minutely scabrous on the nerves, lj. (M. glabra, Michx. M. speciosa, 
Muhl.) — Var. glabra (M. glabra, Pursk.) has the panicle often few-flowered 
and rather simple, the lower palea very blunt. — Var. diffusa (M. diffusa, 
Pursh) is taller, 2^°-4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani- 
cle ; the lower palea commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich 
soil, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 

31. GLYCERU, R. Brown, Trin. Manna-Grass. 

Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early 
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and 
unequal 1 -3-nerved membranaceous glumes behind. Paleae naked, of a rather 
firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some- 
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous, 5-7- 



GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 559 

nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas plumose, 
mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth 
marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or rootstocks ; the spikelets in a race- 
mose panicle. (Name from yXvicepos, sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.) 

$ 1. GLYCERIA Proper. — Lower palm conspicuously nerved: styles present: 
plumes of the stigma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side: leaves 
fiat, the sheaths nearly entire. 

# Spikelets in a crowded panicle, ovate, turgid, more or less compressed ; the flowers 
crowded : lower palea ovate, entire, not very strongly nerved, of a firm texture, in 
No. 1. becoming ventricose after flowering [almost as in Briza) : upper palea very 
obtuse and entire : stamens 2. 

1. O. Canadensis, Trin. (Rattlesnake-Grass.) Panicle oblong, 
pyramidal, at length spreading, and the tumid 6 - 8-ilowered spikelets drooping ; 
lower palea acutish, longer than the notched upper one ; leaves long, roughish. 
(Briza Canadensis, Michx. Poa Canadensis, Beauv.) — Boggy places, New 
England to Penn., Wisconsin, and common northward. July. — A handsome, 
stout grass, 2° -3° high. Spikelets 2" long, becoming very broad: glumes purplish, 

2. €*• ©fetnsa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense; the 6-7-flowered 
spikelets erect, short-pedicelled ; lower palea obtuse, the upper as long when old. 
(Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New England to Penn., near the coast; rare. 
Aug. — Culm stout, l°-2° high, very leafy: leaves long, smooth. Spikelets 
3" long, pale. 

3. 0» elongata* Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long), 
recurving; the branches appressed, bearing the 3-4-flowered erect short-pedi- 
celled spikelets nearly to the base ; lower palea obtuse, rather longer than the 
upper; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet 
woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July. — Spikelets pale, 1 ;/ - 
1§" long. 

# * Spikelets oblong, diffusely panicled, nearly terete : lower palea oblong or oval, trun- 

cate-obtuse, prominently 1 -nerved; the upper one 2-toothed: stamens 3 or 2. 

4. G-. nervata, Trin. Branches of the broad and open panicle capillary, 
at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 - 7-flowered ; 
leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. striata, Michx. P. parviflora, 
Pursh.) — Moist meadows; very common. June. — Culm erect, l°-3° high. 
Spikelets seldom 2" long, commonly purplish. 

5. O. pallida, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle capillary, erect' 
spreading, rough; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5-9- 
flowered (pale, £ long) ; lower palea oblong, minutely 5-toothed, the upper lanceo- 
late, conspicuously 2-toothed; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsoria 
pallida & Poa dentata, Torr.) — Shallow water ; common, especially northward. 
July. — Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending from a creeping rase. 

6. O. aquatica, Smith. (Reed Meadow-Grass.) Panicle much 
branched, ample (S f - 15' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age; 
spikelets oblong or linear-oblong, 5-9-flowered (usually purplish, 2" -3" long) ; 

29 



560 graminetE. (grass family.) 

lower palea entire; leaves large (l°-2° long, J' to -J ; wide). — Wet meadows, 
&c. ; common northward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° -5° high. (Eu.) 

# * * Spikdtts linear {^ -V long), terete, pale, appressed on the branches of the 
long and narrow racemose panicle: palece minutely roughish ; the upper 2-toothed : 
stamens 3: squamulce unilateral, or united: ligule long: culm flattened, ascending 
from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Brown.) 

7. G. Illlifaus, R.Brown. Spikelcts 7 - 13-flowcred ; lower palea oblong, 
obtuse, or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather 
longer than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water; com- 
mon, especially northward. June - Aug. — Culm thickish, 1 ° - 5° long. Leaves 
short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long : the simple branches 
appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.) 

8. G. acittiffldra, Ton*. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, few and scattered; 
lower palea oblong -lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the upper 
one. — Wet places, Penn. to New England; rather rare. June. — Resembles 
the last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (J' 
long) and less nerved. 

§ 2. HELE6CHLOA, Fries. (Sclerochloa, ed. 1.) — Lower palea inconspicuously 
or obsoletely §-nei*ved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain hardly 
grooved : saline species : panicle contracted with age. 

9. G. nmi'&tima, 9 Wahl. (Sea Spear-Grass.) Sterile shoots procum- 
bent runner-like; flowering culms erect (l°-l£° high); branches of the panicle 
solitary or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palea round- 
ed at the summit, slightly pubescent towards the base ; leaves somewhat invo- 
lute; ligule elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea-coast; not rare. (Eu.) 

10. G. dist£EllS 9 Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, des- 
titute of running shoots ; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading ; 
spikelets 3 - 6-flowered ; lower palea truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule 
short. (P. fasciculata, Torr. P. distans, L. P. arenaria, Retz ) — Salt marsh- 
es along the coast. — Probably only a form of the last. (Eu.) 

32. BEIZOPYBUM, Link. Spike-Grass. 

Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or 
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly 
many-nerved. Lower palea rather coriaceous, flattened-boat-shaped, indistinctly 
many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers mostly dioecious, pretty large. 
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded 
of Briza (No. 35), and irvpos-, icheat.) 

1. B. spiciktHBH, Hook. Culms tufted, from creeping rootstocks (9'- 
18' high); spike oblong, flattened (1' long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5-10- 
flowered; flowers smooth and naked ; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. 'Poa 
Michauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more 
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas ; the sterile smaller 
and somewhat rounded on the back. 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 561 

33. POA, L. Meadow-Grass. Spear-Grass. 

Spikelets ovate, or lance-ovate, compressed, several- (2 -10-) flowered, hi an 
open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. Low- 
er palea membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, compressed- 
keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete), 
the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with soft hairs 
or long and crisped cobweb-like wool ; upper palea membranaceous, 2-toothed. 
Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culms tufted. 
Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (An ancient Greek name for Grass.) 

# Root annual: branches of the short panicle single or in pairs. 

1. P. siimiia, L. (Low Spear-Grass.) Culms spreading or decum- 
bent (3' -8' long), flattened; panicle often 1-sided; spikelets crowded, very 
short-pedicelled, 3 - 7-flowered ; lower palea delicately more or less hairy on the 
nerves below. — Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if real- 
ly indigenous here. April -Oct. (Eu.) 

•¥f # Root perennial : culms tufted, often stoloniferous at the base. 

*- Branches of the simple panicle mostly solitary or in pairs, short but slender, smooth, 

bearing single or few purplish spikelets. (Alpine.) 

2. P. Mxa, Hamke. Culms upright (4' -9' high) ; panicle nodding, often 
racemose-contracted ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea obscurely 
nerved, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves below ; leaves narrow ; 
ligules elongated. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. 
New York, and high northward. (The nearly related P. alpina is found in 
Canada, and may occur within our borders.) (Eu.) 

•4- +- Branches of the very loose panicle long and capillary, mostly in pairs or in 
threes, naked below (more or less scabrous) : spikelets few or widely scattered, pretty 
large (3 ;/ -4" long, pale-green, sometimes purple-tinged), loosely 3 - 5-flowered : 
culm flatfish (l°-2° high), plant soft and smooth, flowering in spring. 

♦+ Flowers (oblong) obtuse, as also the larger glume : panicle diffuse : lower palea 
rather conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous below the middle on the keel and 
marginal nerves. 

3. P. brevifdlia, Muhl. Culm stoloniferous from tire base, 2-3-leaved, 
the upper leaves very short (^'-2' long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-tipped; 
branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; lower palea rather obscurely nerved, 
cobwebby at the base. (P. pungens, Nutt., excl. syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton, 
The older and also more appropriate name is here restored.) — Rocky or hilly 
woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly westward. April, May. — 
Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves. 

4. P. flexildsa, Muhl. Culm slender (not stoloniferous?); its leaves 
all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its branches 
2' -4' long to the spikelets or first ramification) ; lower palea prominently nerved, 
no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. campyle, Schult.) — Dry 
woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. -May. — Wrongly con- 
founded with the last, though near it. P. autumnalis is an inappropriate name, 
and there is now no obstacle to restoring the earlier published and unobjection- 
able (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa. 



562 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

♦+ ++ Flowers (oblong -lanceolate) and both glumes acute: pmicle narrow. 

5. P. alsddes. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the uppermost 
(2j'-4 ; long) often sheathing the base of the panicle, the capillary branches of 
which are appresscd when young, and mostly in threes or fours ; spikelets 3- 
flowered (pale green, soft) ; lower palea very obscurely nerved, villous on the 
keel below, and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. 
(P. nemoralis, Terr. §- ed 1 : but wholly different from the European species cf 
that name.) — Woods, on hill-sides, New England to Wisconsin. May, June. 
+-+-«•- Branches of the rather narrow but loose long-peduncled panicle in threes or 

jives, or rarely in pairs, short or shortish, above bearing scattered and rather few 
spikelets; these barely 2" long, pale green, rather loosely 2 - 4 flowered : flowers 
(oblong) and glumes obtuse ; lower palea scarcely scarious-tipped : plant very smooth, 
slender (l£°-3° high) : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, l^'-3' long, soft. 

6. P. debiiis, Torr. Culm terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle 
slender (the lower lJ'-2 / long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes ; flowers 
very obtuse, smooth and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. — Rocky 
woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May. 

7. P, sylvestris* Culm flatfish, erect; branches of the oblong-pyramidal 
panicle short, in fives or more ; lower palea villous on the keel for its whole length, 
and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. — Rocky woods 
and meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. June. 

*_ a_ .*_ ^_ Branches of the narrow or oblong panicle mostly short, in fives or some- 
times in twos and threes, rough, mostly compound and bearing very numerous closely- 
flowered spikelets : flowers acute or acutish, more or less webbed at the base. 

*+ Panicle open, its branches in fives : the 3 - b-flowered spikelets all distinctly pedicelled, 
acute, slightly flattened ; lower palea villous or pubescent on the keel and marginal 
nerves, the intermediate nerves obsolete: culms erect (2° -3° high), terete, growing 
in tufts, not at all stoloniferous at the base. 

8. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (False Red-top. Eow t l Meadow-Grass.) 
Leaves narrowly linear; ligules elongated; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (1"- 
2" long) ; flowers acutish, green, often tinged with dull purple. (P. nemoralis, 
Pursh. P. crocata, Michx. belongs to this or the next.) — Wet meadows and 
low banks of streams; common everywhere northward. July, Aug. — A good 
grass for moist meadows. (Eu.) 

9. P. fiiemorali§ 9 L. Leaves linear; ligules obsolete or very short ; spikz- 
lets 4-5-floivered, rather larger, and the flowers and glumes more sharply acize and 
narrower ; otherwise nearly as in the preceding, which is too nearly related to 
it. — Wisconsin (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.) 

«-*• ++ Panicle with the flattened spikelets crowded on the branches, mostly short-pedi- 
celled, sometimes almost sessile : culms stoloniferous at the base, except in No. 10. 

10. P. trivialis, L. (Rough Meadow-Grass.) Culms (l°-3° high) 
and sheaths usually rather rough ; branches of the pyramidal diif use panicle mostly 
in fives ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers acute, prominently 5-ncrved, a little hairy 
on the keel, otherwise glabrous ; ligule acute, oblong. — Moist meadows ; less 
common and less valuable than the next. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 



GKAMINE.E. ^GRASS FAMILY.) 563 

11. P. prateilSiS, L. (Green or Common Meadow-Grass.) Culms 
(1° -3° high, from a creeping base) and sheaths sixooth; branches of the py- 
ramidal panicle commonly in fives, spreading ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers 
5-nerved, lance-ovate, acute, hairy on the marginal nerves and keel ; ligule blunt, 
short. — Common in dry soil : imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous 
at the White Mountains of New Hampshire and northward. May -July. (Eu.) 

12. P. compressa 9 L. (Blue-Grass. Wire-Grass.) Culms much 
flattened, obliquely ascending (9'-18' high) from a creeping base, the uppermost 
joint near the middle ; leaves short, bluish-green ; panicle dense and contracted 
(expanding just at flowering), partly one-sided; the short branches often in 
pairs, covered to near the base with the 4 - 9-flowered flat spikelets ; flowers 
linear-elliptical, rather obtuse, hairy below on the lateral nerves and keel; ligule 
short and blunt. — Dry fields and banks, probably introduced with other and 
more valuable grasses ; rarely in woods : apparently truly indigenous north- 
ward. (Eu.) 

34. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Eragrostis. 

Spikelets 2 - 70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palea is but 
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and deciduous; the upper 
persistent on the entire rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms 
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat of 
the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early name, 
probably from epa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent habit of 
the original species.) 

# Prostrate and creqnng, much-branched : root annual : spikelets flat, imperfectly 

dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate. 

1. E. reptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10- 30-flowered, almost 
sessile ; flowers lance-ovate, acute ; leaves short, almost awl-shaped, smoothish. 
(Poa reptans, Michx.) — Gravelly river-borders; common. August. — Elower- 
branches 2' - 5' high. 

* * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6'- 15' high) : spike- 
lets large (f -%' long), densely -flowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle. 

2. E. pOvEOides, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ; 
spikelets short-pedicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-flowered, lead- 
colored (2"-5' / long) ; flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa 
Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward; scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 

Var. megastachya. Sheaths mostly glabrous ; spikelets larger (\' -%' long), 
becoming linear, whitish when old, 10-50-flowered. (E. megastachya, Link. 
Briza Eragrostis, L.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug. — Emits 
a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.) 
**=-& Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading and ascending: panicle open, its 

branches capillary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Number 

of flowers in the spikeht very variable, according to age, fyc.) 
V- Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual 

root : leaves narrow, flat, soft : branches of the narrow panicle rather short and 

thickly-flowered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest sparingly. 



564 GRAMINE.E. (GIIASS FAMILY.) 

3. E. 1'Il6sa, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches 
(except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5 -12-flowered (2" -4" long, purplish-lead- 
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels; glumes (small) and lower 
valea obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, 1 -nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo- 

"sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England 
to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Plant 6' - 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high); panicle 
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; spikelets 2-5-flowercd (1"-1^" long) on 
slender pedicels; glumes very acute; lower palea ovate, acute, rather obscurely 3- 
nerved. (E. erythrogona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly red- 
dish.) — Low or sandy ground, Ohio to Illinois (opposite St. Louis, Drummond, 
Engelmann), and south westward. Aug. 

5. E. Pursllii, (Benin.?) Schrad. Sparingly branched at the decum- 
bent base, then erect (J°- 2° high); panicle elongated, the branches widely- 
spreading, very loose; spikelets 5 -18-Jloivered, oblong-lanceolate, becoming 
linear (2 ,f -4 \ u long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes and 
lower palea ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. (Poa tenella? Pursh. 
P. Caroliniana, Spreng. P. pectinacea of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or 
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 

■*- +- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect, from an annual or 
perennial root, mostly forming thick tufts: leaves very long ; panicle very large, com- 
pound, often longer than the culm, with elongated and loosely flowered branches ; their 
axils often bearded. 

6. E, tenuis. Panicle virgately elongated (l°-2j° long), very loose, the 
spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions 
and long diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 -12-) flow- 
ered, pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (\^ n ~2" long), 
membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palea distinctly 3- 
nerved; the upper ciliate-scabrous. 1J.? (Poa tenuis, Ell. P. capillaris, Michx. 
P. trichodes, Nutt. E. Gcyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and 
southward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, l^°-2° long, glabrous or spar- 
ingly hairy : the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flow- 
ers much larger than in the next, fully 1 J" long. 

7. E. capiliai*i§ 9 Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer 
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long 
diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2 - 4-flowered, 
greenish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1'' long); lower 
palea obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled, the upper rough-ciliate. Q (Poa capil- 
laris, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields; common, especially 
southward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths either very hairy or nearly gla- 
brous, the former about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, becoming very 
wide and diffuse. 

8. E. pectiliacea. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main 
branches bearded in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or les% oppressed on the 
secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5- 15-flowered, becoming linear, purple or 
purplish-tinged ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower palea 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565 

strongly 3-neivecl , the upper hirsute-ciliate. 1J. ? (Poa pectinacea, Michx., ex char, 
P. Virginica, Zinc? P. hirsuta, Amer. auth., not of Michx. E. Unionis & 
cognata, Steud.f) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, the sheaths especially so. 
— Var. spectabilis. Leaves and sheaths mostly glabrous; branches of the 
panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels mostly shorter; spikelets 
rather larger. (E. spectabilis, ed. 1. Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) — Sandy dry 
ground, from E. Massachusetts southward near the coast, and from Ohio and 
Illinois southward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 1 ° - 3° high. Spikelets 1 J" - 3" long, 
about 1" wide, closely flowered. 

35. BKi^A, L. Quaking Grass. 

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, fl attish- tumid ; the flowers 
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palea round- 
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose On the back, heart- 
shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar- 
gined, obscurely many-nerved; the upper palea very much smaller, ovate, flat. 
Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the paless, 
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the large 
and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an 
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from fiplfa, to slumber (Linn.), 
or fipi6<D, to bend downwards). 

1. £$• media, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5-9- 
flowered (3" long); glumes shorter than the lower flowers. % — Pastures; 
sparingly in E. Massachusetts and in Penn. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

B. maxima, L., an annual with much larger and many-flowered spikes,'is 
occasionally cultivated for ornament. 

3G. FESTUCA, L Pes cue-Grass. 

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, panicled or racemose ; the flowers not webby at 
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palcas chartaccous or almost coria- 
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute, 
pointed, or often bristle-awned, rarely blunt; the upper mostly adhering at 
maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens mostly 3. — Flowers, and often the 
leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.) 

# Flowers bristle-pointed or awned from the tip : panicle racemose-contracted. 

1. F. telle B I a, Willd. Panicle spike-like, somewnat one-sided (2'- 3' 
long) ; spikelets 7 -9-flowered ; awn of the involute-awl-shaped palea slender ; leaves 
bristle-form, (l) — Dry sterile soil; not rare. July. — Culms very slender, 
6' -12' high. Ss fafa f 

2. F. ovina. (Sheep's Fescue-Grass.) Panicle narrow ; spikelets 2- 
6-fowered ; awn much shorter than the lanceolate palea, or almost wanting ; leaves 

• convolute-filiform ; culms 6'- 15' high, forming dense-rooted tufts. 1J. — N. E. 
New England, Lake Superior, and northward. — Var. vivfpARA (which with us 
has running rootstocks), with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots, 
is found on the alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and 
high northward. (Eu.) 



666 GltAMJNE-J^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

Var. diiriuscillcl* Taller; laniele more open or compound; leaves 
flat, becoming convolute; spikelets 4 - 8-flowered. (F. duriuscula, L.) — N. 
New England and northward. Also sparingly naturalized from Europe in dry 
pastures eastward. June. 

* *= Flowers awnless and mostly almost pointless : panicle open: grain often free! 

3. F. elAtior, L. (in part). Panicle contracted before and after flowering, 
erect, with short branches; spikelets crowded, 5- 10-flowered (about £ long) ; the 
flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate; leaves flat; culms l°-4° high from a 
short creeping rootstock. 1J. (F. pratensis, Huds.) — Moist meadows and near 
dwellings. June. — A pretty good meadow-grass. (Nat. from Eu.) 

4. F. nutans, WillcL Panicle of several long and slender spreading branch- 
es, mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough, bearing near their extremity a few 
ovate 3-5-flowered spikelets (£' long) on pretty long pedicels ; flowers ovaie- 
oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved. 
1|. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° -4° high, naked above: 
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy. 

37. B ROM US, L. Brome-Grass. 

Spikelets 5 - many-flowered, paniclcd. Glumes unequal, membranaceous, 
the lower 1 - 5-, the upper 3 - 9-nerved. Lower palea either convex on the back 
or compressed-keeled, 5 -9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the 
mostly 2-cleft tip : upper palea at length adhering to the groove of the oblong 
or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. — 
Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened 
at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from /3po/ios, food.) 

§ 1. EUBROMUS. — Lower palea convex on the bach; the flowers imbricated over 

one another before expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-, the upper 5 - 9-nerved. 
=& Annuals or biennials : introduced. 

1. B. secalinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit, 
the drooping peduncles but little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of 
8 -10 rather distant flowers ; lower palea rather longer than the upper, its awn short, 
sometimes very short or none ; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Grain-fields, too com- 
mon : also escaped into barren or waste grounds. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

2. B. racemosus, L. (Upright Chess.) Panicle erect, simple, rather 
narrow, contracted in fruit; flowers closer, more imbricated; lower palea decided- 
ly exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ; 
sheaths sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often 
mistaken in this country. — Grain-fields; not rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 

3. B* mollis, L. (Soft Chess.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ; 
spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy 
(as also the leaves, &c.) ; lower palea acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New 
York and Penn. ; scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 

* * Perennial : indigenous. (Lower glume strongly 3-, the upper 5-nerved.) 

4. B. Kalniii. (Wild Chess.) Panicle simple, small (3' -4' long), 
the spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 -12-flowered, densely 



GRAMI^'E^:. (grass family.) 567 

silky ail ov.r ; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower ; lower 
palea 7 -9-nerved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (1^°- 
3° high) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus, 
MM. B. purgans, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry woodlands and open places; com- 
mon northward. June, July. — This is preserved in the herbarium of Linnsus 
under the name of B. ciliatus, though it is not the plant he has described ; thence 
has arisen much confusion. 

| 2. SCHEDOXOEUS, Beauv., Tries. — Lower palea someichat convex, but 
keeled on th<> back, laterally more or less compressed, at least above : flowers soon 
separating from each other : lower glume 1- the upper 3-nerved. 

5. B» ciliatllS* L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at 
length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7 -12-flowered; flowers lanceolate, tipped 
with an awn half to three fourths their length; lower palea silky with appressed 
hairs near the margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish 
on the back (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubescens, Muhl.) ; — t)r, in var. pus- 
gans (B. purgans, L.l), clothed all over with very short and fine appressed 
hairs. 1| — River-banks and moist woodlands; rather common. July, Aug. 

— Cam 3 c -4° high, with the large leaves (i'-J' wide J smooth or somewhat 
hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top. 

— Variable as to the pubescence, &c, and comprising several forms, including 
both the Linnasan species ; for which the present name is preferable to the inap- 
plicable purgans, which was taken from Feuiile's South American species. — In 
■ 1: Bge- flowered form, two obscure additional nerves appear in the upper glume. 

6. B. sterilis, L. Panicle very loose, the slender and nearly simple branches 
drooping ; spikelets of about 6 rather distant and 7-nerved roughish linear-awl- 
shaped Ion g-awned flowers ; leaves rather hairy. Q — Penn Yan, New York, 
SartweU. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 

38. UNIOLA, L. Spike-Grass. 

Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged; one or more of the 
lowest Bowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palea. Glumes lance- 
olate, 1-keeied. Lower palea coriaeeo-membranaceous, strongly later- 
ally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, en- 
g the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally 
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth 
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leaves 
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant, 
a diminutive of unio, unity.; 

* Spikelets large ( j - 2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 - 30-flowered : panicle open. 

1. U« paniculata, L. Leaves narrow when dry, convolute; spikelets 
ovate, short-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, biuntish, several of the lower sterile; the 
fertile with 3 stamens ; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hiila 
on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward. 

2. I". latifolia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (§'-1' wide); spikelets at 
length oblong, hanging on long pedicels ; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all but 



568 gramine^:. (grass family.) 

the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hill-sides, S. Perm, to Illinois 
and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high : panicle loose. 

# * Spikelets small: panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect flowers long-pointed. 
3. U. gracilis, Michx. Spilcelets short-pedi celled (2" -3" long), broadly 
wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - 8-floivered : the flowers ovate and divergent- 
ly beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to Vir- 
ginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender. 

39. PHRAGIITES, Trim Heed. 

Spikelets 3 - 7-flowered ; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at their base, 
and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except 
the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes 
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very 
unequal. Palea3 membranaceous, slender ; the lower narrowly awl-shaped, 
thrice the length of the upper. Squamulse 2, large. Styles long. Grain free. 
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal 
panicle. ($ pay pirns, growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does not.) 

1. P. COiatEliUiliS, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3-5-flow- 
ered ; flowers equalling the wool. ( Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds and swamps ; 
common northward. Sept. — Looks like Broom-corn at a distance, 5° -12° 
high : leaves 2 f wide. (Eii.) 

40. AKUID3NARIA, Michx. Cane 

Spikelets flattened, 5- 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the 
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger. 
Paleae herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back, 
not keeled, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squarnulae 
3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or 
shrubby Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in 
panicles or racemes ; the flowers polygamous, viz. perfect and staminate. (Name 
formed from arundo, a reed.) 

1. A. maci'OSperma, Michx. Spikelets (1^-3' long) rather few in a 
simple panicle, sometimes solitary on a slender peduncle ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, pubescent beneath : — in the Small Cane f'-l' wide, in the Tall Cane 
l'-2' wide. Culm of the latter sometimes 20° -35°, in cane-brakes ; but it very 
rarely blossoms. — In rich soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April. 

41. LEPTUBUS, R. Brown. , Lepturus. 

Spikelets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed 
in the excavation, 1-2-flowered. Glumes 1-2, including the 2 thin pointless 
paleae. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch- 
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender 
spikes (whence the name, from \eTrr6s, slender, and ovpd, tail). 

1. L«. ? penicillatus, Nntfc. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and 
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 569 

spikes; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (Mead), 
and westward. Aug. 

42. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. 

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis, 
placed edgewise ; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one and exter- 
nal : — otherwise chiefly as in Triticum. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. JL. perenne, L. (Common Darnel. Ray- or Rye-Grass.) Glume 
much shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 6-9, awnless, rarely awn-pointed. }J. — 
Meadows and lots; eastward. June. — A pretty good pasture-grass. (Nat. 
from Eu.J 

2. It* TEMULENTUM, L. (Bearded Darnel.) Glume fully equalling the 
5-7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower (^ long). (I) — Grain-fields, 
Massachusetts to Illinois : rare. — Grain noxious ; almost the only such instance 
among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.) 

43. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. 

Spikelets 3 - several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side 
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and 
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palea very like the glumes, convex on the 
back, pointed or awned from the tip : the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the 
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical 
name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the 
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate-oblong and ven- 
tricose-boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. vulgare). Others are perennial, 
with nearly lanceolate acute or pointed glumes, and 2-rankcd spikes, never fur- 
nishing bread-corn (§ AgropVron, Gaertn.) ; to which the following belong. 

1. T. repens, L. ( Couch-Grass. Quitch-Grass. Quick-Grass.) 

Rootstocks creeping extensively ; spikelets 4 - 8-nowered ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; 
rhachis glabrous, but rough on the angles ; awn none, or not more than half the 
length of the flower ; leaves flat, roughish or hairy above. — Yar. nemorale, An- 
derson. Brighter green; palea? pretty long-awned ; spike slender. — Open 
grounds, northward : principally in meadows and cultivated grounds, where it is 
naturalized (from Europe) and very troublesome, multiplying rapidly and widely 
by its creeping slender rootstocks. June -Aug. (Eu.) j^LtOfaf- *S 

2. T. caiiisilim, L. (Awned Wheat-Grass.) No creeping rootstet-k ; 
spikelets 4 - 5-flowered ; glumes 3 - 5-nerved ; rhachis very rough ; awn longer 
than the smooth flower ; leaves flat, roughish. — Woods and banks, W. New York 
to Wisconsin, and northward. Also sparingly naturalized in fields. (Eu.) 

3. T. dasystacliyiim. Culm (l°-3° high, from a strong creeping root- 
stock) and narrow mostly involute leaves very smooth and glaucous ; spikelets downy- 
hairy all over, whitish, 5 - 9-flowered ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; rhachis rough on the 
edges ; awn sometimes about half the length of the flower, sometimes nearly- 
wanting. (T. repens, var. dasystaehyum, Hook.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Hu- 
ron and Superior, and northward. Aug. 



570 GRA3IINE-3S. (GRASS FA3IILY.) 

44. HOBDEUM, L. Barley. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, 3 at each 
joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and 
short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form* 
ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Paleae herba- 
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3. 
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the paleae. Rhachis of the dense spike 
often separating into joints. (The ancient Latin name.) 

1. H. juration, L. (Squirrel-tail Grass.) Low, lateral flowers 
abortive, neutral, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing an 
extremely long awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all 
spreading. @ — Marshes and moist sand of the sea-shore and the Northern 
lakes. June. 

2. H. pHSillum, Nutt. Lateral flowers imperfect and neutral, awnless 
but pointed, the perfect flower bearing an awn nearly twice the length of its palea, 
equalling the short awns of the rigid glumes, which rise, the central from an awl- 
shaped, the middle ones from an oblong base ; spike linear. (T) — Saline soil, 
Ohio, Illinois, and westward. — Too near H. maritimum of Europe. Culm 
4' -10' high. 

H. distichum, L., is the cultivated Two-rowed Barley.. H. vulgare, 
L., is the common Four- (or Six-) eowed Barley ; the lateral spikelets being 
also fertile, probably as a consequence of long-continued cultivation. 

Secale cere Ale, L., the Eye, is a well-known cultivated grain of this 
grcup, nearly allied to the Wheat in botanical character. 

45. ELY1US, L. Lyme-Grass. Wild Rye. 

Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each 

1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, 

2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palea? coriaceous ; the 
lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the 
involving palea? (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from i\va % 
to roll up), 

* Glumes and lower palece rigid, both or only the latter awned : spikelets 1-5- 
flowered : perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh foliage. 

1. E. VirginicilS, L. Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick (3' long), on 
a short peduncle usually included in the sheath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2 - 3-flow- 
ered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the rough and thickened 
strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks; not rare. 
Aug. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high : leaves broadly linear, rough. 

2. E. Canadensis, L. Spike rather loose, curving (5' -9' long), on an 
exserted peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 - 5 long-awned rough or rough- 
hairy flowers ; the lance-awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter awns. (E. Philadel- 
phicus, L. I) — Var. glaucif6lius (E. glaucifolius, Muhl.) is pale or glaucous 
throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns (1^ long). — River-banks, 
&c ; common. 



GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 371 

3. E. s£ri&tUS 9 "Willd. Spike dense but slender, upright or slightly nod- 
ding (3' -4' long) ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1-2- (or rarely 3-) flowered, mi- 
nutely bristly-hairy; glumes linear-awl-shaped or truly awl-shaped, bristle-awned, 
about thrice the length of the flowers, not counting their capillary awn (which is 1 
long); leaves (rather narrow) and sheaths smooth or hairy, or downy. — Var. 
vill6sus (E. villosus, MuhL !) has a somewhat stouter spike and very hairy 
glumes — Kocky woods and banks; rather rare. July. — The most slender 
and smallest-flowered species. 

■%■ # Glumes and palece both awnless and soft in texture : reed-like perennials. 

4. E. mollis, Trim (not of E. Br.) Stout (3° high) ; spike thick, erect 
(8 long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5 - 8-flowered ; the lanceolate pointed 
$- 7-nerved glumes (1' long) with the pointed palese soft-villous, the apex of the 
culm velvety ; rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of Lakes 
Huron, Superior, Maine (Tuckerman ;) and northward. (Near E. arenarius.) 

46. G¥MIVO§TICIIIIM, Schreb. Bottle-brush Grass. 

Spikelets 2-3 (or sometimes solitary) on each joint of the rhachis, raised on 
a very short callous pedicel, loosely 2-4-flowered (when solitary placed flatwise 
on the rhachis). Glumes none ! or small awn-like deciduous rudiments (whence 
the name of this genus [otherwise nearly as in Elymus], from yvfxvos^ naked, and 
ori^os, a rank). 

1. G. Hystrix, Schreb. Spike upright, loose (3'-6' long); the spread- 
ing spikelets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish, or often rough 
hairy, tipped with an awn thrice their length (1 ; long); leaves and sheaths 
smoothish. 1J. (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Moist woodlands; rather common 
July. 

47. A IRA, L. (in part). Hair-Grass. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle ; the (small) flowers both per- 
fect (sometimes with a third imperfect), usually shorter than the membranaceous 
keeled glumes, hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palea truncate 
or mostly denticulate or enoded at the summit, bearing a slender bent or straight 
awn on its back. Stamens 3. Styles plnmose to the base. Ovary glabrous. 
Grain oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.) 

$ 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv., Trim — Lower palea thin and scarious or mem- 
branaceous, delicately 3 - 5-nerved, eroded or toothed at the truncate summit ; the 
awn attached mostly a little above the base : grain not grooved, mostly free : glumes 
about equalling the flowers. 

1. A. flexwosa, L. (Common Hair-Grass.) Culms slender, nearly 
naked (1°- 2° high), from the small tufts of involute-bristle-form leaves (I '-6' 
long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; awn about twice the 
length of the palea. 1J. — Dry places ; common. June. (Eu.) 

2. A. CSespitdsa, L. Culms in close tofts (2° -4° high); leaves flat , 
linear; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); awn barely equalling the palea 
1J. — Shores of lakes and streams ; not rare northward. June, July. (Eu ) 



5*72 GRAMIXE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

§2. VAHLODEA, Fries. — Glumes more boat-shaped, longer than the fiozvas: 
lower palea of a firm or coriaceous texture, nerveless, the truncate-obtuse tip mostly 
entire; the awn borne at or above the middle : grain grooved, fiatlish, fiee. 
3. A, atropurpurea, Wahl. Culms 8'- 15' high, weak; leaves flat or 

rather wide ; panicle of few spreading branches ; awn stout, twice the length of 

the palese. 1J. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of N. New 

York. August. (Eu.) 

4§. DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Grass. 

Lower palea (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraccous, 7-9-nerved) bearing 
between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn composed of the 
3 middle nerves, winch is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise 
nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. (Named for 
Danthoine, a French botanist.) 

1. !>. spiciita, Beauv. Culms tufted (l°-2°high); leaves short, nar- 
row and soon involute ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle simple, raceme- 
like (2' long); the few spikelets appressed, 7-flowered; lower palea broadly 
ovate, loosely hahy on the back, much longer than its lance-awl-shaped teeth. 
1J. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July. 

49. TBISETUM, Persoon. Trisetum. 

Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle ; the lower palea 
compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes, 
bearing a bent or nexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or 
2-pointcd apex (whence the name, from iris, three, and seta, a bristle) : other- 
wise nearly as in Avena. 

1. T. Sl&bspicatum, Beauv., var. lliolle. Minutely soft-downy ; pani- 
cle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2' -3' long) ; glumes about the length 
of the 2-3 smooth flowers; awn diverging, much exserted. (Avena mollis, 
Michx.) % — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin, 
and northward; rare. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.) 

2. T. palUStre, ToiT. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long), 
loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the 2 
smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of the 
rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed tip, 
while the loxcer one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. 1J. (Avena 
palustris, Michx. Aira pallens, MM.) — Low grounds, S. New York to Illinois, 
and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. Spike- 
lets yellowish-white, tinged with green. 

50. AVENA, L. Oat. 

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, panicled ; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, or 
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes ; 
the uppermost imperfect. Lower palea rounded on the back, mostly 5-11- 
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the 



guamine^. (grass family ) 573, 

acutely 2-e'eft tip proeeeding from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain 
oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy, free, but invested by the upper 
palea, (The classical Latin name.) 

§ 1. AVENASTRUM, Koch. — Spikelets rather small, several-flowered; the 
flowers remotish ; glumes I- and 3-nerved ; lower palea about 1 '-nerved : root 
perennial. 

1. A. Striata, Miehx. Culms tufted, slender (l°-2° high) ; leaves nar- 
row ; panicle simple, loose, drooping with age ; the few 3 - 5-flowered spikelets 
on rough capillary pedicels, much longer than the veiy unequal purple glumes ; 
lower palea with a short bearded tuft at the base, much longer than the ciliate- 
fringed upper one (£' long), bearing a long straightish awn just below the taper- 
ing very sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpurascens, Torr.) — Kocky, 
shaded hills, N. New England, New York, and northward. June. 

{ 2. AIR6PSIS, Desv., Fries. — Spikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate 
flowers, and ivith no rudiment of a third: glumes l-nerved: lower palea obscurely 
3-5-nerved: root annual. (Forms a genus intermediate between Aira and 
Avena, here appended to the latter for convenience.) 

2. A. precox, Beauv. Dwarf (3' -4' high), tufted; leaves short, bristle- 
shaped ; branches of the small oblong panicle appressed ; awn from below the 
middle of the flower. (Aira pra>cox, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) See Addend. 

A. sativa, L., the Common Oat, belongs to the section with annual roots, 
and long, 7 - 9-nerved glumes. 

51. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. Oat-Grass. 

Spikelets open-panicled, 2 -flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower ; the 
middle flower perfect, with its lower palea barely bristle-pointed from near the 
tip ; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the mid- 
dle of the back (whence the name, from appnv, masculine, and dOrjp, awn) : — 
otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification. 

1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Leaves broad, flat ; panicle elongated (8'- 10' 
long); glumes scarious,^ery unequal, lj. (Avena elatior, L.) — Meadows and 
lots; scarce: absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

52, HOLCUS, L. (partly). Meadow Soft-Grass. 

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ; 
the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re- 
motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, but its papery or thin-coriaceous lower 
palea awnless and pointless ; the upper flower staminate only, otherwise similar, 
but bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to 
the base. Grain free, scarcely grooved. (An ancient name, from 6\k6s, draught, 
of obscure application. ) 

1. H. lanatus, L. (Velvet-Grass.) Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong 
(l'-4 ; long) ; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex ; awn of the stam- 
inate flower recurved. 1J. — Moist meadows ; scarce. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 



£74 gramixeye. (grass family.) 

53. HIEROCHLOA, Gmclin. Holy-Grass. 

Spikelets plainly 3-flowered, open-panicled ; the flowers all with 2 paleae the 
two lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, often awned on the 
middle of the back or near the tip ; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short- 
pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes equalling 
or exceeding the spikelct, scarious ; paleas chartaceous. — Leaves linear or lan- 
ceolate, flat. (Name composed of Upos, sacred, and x Aoa ? grass; these sweet- 
scented Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North 
of Europe.) 

1. EL toorealis, Roem. & Schultes. (Vanilla or Seneca Grass.) 
Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2' -5' long); peduncles smooth; 
staminate flowers with the lower palea mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near 
the tip ; rootstock creeping, y. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, Mass. 
to Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly near the coast and along the Lakes. May. 
— Culm l°-2° high, with short lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color; 
the sterile flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at 
the tip. (Eu.) 

2. M. alpiisa. Eoem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (1'- 2' long) ; one 
of the staminate flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other 
long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow* 1J. — Alpine 
mountain-tops, New England, New Tork, and northward. July. (Eu.) 

54. A N T HOX A W T HUM , L. Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass. 

Spikelets spiked-panieled, 3-flowered ; but the lateral flowers neutral, consist- 
ing merely of one palea which is hairy on the outside and awned on the back ; 
the central (terminal) flower perfect, of 2 awnless chartaceous paleoe, 2-androus. 
Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long as the flowers, twice 
the length of the lower. Squamulae none. Grain ovate, adherent to the enclos- 
ing palea?. (Name compounded of av6os, flower, and civOcov, of flowers. L.) 

1. A. odoratum, L. Spikelets spreading (brownish or tinged with green) ; 
one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short- 
awned below the tip. 1J. — Meadows, pastures, &c. ; very sweet-scented in dry- 
ing. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.) 

55, PHALABIS, L. Canary-Grass. 

Spikelets crowded in a dense or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudiments 
of a flower, one on each side, at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish, 
awnless, of 2 shining paleoe, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and often winged- 
keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the 
flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad, fiat. (The an- 
cient name, from <f)a\6s, shilling, alluding either to the paleae or the grain.) 

1. P. arimdiimcea, L. (Reed Canary-Grass.) Panicle more or 
less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old ; glumes wingless, with flat- 
tened pointed tips ; rudimentary flowers hairy, £ the length of the fertile one. y 



GRAMINE2E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575 

(P. Americana Torr., not of Ell. Digraphis arundinacea, Trin.) — Wet grounds ; 
very common northward. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3" - 5" wide. — 
The Ribbon-Grass of the gardens is a state of this species, with variegated 
leaves. (Eu.) 

2. P. Canariensis, L. (Canary-Grass.) Panicle spiked, oval; glumes 
wing-keeled ; rudimentary flowers smooth, half the length of the perfect one. Q) — 
Waste places, New York and New England: sparingly cultivated. July -Sept. 
— It yields the Canary-seed. (Adv. from Eu.) 

5®. MILIUM, Millet-Grass. 

Spikelets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con- 
sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a sin- 
gle coriaceous awnless flower : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting, 
while an empty single palea of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper 
glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palea of the terete 
fertile flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, 
enclosed in the palese, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the 
Millet (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thou- 
sand, because of its fertility.) 

1. HI. efFusiilit, L. Smooth (3°- 6° high) ; leaves broad and flat, thin, 
panicle spreading (6'- 9' long) ; flower ovoid-oblong. 1J. — Cold woods ; com- 
mon northward. June. (Eu.) 

57. AMPHICABPUM, Kunth. (Milium, Pursh.) 

Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two 
Vtnds ; one kind in a strict terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that 
the rudiment of the lower glume is ordinarily discernible, quite deciduous from 
the joint, commonly without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect : the 
other kind solitary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles 
(which are more or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the 
others, perfect and fertile, subterranean ; the enwrapping glume and similar 
empty palea many-ncrved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small 
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain ovoid, terete, 
not grooved, in the radical flowers very large (2 n -3" long), the embryo next 
the lower palea. Neutral palea somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile 
flower. — Leaves lanceolate, flat, copious on the lower part of the culm, clothed 
like the sheaths with spreading bristly hairs (Name from dfi(j)iKap7ros, doubly 
fruit-bearing. ) 

1. A. Pursllii, Kunth. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy 
pine barrens, New Jersey. Sept. 

58. PASPALUM, L. Paspalum. 

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2 - 4 rows on one side of a flattened 
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano- 
convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other 



576 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

hand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which, 
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and 
empty palea few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on 
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. — (Said to have been a Greek 
name for Millet.) 

* Spikes very numerous in a spiked raceme ; their thin and membranaceous or folia- 
ceous rhachis broader than the spikelets, and keeled or boat-shaped. 

1. P. fluitailS, Kunth. Glabrous; stems procumbent below and rooting 
in the mud or floating ; leaves lanceolate; rhachis (1" wide) projecting beyond 
the small slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the 
back. (I) (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Virginia, S. Ohio, Illinois, 
and southward. Oct. See Addend. 

* # Spikes one or few ; the rhachis narrower than the spikelets. 
+r Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal, and often 1-5 lateral. 

2. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long), 
slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; 
spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and 
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ; 
spikelets (^ ff wide) narrowly 2-rowed. 1J. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium, 
Michx.) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Illinois, and southward. 
August. 

3. P. Igeve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-3° high) ; the pretty 
large and long leaves with the flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ; 
spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon- 
gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at 
their base; spikelets broadly 2-rowed (over 1 ;/ wide), lj. ? — Moist soil, S. New 
England to Kentucky, and southward. August. — Either glabrous or sometimes 
the lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. 

+- ■*- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle. 

i. P. distieliiim, L. (Joint-Grass.) Nearly glabrous, rather glau- 
cous ; culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate (2' -3' long) ; spikes short and closely-flowered (%' -2* long), oneshort- 
peduncled, the other sessile ; rhachis flat on the back ; spikelets ovate, slightly pointed 
(barely lj" long). 1|. (P. notatum, Fluegge, &c.) — Wet fields, Virginia and 
southward. July - Sept. 

5. P» EHgitaria., Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2^° high) from a creeping 
base; leaves lanceolate (3' -6' long, J ; '-£ wide); spikes slender and rather 
sparsely flowered (l'-4' long), conjugate, both sessile at the apex of the slender 
peduncle; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2'' long). (Milium paspalodes, Ell.) — Vir- 
ginia (Pursh), and southward. 

59. PANICUM, L. Panic-Grass. 

Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, l£-2- 
fiowered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely want- 
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577 

flower either neutral or staminate, of one palea which closely resembles the up- 
per glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed, 
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless, 
enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually 
purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Seta- 
ria ltalica), thought to come from panis, bread ; some species furnishing a kind 
of bread-corn.) 

§ 1. DIGIT ARIA, Scop. — Spihelets crowded 2 - 3 together in simple and mostly 
l-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless : lower 
flower neutral, of a single palea : lower glume minute, sometimeshbsolete or want- 
ing : root annual : plant often purplish. 

# Spikes erect ; the rhachis filiform, nearly terete. 

1. P. filifdriue, L. Culms very slender (l°-2° high), upright; lower 
sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate and approximated, filiform ; spikelets ob- 
long, acute (J" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower almost 
wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey along the coast, Illi- 
nois, and southward. Aug. 

# ■*■ Spikes spreading ; the rhachis flat and thin. 

2. P. glabrum, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect 
(5' -12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate; spikelets 
ovoid (about 1" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want- 
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places ; common southward, and not rare 
northward : in some places appearing as if indigenous, but probably an intro- 
duced plant. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 

3. P. sanguinale, L. (Common Crab-Grass. Finger-Grass.) Culms 

erect or spreading (l°-2°high); leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy; spikes 
4-15, spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong (1 \ u long) ; upper glume half the length 
of the flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds, and yards ; 
common. (Nat. from Eu.) 

§ 2. PANICUM Proper. — Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless, 
* Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually 

pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7. 

«•- Sterile flower neutral, fully twice the length of the lower glume : spikelets small 

(not more than I" or lj (f long). 

++ Neutral flower consisting of 2 paleoi. 

4. P. &licep§, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather 
broadly linear (1°- 2° long, 4"- 5" wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyram- 
idal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 1 -nerved] 
neutral flower \ longer than the perfect one. 1J. — "Wet soil, pine barrens of 
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Allied to the next : spikelets 
and branches of the panicle longer. 

5. P. agTOStoidC-S, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves 
long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram- 
idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread- 
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume b-nerved, longer than the 



578 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

neutral flower, which exceeds the perfect one. (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. f P. 
multiflorum, Poir.) — Wet meadows, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois, 
and southward. Aug. 

++ ++ Neutral flower consisting of a single palea. 

6. P. proUfertlin, Lam. Smooth throughout ; culms thickened, succulent, 
branched and geniculate, ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ; 
ligule ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender 
primary branches at length spreading ; spikelets oppressed, lance-oval, acute (pale 
green), lower glume broad, J to ^ the length of the upper; neutral flower little 
longer than the perfect one. ® — Brackish marshes and meadows; common 
along the coast from Massachusetts southward : also along the Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi. Aug. 

7. P. capillars, L. Culm upright, often branched at the base and form- 
ing a tuft; leaves (large) and especially the flattened sheaths very hirsute; panicle 
pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose (6' -12' long), the slender straight 
branches somewhat reflexed when old ; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong- 
ovoid and pointed; lower glume half the length of the neutral palea, which is 
longer than the ovoid-oblong obtuse perfect flower. (J) — Sandy soil and cultivated 
fields everywhere. Aug., Sept. 

8. P. autimifiiale, Bosc ! Culm ascending, very slender (1° high), branch 
ing below ; leaves small (V - 2' long, linear-lanceolate) and upper sheaths glabrous ; 
panicle as in depauperate states of the last, but glabrous, except the strongly 
bearded main axils, its capillary much elongated divisions mostly simple and 
bearing solitary spindle-shaped spikelets ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower nar- 
rowly oblong or lance-oblong, acute, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish up- 
per glume and the neutral palea. 1J. ? (P. dichotomiflomm, Michx. ?) — Sand- 
hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead), and southward. — This well-marked spe- 
cies is either rare, or has been generally overlooked. 

«•- *»- Sterile flower staminate, of 2 palece ; lower glume little or -g- shorter : spikelets 
large (li» -2^" long). 

9. P. virgatlim, L. Very smooth; culms upright (3° -5° high) ; leaves 
very long, flat; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9'- 2° long) at 
length spreading or drooping; spikelets scattered, oval, pointed: glumes and 
sterile palea3 pointed, usually purplish. 1J. — Moist sandy soil; common, espe- 
cially southward. Aug. 

10. P. amanun, Ell. Nearly smooth, rigid ; culms (lj° high) sheathed 
to the top ; leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted 
panicle, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed, very smooth ; 
Bpikelets ovate, pointed (pale) ; lower glume little shorter than the sterile flow- 
er. 1J. — Sandy shores, Connecticut (Barratt, Bobbins), Virginia, and south- 
ward. Aug., Sept. 

# * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short. 
*- Lower (sterile) flower formed of 2 paleee (the upper one scarious and sometimes 
small and inconspicuous), neutral, except in No. 11, and occasionally in No. 14. 
wliere it is staminate. 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 579 

■»-*• Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves. 

11. P. latifolium, L. (excl. syn. Sloane, &c.) Culm (l°-2° high), 
imooth ; the joints and the orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise 
smooth sheaths often bearded with soft icoolly hairs ; leaves broadly oblong -lanceolate 
from a heart-clasping base (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 1 1 - 1 5-nerved, smooth, 
or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually 
long-peduncled, the branches spreading; spikelets obovate, l^" long, downy; low- 
er glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved upper one ; sterile flower 
often (but not always) with 3 stamens. 1J. (P. Walteri, Poir.) — Moist thick- 
ets ; common. June - Aug. 

12. P. clandestiiiuill, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the 
top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough with 
papillce bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate 
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral panicles and usually also 
the terminal panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths, or, in var. peduncuiA- 
ttjm (P. pedunculatum, Toit.), with the terminal one at length long-peduncled : 

— otherwise resembling No. 11 ; but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth; the 
lower flower (always?) neutral. — Low thickets and river-banks; rather com- 
mon. July -Sept. 

13. P. microcarpoai, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11; the 

broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less point- 
ed, not dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the up- 
per surface roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many- 
flowered, narrowly oblong (3' -7' long) ; spikelets about \ v long, ovoid, smooth 
or smoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small, lj. (P. multiflorum, Ell. 1 
not of Poir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois, 
and southward. July -Sept. 

14. P. xaaitSiopliy §11121, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched 
near the base (9 r -15' high); sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4' -6' 
long by J' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the 
margins, strongly 9 - W-nerved ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, contracted, the ap- 
pressed branches bearing few roundish-obovate spikelets (about lj" long) ; lower 
glume ovate, acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-nerved upper one. 1J. 

— Dry and sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. June. — 
Plant yellowish-green : spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes 
staminate. 

15. P. viscid UBll 9 Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much 
branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with 
reflexcd soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint ; leaves likewise 
velvety all over, lanceolate (^' wide), 11 - 13-nerved ; panicles spreading, the lateral 
ones included; spikelets obovate, \" or 1^" long, downy; the roundish lower 
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-ncrved upper one. — Damp soil, 
S. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 

16. P. paiicifldriim, Ell.? Culms upright, at length much branched 
and reclining (1° -2° long), roughish; leaves lanceolate (3 ; - 5' long by £'- J' wide), 
rather faintly 9-ncrved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next the 



580 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similai 
hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish 
tpikelets about 1 J" long ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the 
length of the upper one. (P. leucoblepharis, Trin.?) — Wet meadows and 
copses, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. — Distin- 
guished by its much larger spikelets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, 
from any form of the next. It has probably been described under several 
names, some of them earlier than Elliott's. 

++ ++ Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves. 

17. P. didiotomum, L. ! Culms (8'-20 high) at first mostly simple, 
bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (l'-3' long), and 
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very 
short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often 
clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets j" to 
about 1 " long ; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth ; lower glume roundish, one third 
or a quarter the length of the 5 - 7 -nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal 
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets 
and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of 
forms ; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens, 
Lam.; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Lam. ; while the varied 
smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the 
more slender forms) P. barbulatum, Michx., P. ramulosum, Michx., frc. — Dry 
or low grounds ; everywhere common, especially southward. June - Aug. — 
Some of these species are likely to be revived; but if distinct, I am wholly 
unable to limit them. 

18. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the 
base, forming close tufts (6'- 12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered 
contracted panicle, of en much overtopped by the nairowly linear and elongated (4' -7') 
upper leaves ; spikelets %" - 1|" long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ; 
the ovate lower glume % the length of the 1-9-nerved upper one. lj. (P. strictum, 
Pursh. P. rectum, Ram. Sr Schult.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least 
when dry (P. involutum, Torr.), and Wttft the sheaths either beset with long 
hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or oftener on a long 
and slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills ; rather common, especially north- 
ward. June. 

+- •*- Lower flower destitute of an upper palea, and neutral. 

19. P. verriicdsum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, 
very slender (1°- 2° long), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" -3 wide), 
6hining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets oval, 
acute, f " long, warty -roughened (dark green) ; the lower glume one fourth the 
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. ® ? — Sandy swamps, New Eng- 
land to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. 

§3. ECHIN6CHLOA, Beauv. — Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches oj 
the simple or compuind raceme or panicle, rough with oppressed stiff' hairs : lower 
palea of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned. 

20. P. Crus-galli, L. (Barnyard-Grass.) Culms stout branching 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 581 

from the base (l°-4° high); leaves lanceolate (J' or more wide), rough-mar 
gined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3' long), crowd- 
ed in a dense panicle ; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palca of the neu- 
tral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. ® — Varies greatly; 
sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes long-awned, especially so in var. 
HfspiDUM (P. hispidum, Muhl., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse 
form of the species, which has the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist 
and chiefly manured soil : the variety in ditches, usually near salt water ; possi- 
bly indigenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu. ?) 

60. SET ARIA, Beauv. Bristly Foxtail-Grass. 

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short 
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling 
awns (not forming a real involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or 
apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated grounds, with linear or 
lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as a subgenus of Panicum. 
(Name from seta, a bristle.) 

# Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards. 

1. S. vertictllata, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green), 
somewhat interrupted, composed of apparently whorled short clusters ; bristles 
short, adhesive. (Panicum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings: rare north* 
ward. (Adv. from Eu.) 

^ * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards. 

2. S. glatjca, Beauv. (Foxtail.) Spike cylindrical, very dense, tawny yd- 
tow (2' -4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelets ; per- 
fect flower transversely wrinkled. — Very common in stubble, barn-yards, &c. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 

3. $• vi'ridis, Beauv. (Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.) Spike nearly 
cylindrical, more or less compound, green ; bristles few in a cluster, longer than the 
6pikelets ; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Common in cultivated 
grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 

4. S. Italica, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod- 
ding (6 r -9 r long, yellowish or purplish) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much 
longer or else shorter than the spikelets. — S. Germanica, Beauv. is a variety. 
Sometimes cultivated under the name of Millet, or Bengal Grass : rarely 
spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 

61. CMCHBUS, L. Hedgehog- or Bur-Grass. 

.Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular 
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a decid- 
uous hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles 
united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica, transferred, for no 
evident reason, to this genus.) 

1. C tribilloides, L. Culms branched at the base, ascending (l°-2° 
long); leaves flat; spike oblong, composed of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre 
prickly all over with spreading and downwardly barbed short spines, more or 



582 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

less downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. (J) — Sandy soil, on the coast, and along 
the Great Lakes; ascending the larger rivers for some distance. Aug. — A 
vile weed. 

62. TRIPS A CUM, L. Gama-Grass. Sesame-Grass. 

Spikelets monoecious, in jointed spikes, which are staminate above and fertile 
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow 
rhachis, forming a 1 -sided and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike, 
1-flowered : glumes coriaceous, the lower one (outer) nerved, the inner one boat- 
shaped : paleae very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange 
or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single 
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, 
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilagi- 
nous ovate outer glume ; the inner glume much thinner, pointed, 2 -flowered ; 
the lower flower neutral ; the paleae very thin and scarious, crowded together, 
pointless. Styles united : stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, 
free. Culms stout and tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves 
broad and flat. Spikes axillary and terminal, separating spontaneously into 
joints at maturity. (Name from rpi'^oo, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the 
polished fertile spike.) 

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the sum- 
mit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary 
from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; some- 
times, var. monost Achyum, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, Con- 
necticut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, thence west to Illinois, and southward. 
Aug. — Culm 4° - 7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one 
of our largest and most remarkable Grasses. It is sometimes used for fodder at 
the South, where better is not to be had. 

63. ERIMTHUS, Michx. Woolly Beard-Grass. 

Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them 
sessile, the other pedicelled ; otherwise both alike ; with the lower flower neu- 
tral, of one membranaceous palea ; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline paleae, which 
are thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower 
awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like 
Grasses, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs, 
especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from 
tpLov, wool, and civOos, flower). 

1. E. alopecwroides, Ell. Culm (4° -6° high) woolly-bearded at the 
joints; panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the 
straight awn ; or at length contorted ; stamens 2. 1J.— Wet pine barrens, New 
Jersey, Illinois, and southward : rare. Sept., Oct. 

2. E. brevib&ibis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at 
the upper joints ; panicle rather open ; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. U 

- Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583 

64. AKDROPOOON, L. Beard-Grass. 

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed ; 
one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige : the other sessile, with 
the lower flower neutral and of a single palea ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 
2 thin and hyaline paleae shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the 
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse and mostly 
rigid perennial Grasses, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or 
digitate ; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or stami- 
oate flowers also (whence the name, composed of dvrjp, av&pos, man, and 7ra)ya>i', 
beard). 

# Stsrile spikelet staminate (stamens 3), aumless: spikes digitate. 

1. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Culms (4° high) and leaves nearly smooth, 
bearing 3-5 straight and rather rigid hairy spikes together at the naked summit 
(or fewer on lateral branches) ; spikelets approximated, roughish-downy ; awa 
bent. — Sterile soil ; common. Sept. 

# # Sterile spikelet neutral, reduced to a small pointed glume raised on along bearded 
pedicel ; the fertile 2 - 3-androus, bearing a slender mostly bent or twisted awn : culms 
panic ula te-branch ed. 

2. A. seopariUS, Michx. Culms slender (2° -4° high), with many pa« 
niculate branches ; the lower sheaths and the narrow leaves hairy ; spikes mostly 
single, terminating the short branches, peduncled, very loose, slender (2 f long, often 
purple), sparsely silky with dull white hairs; the zigzag rhachis hairy along the 
edges ; pairs of spikelets rather distant. — Sterile or open sandy soil ; common. 
July - Sept. 

3. A. argentetfSj Ell. Culms rather slender (about 3° high) ; spikes in 
pairs, on a peduncle exceeding the sheaths, dense, voy silky with long white hairs 
(l£'-2 ; long) ; rudimentary flower much shorter than the hairs of its pedicel. — 
Sterile soil, Virginia, Illinois ? and southward. Sept., Oct. — Spikes much 
denser, and the flowers larger and more silky, than in the next ; which it con- 
siderably resembles. 

•* * * Sterile spikelet abortive, reduced to a mere awn-like plumose pedicel, or bearing 
distinct rudiment of a flower : the fertile \-androus, and bearing a straight slender 
awn : spikes clustered, lateral and terminal, partly enclosed in the flattened bract- 
like sheaths; the slender rhachis, See. clothed with copioui very long and silky 
(white) hairs. 

4. A. VirgSlllCUS, L. Culm flattish below, slender, sparingly short- 
branched above (3° high) ; sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant appressed 
clusters, weak and soft (V long). — Sandy soil ; Massachusetts to Illinois, and 
southward. Sept. 

5. A. nuicroUIilS, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), bushy -branched at 
the summit, loaded with numerous spikes forming dense leafy clusters; sheaths 
rough, the upper hairy. — Low grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast, 
and southward. Sept., Oct. 

30 



584 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

65. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom Corn. 

Spikelets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral 
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter- 
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless : other- 
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of a cultivated 
species.) 

1. §. nutans. (Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.) Culm simple (3°- 
5° high), terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle 
narrowly oblong, rather crowded (6'- 12' long) ; the perfect spikelets at length 
drooping (light russet-brown and shining), clothed, especially towards the base, 
with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; the sterile 
spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy 
pedicel. 1J. (Andropogon nutans, L.) — Dry soil; common, especially south- 
ward, where it exhibits several more or less marked varieties. Aug. 

S. vulgXre, Pers., the Indian Millet, has several cultivated varieties or 
races, such as the Guinea-Corn and Broom-Corn. 



Zea Mats, the Indian Corn, is a well-known Paniceous Grass. 
Saccharum officinarum, L., the Sugar-Caee, is a tropical Grass, 
closely allied to Erianthus, p. 582. 



EQTJISETACEJE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 585 



SERIES II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 

Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (stamens and 
pistils), and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of 
homogeneous structure (called spores) , in which there is 
no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination. 

Class III. ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and 
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody 
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with dis 
tinct foliage. 

Order 135. EQUISETACEJE. (Horsetail Family.; 

Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems y arising from run- 
ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or 
spike, which is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore- 
cases underneath. — Comprises solely the genus 

1. EQUISETU1, L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush. (Tab.14.) 

Spore-cases (sporangia, thecce) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled 
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1 -celled, opening down the inner side and dis- 
charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4 
thread-like and club-shaped clastic filaments (elaters) } which roll up closely 
around them when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems striate-grooved, rigid, 
the hard cuticle abounding in silex, hollow, and also with an outer circle of 
smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ; the joints closed and solid, 
each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which surrounds the base of the inter- 
node above, and is split into teeth corresponding in number and position with 
the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata always occupying the principal 
grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, liks 
the stem, but without the ceutral air-cavity. (The ancient name, from eqiuiSj 
horse, and seta, bristle. I 



5£G EQUISETACE.E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 

* Stems annual (not surviving the winter) : fructification in spring (April and May). 

(Stomata irregularly scattered over the whole surface of the grooves.) 

*- Fertile stems different from the sterile ones, earlier, brownish. 

*■+ Fertile stems never branching, decaying early after fructification : the sterile sterna 

bearing simple branches. 

1. E. arveiiSC, L. Sterile stems smoothish, 12-1 ^-furrowed, and produc- 
ing ascending sharply 4- (or 3 - 5-) angled long branches, with 4 herbaceous lanceolate 
pointed teeth; sheaths of the fertile stems (8'- 15' high) remote, large and loose. — 
Damp places ; common. (Eu.) 

2. E. eburneiliil, Schreber. Sterile stems very smooth, ivory-white, 
about 30 furrowed, the rough usually 4-angled branches again grooved on the angles, 
and with awl-shaped fragile teeth ; sheaths of the fertile stems crowded, deeply 
toothed. (E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. — 
Fertile stems 1° or more high, stout; the sterile 2° -5°. (Eu.) 

++ ++ Fertile stems remaining and producing herbaceous branches after fructification. 

3. E. prateiise, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems bearing 
whorls of simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem split into separate ovate- 
lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : otherwise much like the 
next; in its simple branches resembling No. 1, but narrower in general outline, 
and blunt. (E. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drummondii, Hook.) — Michigan ( Cooley, 
fyc.) and northward. (Eu.) 

4. E. sylvaticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems about 12-furrowed, 
bearing whorls of compound racemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather 
blunt membranous more or less united teeth ; those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, 
of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth. — Wet shady places ; common 
northward. (Eu.) 

«- -»- Fertile and sterile stems similar and contemporaneous, both herbaceous, or all the 
stems fertile, fruiting in summer, producing mostly simple branches from the upper 
or middle joints, or sometimes quite naked. 

5. E. limosuin, L. Stems tall (2° -3° high), smooth, slightly many- 
furrowed, usually producing upright simple branches after fructification ; sheaths 
appressed, with 10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short 
teeth. (E. uliginosum, Muhl.) — In shallow water; rather common. — Air- 
cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. (Near this is 
the European E. palustre, with a strongly grooved roughish stem, large air- 
cavities under the grooves, and pale 6 - 9-toothed sheaths ; also attributed to 
this country by Pursh, probably incorrectly.) (Eu.) ' £j£. • £ . 

# * Stems perennial, bearing fructification in summer, lasting over the next winter 
and longer, mostly rough (the cuticle abounding in silex), simple or rarely branched. 
(Sto?nata in regular rows, in our species l-rowed on each side of the groove.) 

-*- Stems large, mostly single : sheaths appressed. (Probably all forms of No. 8.) 

6. E. laevigata ni, Braun. Stems H°-4° high; the ridges convex, ob- 
tuse, smooth or minutely rough with minute tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a 
narrow black limb and about 22 linear-awl-shaped caducous teeth, l-kecled below.— 
Dryish clay soil, Illinois and southward. 



FILICES. (FERNS.) 587 

7. E. robustltlia, Braun. Stems 3° -6° high; the ridges narrow, rough 
with one line of tubercles ; sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely 
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl-shaped points. 
— River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last ; and passes 
by var. affine, Engelm. (a smaller plant, with 20-25 awl-pointed more per- 
sistent teeth) into the next. 

, 8. E. hyemale, L. (Scouring Rush. Shave-Grass.) Stems 1^°- 
3° high, the ridges roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles ; sheaths 
elongated, with a black girdle above the base, and a black limb, consisting of 
about 20 (17-26) narrowly linear teeth, l-Jceeled at the base and with awl-shaped 
deciduous points. — Wet banks ; common, especially northward. Used for scour- 
ing. (Eu.) 
•*- -*- Stems low and slender, growing in tufts : sheaths loose or enlarging upwards ; 

the summits of their ^-keeled ovate membranaceous and persistent teeth tipped with 

a fragile awn or cusp. 

9. E. Vcirieg'tstusii, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6'- 12' long), simple, 
from a branched base, 5-9-grooved; the ridges rough with 2 rows of tubercles 
which are separated by a secondary furrow ; sheaths green variegated with black 
above ; the 5-9 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-banks, 
New Hampshire (Bellows Ealls, Carey) to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. 
(Eu.) 

10. E. SCirpoides, Michx. Stems thread-like (4' - 8' high), bent oi curved, 
rough, 3 - ^-grooved alternately with as many bristle-pointed teeth, and with the 
same number of intermediate furrows of equal width ; sheaths variegated with 
black ; central air-cavity wanting. — Wooded hill-sides, New England to Penn- 
sylvania, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 

Order 136. FILICES. (Ferns.) 

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole 
(called the stipe), rising from a root or mostly from prostrate or subterranean 
rootstocks, separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud (except in Suborder 
HI.), and bearing, on the veins of their lower surface or along the margins, the 
simple fructification, which consists of ' 1-celled spore-cases (sporangia), open- 
ing in various ways, and discharging the numerous minute spores. (An- 
theridia and pistillidia formed on the seedling plan tie t !) — Comprises three 
very distinct Suborders, winch now are by many received as separate 
families : — 

Suborder I. POLYPODINEiE. The True Ferns. 

Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sort or 
fruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked, 
cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete ring, which 
by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the 
inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often covered (at least when 



588 FILICES. (ferns.) 

young) by a membrane called the indusium, growing either from the back 
or the margin of the frond. (Tab. 9-12.) 

Tribe I. POLYPODIEiE. Fructification dorsal, naked, entirely destitute of any in- 
dusium, in roundish separate fruit-dots. 

1. POLYPODITJM. Fertile fronds like the sterile ones, wholly leaf-like, not rolled up. Fruit- 

dots scattered on the back, borne each on the end of a veinlet. 

2. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Fertile frond very different from the sterile, contracted and rigid, its 

pinnate divisions rolled up from each margin into a closed necklace-like body, conceal- 
ing the fruit-dots within, which are borne on the middle of a vein. 

Tribe IL PTERIDE^E. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a 
general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond, and 
which is therefore free and opens on the inner side, towards the midrib, transverse as 
respects the veins. Tenation in our genera free, 

* Indusium continuous, consisting of the entire reflexed and altered (scarious-membranaceous) 

margin of the fertile frond or of its pinnae or pinnules. 

3. ALLOSORTTS Sporangia borne on the free and separate extremity of the veins or veinlets, 

becoming confluent laterally. Indusium broad. 

4. PTERIS. Sporangia borne on a continuous receptacle, in the form of a slender marginal 

line, which connects the tips of the V3inlets. 

* * Indusium the summit or margin of a separate lobe or tooth of a fertile frond or of its 

divisions turned over. Sporangia borne on the free ends of the veins or veinlets. 
6. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the strictly reflexed indusium. Mid- 
rib of the pinnules marginal or none. 

6. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the frond, the unaltered herbaceous summit or 

margins of the lobes of which are recurved to form an imperfect involucre. Midrib 

central. 
Tribe m. BLiECIINEiE. Fructification dorsal ; the oblong or linear fruit-dots borne 
on cross veinlets parallel to the midrib, transverse as to the principal veins, covered with 
a special indusium (entirely separate from the margin of the frond), which is fixed by 
the edge that looks towards the margin, but free and opening towards the midrib. 

7. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, distinct or contiguous : veins more or less 

reticulated. 
Tribe IV. ASPLEIVIEJE, Fructification dorsal; the more or less elongated fruit- 
dots borne on the back of the frond, on direct veins oblique or at right angles to the mid- 
rib and margins, each with a special indusium fixed to the fruitful vein by one margin, 
and free and opening at the other. 

8. CAMPTOSORUS. Terns reticulated except near the margin. Fruit-dots irregularly scat- 

tered over the frond, inclined to approach in pairs. 

9. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Teins simply forked, straight and free. Fruit-dots linear, confluent 

in pairs, which appear like a single one with a double indusium, opening down the 
middle. 

10. ASPLENIUM. Teins forked and free. Fruit-dots oblique, separate, each on the upper 

(inner) side of a vein, rarely some of them double, when the two indusia are on the 
same vein, back to back. 

Tribe V. DICKSONIE2E. Fructification marginal: fruit-dots roundish, borne on 
the apex of a free vein, furnished with an indusium in the form of a cup, open at the 
top, formed hi part of (or confluent with) a toothlet or portion of the margin of the frond. 

11. DICKSONIA § SITOLOBIUM. Indusium hemispherical-cup-shaped or almost globular* 

membranaceous. 

Tribe TI. WOODSIEiE. Fructification dorsal: the globular fruit-dots borne on the 
back of a free vein, furnished with a special ( sometimes evanescent) indusium in the form 
of a membrane attached underneath all round, and bursting open at the top. 



FILICES. (ferns.) 589 

13. WOODSIA. Indusium very thin or obscure and evanescent, bursting into irregular lobes 
or cleft into a fringe of hairs. 

Tribe VII. ASPIDIEiE. Fructification dorsal: the fruit-dots borne on the back 
(rarely on the apex) of a vein, orbicular or roundish, rarely oblong and then placed 
across the vein, furnished each with a special indusium which covers the sporangia when 
young, and is fixed by the centre or by one side, opening at the other side or all around 
the margin. No general or accessory indusium formed of the margin of the frond. 

* Veins all free (none anastomosing) : fertile fronds not very different from the sterile. 

13. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium hood-like, broadly fixed by the inner side partly under the 

fruit-dot, free and early opening on the outer. 

14. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, orbicular or kidney-shaped, opening all round the margin. 

* * Veins of the sterile frond reticulated : fertile frond very unlike the sterile. 

15. ONOCLEA. Fertile frond contracted, the divisions rolled up into globular bodies enclosing 

the fruit-dots. 

Suborder II. OSMUNDINE^. The Flowering Fern Family. 

Sporangia variously collected (large), destitute of any proper ring, cel- 
lular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular slit. (Tab. 13.) 

Tbibe VTII. SCHIZEJE. Sporangia oblong or oval, sessile, with a circular striate-rayed 
portion at the apex, opening down the outer side. 

16. SCHIZiEA. Indusium none : sporangia covering one side of the linear pinnae of the naked 

and stalk-like fertile frond. 

17. LYGrODIUM. Indusia in the form of scales imbricated in 2 ranks on one side of the fer- 

tile lobes of the leafy climbing frond. 

Tribe IX. OSMUIVDEiE. Sporangia globose, pedicelled, opening down the outer side 
so as to be two-valved. 

18. OSMUNDA. Sporangia naked, covering contracted fronds or parts of the frond. 

Suborder HI. OPHIOGLOSSEiE. The Adder's-tongue Fam. 

Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, naked, coriaceous and opaque, not re- 
ticulated or veiny, destitute of a ring, opening by a transverse slit into 2 
valves, discharging very copious powdery spores. — Fronds straight, never 
rolled up in the bud ! (Tab. 13.) 

19. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia distinct, crowded in compound or pinnate spikes. Sterilo 

frond divided. 

20. OPHIOGLOSSTJM. Sporangia cohering in a 2-ranked simple spike. Sterile frond entire. 

Suborder I. POLYPODIrYEJE. The True Fern Family. 

1. POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody. (Tab. 9.) 

Fruit-dots round, naked, variously or irregularly scattered over the back of 
the flat and expanded leaf-like frond, each borne on the end of a veinlet. — 
Rootstocks creeping, often covered with wool-like chaff, and with tufted branches 
(whence the name, from 7roXu, many, and novs, foot). 

§ 1. FOLYPODIUM Proper. — Veins free (not connected by cross veinlets). 
# Fronds simply and deeply pinnatifid, evergreen, glabrous : fruit-dots large. 



590 FILICES. (FERNS.) 

1. P. Vlllgare, L. Fronds oblong in outline, green both sides (6'- 10 
high); the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. — 
Rocks; common. July. (Eu.) 

# * Fronds twice pinnatifid, triangular, membranaceous, annual : fruit-dots minute. 

2. P. Pliegdpteris, L. Stalk somewhat chaffy and downy ; frond nar- 
rowly triangular in outline, longei' than broad (3' -6' long), hairy on the veins ; 
pinnae linear-lanceolate, closely approximated, the lowest pair deflexed and 
standing forwards; their divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, each bearing 
about 4 fruit-dots towards the base and near the margin. (P. connectile, Michx.) 
— Damp woods ; common northward. July. (Eu.) 

3. P. Iiexag-Oliopterum, Michx. Stalk smooth ; frond broadly trian- 
gular, the base (7'- 12' broad) usually exceeding the length; pinnae rather distant, 
the lower of the lanceolate obtuse divisions toothed, decurrent and forming a 
conspicuous wing to the rhachis. — Rather open woods; common, especially 
southward. — Smoother and larger than the last. 

*= •% # Fronds membranaceous, ternate, the primary divisions mostly twice pinnate. 

4. P. Dry6pteris, L. Stalk slender and brittle, smooth ; frond smooth 
(pale light-green, 4'- 6' wide) ; the 3 principal divisions widely spreading; lobes 
oblong, obtuse, nearly entire; fruit-dots marginal, finally contiguous. — Yar. 
calcAreum (P. calcarcum, Smith) is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy 
on the rhachis and midribs. — Rocky woods ; common northward. July. (Eu.) 

§ 2. MAR GIN ARIA, Bory. — Veins reticulated, forming mostly 6-sided meshes 
around the free veinlets which bear the fruit-dots : stalks and back of the thick or 
coriaceous frond beset with firm scurfy chaffy scales. (This is probably a distinct 
genus ; but in our species the veins are so hidden in the coriaceous frond, that 
they can seldom be seen at all.) 

5. P. incatilim, Willd. Fronds oblong, 2' -6' long from extensively 

creeping firm rootstocks, grayish and very scurfy underneath with thick peltate 
scurfy scales, almost concealing the fruit-dots, which are borne on the margins 
of the broadly linear entire lobes. — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia and 
Ohio to Illinois, and southward. 

2. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostrich-Fern. (Tab. 9.; 

Fruit-dots round, on the pinnae of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the 
margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped 
body enclosing the fruit : there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets from each primary 
rein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : the fruit-dots are so numerous and 
crotf ded that they appear to cover the whole inside. — Sterile fronds large 
(2° -3° high), very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the many pinnae deeply 
pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted 
rootstocks. Stalks stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name 
compounded of arpovdos, an ostrich, and fTTepis* a fern, from the plume-like 
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.) 

1. S. OernrAuica, Willd. (S. Pennsylvania, Willd.) — Alluvial soil ; 
not rare northward. Aug. — Fronds of this in a curious abnormal state, inter- 



FILICES. (FERNS.) 59J 

mediate between the sterile and fertile condition, (bearing a few fruit-dots on con- 
tracted but still herbaceous and open pinnae,) were gathered at Brattleborough, 
Vermont, by Mr. D. C. Eaton. (Eu.) 

3. ALLOSOBUS) Bernhardi. Rock Brake. (Tab. 9.) 

Fruit-dots a small collection of sporangia borne on the ends of (or extending 
down on) the forked, or rarely simple, free veins, which terminate just within 
the margin of the frond, soon becoming confluent laterally, so as to imitate the 
marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, covered when young by a 
continuous (rarely interrupted) rather broad scarious-mcmbranaceous indusium 
consisting of the reflexed and altered margin of the fruit-bearing pinnule or 
division. Fronds once to thrice pinnate ; the fertile ones or fertile divisions nar- 
rower than the sterile. (Name from aWos, various, and creopos, sor-us, a heap, 
used for fruit-dot.) 

1. A. gracilis, Presl. Smooth, low (3'-6 / high, and delicate) ; fronds 
membranaceous, of few pinnae, which are pinnately parted into 3-5 divisions, 
those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, of the sterile ovate or obovate, 
crenate or incised ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris 
gracilis, Michx. ) — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and north- 
ward; rare. July. 

2. A. atropurpwreias. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on 
the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6 ; - 
15' high; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions 
broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat 
heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked. 
(Pteris atropurpurea, L. Platyloma atropurpurea, J. Smith.) — Calcareous dry 
rocks, in shade, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : not common. 

A. (Cryptogramma, R. Br.) acrostichoides, remarkable for its sporan- 
gia extending far down on the oblique veins, so as to form linear lines of fruit, 
may occur within our northwestern borders, having been found as near as Isle 
Royale, Lake Superior. 

4. PTERIS, L. Brake. Bracken. (Tab. 10.) 

Fruit-dots a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire 
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which 
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium : the sporangia attached to an 
uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the 
forked and free veins. — Fronds 1 -3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient 
Greek name of Ferns, from irrepov, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate 
or feathery fronds.) 

1. P, aquilina, L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2° -3° 
wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2°high), the widely 
spreading branches 2-pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided, 
the lower more or less pinnatifld, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round 
with the indusium. — Thickets and hills ; common northward. Aug. (Eu J 



592 FILICES. (ferns.) 

Yar. caudata. Frond somewhat more coriaceous; the pinnules with 
narrower and less crowded lobes, the terminal one linear and prolonged (l'-2 ; 
in length), entire, forming a tail-like termination, or the whole of many of the 
pinnules sometimes linear and entire. (P. caudata, L.) — Common southward, 
and at the north varying into the typical form. 

5. ADIANTUI, L. Maidenhair. (Tab. 10.) 

Fruit-dots marginal, short ; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, 
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or 
tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the 
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules 
none, or at one margin. Stalks black and polished. (The ancient name, from 
a privative and diaivco, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.) 

1. A. pedatltm, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender 
stalk (9' -15' high), the forks pedately branching from one side into several' 
slender spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique 
short-stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, 
from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — 
Rich, moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern. 

6. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip-Fern. (Tab. 10.) 

Fruit-dots small and roundish, solitary or contiguous next the margins or tips 
of the lobes, which are recurved over them to form a hood-like (herbaceous or 
membranaceous) indusium; the sporangia borne on the tips of free forking 
veins. — Fronds 1-3-pinnate, the sterile and fertile nearly alike; the divisions 
not halved, the main rib central. (When the indusium becomes continuous, the 
genus passes into Allosorus.) (Name composed of x € ^ os i a fy** an( i ^v6os, 
flower, from the shape of the indusium.) See Addend. 

1. C. vestita, Willd. (not of Hook.?) Fronds 2-phmate (slender, 4' -7 
high), and stalks hirsute with loose and rather scattered rusty hairs ; pinnules ob- 
long, pinnatind (2" -4" long), their lobes oval or oblong, the recurved portion 
forming the indusium herbaceous. — Shaded rocks, S. Penn., Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and southward. — Fronds soon nearly glabrous above. 

2. C. tomesitdsa, Link. Fronds (l°-lj° high) with the rather stout 
stalk, &c. densely woolly and villous throughout (the upper surface becoming smooth- 
ish with age), thrice pinnate ; pinnules obovate or roundish, nearly entire, sometimes 
confluent, the recurved narrow margins forming an almost continuous involucre. 
(Nephrodium lanosum, Michx. in part ?) —Mountains of Virginia? Kentucky; 
thence westward and southward. 

7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Woodwardia. (Tab. 10.) 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, approximate or contiguous, parallel to and near 
the midrib, on transverse anastomosing veinlets, in one or rarely two rows ; the 
veins reticulated towards the midrib, mostly forking, free towards the margin of 



FILICES. (FERNS.) 593 

the frond. .Indusium fixed to the outer margin of the fruitful veinlet, free and 
opening on the side next the midrib. — Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate. (Named 
for Dr.Wood 'ward, an English naturalist of the last century.) 

§ 1. WOODWARDIA Proper. — Indusium strongly vaulted: veins (at least of 
the sterile frond) with several rows of reticulations. 

1. W. angTIStifolia, Smith. Sterile fronds (1° high, thin, bright green) 
deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate serrulate divisions ; the fertile simply pinnate, 
with contracted linear pinnae (2" -4" wide), its single row of cross veins bearing 
the fruit-dots (!' long) as near the margins as the midrib. (W. onocleoides, 
Willd.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward: 
rare. Aug. 

§ 2. D06DIA, R. Brown. — Indusium flattish: cross veins only one or two rows. 

2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds similar (2° high), 
pinnate; the pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid, with numerous oblong lobes; fruit- 
dots contiguous or soon confluent, forming a line on each side of the midrib, 
both of the pinnae and of the lobes. — Swamps, Vermont and New York to Vir- 
ginia, and southward. July. 

8. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking-Leaf. (Tab. 11.) 

Fruit-dots linear or oval-oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins 
of the simple frond, variously diverging, inclined (especially those of the second- 
ary reticulations) to approximate in pairs by the side at which the indusium 
opens, or to become confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines or angles 
(whence the name, from KafiTrros, bent, and o-<t>pos, for fruit-dot). 

l.C rhizoptiyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L. Antigram- 
ma, J. Smith, Torr. Also C. rumicifohus, Link.) — Shaded rocks, W. New Eng- 
land to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare. July. — Fronds evergreen, growing 
in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' - 9' long), lanceolate from an auricled-heart- 
shaped base, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which 
often roots at the apex and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others ; 
hence the popular name. — A singular form is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by 
Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and inconspicuous veins. 

0. SCOLOPENDBIUM, L. Hart's-Tongue. (Tab. 11.) 

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles with the midrib of the sim- 
ple frond, borne in pairs on the contiguous sides of the two parallel forks of the 
straight free veins, one on each, but so confluent side by side as to appear like 
one, opening by an apparently double indusium down the middle. (The ancient 
Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the 
feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.) 

1. S. OiiicillfirillHl, Swartz. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled- 
heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7' -18' long, 1'- 2' wide), bright 
green. — Limestone rocks, in a deep ravine at Chittenango Creek, below the 
Falls, where it abounds, and also, perhaps, in some other places in W. New 
York ("near Canandaigua," Nuttall). (Eu.) 



594 FELICES. (FERNS.) 

10. ASPLiNIUW, L. Spleenwort. (Tab. 11.) 

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, oblique, separate ; the indusium attached length- 
wise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the simple, forked or pinnate, free 
veins, and opening along the other: — rarely some of the fruit-dots are double 
(Diplazium), two indusia being then borne on the same vein, back to back, 
(Named, from a privative and <nv\7)v, the spleen, for supposed remedial prop- 
erties.) 

§ 1. ASPLENIUM Proper. — Indusium narrow, fixed by its whole length. 

% Indusium fiat or flattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.) 

1. A. pinnatifidUBn, Nutt. Fronds (3'- 6' long) diffusely spreading, 
lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes pinnately parted near the base, tapering above into 
a slender prolongation, the apex sometimes rooting ; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, cut- 
toothed or nearly entire; the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex. — 
Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward 
along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Resembling 
the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the venation is that of Asplenium : fruit- 
dots irregular, numerous, even the slender prolongation fertile. 

2. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds (3' -5' high, bright green) lanceolate 
or triangular-oblong in outline, pinnate ; the ovate pinnae 3 - 7 '-parted (or the upper 
barely cleft) and cut-toothed ; the veins forking from a midrib. — Cliffs, in the 
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania (Mr. Lea) to Virginia, and southward. 
July. — Rhachis green : stalk brownish. — Much smaller than the European A. 
Adiantum-nigrum. 

3. A. f£llta-HHiraiia, L. Fronds (2' -4' long) 2-p innate below, simply 
pinnate above, ovate in outline, the few divisions narrowly rhombic-wedge-shaped ', 
toothed at the apex, without a midrib, the veins all rising from the base. — Lime- 
stone clifFs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and southward along the moun- 
tains; scarce. July. (Eu.) 

4. A. Tri €ll 6 manes, L. Fronds (3'- 8' long) in dense spreading tufts, 
linear in outline, pinnate: pinnoz numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4'' long), 
unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, the 
midrib evanescent ; the thread-like stalk and rhachis purple-brown and shining. 
(A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs ; common. July. (Eu.) 

5. A. el>esieiim, Ait. Fronds upright (8'- 16' high), pinnate, lance-linear 
in outline ; pinnce (^-'-l'long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly 
scythe-shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auricled on the upper or 
both sides ; fruit dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midrib ; stalk 
and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods ; rather common. 

* 7T Indusium stivngly convex or vaulted, thickish : fruit-dots numerous and crowded 
on both sides of the midrib, parallel, some of them occasionally double, especially in 
No. 7. (Fronds thin, smooth, decaying in autumn, l£°-3° high.) 

6. A. angHSti folium, Michx. Fronds simply pinnate; pinnae linear- 
lanceolate, acute, minitely wavy-toothed (3'-4 f long) ; fertile fronds more con- 



FILICES. (ferns.) 595 

traded; fruit-dots linear, often curved. — Rich woods, W. New England to Miehi 
gan, Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Oct. 

7. A. tlielypteroides, Michx. Fronds pinnate ; pinnoz deeply pinnatifid, 
linear-lanceolate (3' -5' long), pale; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, 
crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich woods ; not rare. 
July.-Sept. 

§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium of the shorter (barely oblong) fruit-dots some- 
times free at the ends, turgid or vaulted, but thin, often becoming curved or crescent 
shaped. 

8. A. Filix-ftiemifiia, R. Brown. Frond 2-pinnate (l°-3° high, 
smooth), oblong or lanceolate in outline ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; the nar- 
rowly oblong pinnules confluent on the rhachis by a narrow margin, sharply pin- 
natifid-toothed ; fruit-dots 4-8 pairs on each pinnule. (Aspidium Eilix-fcemina 
& A. asplenioides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidium angustum, Willd. — 
Moist woods; common. July. (Eu.) 

11. I>ICKSOIVIA, L'Her. \ SITOLOBIUM, Desv. (Tab 11.) 

Fruit-dots globular (small), marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein 
or fork, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped special indusium open at the 
top, and on the outer side partly covered by the thin apex of the fruit-bearing 
toothlet of the frond, forming a sort of accessory indusium. Sporangia borne 
on a somewhat elevated globular receptacle. (Character from our species, 
which is perhaps to be separated.) (Named for J. Dickson, an English Cryp- 
togamous botanist.) 

1. I>. pimctilobuBa, Hook. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° high) ■> 
fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green and very thin, with 
strong stalks rising from slender extensively creeping rootstalks, pinnate, the 
lanceolate pinnae twice pinnatifid and cut-toothed, the lobes oblong ; fruit-dots 
minute, on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. 
(D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Patania, Presl.) 
— Moist, rather shady places, very common : odorous. July. 

12. WOODSIA, R.Brown. Woodsia. (Tab. 12.) 

Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very 
thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the recepta- 
cle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top 
into irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns. 
(Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) 

§ 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. — Indusium conspicuous, at first perfectly enclosing the 
sporangia, but early opening at the top, soon splitting into several spreading jagged 
lobes. 

1. W. ototusa, Torr. Frond broadly-lanceolate, minutely glandular- 
hairy (6'-12' high), pinnate; the pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or ob- 
long (1' or more long), bluntish, pinnately parted ; pinnules oblong, very 



596 FILICES. (ferns.) 

obtuse, crenately pinna tifid-toothed, with a single smooth fruit-dot just below 
the sinus between each rounded minutely-toothed lobe. (W. Perriniana, Hook. 
£ Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Willd.) — Rocky banks and cliffs; common, es- 
pecially westward. July. 

§2. WOODSIA Proper. — Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flattened 
from an early stage and concealed under the fruit-dot, except the fringe of bristly- 
chaffy hairs into which its margin is dissected. 

2. W. IlveilSiS, R. Brown. Frond oblong -lanceolate (2 r - 4' long by V 
wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk 
with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, 
pinnately parted, the numerous crowded pinnules oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate, 
almost coriaceous, the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old. 
(Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks, common, especially north- 
ward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 

3. W. glclbeil£t, R.Brown. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear 
(2' -5' high), pinnate ; pinnce rather remote towards the short stalk, rhombic-ovate, 
very obtuse (2" -4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — 
Rocks, Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, 
C, C, Frost) ; and high northward. 

13. CYSTOPTEBIS, Bernhardi. Bladder-Fern. (Tab. 12.) 

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; 
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner 
side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the 
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, 
soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and deli- 
cate 2-3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of kvotis, 
a bladder, and 7rrepty, Fern, from the inflated indusium.) 

1. C. "bulbifera, Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (l°-2° long), 2- 
pinnate; the pinnae lance-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1'- 2' long); the rhachis 
and pinnae often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless ; pinnules crowded, oblong, 
obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (As- 
pidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Muhl. 1) — Shaded, moist rocks ; 
common. July. 

2. C fr&gilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4' -8' long, besides the 
stalk which is fully as long), 2 -3-pinnate ; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lan- 
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent 
on the margined or winged rhachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. — 
Yar. dentatA, Hook, is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with 
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnule;. (Aspidium tenue, Swartz.) — Shaded 
cliffs ; common : very variable. July. (Eu.) 

14. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fern. Wood-Fern. (Tab.12.) 

Fruit-dots round or roundish, borne on the back or sometimes on the ex- 
tremity of (in our species) pinnate and free veins, scattered, or sometimes 



FTLICES. (FERNS.) 59? 

crowded. Indusium flat, scarious, orbicular or round-kidney-shaped, covering 
the sporangia, attached to the receptacle at the centre or at the sinus, opening 
all round the margin. — Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate. (Name doTridiov, a small 
shield, from the shape of the indusium.) 

$ 1. DRYOPTERIS, Adans., Schott. (Nephrodium, Rich, in part. Lastrea, 
Bory. ) — Indusium round-kidney -shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus, fixed at 
the sinus : fronds membranaceous or thinnish. 

* Veins simple or simply forked and straight : fronds annual, decaying in autumn, 

the stalks and creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.) 

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Frond pinnate, lanceolate in outline; the 
slightly reflexed or horizontal pinnai gradually diminishing in length from near the 
base to the apex, sessile, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong nearly 
entire obtuse lobes, or appearing acute from the strongly revolute margins in fruit; 
veins mostly forked, bearing the crowded fruit-dots (soon confluent) near their mid- 
dle. (Polypodium Thelypteris, L.) — Marshes; common. Aug. — Stalk 1° 
long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than in 
the next, slightly downy ; the fruit-dots soon confluent and covering the whole 
contracted lower surface of the pinnae. (Eu.) 

2. A. Nove!*©r»ceilSe, Willd. Frond pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in out- 
line, tapering below, from the lower pinnm (2 -several pairs) being gradually shorter 
and deflexed ; the lobes flat, broadly oblong ; their veins all simple except in the 
lowest pairs, bearing scattered fruit-dots (never confluent) near the margin. (Poly- 
podium Noveboracense, L. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist 
thickets ; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous, 
nearly as the last, except in the points mentioned. 

# * Veins, at least the lowermost, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branch- 
ing ; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot : fronds, 
at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter: stalks and apex 
of the scaly thickened rootstocks chaffy, and often the main rhachis also when young. 

«*- Frond twice pinnate and with the pinnules pinnatifid or deeply incised: indu- 
sium deciduous. 

3. A. Spinulosis m, Swartz. Frond oblong or ovate-oblong in outline 
(1° -2° long), lively green, smooth; pinnules oblong or oblong-linear, mostly 
obtuse, horizontal, crowded, the lower deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse 
lobes which are sharply cut-toothed, the upper cut-pinnatifid or incised, with the 
shorter lobes few-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate or 
beset with minute stalked glands. (A. intermedium, Muhl. Dryopteris inter- 
media, ed. 1.) — Woods, everywhere common. July. — Exhibits a variety of 
forms, some of them clearly the same as the European plant, more commonly 
intermediate in appearance between it and 

Var. dilatation. Frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline ; 
pinnules lance-oblong, the lower sometimes pinnately divided ; indusium smooth 
and naked. (A. dilatatum, Willd.) — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5' -8' 
high, answers to var. (of Lastraea dilatata) dumetorum. A peculiar form (A 
campylopterum, Kunzef and Dryopteris dilatata, chiefly, ed. 1) has the pinnae, 
pinnules, and their divisions remarkably crowded, and directed obliquely forwards 



598 FILICES. (ferns.) 

or rather scythe-shaped. — N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain 
woods, and northward. (Eu.) 

Var. ISoottii* Erond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate in outline; 
pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid, the upper and smaller 
merely serrate ; indusium minutely glandular. (A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryop- 
teris rigida, ed. 1 ; not Aspidium rigidum, Swartz.) — E. Massachusetts, Boott, 
&c. Connecticut, D. C. Eaton, and northward. — The least dissected form, in- 
termediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing 
into the former. 

•*- «•- Frond once pinnate, and the pinnai deeply pinnatifid, or at the base nearly twice 
pinnate: fruit-dots ivithin the margin, large; the indusium thinnish and fiat. 

4. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline 
(1J° to 2£° long and very long-stalked) ; pinnoz short (2 f -3'), triangular-oblong, 
or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, 
deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (8-13 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or 
cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midrib as the margin, 
often confluent. (A. Lancastriense, Swartz.) — Swamps, &c. ; common. July. 
— Stalk bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) 

5. A. Goidiamim, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate- 
oblong in outline (2° -3° long), short-stalked; pinnae (6' -9' long) oblong-lan- 
ceolate, pinnately parted; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly 
scythe-shaped, obtuse (1' long), serrate with appressed teeth, bearing the distinct 
fruit-dots nearer the midrib than the marqin (these smaller than in No. 4). — Rich 

and moist woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July- 
Sept. — A stately species, often 4° high; *the fronds decaying in autumn. In- 
dusium often orbicular without a distinct sinus, as in Polystichum. 
^ h_ 4_ Fronds (thiclcish and mostly persistent through the winter, as in Poly- 
stichum), twice pinnate, but the nearly entire upper pinnules confluent, some of 
the lower pinnatifid-toothed : fruit-dots close to the margin; the indusium tumid, 
and its edges turned tinder. 

6. A. niargiiaaie, Swartz. Frond ovate-oblong in outline (1°- 2° long), 
pale green ; pinnae lanceolate from a broad almost sessile base ; pinnules ob- 
long, obtuse, crowded. — Rocky hill-sides in rich woods; common, especially 
northward. July. 

§2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. — Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, (or rarely 
round-Jcidney-sJiaped in the same species, as in No. 7,) fixed by the depressed centre: 
fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, frc. : the pinnoz 
or pinnules aurickd at the base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle- 
tipped. 

=fc Fronds twice pinnate or nearly so. 

7. A. fragrailS, Swartz. Fronds (4' - 9' high) glandular and aromatic, 
pinnate, with the linear-oblong pinnae pinnately parted ; their crowded divisions 
(2" long) oblong, obtuse, covered with the fruit-dots, the rusty-brown great in- 
dusia nearly equalling them in breadth; rhachis, &c. chaffy with very large 
scales. — Shaded trap-rocks, Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry, and 
high northward. 



FILICES. (ferns.) 599 

8. A. acil lea turn, Swartz, var. Brauilii, Koch. Frond spreading t 
2 pinnate (l|°-2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the 
lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnse gradually reduced in size 
and obtuse ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular 
at the base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with 
long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods, 
mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.) 

# # Fronds simply pinnate, mostly upright. 

9. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (1°-2|- high), 
stalked ; pinnce linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at 
the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper) 
ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which 
are confluent with age, and cover the surface. (Nephrodium acrostichoides, 
Michx.) — Yar. incisum (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed 
pinnse, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost 
all of them fertile more or less. — Hill-sides and ravines in woods ; common 
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. 

10. A. JLoiicliitis, Swartz 1 Frond linear-lanceolate (9' - 20' high), scarce- 
ly stalked, very rigid ; pinnce broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular, 
strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely 
spiny-toothed (V or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots contigu- 
ous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and 
northwestward. (Eu.) 

15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. (Tab. 12.) 

Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute, 
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres filled 
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on 
the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross- 
veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed 
by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile 
fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long- 
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinnse, 
which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying 
m autumn) i veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from oi/os-, 
a vessel, and ickeico, to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.) 

1. O. seiisibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams; common. 
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinnae of some of the sterile fronds, 
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots 
without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var. 
obtusilobA.ta, Torr. N. Y. State Fl. (Yates County, New York, Sartwell, 
and Washington County, Dr. Smith. New Haven, Connecticut, D. C. Eaton.) 
This explains the long-lost O. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which, 
as figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, PresL 
is founded on a young fertile frond of this species and the sterile frond of some 
different Fem.) 



600 FILICES. (ferns.) 

Suborder II. OSMUTVDINE^E. Flowering-Fern Family. 

16. SCHIZJEA, Smith. Schiz^a. (Tab. 13.) 

Fertile fronds of several contracted linear pinnae, which are approximated in 
pairs at the apex of a slender stalk ; the under (inner) side covered with the 
fructification, consisting of two rows of sessile naked sporangia, which are oval, 
vertical, furnished with a striate-rayed crest at the apex, and opening by a lon- 
gitudinal cleft down the outer side* Sterile fronds linear or thread-like, some- 
times forked and cleft (whence the name, from (r^ifo), to slit). 

1. $• pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear-thread-form, simple, tortuous, 
much shorter than the fertile, which bears about 5 pairs of short crowded pinna 
at the apex of a slender stalk (3 ; -4' high). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New 
Jersey; rare. 

V7. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. (Tab. 13.) 

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in 
pairs, with free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike- 
like lobes, one side of which is covered with hooded scales for indusia, imbri- 
cated in two ranks, fixed by a broad base, each enclosing a single sporangium, or 
rarely a pair. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the vein by 
the inner side next the base. (Name from \vy cobras, flexile.) 

1. !L. pal 111 si tu ill, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and 
twining (l°-3°long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate 
branches or petioles deeply 2-forked, each fork bearing a rounded heart-shaped 
palmately 4-7-lobed sterile frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and 
several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, Willd.) — 
Shaded or moist grassy places, Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and spar- 
ingly southward ; rare. July. 

18. OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fern. (Tab. 13.) 

Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, naked, entirely covering the fertile fronds 
or certain pinnae (which are contracted to the mere rhachis), thin and reticulated, 
not striate-rayed at the apex, opening opposite the pedicel into two valves. 
Spores green. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened rootstocks, 1 -2-p innate : 
veins forking and free. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity Thor.> 
# Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top. 

1. O. regalis, L. (Flowering Fern.) Very smooth, pale green 
(2° -5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, lance-oblong, more or less serrulate, 
otherwise mostly entire, oblique (or often auricled on the lower side) at the 
nearly sessile base (1 -2 long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of 
the frond. (Eu.) 

Var. SpectabiliS* Pinnules ordinarily narrower and less auricled, or ob- 
liquely truncate at the slightly stalked base. (O. spectabilis, Willd.) — Swamps 
and wet woods ; common. June, Julv- 



FILICES. (ferns.) 601 

# * Sterile fronds once pinnate ; the pinnce deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire. 

2. O, Clayton liana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon 
perfectly smooth (2° -3° high) ; pinnce oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse 
divisions; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate ; 
Bporangia greenish turning brown. (0. interrupta, Michx., Sfc.) — Low grounds ; 
common. May: fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton's plant (as I as- 
certained in 1839, both from the Claytonian and Linnaean herbaria), must bear 
the original Linnaean name, though wrongly described, from young specimens in 
which the fructification was thought to be terminal. 

3. O. cinnamomea, L. (Cinnamon-Fern.) Clothed with rusty 
wool when young j sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae 
pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the 
same rootstock, contracted, 2-pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored spo- 
rangia. — Var. frond6sa is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds 
are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Claytoniana, 
Conrad, not of L.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle, otherwise 
sterile. — Swamps and low copses ; everywhere. May. — Growing in large 
bunches; the fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1°- 2° 
long, decaying long before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their 
growth. 

Suborder III. OPHIO G&OSSEJE. The Adder-Tongue Fam. 

19. BOTEYCHIUBI, Swartz. Moonwort. (Tab. 13.) 

Frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound, rising straight from the 
roots (of strong clustered and thickened fibres) ; the lateral division sterile, with 
forking free veins, the terminal one wholly fertile : spike contracted, the spikes 
pinnately panicled. Sporangia sessile, clustered but distinct, rather coriaceous, 
veinless, transversely 2-valved, shedding the copious powdery sulphur-colored 
6pores. (Name a diminutive of j36rpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance 
of the fruitful fronds.) 

1. B. ItiraariOMles, Swartz. Sterile frond petioled, from near the base, 
2 - 3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately parted, broadly 
triangular in general outline ; the lobes or divisions obovate, somewhat kidney- 
shaped, roundish, or oblong, somewhat crenate ; fert^e stalk 3 ; -6' high; fruc- 
tification mostly 2-pinnatc. (Botrypus lunarioiies, Michx. Botrychium fuma- 
rioides & matricarioides, Willd.) — Dry, rich wcods, mostly southward. July. 
— A state, from Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague), has the two lateral primary 
divisions of the sterile frond changed into long-stalked fertile fronds. (Eu.) 

Var. obliqimna. (B. obliquum, Muhl.) is mostly larger (6'- 17' high) j 
the fertile frond more compound ; the sterile with oblong or lanceolate divisions, 
either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregularly pin- 
natifid. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward ; rather scarce. 

Var. dissectuni (B. dissectum, Muhl.). Divisions of the sterile frond 
cempoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth : otherwise as 
the ksst, into which it passes, and with which it grows. 



602 lycopodiace^e. (club-moss family.) 

2. B. Tirg^iflicum, Swartz. Sterile frond sessile above the middle of the 
stalk of the fertile one, ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice 
pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid, thin, the lobes cut-toothed towards 
the apex, oblong ; fructification mostly 2-p innate : plant 1°-2 C high, or often 
reduced to 5' -10', when it is B. gracile, Pursh. — Rich woods; common. 
July, Aug. (Eu.) 

Yar. ? Simplex (B. simplex, Hitchcock) appears to be a remarkably de- 
pauperate state of this, only 2' - 5 f high ; the sterile frond reduced to a single 
short-stalked division, and simply or doubly pinnatifid, the lcbes obovate or 
jOblong, thinner, and the veins more perceptible than in the European B. Luna- 
ria. — W. New England, New York, and northward. 

20. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adders-Tongue. (Tab. 13.) 

Frond a naked stalk rising straight, bearing a lateral sterile portion resembling 
in form an entire leaf with finely reticulated immersed veins, and a simple 
terminal spike, on the edges of which the opaque and coriaceous sessile veinless 
sporangia are closely packed, in 2 ranks, all more or less coherent together, so 
as to appear necklace-jointed, transversely 2-valved. Spores copious, sulphur- 
color. (Name compounded of oc^is, a serpent, and yXcoo-aa, tongue.) 

1. O. Vlilgatum, L. Sterile frond (in the N. American form) obovate 
or ovate 'with a tapering sessile base (l'-3' long), and mostly borne below the 
middle of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows: not common. 
June. (Eu.) 

Order 137. LYCOPODIACEJE. (Club-Moss Family.) 

Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect, ivith their solid and often woody 
stems thickly clothed iciih sessile aiul-shaped or lanceolate persistent and sim* 
pie leaves, bearing the 2 - 4-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils ; repre- 
sented by only two genera. 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L., Spring. Club-Moss. (Tab. 14.) 

Spore-cases of one kind {sporangia, much like those of Ophioglossum, only 
larger), coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening by a trans- 
verse line ro.und the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the subtile spores in the 
form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with ever- 
green 1 -nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4 - 16 ranks. (Name compound- 
ed of Xv/cor, a wolf, and novs, foot, from no obvious resemblance.) 

4 1. Sporangia scattered in the axils of the ordinary and uniform (dark-green and 
shining, rigid, about S-ranked) leaves. 
1. I-, lucidulum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches 
ascending (6-1 2 r high); leaves widely spreading or reflexed, linear-lanceolate/ 
acute, minutely toothed. — Cold, damp woods ; common northward. August. — 
Little bulblets form in the axils of the loavos of young shoots, Austin, Roth- 
rock, 



LYCOPODJACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) C03 

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a 
level topped cluster (3' -6' high) ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, pointed, entire. — ■ 
Tops of high mountains, Maine to New York, on the Alleghanies southward ; 
also shore of Lake Superior, and northward ; rare : both the variety with more 
erect, and that with widely spreading, leaves. (Eu.) 

§ 2. Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming 
terminal spikes or catkins. 

* Leaves of the creeping sterile and the upright fertile stems or branches, and those of 

the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base). 

3. L*. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid ; 
the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or 
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minuto 
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the 
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing 
into the var. Bigel6vii, Tuckerm. : with fertile stems 5'- V high, its leaves 
more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth- 
bearing. (L. Carolinianum, BigeL, not of L.) — Sandy bogs, northward, rare; 
the var. from New England to New Jersey and southward, near the coast. 
Aug. (Eu.) 

4. L«. alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout j 
the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same 
thickness, 6' -20' high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spread- 
ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with 
long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south- 
ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, with the dense leaves, J* thick ; the comose spike, 
with its longer spreading leaves, f to 1' thick. 

* # Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or 

heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches. 

«- Spikes sessile (branches equally leafy to the top), single. 

5. Ij. aiinotimtm, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creeping 
(l°-4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (5'- 8' high), sparingly forked, the 
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in 
about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ; spike 
solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Yar. ptjngens, Spring, is a reduced sub- 
alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves. 
(Yar. montanum, Tuckerm.) — Woods; common northward: the var. on the 
White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.) 

6. L». dendroideum, Michx. (Ground-Pine.) Stems upright (6'- 
9' high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with 
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-erect in 4 - 6 rows, 
bushy -branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the 
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading, — in var. obscurum 
appearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and ap- 
pressed. (L. obscurum, L.) — Moist woods. Aug. — Remarkable for its tree- 
like growth. Spikes cylindrical, 4- 10 on each plant. 



604 LYCOPODIACE.E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 

+- «"- Spikes peduncled : viz. the leaves minute on the fertile branches. 
++ Leaves homogeneous and equal, many -ranked : stems terete. 

7. JL. clavatum, L. (Common Club-Moss.) Stems creeping exten- 
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi- 
nated by a slender peduncle (4' -6' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4) 
linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light 
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods ; common 
northward. July. (Eu.) 

++ ++ Leaves of two forms, few-ranked: stems or branches fattened. 

8. L.. Cai'Oisiiiaiium, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches 
entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with 
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1 -nerved lateral leaves widely 
spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper 
side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' -4' high, clothed merely 
with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindri- 
cal spike. — Wet pine barrens, Xew Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. 

9. Li. C O fill plan atll Ml, L Stems extensively creeping (often subter 
ranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branch- 
lets crowded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbriceited-appressed awl-shaped leaves 
in 4 ranks, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spread- 
ing tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly 
appressed; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and 
thickets ; common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches abundant 
southward ; while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into 
var. sabin^:f6lium (L. sabinasfolium, Willd., L. Chamaecyparissus, Braun), 
with more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.) 

2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring. (Tab. 14.) 

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium, 
but very minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored 
powdery spores; and of 3-4-valved tumid oophenidia, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1- 
6) much larger globose-angular spores; the latter either intermixed with the 
former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of the leafy 
4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of a 
Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.) 

* Leaves all alike, equally imbricated ; those of the spike similar. 

1. S. selagfiaioides. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slen- 
der; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (l'-3' high); leaves lanceolate, acute, 
spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Beauv. S. spinulosa, Braun.) 
— Wet places, Xew Hampshire (Pursh) and Michigan, Lake Superior and 
northward; pretty rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, thin, yellowish- 
green. (Eu.) 

2. S. nipeStriS, Spring. Much branched in close tufU (l'-3' high) ; leaves 
densely oppressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel, 
minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly 4-angular spike rather broad- 



HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACEiE.) 605 

er; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupestre, L.) 
— Dry and exposed rocks ; common. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a 
rigid Moss. 

* * Leaves- of 2 sorts, the shorter above and below, resembling stipules, the larger 

lateral, 2-ranked. 
3. S. apilS, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, 
flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, ovate, 
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the others smaller, appressed, taper-pointed ; those of 
the short spikes nearly similar; oophoridia copious at the lower part of the 
spike. (Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places, INF. New England, 
near the coast, to Illinois, and southward. — A delicate little plant, resembling 
a Moss or Jungermannia. 



Order 138. HYDROPTERIDES. (Marsileace^:, R. Br.) 

Aquatic cryptogamous plants, of diverse habit, with the fructification borne 
at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, consisting of two sorts 
of organs, contained in indehiscent or irregularly bursting involucres (sporo- 
carps) : — here represented by only two genera ; one of them, Isoetes, 
nearly related to Club-Mosses in structure ; the other, Azolla, much like a 
floating Liverwort. 

1. ISOETES, L. Quillwort. (Tab. 14.) 

Stem a mere succulent base or crown, rooting from underneath, and covered 
above with the dilated imbricated bases of the elongated terete awl-shaped oi 
stalk-like cellular leaves. Sporocarps ovoid and plano-convex, pretty large, 
sessile in the axils of the leaves and united with or enveloped by their excavated 
dilated base, very thin, traversed internally by transverse threads, forming a 
kind of partitions ; those of the central leaves filled with very minute powdery 
grains (analogous to the spores of Lycopodium) ; the exterior filled with largei 
spherical-quadrangular spores {oophoridia), at first cohering in fours, their crus- 
taceous integument marked by 3 radiant lines. (Name composed of ?o~os, equal, 
and eros, year ; perhaps intended to indicate that these aquatic plants are un- 
changed by the season, i. e. alike the year through.) 

1. I. laeftstris, L. Crown or rootstock broad and depressed ; leaves whol- 
ly submersed, dark green, rigid and fragile, awl-shaped (2' -6' long), the dilated 
base as broad as long ; spores (oophoridia) roughish-granulated, scarcely reticu- 
lated. — Bottom of ponds and slow streams ; not rare northward. — New Eng- 
land specimens agree well with the European plant, and also seem too nearly 
like the next. The following species are admitted in deference to authority : 
but probably all are forms of one. (Eu.) 

2. I. rapfaria, Engelm. Crown small; leaves slender, soft, yellowish 
green (4'-0 / long), the base broader than long ; spores minutely farinaceous 
and reticulated. — Gravelly borders of lakes and streams, Delaware to 



606 HYDKOPTERIDES. (mARSILEACE^e) . 

New Hampshire, often partly emersed : probably throughout the Middle 

States. 

3. I. Eilgeluuiaini, Braun. Leaves long and slender (9'- 12' long), 
entirely emersed in summer, soft and flaccid, light yellowish-green, the dilated 
base longer than broad ; spores coarsely farinaceous and reticulated. — Shallow 
ponds of the Western States, and southward. 

2. AZOLLA, Lam. Azolla. (Tab. 14.) 

Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves, 
appearing like a small Jungermannia : fructification sessile on the under side of 
the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a 
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid ; the smaller kind opening transversely all 
round, containing several roundish-angular antheridia ? peltately borne on the 
sides of a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, 
filled with numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, 
each containing a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a£<o, to dry, 
and oXXa), to kill, being destroyed by dryness.) 

1. A. Caroliaiiaim, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, 
reddish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Pools and lakes, New York to 
Illinois, and southward. — Plant £' to 1' broad. — Probably the same as A. 
Magellanica of all South America. 

Marsilea mucronata and perhaps M. vestIta may occur in the western 
parts of Illinois and Wisconsin. See Addend. 

Salv^nia nAtans, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of 
small lakes in W. New York, has not been found by any other person, and prob- 
ably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted. 



INDEX. 



* # * The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capi- 
tals ; of the Suborders, Tribes, &c, in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c, as well as popular 
names and synonymes, in common type. 





Page 




Page 


Abele, 


419 


Agave, 


456 


Abelmoschus, 


69 


Agropyron, 


^69 


Abies, 


422 


Agrostemma, 


57 


Abietine^, 


420, 421 


Agrostide^e, 


536 


Abutilon, 


67 


Agrostis, 


543 


Acacia, 


109 


Ailanthus, 


75 


Acalypha, 


389 


Aira, 


571 


ACANTHACEjE (Acanthus 


Fam- 


Airopsis, 


573 


ily), 


296 


Ajuga, 


302 


Acaulon, 


615 


Ajugoide^j, 


.100 


Acer, 


84 


Alchemilla, 


115 


Acerates, 


354, 704 


Alder, 


412 


Acerine^e, 


82, 84 


Aletris, 


458 


Achillea, 


225 


Alisma, 


137 


ACHYRANTHE^J, 


367 


ALISMACEJE, 


136 


Acnida, 


369, 370 


Alismeje, 


436, 437 


Aconite, 


13 


Alkanet, 


322 


Aconitum, 


13 


Alligator Pear, 


373 


Aconis, 


429 


Allium, 


469 


Acrocarpi, 


608, 614 


Ailosorus, 


591 


ACROGENS, 


585 


Allspice, Wild, 


379 


Actsea, 


14 


Almond Family, 


110, 111 


Actinomeris, 


219 


Alnaster, 


412 


Adam-and-Eve, 


453 


Alnus, 


412 


Adam's Needle, 


472 


Alopecurus, 


540 


Adder's-Mouth, 


451 


Alsine, 


57 


Adder's-tongue, 


471, 602 


Alsine^e, 


53,57 


Adder's-tongue Family, 


589, 601 


Althaea, 


66 


Adelia, 


358 


Alum-root, 


144 


Adenocaulon, 


189 


Alyssine^e, 


2* 


Adiantuni, 


592 


Alyssum, 


40 


Adlumia, 


27 


AMARANTACEJE 


(Amaranth 


Adonis, 


15 


Family), 


367 


iEschynoniene, 


98 


Amaranth, 


367, 369 


iEs cuius, 


83 


Amarantus, 


367 


JEthusa, 


154 


AMARYLLIDACEJS (Amaryl- 


Agathophyton, 


365 


lis Family), 


455 


Agrimonia (Agrimony), 


114 


Amaiyllis, 


455 



31 





INDEX. 




Ambrina, 


364 


Apple of Peru, 


34U 


Ambrosia, 


211 


Apricot, 


113 


Amelanchier, 


125 


AQUIFOLIACE^E, 


263 


American Aloe, 


456 


Aquifolium, 


263 


American Columbo, 


344 


Aquilegia, 


12 


Amianthium, 


477 


ARABIDE.E, 


28 


Ammannia, 


128 


Arabis, 


33 


Ammophila, 


548 


AKACE^S, 


426 


Amorpha, 


95 


Aralia, 


159 


Ampelopsis, 


78 


ARALIACE.E, 


159 


Amphicarpaaa, 


106 


Arboi'-Vitfe, 


424 


Amphicarpnm, 


575 


ARBUTE.E, 


245 


Amsonia, 


349 


Arbutus, 


250, 251 


Amygdalejs, 


110, 111 


Arch angelica, 


153 


Anacamptodon, 


662 


Archemora, 


153 


axacardiace^:, 


76 


Archidium, 


614 


Anacharis, 


441 


Arctium, 


235 


A>~AGALLIDE,£, 


271 


Arctoa, 


619 


Anagallis, 


274 


Aretophila, 


556 


Andrrea, 


613 


Arctostaphylos, 


250 


Andr^ace^e, 


613 


Arenaria, 


58 


Andromeda, 


253 


Arethusa, 


449 


AXDROMEDE^, 


245 


ARETHUSE.E, 


443 


Andropogon, 


583 


Argemone, 


25 


Androsace, 


271 


Arietinum, 


455 


Anemone, 


4 


Arisaema, 


426 


Anemones, 


2 


Aristida, 


550 


Aneura, 


689 


Aristolochia, 


360 


Anethum, 


159 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^:. 


359 


Angelica, 


153 


Armeria, 


270 


Angelica-tree, 


159 


Arnica, 


231 


An^elico, 


155 


Arrhenatherum, 


573 


AXGIOSPEPaIE.E, 


1 


Arrow-grass, 


437 


Anise Hyssop, 


311 


Arrow-grass Family, 


436, 437 


AXOXACEiE, 


17 


Arrow-head, 


438 


Anomodon, 


658 


Arrow-wood, 


167 


AXOPHYTES, 


607 


Artemisia, 


227 


Antennaria, 


229 


Artocarpe^:, 


394, 397 


Anthemis, 


225 


Arum, 


427 


Anthopogon, 


554 


Arum Family, 


426 


Antlioeeros, 


685 


Aruncus, 


114 


Anthocerote^e, 


684 


Arundinaria, 


568 


AXTHOXANIHEJ;, 


538 


Arundo, 


547, 563 


Anthoxanthum, 


574 


Asarabacca, 


359 


Anticlea, 


476 


As arum, 


359 


Autigramma, 


593 


ASCLEPIADACE^}, 


350 


AxTIRRHIXEJS, 


282 


Asclepias, 


351, 704 


AxTlRRHIXIDEiE, 


282 


Ascvrum, 


49 


Antirrhinum, 


284 


Ash, 


357 


Antitrichia, 


657 


Asimina, 


17 


Anyehia, 


62 


Asparage^e, 


465 


Apalanthe, 


441 


Asparagus, 


466 


Apetalous Exogenous Plants, 


359 


Aspen, 


418 


Aphanorhegma, 


652 


ASPHODELE2E. 


465 


Aphyllon, 


281 


ASPIDIEJE, 


589 


Apios, 


105 


Aspidium, 


596 


Apium, 


159 


ASPLENIEJE, 


588 


Apleetrum, 


453 


Asplenium, 


594 


APOCYNACE.E 


349 


Aster, 189; 


190, 199 


Apocynum, 


350 


Asteranthemum, 


467 


Apple, 


124 


Asteroide^:, 


179 



INDEX. 



Astilbe, 


142 


Beech, 


408 


Astomum, 


616 


Beech-drops, 


262, 280 


ASTRAGALEJB, 


89 


Beet, 


367 


Astragalus, 


97 


Beggar's Lice, 


325 


Atamasco Lily, 


456 


Beggar-ticks, 


221 


Atheropogon, 


553 


Bellnower, 


243 


Athyrium, 


595 


Bellis, 


200 


Atragene, 


3 


Bellwort, 


473 


Atrichum, 


640 


Bellwort Family, 


472, 473 


Atriplex, 


365 


Bengal Grass, 


581 


Aulacomnion, 


643 


Benjamin-bush, 


379 


Avena, 


572 


Bent-Grass, 


543 


Avenastrum, 


573 


Benzoin, 


379 


AVENE.E, 


538 


BERBERIDACEJE, 


19 


Avens, 


116,117 


Berbekide^, 


19 


Awlwort, 


39 


Berberis, 


19 


Azalea, 


256, 258 


Berchemia, 


79 


Azolla, 


606 


Bergamot, 


310 






Bermuda Grass, 


554 


Baccharis, 


208 


Berula, 


157 


Bald-Rush, 


503 


Beta, 


367 


Baldwinia, 


224 


Betonica, 


317 


Ballota, 


318 


Betony, 


317 


Balm, 


308 


Betula, 


410 


Balm of Gilead, 


419 


BETULACE^E, 


410 


Balmony, 


285 


Bidens, 


221 


Balsam, 


73 


Bigelovia, 


207 


Balsam Family, 


73 


Bignonia, 


278 


Balsamiflu^, 


147 


BIGNONIA CEJE (Bignonia 


Fam- 


BALSAMINACEjE, 


73 


iiy), 


277 


Baneberry, 


14 


Bignonie^:, 


278 


Baptisia, 


107 


Bilberry, 


347 


Barbarea, 


35 


Bind-weed, 


334 


Barberry Box-thorn, 


341 


Biotia, 


190 


Barbeny, 


19 


Birch, 


410 


Barberry Family, 


19 


Birch Family, 


410 


Barbula, 


626, 680 


Birthroot, 


464 


Barley, 


570 


Birthwort, 


360 


Barnyard- Grass, 


580 


Birth wort Family, 


359 


Barren Strawberry, 


117 


Bishop's Cap, 


145 


Bartonia, 


347 (135) 


Bishop-weed, 


156 


Bartramia, 


649 


Bistort, 


371 


Bartsia, 


294 


Bitter Cress, 


32 


Basil, 


304, 308, 318 


Bitter-nut, 


403 


Basil-Thyme, 


307 


Bitter-sweet, 


81. 339 


Bass wood, 


69 


Bitter-weed, 


212 


Bastard Toad-flax, 


381 


Bladder Fern, 


596 


Batatas, 


334 


Bladder Ketmia, 


69 


Batodendron, 


248 


Bladder-nut, 


82 


Batrachium, 


7 


Bladder-nut Family, 


82 


Batschia, 


322 


Bladder-pod, 


37 


Bayberry, 


409 


Bladder wort, 


275 


Beach Pea, 


103 


Bladderwort Family, 


275 


Beak-Rush, 


504 


Black Alder, 


264 


Bean, 


104 


Blackberry, 


121, 122 


Bearberry, 


250 


Blackberry Lily, 


460 


Beard-Grass, 


544 


Black Bindweed, 


375 


Beard-Tongue, 


286 


Black Grass,* 


483 


Bear-Grass, 


471 


Black Haw, 


107 


Beaver-poison, 


157 


Black-jack, 


406 


Bedstraw, 


169 


Black Moss, 


458 



INDEX. 



Black Oat-Grass, 


549 


Brizopyrum, 


560 


Black Thorn, 


112, 124 


Broccoli, 


40 


Blasia, 


690 


Brome-Grass, 


566 


Blazing-Star, 


184, 478 


BROMELIACE^, 


458 


Bleciixe^e, 


588 


Bromus, 


566 


Biephilia, 


310 


Broom-Cora, 


584 


Blessed Thistle, 


232 


Broom -rape, 


280, 281 


Bletia, 


451 


Broom-rape Family, 


279 


Blite, 


364 


Brooklime, 


290 


Blitum, 


364 


Brook-Moss, 


655 


Blojd-root, 


26 


Brook- weed, 


274 


Blood wort Family, 


457 


Broussonetia, 


398 


Blue Beech, 


409 


Bruchia, 


616 


Blueberry, 


247 


Brunella, 


313 


Bluebottle, 


232 


Bryace^:, 


614 


Blue Cohosh, 


20 


Bryum, 


643 


Blue Curls, 


302 


Buchnera, 


291 


Bluets, 


172, 174 


BUCHNERE^I, 


282 


Blue Flag, 


459 


Buffalo-Berry, 


381 


Blue-eyed Grass, 


460 


Buffalo-Nut, 


382 


Blue Grass, 


563 


Buckbean, 


348 


Blue-Hearts, 


291 


Buckeye, 


83 


Blue Joint-Grass, 


547 


Buckthorn, 


79, 8( 267 


Blue Tangle, 


247 


Buckthorn Family, 


78 


Blue- weed, 


320 


Buckwheat, 


375 


Blyttia, 


545 


Buckwheat Family, 


371 


Boehmeria, 


399 


Bugle, 


302 


Bog-Asphodel, 


479 


Bugle-weed, 


303 


Bog-Rush, 


480 


Bugloss, 


320 


Boltonia, 


200 


Bugbane, 


7,14 


Boneset, 


187 


Bulrush, 


498 


Borage, 


325 


Bumelia, 


267 


Borage Family, 


319 


Bunch-berry, 


161 


BORRAGEJS, 


319 


Bunch-flower 


475 


BORRAGINACE^J, 


319 


Bunch-Pink, 


54 


Borrago, 


325 


Bupleurum, 


156 


Borrichia, 


213 


Burmannia, 


442 


Botrychium, 


601 


BURMANOTACE.E 


(Burman- 


Botrypus, 


601 


nia Family), 


442 


Botryois, 


364 


Burdock, 


235 


Bottle-brush Grass, 


571 


Bur- Grass, 


581 


Bottle-Grass, 


581 


Bur-Marigold, 


221 


Bouncing Bet, 


55 


Burnet, 


115 


Bouteloua, 


552 


Burning-Bush, 


81 


Bowman's Root, 


114 


Bur-reed, 


429 


Bow-wood, 


398 


Bush-Clover, 


101 


Box, 


393 


Bush Honeysuckle, 


166 


Boxberry, 


251 


Butter-and-eggs, 


284 


Box-Elder, 


85 


Buttercup, 


7, 10 


Boykinia, 


143 


Butterfly Pea, 


106 


Brachyelytrum, 


546 


Butterfly-weed, 


354 


Brachychceta, 


200 


Butternut, 


401 


Brachythecium, 


675 


Butter-weed, 


198 


Brake, Bracken, 


591 


Butterwort, 


277 


Bramble, 


120 


Button-bush, 


172 


Brasenia, 


22 


Button-weed, 


171 


Brasiletto Family, 


90, 108 


Buttonwood, 


400 


Brassica, 


40 


Buxbaumia, 


639 


Brassicejs, 


29 


Buxus, 


393 


Bread-fruit and Fig Family, 


394, 397 






Briza, 


565 


Cabbage, 


40 



CABOMBACEjE, 


IND 
22 


EX. 
Carex, 


507 


Cacalia, 


230 


Carice^e, 


491 


CACTACE^ (Cactus Family), ■ 136 


Carnation, 


54 


Cactus, 


136 


Carolina Allspice, 


126 


Canotus, 


198 


Carolina- Allspice Family, 


126 


CeSALPINIE.33, 


90, 108 


Carphephorus, 


185 


Cakile, 


39 


Carpinus, 


409 


Cakiline^e, 


29 


Carrion-Flower, 


463 


Calamagrostis, 


547 


Carrot, 


152 


Calaminth, 


307 


Carum, 


159 


Calamintha, 


307 


Carya, 


402 


Calamovilfa, 


548 ' 


CARYOPHYLLACE.&, 


52 


Calamus, 


429 


Cashew Family, 


76 


Calico-bush, 


255 


Cassandra, 


252 


Calla, 


427 


Cassena, 


263 


Calliergon, 


672 


Cassia, 


108 


Calliastrum, 


190 


Cassiope, 


253 


Callicarpa, 


299 


Castanea, 


407 


Callirrhoe, 


66 


Castilleia, 


294 


CALLITRICHACEJE, 


384 


Castor-oil Plant, 


393 


Callitriche, 


384 


Catalpa, 


279 


Calomelissa, 


307 


Catbrier, 


461 


Calopogon, 


450 


Catchfly, 


55 


Caltha, 


11 


Catgut, 


97 


CALYCANTHACE^E, 


126 


Catherinea, 


640 


Calycanthus, 


126 


Cat-Mint, 


311 


Calycocarpum, 


18 


Catnip, 


311 


Calypogeia, 


702 


Cat-tail, 


429 


Calypso, 


450 


Cat-tail Family, 


429 


Calystegia, 


334 


Cat-tail Flag, 


429 


Camassia, 


469 


CatVtaii Grass, 


541 


Camelina, 


38 


Cauliflower, 


40 


Cameline^e, 


29 


Caulinia, 


432 


Camellia Family, 


70 


Caulophyllum, 


20 


CAMELLIACEJE, 


70 


Cayenne, 


341 


Campanula, 


243 


Ceanothus, 


80 


CAMPANULACE^E (Campanula 


Cercis, 


108 


Family), 


243 


Cedar, 


424, 425 


Campion, 


55 


Cedronella, 


312 


Camptosorus, 


593 


Celandine, 


25 


Campylium, 


677 


Celandine Poppy, 
CELASTRACE^E, 


25 


Campylopus, 


619 


81 


Canary-Grass, 


574 


Celastrus, 


81 


Cancer-root, 


280, 281 


Celery, 


159 


Candy-tuft, 


40 


Celtis, 


396 


Cane, 


568 


Cenchrus, 


581 


Cannabine^e, 


395, 400 


Centaurea, 


232 


Cannabis, 


400 


Centaurella, 


347 


Canterbury Bells, 


244 


Centaury, 


342, 343 


Caper Family, 


40 


Centrosema, 


106 


Caper Spurge, 


389 


Centunculus, 


274 


CAPPARIDACEJE, 


40 


Cephalanthus, 


172 


Capraria, 


287 


Cerastium, 


60 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E, 


163 


Cerasus, 


112 


Caprifolium, 


164 


Ceratodon, 


623 


Capsella, 


39 


CERATOPHYLLACE^l, 


383 


Capsicum, 


341 


Ceratophyllum, 


383 


Caraway, 


159 


Ceratoschcenus., 


504 


Cardamine, 


32 


Chaerophyllum, 


158 


Cardinal-flower, 


242 


Chaetocyperus, 


497 


Carduus, 


234 


Chaff-seed, 


294 



INDEX. 



Chaff- weed, 


274 


Climacium, 


666 


Chamselirium, 


478 


Climbing Fern, 


600 


Chamomile, 


225, 226 


Climbing Fumitory, 


27 


Cheat, 


566 


Clinopodium, 


308 


Checkerberry, 


251 


Clintonia, 


468 


Cheilanthes, 


592 


Clrtoria, 


106 


Cheiranthus, 


40 


Clove-Pink, 


54 


Chelidonium, 


25 


Clover, 


92, 93, 95 


Chelone, 


285 


Clotbur, 


212 


Cheloxe.t:, 


282 


Cloud-berry, 


120 


CHEXOPODIACEJE, 


361 


Cnicus, 


232 


Chexopodie^e, 


362 


Cnidoscolus, 


389 


Chenopodina, 


366 


Club-Moss, 


602, 604 


Chenopodium, 


362 


Club-Moss Family, 


602 


Cherry, 


111, 112,113 


Ciub-Rush, 


498 


Chess^ 


566 


Cocculus, 


18 


Chestnut, 


407 


Cocklebur, 


212 


Chervil, 


158 


Cock's-foot Grass, 


557 


Chick-pea, 


104 


Cockspur Thorn, 


124 


Chickweed, 


58 


Cohosh, 


14, 20 


Chickweed Family, 


53,57 


Colchicum Family, 


472 


Chickweed- Wintergreen, 


272 


Colic-root, 


458 


Chiloscyphus, 


691 


Collinsia, 


285 


Chimaphila, 


260 


Collinsonia, 


308 


Chinquapin, 


408 


Coltsfoot, 


188, 189 


Chiogenes, 


250 


Columbine, 


12 


Chionanthus, 


357 


Columbo, 


344 


Chironia, 


342 


Comandra, 


381 


Chives, 


470 


Comaropsis, 


117 


Chlorides, 


536 


Comaruro, 


119 


Choke-berry, 


125 


Comfrey, 


320, 325 


Chondrosium, 


553 


Commelvna, 


485 


Chiysastrum, 


201 


COMMELYNACE^i, 


485 


ChrysogODum, 


209 


Compass-Plant, 


210 


Chrysopsis, 


207 


COMPOSITE (Composite 


Fam.), 177 


Chrysosplenium, 


145 


Comptonia, 


410 


Cicer, 


104 


Cone-flower, 


214 


ClCHOEACE^3, 


235 


CONIFERS, 


420 


Cichorium, 


235 


Conioselinum, 


154 


Cichory, 


235 


Conium, 


158 


Cicuta, 


157 


Conobea, 


287 


Cimicifuga, 


14, 15 


Conoclinium, 


188 


ClMICIFUGRK, 


3 


Conomitrium, 


625 


Cinchona Family 


169, 171 


Conopholis, 


280 


ClXCHOXE.E, 


169, 171 


Conostomum, 


650 


Cinque-foil, 


118, 119 


Conostylis, 


458 


Cinna, 


544 


Convallaria, 


467 


Cinnamon Fern, 


601 


COXVOLVULACEiE {( 


?onvol- 


Circaea, 


133 


vulus Family), 


332 


Cirsium, 


232 


Convolvulus, 


334 


Cistaceae, 


45 


Coprosmanthus, 


463 


Cissus, 


78 


Coptis, 


11 


Cladium, 


506 


Coral-berry, 


164 


Cladrastis, 


107 


Corallorhiza, 


452 


Clasmatodon, 


660 


Coral-root, 


452 


Claytonia, 


65 


Corema, 


393 


Clearweed, 


399 


Coreopsis, 


219 


Cleavers, 


169 


Cord-Grass, 


551 


CLEMATIDEJ3, 


2 


Coriander, 


159 


Clematis, 


3 


Coriandrum, 


159 


Clethra, 


254 


corxace^e, 


160 





INDEX. 




Cora-Cockle, 


57 


CUPRESSINE^!, 


420, 421 


Cornel, 


161 


Cupressus, 


424 


Corn-flag, 


460 


Cupseed, 


18 


Cora Salad, 


175 


CUPULIFERiE, 


403 


Cornus, 


161 


Currant, 


136, 137 


Corpse-Plant, 


262 


Cnrrant Family, 


136 


Corydalis, 


27 


Cuscuta, 


336 


Corylus, 


408 


Cuscutine^:, 


333 


Coscinodon, 


637 


Custard-Apple Family, 


17 


Cosmanthus, 


328 


Cut-Grass, 


540 


Cotton-Grass, 


501 


Cyanococcus, 


249 


Cotton-plant, 


69 


Cyclolobe^;, 


362 


Cotton-Rose, 


229 


Cycloloma, 


362 


Cotton-wood, 


419 


Cydonia, 


126 


Couch Grass, 


569 


Cylindrothecium, 


664 


Cowbane, 


153, 157 


Cynarejs, 


182 


Cowberry, 


248 


Cynodon, 


554 


Cow-Herb, 


55 


Cynodontium, 


620 


Cow-Parsnip 


152 


Cynoglossum, 


324 


Cowslip, 


271, 272 


Cvnthia, 


236 


Cow-Wheat, 


296 


CYPERACE^, 


490 


Crab-Apple, 


125 


Cypere^e, 


490 


Crab- Grass, 


554, 557 


Cyperus, 


491 


Cranberry, 


247 


Cypress, 


424 


Cranberry-tree, 


168 


Cypress Family, 


420, 424 


Crane-fly Orchis, 


451 


Cypress-Vine, 


333 


Cranesbill, 


72 


Cypripedje^, 


443 


Crantzia 


151 


Cypripedium, 


454 


CRASSULACEJS, 


139 


Cystopteris, 


596 


Crataegus, 


123 






Cratoneuron, 


673 


Dactylis, 


557 


Crocus, 


460 


Dactyloctenium, 


554 


Crossopetalum, 


345 


Daffodil, 


455 


Crotalaria, 


91 


Dahoon, 


264 


Croton, 


391 


Daisy, 


200 


Crotonopsis, 


392 


Dalea, 


95 


Crowberry, 


393 


Dalibarda, 


120 


Oowberry Family, 


393 


Daltonia, 


656 


Crownbeard, 


222 


Dandelion, 235, 236. 239, 240 


Crown Imperial, 


472 


Danthonia, 


572 


Crowfoot, 


7 


Dangleberry, 


247 


Crowfoot Family, 


2 


Darnel, 


569 


CRUCIFERJS; 


28 


Dasystoma, 


293 


Cryphsea, 


656 


Date Plum, 


267 


Crypsis, 


542 


Datura, 


340 


Cryptotsenia, 


157 


Daucus, 


152 


Crvosanthes, 


455 


Day-flower, 


485 


CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 585 


Day-Lily, 


468 


Cryptogramma, 


591 


Deadly Nightshade, 


341 


Ctenium, 


552 


Dead-Nettie, 


318 


Cuckoo-flower, 


33 


Deerberry, 


248 


Cucumber, 


139 


Deer-Grass, 


127 


Cucumber-tree, 


16 


Delphinium, 


12 


Cucumis, 


139 


Dentaria, 


31 


Cucurbita, 


139 


Deschampsia, 


571 


CUCURBITACE^E, 


138 


Desmanthus, 


109 


Cudweed, 


228 


Desmatodon, 


628 


Culver's Root or Culver\ 


5 Physic, 290 


Desmodium, 


99 


Cunila, 


304 


Dewberry, 


121 


Cnphea, 


129 


Devil's-Bit, 


478 


Cup-plant, 


210 


Devil-wood, 


357 



INDEX. 



Dianthera, 


297 


Dropwort, 


114 


Dianthus, 


54 


Drummondia, 


632 


Diapensia, 


332 


DRYADEiE, 


111 


Diapensie^, 


329 


Dry as, 


116 


Diarrhena, 


557 


Dryopteris, 


597 


Dicentra, 


27 


Dryptodon, 


638 


Dichclyma, 


655 


Duck's-meat, 


431 


Dichondra, 


335 


Duckweed, 


431 


DlCHOXDRE^, 


333 


Duckweed Family, 


430 


Dichromena, 


504 


Dulichium, 


494 


Dicksonia, 


595 


Dumortiera, 


686 


DlCKSONIEiE, 


588 


Dupontia, 


556 


Dicliptera, 


297 


Dutchman's Breeches, 


27 


DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, 


Dutchman's Pipe, 


360 


Dicranella, 


621 


Dyer's Rocket, 


41 


Dicranodontium, 


619 


Dysodia, 


223 


Dicranum, 


620 






Didymodori, 


628 


Eatonia, 


557 


Diervilla, 


165 


EBENACE^E (Ebony Family), 


266 


DlGITALE^J, 


282 


Echinacea, 


214 


Digitaria, 


577 


Echinochloa, 


580 


Dilepyrum, 


546 


Echinodorus, 


438 


Dill, 


159 


Echinospermum, 


324 


Diodia, 


171 


Eehinocystis, 


139 


Diona3a, 


47 


Echites, 


350 


Dioscorea, 


460 


Echium, 


319 


DlOSCOREACE.B, 


460 


Eclipta, 


213 


Diospyros, 


267 


Eel-grass, 43S 


>, 441 


Diphylleia, 


20 


Egg-Plant, 


339 


Diphyscium, 


640 


Egyptian Grass, 


554 


Diplachne, 


555 


Elaeagnus, 


381 


Diplazium, 


594 


EK&AGNACEJS, 


380 


Diplocea, 


556 


Elatine, 


52 


Diplopappus, 


199 


ELATINACE^E, 


52 


Dipsacus, 


176 


Elder, 


166 


DIPSACE^E, 


176 


Elecampane, 


208 


Dipteracanthus, 


297 


Eleocharis, 


495 


Dirca, 


380 


Eleogenus, 


496 


Discopleura, 


156 


Elephant's-foot, 


184 


Distichium, 


628 


Elephantopus, 


184 


Ditch-grass, 


433 


Eleusine, 


554 


Dittany, 


304 


Ellisia, 


327 


Dock, 


376 


Elm, 


395 


Dodecatheon, 


272 


Elm Family, 3^1 


, 395 


Dodder, 


336 


Elodea, 52, 


(441) 


Dogbane, 


350 


Elodium, 


668 


Dogbane Family, 


349 


Elymus, 


570 


Dog's-tail, 


554 


EMPETRACE^E, 


393 


Dog's-tooth Yiolet 


471 


Empetrum, 


393 


Dogwood, 


161 


Encalypta, 


630 


Dogwood Family 


160 


Enchanter's Nightshade, 


133 


Doodia, 


593 


ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 


426 


Door-weed, 


373 


Enemion, 


11 


Draba, 


36 


Engelmannia, 


392 


Dracocephalum, 


312, 313 


Enslenia, 


355 


Dragon-Arum, 


426 


Entosthodon, 


651 


Dragon-head, 


312, 313 


Epigasa, 


251 


Dragon-root, 


427 


Ephemerum, 


614 


Drop-seed Grass, 


542, 545 


Epilobium, 


130 


Drosera, 


47 


Epipactis, 


449 


DROSERACK^I, 


47 


Epiphegus, 


280 



INDEX. 



EQIHSETAOILffi, 


585 


False Rice, 


539 


Equisetum, 


585 


False Rocket, 


31 


Eragrostis, 


563 


False Spikenard, 


467 


Erechthites, 


229 


Featherfoil, 


275 


Erianthus, 


582 


Feather Geranium, 


364 


ERICACE^, 


245 


Feather-Grass, 


549 


Ericine^j, 


245, 250 


Fedia, 


175 


Erigenia, 


159 


Fegatella, 


687 


Erigeridium, 


199 


Fennel, 


159 


Erigeron, 


197 


Fennel-flower, 


15 


ERIOCAULONACE^E, 


488 


Ferns, 


58 


Eriocaulon, 


488 


Fescue- Grass, 


565 


Eriophorum, 


501 


Festuca, 


565 


Erodiura, 


73 


Festucines, 


537 


Erophila, 


37 


Fetterbush, 


254 


Ervum, 


103 


Fever-bush, 


379 


Eryngium, 


151 


Feverfew, 


226 


Erysimum, 


35 


Fever-wort, 


166 


Erythraea, 


343 


Figwort, 


284 


Erythronium, 


471 


Fig wort Family, 


281 


Escalloniejb (Eicallonia Fam- 


Filago, 


229 


ily), 


142, 146 


Filbert, 


408 


Eschscholtzia, 


26 


FILICES, 


587 


Eubotrys, . 


252 


Fimbriaria, 


688 


Euchroma, 


294 


Fimbristylis, 


502 


Etilophus, 


158 


Finger-Grass, 


577 


Euonymus, 


81 


Fir, 


422 


EurATORIACEiE, 


179 


Fire weed, 


229 


Eupatorium, 


186 


Fissidens, 


624 


Euphorbia, 


385 


Five-Finger, 


118, 119 


EIJPHORBIACE^E, 


385 


Flax, 


71 


Euphrasia, 


295 


Flax Family, 


70 


Euphrasies, 


283 


Fleabane, 


197 


Eurhynchium, 


669 


Fleur-de-Lis, 


460 


EUSMI LACES, 


461 


Floating Heart, 


348 


Eustichium, 


629 


FIcerkea, 


74 


Euthamia, 


206 


Flower-de-Luce, 


459 


Eutoca, 


329 


FLOWERING PLANTS, 


1 


Eutriana, 


553 


Flowering Ferns, 


589, 600 


Euxolus, 


369 


FLOWERLESS PLANTS, 


585 


Evening-Primrose, 130 


131, 132 


Fluminia, 


556 


Evening-Primrose Family, 


129 


Fly-Poison, 


477 


Everlasting, 


228, 229 


Fly-catch Grass, 


540 


Everlasting Pea, 


103, 104 


Fog-fruit, 


299 


EXOGENOUS PLANTS, 


1 


Fontinalis, 


654 


Eyebright, 


295 


Fool's Parsley, 


154 






Forked Chickweed, 


62 


Faba, 


104 


Forget-me-not, 


323 


Fabronia, 


661 


Fossombronia, 


690 


Fugopyrum, 


375 


Fothergilla, 


148 


Fagus, 


408 


Four-o'clock, 


360 


Farkleberry, 


248 


Four-o'clock Family, 


360 


False Asphodel, 


478 


Fowl Meadow-Grass, 


562 


False Bugbane, 


7 


Foxtail Grass, 


540, 581 


False Flax, 


38 


Forestiera, 


358 


False Foxglove, 


293 


FORESTIERE^, 


356 


False Hellebore, 


476 


Forsteronia, 


349 


False Indigo, 


95, 107 


FOTHERGILLE^, 


147 


False Mermaid, 


74 


Fountain Moss, 


654 


False Mistletoe, 


382 


Fragaria, 


119 


False Pimpernel, 


288 


Frangula, 


80 



INDEX 



Horsetail Family, 


585 


1 Inkbeny, 


264 


Hottonia, 


275 


Inula, 


208 


HOTTONIEiE, 


271 


1 Iodanthus, 


31 


Hound's-Tongue, 


324 


Ipecac, 


114 


House-Leek, 


141 


Ipomoea, 


333 


Houstonia, 


173 


j Iresine, 


370 


1 1 yacinth, 


472 


IRIDACE^E, 


459 


Hydrangea, 


146 


Iris, 


459 


Hydrangieje (Hydrangea 


Fami- 


Iris Family, 


459 


W. 


142, 146 


Iron-weed," 


183 


Hydrastis, 


14 


Iron-wood, 


409 


hYdrociiaridaceje, 


440 


Isanthus, 


302 


Ilydroeharis, 


440 


Isatis, 


40 


llydrocotyle, 


150 


Isnardia, 


133 


Ilydroglossum, 


600 


Isoetes, 


605 


Hvdropeltis, 


22 


Isopyrum, 


11 


HYD ROPIIYLLACEjE, 


326 


Isothecium, 


669 


Hvdrophyllum, 


326 


Italian May, 


114 


hYdropterides, 


605 


Itca, 


146 


Hylocomium, 


668 


Iva, 


211 


Hymenocallis, 


456 


Ivy, 


160 


llymenopappus, 


223 






Hvoscvamus, 


340 


Jacob's Ladder, 


330 


IlYPERlCACEJE, 


48 


Jagged Chickweed, 


60 


Hypericum, 


49 


Jamestown Weed, 


341 


Hypnum, 


667 


Jatropha, 


389 


Hl'POLYTRE-E, 


490 


Jefferson ia, 


20 


Hypopeltis, 


595 


Jerusalem Artichoke, 


219 


Hypopitys, 


262 


Jerusalem Oak, 


364 


Hypoxys, 


456 


Jerusalem Sage, 


318 


Hyssop, 


304 


Jessamine, 


296 


Hyssopus, 


304 


Jewel-weed, 


73 


Huckleberry, 


247, 248 


Joe-Pye Weed, 


186 


Hudsonia, 


46 


Joint-Grass, 


576 


Humulus, 


400 


Jointweed, 


374 


Huntsman's Cup, 


24 


Jonquil, 


458 






Judas-tree, 


108 


Iberis, 


40 


JUGLANDACE^E, 


401 


Ictodes, 


428 


Jnglans, 


401 


Ilex, 


263 


JUNCACEJE, 


479 


Illecebre^:, 


54, 61 


JUNCAGINE.«, 


436, 437 


llysanthes, 


288 


Juncus, 


480 


Impatiens, 


73 


June-berry, 


125 


Indian Bean, 


279 


Jungermannia, 


693 


Indian-Chick weed, 


63 


JUNGERMANNIACE/E, 


689 


Indian- Chickweed Family. 


54, 63 


Juniper, 


425 


Indian Com, 


584 


Juniperus, 


425 


Indian Cucumber root. 


464 


Jussisea, 


132, 703 


Indian Currant, 


164 


Justicia, 


297 


Indian Fig, 


136 






Indian-Grass, 


584 


Keeleria, 


557 


Indian Hemp, 


350 


Kalmia, 


255 


Indian Millet, 


584 


Kentucky Coffee-tree, 


109 


Indian Physic, 


114 


Kidney Bean, 


104 


Indian Pipe, 


'262 


Kinnikinnik, 


181 


Indian-Pipe Family, 


246, 261 


Knawel, 


63 


Indian Plantain, 


230 


Knawel Family, 


54, 63 


Indian Poke, 


476 


Knapweed, 


232 


Indian Rice, 


540 


Knot-Grass, 


373 


Indian Tobacco, 


242 


Knotweed, 


371 


Indian Turnip, 


94, 426 


Knotwort Family, 


54,61 





INDEX. 




Kosteletzkya, 


68 


Leptochloa, 


555 


Kohl-Rabi, 


40 


Leptodon, 


657 


Krigia, 


235 


Leptopoda, 


224 


Kulinia, 


186 


Lepturus, 


568 


Kyllingia, 


494 


Leskea, 


659 






Lespedeza, 


101 


LABIATE, 


300 


Lettuce, 


240 


Labrador Tea, 


258 


Leucanthemum, 


226 


Lachnanthes, 


457 


Leucodon, 


656 


Lachnocaulon, 


489 


Leucobryum, 


623 


Lactuca, 


240 


Leucojum, 


455 


Ladies' Tresses, 


448 


LeiicothoG, 


251 


Lady's Mantle, 


115 


Lever- wood, 


409 


Lady's Slipper, 


454 


Liatris, 


184 


Lady's Thumb, 


373 


LlGULI FLORAE, 83 


,235 


Larabkill, 


255 


Ligusticum, 


154 


Lamb-Lettuce, 


175 


Ligustrum, 


356 


Lamb's- Quarters, 


363 


Lilac, 


356 


Lamium, 


318 


LILIACEJE (Lily Family), 


465 


Lampsana, 


235 


Lilium, 


470 


Laportea, 


398 


Lily, 


470 


Lappa, 


235 


Lily of the Valley, 


467 


Lapsana, 


235 


LIMNANTHACE^E, 


74 


Larch, 


423 


Limnanthemum, 


348 


Larix, 


423 


Limnanthes Family, 


74 


Larkspur, 


12 


Limnctis, 


551 


Lastrea, 


597 


Limnobium, 440, 


(671) 


Lathvrus, 


103 


Limnochloa, 


495 


LAURA CE^E (Laurel Family), 


378 


Limosella, 


289 


Laurel, 255 


, 257 


LINACEJE, 


70 


Laurestinus, 


167 


Linaria, 


284 


Laurus, 


379 


Linden, 


69 


Lavandula, 


318 


Linden Family, 


69 


Lavender, 


318 


Lindernia, 


288 


Lead Plant, 


95 


Linnaea, 


163 


Leadwort Family, 




Linum, 


71 


Leaf- Cup, 


209 


Lion's-foot, 


238 


Leather-Leaf, 


252 


Liparis, 


452 


Leather-flower, 


4 


Lippia, 


299 


Leather-wood, 


380 


Liquidambar, 


148 


Leavenworthia, 


31 


Liriodendron, 


17 


Lechea, 


46 


Listera, 


449 


Lecontia, 


427 


Lithospermum, 


321 


Ledum, 


258 


Lizard 's-tail, 


383 


Leek, 


469 


Lizard's-tail Family, 


383 


Leersia, 


539 


Live-for-ever, 


140 


LEGUMINOS^, 


88 


Liverleaf, 


6 


Lciophyllum, 


259 


Liverworts, 


682 


Lejeunia, 


698 


LOASACE^E (Loasa Family), 


135 


Lemna, 


431 


Lobadium, 


77 


LEMNACEJE, 


430 


Lobelia, 


241 


LENTIBULACE.33, 


275 


LOBELIACE^E (Lobelia Fam.) 


241 


Leontodon, 


236 


Locust-tree, 


96 


Leonunis, 


317 


Loblolly Bay, 


70 


Lepachys, 


215 


Log ani e,e (Logania Fam. ),1 69,1 74,703 


Lepidanche, 


337 


Loiseleuria, 


258 


LEPn>INE-E, 


29 


Loliura, 


569 


Lepidium, 


38 


LOMENTACE^J, 


29 


Lepidozia, 


702 


Long Moss, 


458 


Leptandra, 


290 


Lonicera, 


164 


Leptanthus, 


485 


Lonicere.e, 


163 



INDEX. 



Loosestrife, 128, 132 


272, 273 


Marigold, 


223 


Loosestrife Family , 


127 


Mariscus, 


494 


Lophanthus, 


311 


Marjoram, 


306, 318 


Lophiola, 


457 


Marrubium, 


315 


Lophocolea, 


692 


Marshallia, 


224 


Lop seed, 


290 


Marsh Elder, 


211 


Loquat, 


126 


Marsh Fleabaie, 


208 


LORANTIIACE^E, 


382 


Marsh Grass, 


551 


Lote.e, 


89 


Marsh-Mallow, 


66 


Louscwort, 


295 


Marsh Marigold, 


11 


Lovage, 


154 


Marsh Pennywort, 


150 


Lucerne, 


93 


Marsh-Rosemary, 


270 


Ludwigia, 


132 


Marsh St. John's-wort, 


52 


Lunaria, 


40 


Marsilea, 


606 


Lungwort, 


322 


MARSJLEACE.E, 


605 


Lupine, 


91 


Martynia, 


279 


Lupinus, 


91 


Maruta, 


225 


Luzula, 


479 


Marvel of Peru, 


360 


Lychnis, 


57 


Masterwort, 


152 


Lycium, 


341 


Mastigobryum, 


701 


Lvcopersicum, 


339 


Matricaria, 


226 


LYCOPODIACE^ 


602 


Matrimony- vine, 


341 


Lycopsis, 


320 


Matthiola, 


40 


Lycopus, 


303 


Mayaca, 


487 


Lygodium, 


600 


May-Apple, 


21 


Lyme- Grass, 


570 


May-flower, 


251 


Lyonia, 


254 


May-weed, 


225 


Lvsimachia, 


272 


Meadow-Beauty, 


127 


LYTHRACE^E, 


127 


Meadow-Grass, 


561 


Lythrum, 


128 


Meadow-Parsnip, 


155 






Meadow-Rue, 


6 


Madura, 


398 


Meadow Soft-grass, 


573 


Macromitrium, 


635 


Meadow-Sweet, 


113, 114 


Macrotys, 


15 


Mcconopsis, 


25 


Madder, 


171 


Medeola, 


464 


Madder Family, 


168 


Meuicagc, 


93 


Madotheca, 


699 


Medick, 


93 


Magnolia, 


15 


Meesia, 


648 


MAGNOLIACE^E, 


15 


Melampvrum, 


296 


Magnolia Family, 


15 


MELANTHACEiE, 


472 


Mahonia, 


20 


Melanthie^, 


472,475 


Maianthemum, 


467 


Melanthium, 


475 


Maidenhair, 


592 


MELASTOMACE^E 


(Melastoma 


Malaxidejs, 


443 


Family), 


127 


Malaxis, 


452 


Melica, 


558 


Mallow, 


66, 67 


Me lie- Grass, 


558 


Mallow Family, 


65 


Melilot, 


93 


Mai us, 


125 


Melilotus, 


93 


Malva, 


66 


Melissa, 


308 


MALVACEAE, 


65 


Melothria, 


139 


Malted, 


65 


MENISPERMACE^E 


18 


Mandrake, 


21 


Menispermum, 


18 


Mangel Wurtzel, 


367 


Mentha, 


303 


Manna-Grass, 


558 


Mentzeha, 


135 


Man-of-the-Earth, 


334 


Menyantheje, 


342 


Maple, 


84 


Menyanthes, 


348 


Maple Family, 


82, 84 


Menziesia, 


256 


Marchantia, 


686 


Mercurialis, 


393 


Marchant I JlCEM, 


686 


Mercury, 


389 


Mare's-tail, 


135 


Mermaid-weed, 


134 


Margin aria, 


590 


Mertensia, 


822 



Meteorium, » 

Metzgeria, 

Mexican Tea, 

Mezereum Family, 

Micromeria, 

Microstylis, 

Mignonette, 

Mignonette Family, 

Mikania, 

Milfoil, 

Milium, 

Milk Pea, 

Milkweed, 

Milkweed Family, 

Milkwort, 

Milkwort Family, 

Milk-Vetch, 

Millet, 

Millet-Grass, 

MlMOSE^E, 

Mimosa Family, 

Mimulus, 

Mint, 

Mint Family, 

Mirabilis, 

Mist-flower, 

Mistletoe Family, 

Mitchella, 

Mitella, 

Mitreola, 

Mitre-wort, 

Mnium, 

Moccason-flower, 

Mocker-nut, 

Mock-Orange, 

Modiola, 

Mcehringia, 

Mcenchia, 

MOLLUGINEJE, 

Mollugo, 

Momordica, 

Monarda, 

MONARDE^, 

Moneses, 

Monkey-flower, 

Monkshood, 

Monocera, 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS, 
Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, 
Monotropa, 
Monotrope^:, 
Montelia, 
Moonseed, 
Moonseed Family, 
Moonwort, 
Moose-wood, 
Morning-Glory, 
Morocarpus, 
Moras, 
Mosses, 



INDEX, 




681 


Moss Pink, 


332 


689 


Motherwort, 


317 


364 


Mountain-Ash, 


125 


380 


Mountain Holly, 


264 


307 


Mountain Mint, 


304 


451 


Mountain Rice, 


548 


41 


Mouse-ear, 


323 


41 


Mouse-ear Chickweed, 


60 


188 


Mouse-tail, 


10 


226 


Mud Plantain, 


484 


575 


Mud wort, 


289 


105 


Mugwort, 


227 


351, 354 


Muhlenbergia, 


545 


350 


Mulberry, 


397 


85 


Mulgediam, 


240 


85 


Mullein, 


283 


97 


Mullein Foxglove, 


292 


581 


Mullein Pink, 


57 


575 


Muscadine, 


78 


91, 109 


MUSCI, 


607 


91, 109 


Muskit-Grass, 


552 


286 


Muskmelon, 


139 


303, 304 


Musk-plant, 


287 


300 


Musquash-Root, 


157 


360 


Mustard, 


36 


188 


Mustard Family, 


28 


382 


Myosotis, 


323 


172 


Myosuras, 


10 


145 


Myrica, 


409 


174 


MYRICACE^E, 


409 


145, 174 


Myriophyllum, 


134 


647, 681 


Myurella, 


061, 681 


454 






402 


Nabalus, 


237 


146 


Naiad, 


432 


68 


NAIADACE^, 


431 


58 


Naias, 


432 


61 


Naked-beard Grass, 


553 


54, 63 


NANDINE.E, 


19 


63 


Nap ae a, 


67 


139 


Narcissus, 


455 


309 


Nardosmia, 


188 


301 


Narthecium, 


479 


260 


Nasturtium, 


30 (74) 


286 


Nauniburgia, 


273 


13 


Neckera, 


665 


552 


Neckweed, 


291 




Negundo, 


85 


426 


NELUMBIACE^, 


21 


uts, 163 


Nelumbium, 


21 


262 


Nelumbo, 


21 


246, 261 


Nelumbo Family, 


21 


369 


Nemopanthes, 


264 


18 


Nemophila, 


327 


18 


Neottie^e, 


443 


40, 601 


Nepeta, 


311 


84, 380 


Nepete^e, 


301 


333 


Nephrodium, 


597 


365 


Nerium, 


350 


397 


Nesaea, 


128 


607 


Nettie, 


398, 399 



INDEX. 



Nettle Family, 394, 398 

Nettle-tree, 396 

New Jersey Tea, 80 

Nicandra, 340 

Nicoriana, 341 

Nigella, 15 
Nightshade, 339, 341 

Nightshade Family, 338 

Nimble Will, 546 

Nine-Bark, 113 

Nondo, 155 

Nonesuch, 93 

North American Papaw, 17 

Nothoscordum, 470 

Notothylas, 685 

Nuphar, 23 

Nut-Grass, 493 

Nut-Rush, 506 

NYCTAGINACEjE, 360 

Nvmphaia, 22 

NYMPHiEACE^E, 22 

Nyssa, 162 

Oak, 404 

Oakesia, 394 

Oak Family, 403 

Oat, 572 
Oat-Grass, 572, 573 

Obeliscaria, 215 

Obione, 366 

Obolaria, 347 

Ocymum, 318 

Odonectis, 450 

(Enothera, 130 

Oil-nut, 382 

Okra, 69 

Oldenlandia, 172 

Olea, 356 

OLEACE^E, 356 

Oleander, 350 

Oleaster Family, 380 

Olive, 356 

Olive Family, 356 

Oraalia, 665 
ONAGRACEJE, 129, 130 

Oneostylis, 503 

Onion, 469 

Onoclea, 599 

Onopordon, 234 

Onosmodium, 320 
OphioglossEuE, 589, 601 

Ophioglossum, 602 

Ophrydeje, 442 

Oplotheca, 370 

Opulus, ' 168 

Opuntia, 136 

Orache, 365 

Orange-root, 14 

Orange-grass, 51 

Orchard-Grass, 557 
ORCHID ACK& (Orchis Fam.), 442 



Orchis, . 443. 444 

Origanum, 306 

Oritrophium, 196 

Ornithogalum, 468 

OROBANCHACEJE, 279 

Orontium, 428 

Orpine, 140 

Orpine Family, 139 

Orthomeris, 196 

Orthotrichum, 632 

Oryzeje, 535 

Oryzopsis, 548 

Osage Orange, 398 

Osier, 413 

Osmorrhiza, 158 

Otsmunda, 600 

Osmunde-E, 589 
OSMUNDINE^E, 589, 600 

Ostrich-Fern, 590 

Ostrya, 409 

Oswego Tea, 310 

Otophylla, 293 

OXALIDACEJE, 71 

Oxalis, 71 
Ox-eye, 213, 214 

Ox-eye Daisy, 226 

Oxybaphus, 361 

Oxycoccus, 248 

Oxydendrum, 254 

Oxydenia, 555 

Oxyria, 376 

Oxytripolium, 197 

Pachysandra, 392 

Padus, 113 

Paeonia, 15 

Paepalanthus, 489 

Painted- Cup, 294 

Panax, 160 

Pancratium, 456 

Paniceje, 539 

Panic-Grass, 576 

Panicum, 576 

Papaver, 25 

PAPAVERACE^E, 24 

Paper-Mulberry, 398 

PAPILIONACEiE, 88, 91 

Pappoose-root, 20 

Papyrus, 491 

Pardanthus, 460 

Parietaria, 399 

Parnassia, 48 

PARNASSIACE^E, 48 

Parnassia Family, 48 

Paronychia, 62 

Parsley, 159 

Parsley Family, 148 

Parsnip, 152 

Parthenium, 211 
Partridge-berry, 172, 251 

Partridge Pea, 108 



INDEX. 



Paspale^e, 


539 


Paspalum, 


575 


Pasque-flower, 


4 


Passiflora, 


138 


PASSIFLORACE^E, 


138 


Passion-flower, 


138 


Passion-flower Family, 


138 


Pastinaca, 


152 


Patania, 


595 


Pavia, 


83 


Peach, 


113 


Pear, 


124 


Pear Family, 


111, 123 


Pearlwort, 


61 


Pecan-nut, 


402 


Pedicularis, 


295 


Pellia, 


690 


Pellitory, 


399 


Peltandra, 


427 


Pencil-Flower, 


102 


Pennyroyal, 


302, 308 


Pentalophus, 


322 


Penthorum, 


141 


Pentstemon, 


286 


Pepperbush, 


254 


Peppergrass, 


38,40 


Peppermint, 


303 


Pepper-root, 


31 


Pepperwort, 


38 


Pepperidge, 


162 


Periploca, 


355 


Periploce^, 


351 


Periwinkle, 


350 


Persea, 


378 


Persicaria, 


372 


Persimmon, 


267 


Petalostemon, 


95 


Phacelia, 


328 


PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS, 


Phalacroloma, 


198 


Phalangium, 


469 


PHALARIDEiE, 


538 


Phalaris, 


574 


Pharbitis, 


333 


Phascum, 


614 


PHASEOLE2E, 


90 


Phaseolus, 


104 


Pheasant's Eye, 


15 


Phelipaea, 


280 


Philadelphus, 


146 


Phleum, 


541 


Phlomis, 


318 


Phlox, 


330 


Phoradendron, 


382 


Phragmites, 


568 


Phryma, 


299 


Phyllanthus, 


392 


Phyllodoce, 


255 


Physalis, 


339 


Physocarpos, 


113 


Physcomitrella, 


615 



Physcomitrium, 

Physostegia, 

PHYTOLACCACE^J 

Picea, 

Pickerel-weed, 

Pickerel-weed Family, 

Pieris, 

Pigeon-Berry, 

Pig-nut, 

Pigweed, 

Pilea, 

Pilinophytum, 

Pilotrichum, 

Pimpernel, 

Pine, 

Pine- Apple Family, 

Pine-drops, 

Pine Family, 

Pine-sap, 

Pine-weed, 

Pinguicula, 

Pink, 

Pink Family, 

Pink-root, 

Pinus, 

Pinweed, 

Pinxter-flower, 

Pipe- Vine, 

Pipewort, 

Pipewort Family, 

Pipsissewa, 

Piptatherum, 

Pisum, 

Pitcher-Plants, 

Plagiochasma, 

Plagiochila, 

Plagiothecium, 

Planera, 

Planer-Tree, 

Plane-tree, 

Plane-tree Family, 

PLANTAGINACEJS, 

Plantago, 

Plantain, 

Plantain Family, 

PLATANACE^E, 

Platanthera, 

Platanus, 

Platygyrium, 

Platyloma, 

Pleuranthe, 

Pleurisy-root, 

Pleurocarpi, 

Pleurozium, 

Pluchea, 

Plum, 

PLUMBAGINACE.^, 

Pneumonanthe, 

Poa, 

POACE2B, 
PODALYRIBJE, 



651 
313 

361 

423 
484 
403 
254 
361 
403 

362, 368 
399 
391 

654, 681 
274 
421 
458 
261 

420, 421 

261, 262 

51 

277 

54 

52, 54 

174 

421 

46 

257 

360 

488, 489 
488 
260 
548 
104 
23 
688 
695 
679 
396 
396 
400 
400 
268 
268 
268 
268 
400 
444 
400 
663 
591 
692 
354 

609, 654 
668 
208 
111, 112, 113 
270 
346 
561 
535 
90 



INDEX. 



Podophyllum, 


21 


Primrose, 


271 


P0D0STEMACEJ3, 


384 


Primrose Family, 


270 


Podostemon, 


384 


Primula, 


271 


Pogonatura, 


641 


PRIMULACEJE, 


270 


Pogonia, 


450 


PRI MULES, 


270 


Poison Hemlock, 


158 


Prince's Feather, 


368, 372 


Poison Ivy, 


76 


Prince's Pine, 


261 


Poison Oak, 


76 


Prinos, 


264 


Poison Sumach, 


76 


Privet, 


356 


Poke, 


361 


Prosartes, 


474 


Pokeweed Family, 


361 


Proserpinaca, 


134 


Polanisia, 


40 


Prunella, 


313 


POLEMONIACEJE (Polemonium 


Prunus, 


111, 112 


Family), 


329 


Psilocarya, 


503 


Polemonium, 


329 


Psoralea, 


94 


Polianthes, 


472 


Psoralen, 


89 


Polygala, 


85 


Ptelea, 


75 


POLYGALACE^E, 


85 


Pterides, 


588 


POLYGONACE^E, 


371 


Pterigonium, 


663 


Polygonatum, 


466 


Pterigynandrum, 


663 


Polygonum, 


371 


Pteris, 


591 


Polymnia, 


209 


Pterospora, 


261 


Polypetalous Exogenous Plants, 2 


Ptilidium, 


701 


Polypodies, 


588 


Ptilium, 


673 


Polypodines, 


587, 589 


Ptychomitrium, 


635 


Polypodium, 


589 


Puccoon, 


321 


Polypogon, 


544 


Pulmonaria, 


323 


Polystichum, 


598 


Pulsatilla, 


4 


Polytaenia, 


152 


Pulse Family, 


88 


Pomeje, 


111, 123 


Pumpkin, 


139 


Polytrichum, 


641 


Purslane, 


64 


Pomme Blanche, 


94 


Purslane Family, 


63 


Pomme de Prairie, 


94 


Putty-root, 


453 


Pond Spice, 


380 


Pycnanthemum, 


304 


Pondweed, 


432, 433 


Pycreus, 


491 


Pondweed Family, 


431 


Pylaissea, 


662 


Pontederia, 


484 


Pyrola, 


259 


PONTEDERIACEJS, 


483 


Pyroles (Pyrola Family) 


246, 259 


Poor Man's Weather-glass, 


274 


Pyrrhopappus, 


240 


Poplar, 


418 


Pyrularia, 


382 


Poppy, 


25 


Pyrus, 


124 


Poppy Family, 


24 


Pyxidanthera, 


332 


Populus, 


418 






Porcupine Grass, 


549 


Quaking Grass, 


565 


Portulaca, 


64 


Quamash, 


469 


PORTULACACE^E 


63 


Quamoclit, 


333 


Portuna, 


253 


Queen-of-the-Prairie, 


114 


Potamogeton, 


433 


Quercus, 


404 


Potato, 


339 


Quick-Grass, 


569 


Potentilla, 


118 


Quill wort, 


605 


Poterium, 


115 


Quince, 


126 


Pottia, 


629 


Quitch-Grass, 


569 


Poverty Grass, 


550 






Prairie Clover, 


95 


Racomitrium, 


638 


Prairie Dock, 


210 


Radish, 


39 r 40 


Preissia, 


686 


Radula, 


700 


Prenanthes, 


237 


Ragged Robin, 


57 


Prickly Ash, 


75 


Ragweed, 


211 


Prickly Pear, 


136 


Ragwort, 


231 


Prickly Poppy, 


25 | Ram's-head, 


455 


Prim, 


356 


1 Ramsted, 


284 





INDEX. 




llANUNCULACRJ:, 


2 


Rock Cress, 


33 


Ranunculeje, 


2 


Rocket, 


40 


Ranunculus, 


7 


Rock-rose, 


45 


Raphane^e, 


29 


Rock-rose Family, 


45 


Raphanus, 


39,40 


Roman Wormwood 


212 


Raphidostegium, 


670 


Rosa, 


122 


Raspberry, 


120, 121 


ROSACEA, 


110, 113 


Rattle-box, 


91 


Rose, 


122 


Rattlesnake-Grass, 


559 


Rose^e, 


111 


Rattlesnake-Master, 


151 


Rose-bay, 


257 


Rattlesnake-Plantain 


447 


Rose Family, 


110, 113 


Rattlesnake-root, 


237 


Rose-Mallow, 


68 


Rattlesnake-weed, 


237 


Rosin-Plant, 


209 


Ray-Grass, 


569 


Rosin-weed, 


210 


Reboulea, 


557 


Roubieva, 


364 


Reboulia, 


687 


Rowan-tree, 


125 


Red Bay, 


379 


Rubia, 


171 


Red-bud, 


108 


RUBIACE^E, 


168 


Red-Osier, 


161 


Rubus, 


120 


Red Pepper, 


341 


Rudbeckia, 


214 


Red-Root, 


80 


Rue- Anemone, 


6 


Red-Root, 


457 


Ruellia, 


297 


Red-top, 


544, 555, 562 


Rue Family, 


74 


Reed, 


568 


Rumex, 


376 


Reed Bent-Grass, 


547 


Ruppia, 


433 


Reed-Grass, 


544, 551 


Rush, 


480 


Reed-mace, 


429 


Rush Family, 


479 


Reed Meadow-Grass, 


559 


Rush-Grass, 


541 


Rensseheria, 


427 


Rush Salt-Grass, 


551 


Reseda, 


41 


RUTACEiE, 


74 


RESEDACE^E, 


41 


Rye, 


570 


Rhabdoweisia, 


618 


Rye- Grass, 


569 


RHAMNACEJE, 


78 






Rhamnus, m 


79 


Sabbatia, 


342 


Rheum, 


378 


Sacciiarejs, 


539 


Rhexia, 


127 


Saccharum, 


584 


Rhinanthide^s, 


282 


Sacred Bean, 


21 


Rhinanthus, 


295 


Sage, 


309 


Rhododendron, 


257 


Sagina, 


61 


Rhodora, 


258 


Sagittaria, 


438 


RHODORE.E, 


246 


St. Andrew's Cross, 


49 


Rhubarb, 


378 


St. John's-wort, 


49 


Rhus, 


76 


St. John's-wort Family, 


48 


Rhynchosia, 


105 


St. Peter Vwort, 


49 


Rhynchospora, 


504 


SALICACE-aE, 


413 


Rhynchospore^e, 


490 


Salicornia, 


366 


Rhynchostegium, 


670 


SALI CORNIER, 


362 


Rhytidium, 


675 


Salix, 


413 


Ribbon-Grass, 


575 


Salsola, 


367 


Ribes, 


136 


Salsole^e, 


362 


Ribgrass, 


268, 269 


Salt Marsh-Grass, 


552 


Riccia, 


683 


Saltwort, 


367 


Ricciace^e, 


683 


Salvia, 


309 


Richweed, 


309, 399 


Salvinia, 


606 


Ricinus, 


393 


Sambuceje, 


163 


Ripplegrass, 


269 


Sambucus, 


166 


River-weed, 


384 


Samole^:, 


271 


River-weed Family, 


384 


Samolus, 


274 


Robinia, 


96 


Samphire, 


366 


Robin's Plantain, 


198 


Sandalwood Family, 


381 


Rock Brake, 


591 


Sand- Grass, 


55G 



INDEX. 



Sand Myrtle, 


259 


Sea-Rocket, 


89 


Sandwort, 


58 


Sea Sand-Reed, 


548 


Sanguinaria, 


26 


Sea- Sandwort, 


57 


Sanguisorba, 


115 


Sea Spear-Grass, 


560 


Sanicle, 


151 


Secale, 


570 


Sanicula, 


151 


Sedge, 


507 


SANTALACE^E, 


381 


Sedge Family, 


490 


SAPINDACE^E, 


82 


Sedum, 


140 


Saponaria, 


54 


Seed-box, 


133 


SAPOTACEiE, 


267 


Selaginella, 


604 


Sappodilla Family, 


267 


Seligeria, 


618, 680 


Sarcoscyphus, 


696 


Self-heal, 


313 


Sarracenia, 


23 


Sempervivum, 


141 


SARRACENIACE^E, 


23 


Sendtnera, 


701 


Sarsaparilla, 


159 


Senebiera, 


39 


Sassafras, 


379 


Senebieres, 


29 


Satureia, 


307 


Seneca-Grass, 


574 


Satureie^, 


300 


Seneca Snakeroot, 


87 


SAURURACE^, 


383 


Senecio, 


230 


Saururus, 


383 


Senecionides, 


180 


Savin, 


425 


Senna, 


108 


Savory, 


307 


Sensitive Briar, 


110 


Saxifraga, 


142, 143 


Sensitive Fern, 


599 


SAXIFRAGACEJE (Saxifrage 


Sensitive Plant, 


109 


Family), 


141, 142 


Sensitive Joint Vetch, 


98 


Saxifrage, 


142, 143 


Sericocarpus, 


189 


Saxifrages, 


141 


Service-berry, 


125 


Scapania, 


695 


Sesames, 


278 


Schedonorus, 


567 


Sesame-Grass, 


582 


Scheuchzeria, 


437 


Sesuvium, 


64 


Schizaea, 


600 


Setaria, 


581 


Schizes, 


589 


Seymeria, 


292 


Schistidium, 


636 


Shad-bush, 


125 


Schoanus, 


506 


Shag-bark, 


402 


Schollera, 


485 


Shave-Grass, 


587 


Schrankia, 


110 


Shell-bark, 


402 


Schwalbea, 


294 


Sheep-berry, 


167 


Schweinitzia, 


261 


Shell-flower, 


285 


Scilla, 


469 


Shepherdia, 


381 


SciRPE^E, 


490 


Shepherd's Purse, 


39 


Scirpidium, 


496 


Shield-Fern, 


596 


Scirpus, 


498, 502 


Shin-leaf, 


260 


SCLERANTHE^B, 


54, 63 


Shooting-Star, 


272 


Scleranthus, 


63 


Shrubby Trefoil, 


75 


Scleria, 


506 


Shrub Yellow-root, 


13 


Scleries, 


490 


Sibbaldia, 


115 


Sclerochloa, 


560 


Sibthorpies, 


282 


Sclerolepis, 


184 


Sickle-pod, 


34 


Scoke, 


361 


Sicyos, 


138 


Scolochloa, 


556 


Sida, 


67 


Scolopendrium, 


593 


Side-saddle Flower, 


23 


Sclotheimia, 


635 


Sieversia, 


117 


Scorpion-Grass, 


323 


Silene, 


55 


Scouring Rush, 


585, 587 


SlLENES, 


53,54 


Scrophularia, 


284 


SlLICULOSS, 


29 


SCROPHULARIACE^J, 


281 


SlLIQUOSS, 


28 


Scutch-Grass, 


554 


Silkwecd, 


351 


Scutellaria, 


313 


Silphium, 


209 


Sea-Lavender, 


270 


Silver-bell-Tree, 


266 


Sea-Milkwort, 


274 


Silver-Berry, 


S81 


Sea-Purslane, 


64 


Silver-Weed, 


119 



INDEX. 



Sinapls, 


36 


Spikenard, 


ICO 


SlSYMBRIE^ 


29 


Spike-Rush, 


495 


Sisymbrium, 


35 


Spinach, 


367 


Sisyrinchium, 


460 


Spinacia, 


367 


Sitolobium, 


595 


Spinaciejb, 


362 


Sium, 


157 


Spindle-tree, 


81 


Skullcap, 


313 


Spiraea, 


113 


Skunk Cabbage, 


428 


SPIR^EEuE, 


111 


Sloe, 


112 


Spiranthes, 


448 


Smart-weed, 


373 


Spirodela, 


431 


SMILACE^E (8milax Family), 461 


Spirolobe^e, 


362 


Smilacina, 


467 


Splachnum, 


652 


Smilax, 


461 


Spleenwort, 


594 


Smyrnium, 


156 


Spoon-wood, 


255 


Snake-head, 


285 


Sporobolus, 


542 


Snakeroot, 151 


184, 188, 360 


Spring-Beauty, 


65 


Snapdragon, 


284 


Spruce, 


422 


Sneeze-weed, 


224 


Spurge, 


385 


Sneezewort, 


226 


Spurge Family, 


385 


Snow-ball Tree, 


168 


Spurred Gentian, 


344 


Snowberry, 


164, 250 


Spurge Nettle, 


389 


Snowdrop, 


266, 455 


Spurrey, 


62 


Snowflake, 


455 


Spurrey Sandwort, 


61 


Soapberry Family, 


82 


Squash, 


139 


Soapwort, 


54 


Squaw-root, 


280 


SOLANACE^E, 


338 


Squaw-weed, 


231 


Solanum, 


339 


Squill, 


469 


Solea, 


41 


Squirrel-Corn, 


27 


Solidago, 


200 


Squirrel-tail Grass, 


570 


Solomon's Seal, 


466, 467 


Stachtde^:, 


301 


Sonchus, 


241 


Stachys, 


316 


Sophore^e, 


90 


Staff-tree, 


81 


Sorbus, 


125 


Staff-tree Family, 


81 


Sorghum, 


584 


Stagger-bush, 


254 


SoiTel, 


71, 376, 378 


Staphylea, 


82 


Sorrel-tree, 


254 


Staphtleace^e, 


82 


Sour-wood, 


254 


Star-Cucumber, 


138 


Southern-wood, 


228 


Star-flower, 


272 


Sow-thistle, 


241 


Star-grass, 


456, 458 


Spanish Bayonet, 


471 


Star-of-Bethlehem, 


468 


Spanish Needles, 


222 


Star-Thistle, 


232 


Sparganium, 


429 


Star wort, 


58 


Spartina, 


551 


Statice, 


270 


Spatter-Dock, 


23 


Steeple-bush, 


114 


Spear-Grass, 


561 


Steetzia, 


690 


Spearmint, 


303 


Steironema, 


273 


Spearwort, 


8 


Stellaria, 


58 


Specularia, 


244 


Stellate, 


169 


Speedwell, 


289 


Stenactis, 


198 


Spergula, 


62 


Stenanthium, 


476 


Spergularia, 


61 


Stickseed, 


324 


Spermacoce, 


171 


Stillingia, 


391 


Sphaerocarpus, 


684 


Stipa, 


549 


SPHAGNACEJE, 


610 


Stitch wort, 


59 


Sphagncecetis, 


692 


Stock, 


40 


Sphagnum, 


610 


Stone-crop, 


140, 141 


Spice-bush, 


379 


Stone-root, 


309 


Spiderwort, 


486 


Storax, 


265 


Spiderwort Family, 


485 


Storax Family, 


265 


Spigelia, 
Spike-Grass, 


174 


Storksbill, 


73 


560, 567 


Stratiotidejs 


440 



INDEX. 



Strawberry, 


119 


Tansy, 


226 


Strawberry Bush, 


81 


Tansy Mustard, 


36 


Streptopus, 


474 


Tape-Grass, 


441 


Strophostyles, 


104 


Taraxacum, 


239 


Struthiopteris, 


590 


Tare, 


102 


Stuartia, 


70 


Taxine^e, 


420. 425 


Stylipus, 


117 


Tax odium, 


424 


Stylisma, 


335 


Taxus, 


425 


Stylophorum, 


25 


Tea-berry, 


251 


Stvlosanthes, 


102 


Tear-thumb, 


375 


STYRACACE^E, 


265 


Teasel, 


176 


Styrace.e, 


265 


Teasel Family, 


176 


Styrax, 


265 


Tecoma, 


278 


StJJSDEiE, 


362 


Telmatophace, 


131 


Subularia, 


39 


Tephrosia, 


96 


SUBULARIE^, 


29 


Tetragonotheca, 


213 


Succory, 


235 


Tetranthera, 


379 


Sugarberry, 


397 


1 Tetraphis, 


630 


Sugar- Cane, 


584 


Tetraplodon,, 


653 


Suilivantia, 


144 


Tetrodontium, 


630 


Sumach, 


76 


Teucrium, 


302 


Summer Haw, 


124 


Thalictrum, 


6 


Summer Savory, 


307 


Thamnium, 


669 


Sundew, 


47 


Thapsia, 


156 


Sundew Family, 


47 


Thaspium, 


155 


Sunflower, 


216, 223 


Thelia, 


660 


Supple-Jack, 


79 


Thelypteris, 


597 


Swamp-Honeysuckle, 


257 


Thimbleberry, 


121 


Sweet-Brier, 


123 


Thin-Grass, 


543 


Sweet Cicely, 


158 


Thistle, 


232, 233 


Sweet Fern," 


410 


Thorn, 


123, 124 


Sweet Flag, 


429 


Thorn-Apple, 


341 


Sweet Gale, 


410 


Three-leaved Nightshade, 


463 


Sweet-Gale Family, 


409 


Three-thorned Acacia, 


109 


Sweet-Gum Tree, 


148 


Thorough-wax, 


156 


Sweet-Leaf, 


266 


Thoroughwort, 


186 


Sweet Pea, 


104 


Thrift, 


270 


Sweet Potato, 


334 


Thuidium, 


667 


Sweet Scabious, 


198 


Thuja, 


424 


Sweet-scented Shrub, 


126 


Thvme, 


306 


Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass, 


574 


THYMELEACE.E, 


380 


Sweet- William, 


54, 330 


Thvmus, 


306 


Swine-Cress, 


39 


Tiarella, 


145 


Sycamore, 


401 


Tickseed, 


219 


Syena, 


487 


Tickseed Sunflower, 


220 


Symphoricarpus, 


164 


Tick-Trefoil, 


99 


Symphytum, 


320 


Tiedemannia, 


153 


Symplocarpus, 


428 


Tiger-flower, 


460 


SYMPLOCINEiE, 


265 


Tigridia, 


460 


Symplocos, 


266 


Tifia, 


69 


Synandra, 


312 


TILIACE.E, 


69 


Synthyris, 


2S9 


Tills*, 


140 


Syringa, 


146 


Tillandsia, 


458 


Syrrhopodon, 


631 


Timmia, 


642 






Timotiiy, 


541 


Tacamahac, 


419 


Tipularia, 


451 


Taenidia, 


156 


Toad-Flax, 


284 


Tagetes, 


223 


Tobacco, 


341 


Talinum, 


64 


Tofieldia, 


478 


Tamarack, 


423 


Tomato, 


339 


Tanacetum, 


226 


Toothache-Grass, 


552 



INDEX. 



Toothwort, 


31 


Udora, 


441 


Tower Mustard, 


34 


ULMACE^E 


394,395 


Toxicodendron, 


76 


Ulmaria, 


114 


Tradescantia, 


486 


Ulmus, 


395 


Tragia, 


390 


UMBELLIFER^E, 


148 


Trautvetteria, 


7 


Umbrella-Grass, 


503 


Trachynotia, 


551 


Umbrella-leaf, 


20 


Treacle Mustard, 


35 


Umbrella-tree, 


16 


Tread-Softly, 


389 


Unicorn-plant, 


279 


Trefoil, 


92 


Uniola, 


567 


Trematodon, 


620 


Urachne, 


549 


Tree-of-Heaven, 


75 


Uralepis, 


555 


Triantha, 


478 


Urtica, 


398 


Trichelostylis, 


503 


URTICACEJE, 


394 


Trichochloa, 


546 


Urtice.e, 


394, 398 


Trichocolea, 


701 


Utricularia, 


275 


Trichodium, 


543 


Uvularia, 


473 


Trichophorum, 


501 


Uvularie^:, 


472, 473 


Trichostema, 


302 






Trichostomum, 


626 


Vaccaria, 


55 


Tricuspis, 


555 


Vaccinie^, 


245, 247 


Tridynia, 


272 


Vaccinium, 


247 


Trientalis, 


272 


Vahlodea, 


572 


Trifolie^j, 


89 


Valerian, 


175 


Trifolium, 


92 


Valeriana, 


175 


Triglochin, 


437 


VALERIANACEJ2 


(Valerian 


Trilliace^:, 


461, 463 


Family), . 


174 


Trillium, 


463 


Valerianella, 


176 


Trillium Family, 


461, 463 


Vallisneria, 


441 


Triodallus, 


244 


VALLISNERIE2E, 


440 


Triosteum, 


166 


Vanilla-Grass, 


574 


Triplasis, 


556 


Vanilla-plant, 


185 


Triple-awned Grass, 


550 


Velvet-Grass, 


573 


Tripsacum, 


582 


Velvet-Leaf, 


68 


Tripterella, 


442 


Venus's Fly-trap, 


47 


Trisetum, 


572 


Venus's Looking-glass 


, 244 


Triticum, 


569 


Veratrum, 


476 


Trollius, 


11 


Verbasce^e, 


282 


Tropaeolum, 


74 


Verbascum, 


283 


Troximon, 


239 


Verbena, 


298 


Trumpet-flower, 


278 


VERBENACEJE, 


298 


Trumpets, 


24 


Verbesina, 


222 


Trumpet-Weed, 


186 


Vernal-Grass, 


574 


Tuberose, 


472 


Vernonia, 


183 


TUBULIFLORiE, 


177 


Vernoniace^e, 


179 


Tnckermannia, 


394 


Veronica, 


289 


Tulip, 


472 


Veronice^e, 


282 


Tulipacejs, 


465 


Vervain, 


298 


Tulip-tree, 


17 


Vervain Family, 


298 


Tupelo, 


162 


Vesicaria, 


37 


Turnip, 


40 


Vetch, 


102 


Turritis, 


34 


Vetch ling, 


103 


Tussilago, 


189 


Viburnum, 


167 


Turtle-head, 


285 


Vicia, 


102 


Twayblade, 


449, 452 


Vicie^e, 


90 


Twi^-Rush, 


506 


Vilfa, 


541 


Twin-flower, 


163 


Vinca, 


350 


Twin-leaf, 


20 


Vine Family, 


77 


Twisted-Stalk, 


474 


Viola, 


42 


Typha, 
TYPIIACE^, 


429 


VIOLACE^E, 


41 


429 


Violet, 


42 



INDEX. 



Violet Family, 


41 


Whin, 


91 


Viper's Bugloss, 


319 


White Alder, 


254 


Virgaurea, 


201 


White Daisy, 


226 


Virgilia, 


108 


White Grass, 


539 


Virginian Cowslip, 


323 


White Hellebore, 


476 


Virginian Creeper, 


78 


White-weed, 


226 


Virginia Snakeroot, 


360 


White Lettuce, 


238 


Virgin's-Bower, 


3 


White Thorn, 


123 


Viscum, 


383 


Whitlow-Grass, 


36 


VITACEJB, 


77 


Whitlow-wort, 


62 


Vitis, 


77 


Whortleberry Family, 


245, 247 


Vitis-idsea, 


248 


Wake-Robin, 


464 






Wicopy, 


380 


Waahoo, 


81 


Wild Balsam-apple, 


139 


Waldsteinia, 


117 


Wild Elder, 


160 


Walking-leaf, 


593 


Wild Ginger, 


359 


Wall-flower, 


40 


Wild Hyacinth, 


469 


Wall-pepper, 


141 


Wild Ipecac, 


387 


Walnut, 


401 


Wild Liquorice, 


170 


Walnut Family, 


401 


Wild Potato-vine, 


334 


Wart-Cress, 


39 


Wild Rye, 


570 


Washington Thorn, 


123 


Willow, 


413 


Water-Beech, 


409 


Willow Family, 


413 


Water-Cress, 


30 


Willow-Herb, 


130 


Water-Dropwort, 


153 


Windflower, 


4 


Water-Hemlock, 


157 


Windsoria, 


555 


Water-Hemp, 


370 


Winterberry, 


264 


Water-Horehound, 


303 


Winter Cress, 


35 


Waterleaf, 


326 


Wintergreen, 


251, 259, 261 


Waterleaf Family, 


326 


Winterlia, 


264 


Water-Lily, 


22 


Wire-Grass, 


554, 563 


Water-Lily Family, 


22 


Wistaria, 


96 


Water-Locust, 


109 


Witch-Hazel, 


147 


Water-Marigold, 


222 


Witch-Hazel Family, 


147 


Watermelon, 


139 


Withe-rod, 


167 


Water-Milfoil, 


134 


Woad, 


40 


Water-Milfoil Family 


134 


Woad-Waxen, 


91 


Water-Nymph, 


22 


Wold, 


41 


Water-Oats, 


540 


Wolfberry, 


164 


Water-Parsnip, 


157 


Wolfsbane, 


13 


Water-Pepper, 


373 


Wood Anemone, 


6 


Water-Plantain, 


437 


Wood Betony, 


295, 317 


Water-Plantain Family 


436, 437 


Woodbine, 


164 


Water-Rice, 


540 


Wood-Fern, 


596 


Water-shield Family, 


22 


Wood-Grass, 


584 


Water-shield, 


22 


Wood-Rush, 


479 


Water Star-Grass, 


485 


Woodsia, 


595 


Water-Starwort, 


384 


WOODSIE2E, 


588 


Water-Starwort Family, 


384 


Wood- Sage, 


302 


Water- Violet, 


275 


Wood-Sorrel, 


71 


Water-Willow, 


297 


Wood-Sorrel Family, 


71 


Water-weed, 


441 


Woodwardia, 


592 


Water-wort, 


52 


Wool-Grass, 


501 


Water-wort Family, 


52 


Worm-Grass, 


174 


Wax-Myrtle, 


409 


Wormseed, 


364 


Wax-work, 


81 


Wormwood, 


227 


Wayfaring-tree. 


168 


Woundwort, 


316 


Weisia, 


618 






Whahoo, 


396 


Xanthium, 


212 


Wheat, 


569 


Xerophyllum, 


477 


Wheat- Grass, 


569 


Xylosteon, 


164 



INDEX. 



XTRTDACEM, 


487 


Yew Family, 


t20, 425 


Xyris, 


487 


Yucca, 


471 


Yam, 


460 


Zapania, 


299 


Yam Family, 


460 


Zannichellia, 


432 


Yard-Grass, 


554 


Zanthorhiza, 


13 


Yarrow, 


225 


Zanthoxylace^e 


75 


Yaupon, 


263 


Zanthoxylum, 


75 


Yellow-eyed Grass, 


487 


Zea, 


584 


Yellow-eyed Grass Family 


487 


Zephyrauthes, 


455 


Yellow Pond-Lily, 


23 


Zizania, 


540 


Yellow Puccoon, 


14 


Zizia, 


156 


Yellow-Rattle, 


295 


Zostera, 


432 


Yellow- Wood, 


107 


Zygadenus, 


475 


Yew, 


425 


Zygodon, 


6£1 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 



Genera of Graminese, or Grasses* 



Tab. I. 

LEERSIA.— Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the same with its 
spikelets, of the natural size (2) ; and an open spikelet in flower, enlarged (3). 

ZLZANIA. — A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica ; a magnified 
pistil with a pair of squamulse or hypogynous scales (3) ; a grain (4) ; and a magnified 
longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside 
of the base of the albumen. 

ALOPECURTJS. — Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower (1) 5 a few spikelets from the 
spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified (2) ; an open spikelet in flower, more 
magnified (3), and the single lower palea detached (4). 

PHLEXJM. — One spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palese raised above the 
glumes, magnified. 

CRYPSIS. — Inflorescence (1) of C. schcenoides (see Addenda, p. xcix.) 5 a separate enlarged 
spikelet (2) ; and the same open, in flower (3). 

VILFA. — An enlarged spikelet of V. vaginaeflora (1) ; and the same displayed (2). 

SPOROBOLUS, — A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1) ; the same with the flower open, 

the paleae raised above the glumes (2) ; and the fruit (3), more magnified, showing the 

seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). 

AGROSTIS. -—Panicle of A. vulgaris (1) ; with an enlarged open spikelet of .the same : also (3) 
the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having 
no upper palea. 

Tab. II. 

POLYPOGON. — Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1) 5 an enlarged detached 
spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2) ; the same open in flower (3) ; and a 
separate flower without the glumes (4). 

CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1) 5 and the same open, displaying the 
palese, the single stamen, and the pistil (2). 

MUHLENBERGIA. —A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica (1) ; the same with the open 
flower raised out of the glumes (2). A magnified spikelet of M. diffusa (3) ; its minute 
and unequal glumes more magnified (4) 5 and an open spikelet of the same (5). 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

BRACHYELYTRUM. — A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1) ; the same displayed (2). 
CALAMAGROSTIS. — An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all the parts (1) ; 

the same with the flower raised outfof the glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind 

the upper palea (2). 

ORYZOPSIS. — An open magnified spikelet of 0. asperifolia (1); and the flower of the same 
removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squamulse or hypogynous 
scales, which here nearly equal the paleae in length. 

STIPA. — Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged. 

ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged. 

Tab. III. 

SPARTIN A. — Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1) ; a spikelet en- 
larged (2) ; and the same displayed, the flower raised above the glumes (3). 

CTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americamim (1) j a single spikelet magnified (2) j and the same dis- 
played, the glumes separated (3). 

BOUTELOUA. — A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1) ; and a spikelet dis- 
played and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes. 

GYMNOPOGON. —Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1) ; and a magnified spikelet 
with the parts displayed (2). 

CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spikes (1 j a spikelet magnified and displayed, show 
ing a perfect flower and a rudiment (2). 

DACTYLOCTENIUM. — Inflorescence of D. ^Igyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1); one of the 
spikelets magnified (2) ; the fruit magnified (3), showing the seed loose in the thin peri- 
carp (utricle) •, and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified. 

ELETJSINE. —One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica (1) ; a magnified 
spikelet (2) ; the same with the flowers more displayed (3) ; a flower from the last show- 
ing its parts (4) ; the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle (5) ; and the 
wrinkled seed detached (6). 

LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1) ; one of its spikelets 
displayed and magnified (2; ; an open flower of the same (3). 



Tab. IV. 

TRICUSPID — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1) $ the same displayed and the lowest 
flower open (2) ; back view of the lower paleae spread out (3). 

DUPONTIA, or, as it should be, GRAPHEPHORUM (see Addenda, p. c.). — A magnified spike- 
let of Dupontia Cooleyi or Graphephorum melicoides, displayed (1) j a part of the hairy 
rhachis and one flower of the same (2). 

DIARRHENA. — A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1) : the grain and paleae (2). 

D ACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed. 

KCELERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes, the three 
flowers, and a rudiment (1) ; lower half of a lower palea, partly spread open (2) ; it is 
much more folded and keeled in its natural condition. 

EATONIA. — A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes, the two flow- 
ers, and a rudiment. 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

MELICA. —A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two perfect 

flowers, and an abortive one. 
GLYCERIA.— A magnified spikelet of G. nervata Q.) ; a separate flower with one joint of the 

rhachis (2) ; and (3) the lower half of a lower palea, showing its form (rounded on the 

back, not keeled.) 
BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of B. spicatum, enlarged (1) ; a flower from the same (2) ; 

and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3). 
POA. — Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size (1) •, a magnified spikelet (2) ; a separate 

flower more magnified (3) ; a lower palea cut across and somewhat outspread (4). 
ERAGROSTIS. — A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1) j the same, from which the glumes and 

all of six lower flowers except the upper palea have fallen away (2) ; a magnified flower, 

open (3) 5 the lower palea of the same outspread (4). 
BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1) ; a separate flower (2). 
FESTUCA. — A spikelet of P. elatior, enlarged (1) ; a separate flower (2) j lower part of a 

lower palea, outspread (3). 
BROMUS. — A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess (1) *, a separate flower, enlarged (2). 



Tab. V. 

TJNIOLA. — A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1) •, a flower, enlarged (2) ; 
empty lower palea of the lowest (sterile) flower (3). 

PHRAGMITES. — A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1) •, one of the perfect flowers, en- 
larged (2) ; and the lowest flower (3), which has stamens only. 

ARTTNDINARIA. — A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1) 5 a separate flower, magnified (2). 

LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1) j a flower magnified (2). 

LOLIUM. — Portion of the spike of L. temulentum (1) ; a separate flower, magnified (2). 

TRITICUM. — Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the natural size (1) ; 
a flower magnified (2). 

HORDEUM. — The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of H. jubatum, 
with their awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and neutral, the middle one alone 
perfect (1) 5 this perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged (2). 

ELYMTJS. — The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Yirginicus, about the natural 
. size (1) \ the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed (2) 5 and 
an open flower, more magnified (3). 

GYMNOSTICHUM. — A spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and an expanded flower, magnified (2). 



Tab. VI. 

ATRA. — Panicle of A. flexuosa (1) •, a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2) •, and one 
of the flowers detached and open (3). 

DANTHONI A. — Panicle of D. spicata (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate flower 
from the same (3). 

TRISETUM. — A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magnified (1) ; and a 
separate open flower (2). 

A VENA. — A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1) ; and a separate flower (2). 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

ARRENATHERUM. — A spikelet of A. avenaceum displayed and magnified : 1, the glumes ; 
2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment. 

HOLCUS. — A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show the two 
flowers, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and awned (2). 

Tab. VII. 

HIEROCHLOA. — A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1) 5 the same displayed, the flowers 
separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens and no pistil *, the 
middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stamens (2). 

ANTHOXANTHUM. — The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1) 5 a spikelet magnified 
(2) 5 another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the glumes, the lateral ones 
neutral, each of a single and awned palea, the middle one perfect and diandrous (3). 

PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1) ; the glumes and the perfect flower 
with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2). 

MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. effusum(l) ; a closed spikelet magnified (2) 5 and the 
same displayed (3). 

AMPHICARPUM. — A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1) ♦, the same with 
the parts displayed (2) ; and a radical (fertile) spikelet, enlarged (3). 

PASPALUM. — Inflorescence of P. lseve (1) 5 a closed spikelet, enlarged (2) ; the same with 
the parts displayed (3). 

PANICUM. — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1) ; one of its spikelets magnified 
(2) 5 the same with the parts displayed (3) : in this the lower flower is neutral and of a 
single palea. A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified (4), and the same displayed (5) : 
the lower flower a single palea. A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified (6), and the 
same displayed (7) : the lower flower neutral, of two palese. A spikelet of P. virgatum, 
magnified (8) 5 the same displayed (9) : the lower flower of two palese and staminate. 

SETARIA. — A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of bristles (1) •, 
the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two palese and the perfect 
flower (2). 

Tab. VIII. 

CENCHRUS. — A spiny involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged (1) ; longitudinal sec- 
tion of the same (2) ; a spikelet detached and displayed (3) : the stigmas should belong 
to the right-hand or upper flower 5 the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate. 

TRIPSACUM. -— Piece of the spike v of the natural size), pistillate below, staminate above (1) j 
a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets (2) 5 a pistillate spikelet with its 
parts displayed (3) ; a staminate (2-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed (4). 

ERIANTHUS.— Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. alopecuroides, en- 
larged (1) ; one of the spikelets displayed (2). 

ANDROPOGON.— Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one fertile and 
awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet (1) 5 the fertile spikelet (2), and 
the staminate spikelet (3) displayed. 

SORGHUM. — A fertile spikelet of S. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on each side (1) ; 
the spikelet displayed (2). 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 



Genera of Filices. 



Tab. IX. 

POL YPODITJM.— Plant; piece of the frond (1) ; a magnified sporangium with its stalk, 
and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vnlgare, L. 

STEUTHIOPTERIS.— Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of S. Germanica, WiUd.; portion of a 
fertile frond (2) ; a piece of one pinna cnt off to show the manner in which it is rolled 
np (3) ; and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled (4) ; towards the 
base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the 
middle of a vein. 

ALLOSORUS. — Sterile and fertile plants of A. gracilis, Presl.; and a portion of the fertile 
frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to display 
the fruit ; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks 
of the lower vein. 

Tab. X. 

PTERIS.— A pinnule of P. aquilina, Z., var. caudata; and a piece of one of the lobes, 

enlarged (2), the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit; 

the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears 

them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins. 
ADI ANTUM. — Piece of the frond of A. pedatum. L. (1) ; a pinnule somewhat enlarged (2 > ; 

and a piece of one (3) more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit-dot turned back 

to show the attachment of the fruit. 
CJIEILANTHES — Small plant of C. vestita (1) ; and a fruit-bearing pinnule, enlarged (2) 
WOODWARDIA.— Portion of the sterile (i) ana of the fertile frond (2) of W. angusti- 

folia; a piece of the latter enlarged (3); piece of the frond of W. Virginica (4) ; and 

part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged. 



Tab. XI. 

CAMPTOSORU8.— Plant of 0. rhizophyllus, Link.; and a portion of a frond, with fruit 
dots, enlarged (1). 

SCOLOPENDPJUM.— Tip of a fertile frond of S. oflfcinarum; and (2) a piece enlarged, 

with two fruit-dots. 
ASPLENITIM.— A pinna of A. tbelypteroides, McTix. (1) ; and part of a lobe (2) In fruit, 

enlarged. 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

DICKSONIa, gSITOLOBIUM.— Pinna of D.punctilobula, Hook.Q)', portion of a pinnule 
(2), enlarged ; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indnsium (3). 



Tab. XII. 

CY8TOPTERIS.— Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera, BernK (1); a lobe tn fruit (2), 
enlarged; and a small portion more magnified (8), bearing a fruit-dot with its indu- 
sium thrown back. 

WOOD8IA.— Small frond of W. glabella, JR. Br. (1) ; a part of a fruiting pinna of the same 
(2), magnified; and a separate indusium (8), more magnified ; a piece of a fruitful 
pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged ; and a fruit with the opened indusium 
beneath (5), more magnified. 

ASPIDIUM.— Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swartz (1); and a magnified fruiting 
portion (2) ; piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (8) ; and a small fruiting por- 
tion (4), magnified. 

ONOCLEA.— Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis, L.; front view of a fruiting contracted 
pinnule, enlarged (1) ; and the same laid open and viewed from the other side (2) : 
on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins. 



Tab. XIII. 

8CHIZ J5A.— Plant of 8. pusilla, Pwrdh ; a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia (1), mag- 
nified; and a separate sporangium (2), more magnified. 

LYGODIUM.— Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Swarte(l\ with fertile and sterile divi- 
sions ; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed. 
displaying a sporangium under each ; and a sporangium more magnified (3). 

OSMUND A. —Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, L. (1), with a fertile and a 
sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2) ; and one sporangium more mag- 
nified (8). 

BOTBYCH1UM.— Plant of B. lunarioides, Swarte; and a portion of the fruit (1), with six 
sporangia, magnified. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM.— Frond of 0. vnlgatum, L.; and a portion of the fruiting spike en- 
larged (1). 



Genera of Equisetacese, Lycopodiaccse, and 

Sly diopter ides. 

Tab. XIV. 

EQUISETUM.— Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, L. (1) ; one of the shield 
shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath (2), 
enlarged ; same seen from below, discharging the spores (8) ; a magnified spore 
with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4) ; and (5) the same with the filaments 
coiled up. 

LYCO PODIUM.— Plant of L. Carolinlanum, L.; and (1) a magnified scale of the spike 
removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores. 

BELAG INELLA.— Plant of S. rupestris, Spring ; part of afortile spike, enlarged (1) ; scale 
from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery 
spores; scale from the base (3), with its sporangium containing few large spores; 
and (4; three large spores. 



EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES. 

IBOETE9.— -Plant of I. lacustris (1) ; sporocarp containing minute spores, cut across (2), 
enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with coarse spores, divided 
lengthwise (8) ; and (4) three coarse spores more magnified. 

AZOLLA.— Plant (1) ; a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs ; sterile sporocarp, 
or antheridium, more magnified (3) ; fertile sporocarp more magnified (4) ; the same 
burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5) ; one of the latter more magnified 
(0) ; another bursting (7) ; and three spores (8), beset with bristles. 



THE JSSTD, 




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PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PHINXEY & CO., NEW YORK. 

HITCHCOCK'S 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 

FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND SCHOOLS. 

By Edward Hitchcock, D.D., LL.D., President of 

Amherst College, author of " Geology," <fcc, and 

E. Hitchcock, Jr., M.D. 

Elustrated by nearly 400 engravings. 441 pages. Retail price $1 00. 

The authors give the leading principles and facts in such 
works as Carpenter's Human Physiology, his Comparative 
Physiology and Anatomy, Hassall's Microscopic Anatomy, 
Griffith and Henfrey's Micrographic Dictionary, Peaslee's His- 
tology, Todd and Bowman's Physiological Anatomy, Wilson's 
Anatomy, Draper's, Dunglison's, and Dalton's Physiologies, 
the works of Cuvier, Owen, and Wagner, on Comparative Anat- 
omy, also those of Agassiz, Van Der Hoeven, Siebold, &c. 

Of several important new features of this book, one is Micro- 
scopic Anatomy, and an unusually full treatment of Comparative 
Anatomy and Physiology, Hygiene, Gymnastics, &c, &c. 

Among the commendations from eminent Educators, we 
have only room for the following: 

From Pres. Collins, D.D., Dickinson College, Penn., March, 

I860 : — "I have carefully examined ' Hitchcock's Anatomy ami Physiology, 1 and am 
free to say that it pleases me better as a text-book on those sciences than any work 
now before the public. In the departments of Microscopic and Comparative Ana 
tomy, and the religious applications of these sciences, it is specially worthy of tha 
attention of all teachers who would keep up with the times. 1 ' 

From the Illinois Teacher, the State Educational Journal, 

February, 1860: — "Speaking with the advantage of a professional knowledge of the 
subject, we say that we recommend the book very strongly. This branch of study 
is important, more important than a large share of what is actually studied in our 
Grammar and High Schools; the book is excellent, and its price is low. 11 

From the Springfield Republican: — "The most full and 

accurate elementary work on these subjects that has come to our knowledge. It can 
hardly fail to be widely appreciated, and to become the general text-book in our 
Colleges and Schools.' 11 ' 

From Prof. W. D. Wilson, D.D. of Hobart Free College, 

Geneva, N. Y. : — " I consider it much superior to anything that has before appeared 
m a text-book for Schools and Colleges, and as a manual for general reference, except 
perhaps, for the professional man, 11 &c. 

From the N. Y. Evening Post : — u There has been no 

work so well adapted as this to the wants of advanced students who need more than 
is found in the ordinary text-books, &c. * * * To all readers, it is a valuable— 
we might say, indispensable work of reference." 

The Publishers have also strong testimonials from many able 

practical Teachers, and the following Journals : The JV. Y. Observer, Evangelist^ 
Connecticut School Journal, jV. W. Christian Advocate, Chicago Christian Tii^c*, 
and many others. The book is already the text-book of the State Normal SehOGZ 
Westfield, Mass., and in many other first class institutions. 



Catalogues and Circulars of all Ivison, Phinney & Co.'s Books sent f ?.'/:-, 
arid prepaid. Liberal terms for specimen copies and first sv/pplie8for close 1Z; 



PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PHINNEY & CO., NEW YORK. 

r ■ ■ ' • 'K 

GKAY'S 
BOTANICAL SERIES. 

The most full, scholarly, and attractive apparatus for the study of Botany to be 
found in the language. The hooks have recently been warmly endorsed by Profs, 
Agassiz, Silliman, Torrey. Hitchcock, Henry, and nearly every scientist of emi- 
nence in this country, and by Drs. Lindley, Hooker, and other distinguished Botan- 
ists in Europe. They are used in hundreds of Colleges, Academies, and Institutes in 
this country, and in the University of Cambridge, England; University of Edin 
burg, Scotland ; Trinity College, Dublin, &c. 

GRAY'S " HOW PLANTS GROW." For Young People. 500 cuts 

GRAY'S LESSONS IN BOTANY. 362 drawings 

CRAY'S MANUAL OF BOTANY. {School Edition.) 

CRAY'S MANUAL AND LESSONS, in 1 vol 

CRAY'S MANUAL WITH MOSSES, ETC. Illustrated 

SBAY'S STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. {Revised and 
improved Edition of " Botanical Text-Book' 1 ' 1 ) 



WELLS' 
SCIENTIFIC SERIES. 

By DAYID A. WELLS, A.M., Editor of "Annual of Scientific Discovery,' 

44 Knowledge is Power,' 1 &c. Embodying the latest researches in physical science, 
and excelling in their lucid style, numerous facts, copious illustrations (over TOO), 
and practical applications of science to the arts of every-day life, and endorsed by 
hundreds of eminent and successful practical Educators in all parts of the country 
and the Press. 

Mr. Wells' scientific qualifications have been approved by the most eminent 
scholars in the country — among them Profs. Bache, Agassiz, Henry, Horsford 
Wyman, Lieutenant Maury, and others. 

WELLS' SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS. With cuts 

WELLS' NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 372 cuts. Revised. (25,000 sold) ... . 

WELLS' PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. 242 cuts 

WELLS' FIRST PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY. 250 cuts 



COLTON AND FITCH'S 
GEOGRAPHIES. 

This series is the most full, practical, accurate, and satisfactory, ever published. 
They are all beautifully illustrated, and the maps drawn on a uniform system of scales, 
so as to present the relative sizes of the different countries at a glance. They are the 
leading geographical series in the country, and have been officially recommended by 
several State Superintendents, Boards of Education, &c. 

THE PRIMER OF GEOGRAPHY 

INTRODUCTORY GEOGRAPHY. 24 Maps 

MODERN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 48 Maps. 

AMERICAN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 



WILLSON'S 
SCHOOL HISTORIES. 

Discriminating and cordial testimonials have been given by several State Super* 
intendents, by upwards of seventy Presidents and Professors of College in different 
part3 of the United States, by over five hundred Principals of Academies, Insti- 
tutes, &c. 

WILLSON'S PRIMARY AMERICAN HISTORY... 

WILLSON'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. (New, enlarged, and 

illustrated edition) 

WILLSON'S AMERICAN HISTORY. (School Edition) 

WILLSON'S AMERICAN HISTORY. (Library Edition) 

WILLSON'S OUTLINES OF HISTORY. {School Edition) 

WILLSON'S OUTLINES OF HISTORY. ( University Edition) 

WILLSON'S CHART OF AMERICAN HISTORY. (Rollers). 





ROBINSON'S SERIES OE MATHEMATICS. 

The most Complete, most Practical, and most Scientific Series of Mathematical 

Text-Book3 ever issued in this Country, the whole consisting of 

TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES. 



Progressive Table Book B This is a beautifully ellus- 

trated little book, on the plan of Object Teaching. 

Progressive Primary Arithmetic, mustraM. Design 

as an introduction to the " Intellectual Arithmetic." 

Progressive Intellectual Arithmetic, on the nmuo. 

tiye plan, and one of the most complete, comprehensive, and disciplin- 
ary works of the kind ever given to the public. 

Rudiments of Written Arithmetic, for graded schools 

and the Public Schools of large cities. 

Progressive Practical Arithmetic : a complete work 

for Common Schools and Academies. 

Progressive Higher Arithmetic: designed for Hi g t 

Schools, Academies, and Commercial Colleges. 

NeW ElemeiitaTy Algebra: a clear and practical treatise 
adapted to the comprehension of beginners in the Science. 

New University Algebra combining the best practical 

with the highest theoretical character, and designed for the high- 
est grade of classes in Colleges and High Schools. 

New Geometry and Trigonometry : embracing plane 

and Solid Geometry, and Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. 

New Surveying and Navigation. By an eminent wah- 

ematician, who has had much experience in Land and Road Surveying 
Will he ready Aug. 20. 

Conic Sections and Analytical Geometry: recently 

prepared for High Schools and Colleges. 

University AstrOnOmy : a foil and complete treatise for 
Academies and Colleges. 

Keys to the Arithmetics, Algebras, and Geometries, are published for 

the use of Teachers. 

Teachers are invited to send for our " Educational" and " Mathematical Circulars, v 
*vhich contain full notices, descriptions, testimonials, prices, etc., of all our publi- 
cations, and which we will send to those who will give us their address. 

Liberal terms given on books furnished for first introduction, or in exchange for 
fliers not in satisfactory use. 

IVISON, PHINNEY & CO., 

43 & 50 Walker St. N.T 



PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PHINNEY & CO., NEW YORK. 
FASQUELLE'S FBENCH SERIES. 



Messieurs Masset and Villeplait, Professors of the French 

Language in New York, write : — " We consider ' Fasquelle's French Course' a valu- 
able and appropriate addition to the different grammars of the French Language. 
The arrangement adopted is systematic, ani so simplified as greatly to facilitate tn« 
progress of the student." 

Prof. Alphonse Brtjnner, of Cincinnati, says : — " Having 

been a teacher of my vernacular tongue — the French — for ten years, in my opinion, it 
Ls the best book- yet prepared. I recommend it as superior to the old theoretical 
grammars." 

i Prof. J. B. Torricelli, of Dartmouth College, writes : — " I 

&\e pleasure in recommending to the teacher as well as to the private student, 
5 Fasquelle's New Method,' as the best yet published. Its adoption in our Colleg }| 
and Seminaries has given entire satisfaction. Mr. Fasquelle deserves the thanks of 
all lovers of the French language." 

Rev. Charles Collins, D.D., President of Dickinson College, 

Pa.: — "We have introduced Fasquelle's French Series with very decided approbation." 

Prof. Everett, of Bowdoin College, Me. : — u Fasquelle's 

French Course is decidedly the best grammar ever published." 

Edward North, A.M., Professor of Languages, Hamilton 

College, N. Y. : — "Fasquelle's French Course I continue to use, and to like. It is 
worthy of its immense popularity." 

Eev. George B. Jewett, late Professor of Modern Lan- 
guages, Amherst College : — " I have examined Fasquelle's French Series with mu*h 
pleasure and satisfaction. They form an admirable series." 

Prof. Charles Gobelle, Professor of Modern Languages, 

Newbury Female Collegiate Institute, Vt. : — " I have been using Fasquelle's French 
Course during the past two years in one of the best schools in New England. It >3 
the very best book I know of for instruction in the French language." 

Prof. T. Petre-Ferry, Teacher of French in the New Jersey 

Normal School, Trenton : — " Fasquelle's Course is the best work ever published of the 
kind. It enables the pupil to acquire a practical knowledge of the French language.' 1 

Eev. G. W. Quereau, A.M., Principal of Conference Semi- 
nary, Greenwich, R. I. : — " Fasquelle's Course is our standard text-book in French. 
We use it because we think it best. I speak with some confidence, and am satisfied 
that it is decidedly superior to any other book of the kind." 

James B. Angell, A.M., Professor of Modern Languages in 

Brown University, writes : — " I gladly testify to the excellence of Fasquelle's French 
bourse, which I have used in my classes for three years." 

P. N. Legend re, Professor of French, New Haven, Ct., 

§ays: — "Never has a work come under my notice, that blends so happily and har- 
moniously the great rival elements of the language. My pupils study it with pleasure." 

E. J. P. Wohrange, Professor of Modern Languages in the 

N. Y. Central College, writes : — "'Fasquelle's Course' is at the same lime original 
sad complete in itself, superseding all systems now in use." 

The N. Y. Daily Times says :— " Prof. F. is somewhat of 

is. enthusiast as to his method of teaching, and being blessed with as much sense as 
experience, makes a better arranged text-book, and grades the difficulties more hap 
pliy than any other modern teacher." 

The Philadeljihia Daily News speaks of the " Napoleon," as 

"a very concise and interesting French history which, edited as it is by Prof. Fas- 
quelle, can not fail to prove a very popular school-book. The narrative is in Dumas 
most brilliant and attractive style." 

The N. F*. Independent says of the " Napoleon" : — " It com- 
bines the advantages of a stirring biography to invite the student, a good Frenoh 
style and grammatical and critical exercises and annotations." 



PUBLISHED Br IVISON, PHINNET A CO., NEW YORK. 

WOODBUEY'S 
GERMAN SERIES. 

By W. H. WOODBURY, A.M. 



I. New Method with Gebman, . . 
II. Key to the New Method, .... 

III. Shorter Course, 

IV. Key to Shorter Course, 

V. Elementary German Reader, 



VI. Eclectic German Reader,.. 

VII. German English Reader,.. . 

VIII. New Method for Germans*. 

IX Glaubensklee's Grammar,.. 

X. Glaubensklee's Reader, .... 



This system is founded on similar principles with Fasquelle i 
French Series, and is highly popular. Our Catalogue an 3 
Circulars present cordial testimonials from a large number of 
eminent educators and scholars, amono; whom are : 

Prof. Schmidt of Columbia College, who says : — " The 

• Method 1 is truly admirable, and with willing learners, can not fail to accomplish the 
most satisfactory results." 

Prof. Arthur L. Perry, Professor of Modern Languages, 

Williams College, Mass., writes, Sept. 19, 1S57 : — "I have introduced 'Woodbury's 
New Method, 1 in my German classes with the best results. It is very nearly a per- 
fect book for beginners. I am also entirely satisfied with his entire ' Series.' " 

W. H. Allen, LL.D., President of Girard College, pro- 
nounces it " all that is necessary to make the acquisition of German easy and delight • 
ful to the student. Its style is perspicuous, its arrangement natural, and its method, 
combining, as it does, the practical with the theoretic, is well adapted to all classes 
of learners." 

Rev. George B. Miller, D.D., Professor of Theology in the 

Hartwick, N. Y., Lutheran Seminary, an accomplished and experienced German 
teacher, writes, June 18, 1857: — " Having used 'Woodbury's New Method' for several 
vears, I consider it to be far in advance of the old Ollendorf Method, and so far as I 
know, the best system of teaching German that is extant." 

Prof. Torricelli, of Dartmouth College : — " Having for 

the past two years used it in the College, and in the Female Seminary in this place, 
I find that nothing better can be desired. No German teacher will hesitate to adopt 
it in preference to any others." 

Prof. Peissner, Professor of German in Union College, 

writes: — "With great delight I see the publication of a German Grammar somewha 
different from the systems'hitherto followed. I admire in Mr. Woodbury's work the 
logical arrangement, and the use of practical phrases and exercises. It is, in shorty 
just the work which we have been in need of, and I do not hesitate to recommend it 
to every one who studies with me, or asks my advice. Professor Foster, a Gerroas 
scholar of great perfection, confirms my opinion." 

Rev. Dr. Nast, Editor of Christliche Apologete ; Hon. R, 

Alltn, Commissioner of Rhode Island ; President Allen, Girard College ; and man* 
other well-known German teachers, with many notices from the press, among whiei 
we cite the following: 

The Bibliotheca Sacra, edited by Rev. Professors Park 

and Taylor, Andover, Mass., says: — "We can confidently commend this Grammar 
as one of the best we have seen on any modern language. It bears the mark of intel- 
ligent and conscientious labor on every page. We observe that it is highly spoken oi 
by educated Germans among us." 

Recommendations from the following are excluded for want 

of space : Pres. Hoshottb, N. W. C. College ; Prof. B^eemann, Troy Female Semi- 
nary ; Prof. Pioabd, Illinois College ; Prof. Fasquelle, University Michigan ; Prof 
Jaeman, Union University, T?nn., and others. 



PUBLISHED BY IVIS0N, PHLNSTEY & CO., NEW YORK. 
FASQUELLE'S FEENCH SEKIES. 



I. FASQUELLE'S FRENCH COURSE: 

OB, NEW METHOD OF LEAENLNG THE FEENCH LANGUAGE. 

Revised and enlarged. 

Embracing both the Analytic and Synthetic modes of In- 
struction. By Louis Fasquelle, LL.D., Professor of Modern 
Languages in the University of Michigan. 

This work is on the plan of " Woodbury's Method with Oe. 
ju an." It pursues the same gradual course, and comprehend! 
the same wide scope of instruction. It is the leading book ifi 
the best literary institutions in the United States, and has als* 
been reprinted in England, where it has an extended sale. 



n A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN FASQUELLE'S 
FRENCH COURSE. 



HI. FASQUELLE'S COLLOQUIAL FRENCH READER. 

260 Pages. Duodecimo. 

Containing Interesting Narratives from the best French 
writers, for translation into English, accompanied by Conver- 
sational Exercises. "With Grammatical References to Fasquelle's 
New French Method ; explanation of the most difficult passages, 
and a copious Vocabulary. 



IV. FASQUELLE'S TELEMAQUE. 

Ylmo. 

Les Aventures de Telemaque. Par M. Fenelon. A New 
Edition, with notes. The Text carefully prepared from the 
most approved French Editions. 

The splendid production of Fenelon is here presented in a beautiful mechanics 
fcress, with copious references to Fasquelle's Grammar, full notes explanatory of diffl- 
•alties in the text, and a full vocabulary. 



V. NAPOLEON. BY ALEXANDER DUMAS. 

Arranged for the use of Colleges and Schools; with Conver- 
sational Exercises on the plan of Fasquelle's Colloquial French 
Reader, Explanatory Notes, and Idiomatical and Grammatical 
References to the " New French Method." By Louis Fasquells, 
LLD. 

9 



PUBLISHED BY IV1S0N, PHINNEY & CO., NEW YORK. 
FASQUELLE'S FBENCH SEKIES. 



VL FASQUELLE'S CHEFS D'CEUVRE DE RACINE. 

8S2 Pages, VL-mo. 

For Colleges and Schools. With Explanatory Notes and 
Grammatical References to the " New French Method." 

This Edition contains five of Racine's best plays : Les Plai- 
surs, Andromaque, Iphigenie, Esther, and Athalie. The 
JJotes will be fonnd, in all the plays, sufficiently full, without 
being diffuse ; in Les Plaideurs, the only comedy written by 
Racine, the explanations, however, are much fuller than the 
others. 



VII. FASQUELLE'S INTRODUCTORY FRENCH COURSE. 

ISmo. 

A new work, on the plan of the larger " Course," adapted 
to Beginners. 

VHI. FASQUELLE'S MANUAL OF FRENCH CONVER- 
SATION. 

12mo. 

A Complete Manual of Conversation, Idioms, etc., with refer- 
ences to Fasguelle's Course. 



Testimonials of Teachers and Professors, 

Fasquelle's French Series has been recommended by State 
Superintendents and Boards of Education, by hundreds of 
distinguished Professors and Teachers, whose testimonials 
Quid fill a volume. The following are specimens : 

Joseph Wm. Jenks, Professor of Languages in the University 

of Urbana, O., says : — " I have taught many classes in the French language, and d 
sot hesitate to say, that 'Fasquelle's French Course 1 is superior to any other Frenc 
Grammar I have met with, for teaching French to those whose mother-tongue 
English. It combines, in an admirable manner, the excellences of the old, or classic 
and the new, or Ollendorffian methods, avoiding the faults of both. 1 ' 

Messrs. Guillaume H. Talbot, T. A. Pelletier, E. H. Vian, 

H. Best, and N. B. De Moxtrarchy, well known to the community as nmong the 
most eminent teachers in BOSTON, unite -n a testimonial in which they " heartily 
and unanimously testify, that the work is held in high esteem and approbation among 
as, and that we consider it the very best heretofore published on the subject of which 
It treats. For the true interest of all engaged in the study of the spoken Frenoh, wi 
would advise its universal adoption." 



flofe^flr <$ rag's c §ntnm f 

FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, ETC. 
By ASA GRAY, M.D., 

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



Gray's Lessons in Botany. 

LESSONS IN BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY : 

Illustrated by over 360 Wood Engravings from drawings from 

nature by Isaac Sprague ; and with a Glossary or Dictionary of 

Botanical Terms. Price 

* # * This work is designed to be a text-book for the study of Botany in 

Schools, Seminaries, Academies, and Colleges, and is a complete and thorough 

exposition of the science. It also introduces the student to, and serves as a 

Grammar and Dictionary to 

II. 

Gray's Manual of Botany, for Schools. 

MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED 

STATES, East of the Mississippi, including Virginia and Kentucky. 
With Six Plates, illustrating the genera of Ferns. Price 

*** This is the only complete Flora of the United States, and excels in the 
beauty and clearness of its analytical descriptions. This, the School edition 
comprises all that is contained in the larger illustrated work, except the por- 
tion relating to Mosses, which has but little interest to any but the profes- 
sional botanist, and is greatly reduced in price to adapt it to the wants of 
classes in Colleges and Schools. This, and the above ''Lessons in Botany," 
make a complete series, comprising all that is required for the study of Botany 
in this country. 

*** SINGLE COPIES of the above editions for Schools, sent at half price 
to Teachers for examination with a view to introduction into el asses. 



PKOF. G-BAY'S SCIENTIFIC BOTANIES. 

Ivison & Phinney supply also the larger and more elaborate Scientific 
"Works of Prof. G-ray, designed for the use of Professional Students and 
Amateurs of the science ; viz., 

L— MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. Illus 
trated Edition, including the MOSSES and LIVERWORTS of the whole United States, 
by Mr. SULLIVANT ; forming a thick small 8vo volume of 739 pages, and illustrated 
with 14 beautiful Copper-plates, comprising nearly 1.000 figures drawn under the 
Microscope. Price 

Considering the labor and expense bestowed upon it, this is doubtless the cheapest Botan- 
ical work ever published. 

II.— GRAY'S BOTANICAL TEXT -BOOK ; AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC 
BOTANY, both Structural and Systematic. Fourth Edition. Illustrated by 1,200 
Wood Engravings. (A Text-book for Colleges, Medical Students, etc.) Price 

III.— GRAY'S GENERA OF THE PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ir,5LUS- 
TRATED. Vols. I. and II. 8vo, with 188 Plates. (For cash only.) 

IVISON & PHINNEY, 48 & 50 Walker Street, N. Y. 



PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PHINNKT A. CO.. NEW TORK. 

FASQUELLE'S 
FRENCH SERIES. 

By LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D., 

Professor of Modern Languages in the University of Michigan 



CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES. 

1. The plan of this popular Series embraces a combinatioi 
of the two rival systems ; the Oral, adopted by Ollendorff, 
Robertson, Manesca, and others, with the old Classical, or 
Grammatical System. One of its principal features is a con* 
stant comparison of the construction of the French and English 
Languages. 

2. Another important feature consists in the facility with 
which the instructor or student can elect in the course of stud 3 
the practice and theory combined, or as much or as little of 
either as he deems proper. 

3. The " Course" commences with a complete though short 
treatise on pronunciation, presenting the power of each letter 
as initial, medial, or final, and also its sound when final and 
carried to the next word, in reading or speaking. 

4. The changes in the words are presented in the most simple 
manner, and copiously exemplified by conversational phrases. 

5. The rules of composition, grammatical and idiomatical, 
are introduced gradually, so as not to offer too many difficulties 
at one time. 

6. The verbs are grouped by tenses, and comparisons insti- 
tuted, showing their resemblance or difference of termination 
m the different conjugations. 

1. The second, or theoretical part, offers, in a condensed 
form, a solution of the principal difficulties of the language. 

8. The Rules are deduced from the best authorities, and ill us- 
traded by short extracts from the best French writers. 

9. A treatise on gender is given, containing rules for determin- 
ing gender by the meaning of words, and also by the termination, 

10. The Irregular, Defective, and Peculiar verbs are pre* 
rented in an Alphabetical Table, producing a Complete Dic- 
tionary of these verbs. 



wmm 



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